Tutorial_Epidemiologi 1

Overview
Epidemiological principles and methods are used to describe the frequency and the
determinants of disease, injury and death occurrence
occurrence.. In this chapter you will learn about the
epidemiological measures that are used to quantify the frequency of morbidity and mortality in
a population.
Objective
After this session, students were expected to better able to:
1. define the basic measurement including proportion, rate and ratio
2. define and calculate define and calculate a range of measures of frequency of disease,
including prevalence, risk, odds and rates
3. define and calculate crude and specific morbidity rates
Activity 1.
Determine whether each of the following statements is ratio, proportion or rate
a. Person with diabetic family history has 1.6 higher risk compare to those who did not have
family history of diabetes
b. Occurrence of measles cases in Palebo City for male to female is 1:3
c. The incidence of dengue in Huji City is 65/100.000 population per year
d. 90% of measles cases in Bali have previous contact history with confirmed measles cases

Based on information provide in the table above, answer the questions below
a. What is the ratio of operating room deliveries to delivery room deliveries neonatal listeriosis
in
n General Hospital A, Costarica
Costarica?
b. What proportion of infants lived?

Activity 2
Public high school 777in Sukamuju held an end of season banquet for the basketball teams.
Three items were served: pizza, salad and beverages. There were 72 people in attendance and
40 of those people became ill. Of the 54 people who ate pizza, 29 were ill. Of the 34 who ate
the salad, 26 were ill. Of the 37 who drank the beverage, 22 were ill. Calculate and interpret
the following:
a) Crude attack rate:
b) Food-specific attack rate for pizza, salad and beverages (hint: create a table):
c) Interpret your findings. Which item seems to be responsible for this outbreak? Why
werent all the individuals who ate at the banquet stricken with the illness?
d) What is the other synonims for attack rate? (minimum two synonims)
Activity 3
One thousand men who were working in factory A were screened for HIV on 1 January 2002 and
50 of them were found to be positive for HIV antibodies. The screening was repeated in the
same 1000 men on 1 January 2003 and this time 62 men were positive, including the 50 men
who were positive on the first screening (no one had died or was lost to follow-up).
1. What is the prevalence of HIV in men working in factory A on 1 January 2002, and on 1
January 2003?
2. What is the annual risk of developing HIV infection in men working in factory A in 2002?
One thousand men from factory B were screened for HIV on 1 January 2002 and 50 men were
found to be HIV-positive. All the men were tested for HIV once a month until 31 December 2002.
Twelve men became HIV-positive during these 12 months. Figure below shows when these 12
men became HIV-positive. Tests were always carried out at the end of the month. The remaining
938 men were still HIV-negative by 31 December 2002. No one died or was lost to follow-up
during this period.
1. What were the odds of becoming infected with HIV in the first 6 months of 2002 in the
12 men who became HIV-positive that year?
2. What is the total number of person-months at risk of HIV infection observed in this
study?
3. What is the incidence rate of HIV infection in men working in factory B?