Kolmogorovss 1941Theory

Kolmogorov
1941 Theory
Introduction

Richardsonsideaoftheindependenceofthemacroscopicflowfeaturesonviscosity
cartoonpicture(inrealityitisimportantthattheflowis3D)

largerwhirls
larger
viscosity

smallerwhirls
extinction
duetoviscosity
at some length scale
atsomelengthscale

extinction
duetoviscosity
atsmaller
l
lengthscale
h
l

smaller
viscosity

Thenetmacroscopiceffectremains(approximately)thesame

 u+uu +p/% =0
divu=0
boundary condition u = 0
boundaryconditionu=0

Letsapplyittopipeflows:

pressureP1
p
meanvelocityU(unknown)

density%
viscosity
viscosity

radiusR

pressureP2
p
x1 axis

lengthL

Problem:Howmuchfluidflowsthroughthepipeperunitoftime?
Or:whatisthemeanvelocityoffluidUinthepipe(definedbyR2U=amountoffluidperunittime)?

Attempt#1:

u1

ExplicitsolutionofNavierStokes!

= 2U (1 (x22 + x23 )/R) , u2 = u3 = 0

p = 8%U x1 /R2 + const.

U

= (P1 P2 )R2 /8L

Poiseuille's flow

parabolic
velocity
profile

Onlyworksforreal
flowswhen Re=UR/
isbelowafewthousand;
recall =10
recall
= 10 6 forwater
for water

Re=UR/

pressureP1
meanvelocityU(unknown)
y (
)

density%
viscosity

radiusR

pressureP2

lengthL

Richardsonsphilosophy:Ushouldbeindependentof onceReislarge
(andtheflowbecomesturbulent)

Availablequantities,assumingtranslationalsymmetryinx1:
P=(P
P
=(P1 P
P2)/L(pressuredropperunitlength),R,,(but
) / L (pressure drop per unit length) R (but not
not !)
Task:expressUfromthesequantitiesinawaywhichisindependent
ofthechoiceofunitsofmeasurement.
2

dimensions:[P]=[force][length]3 =[mass][length] [time]2

[R]=[length]
[%]=[mass][length]3
[U] [l th][ti ]11
[U]=[length][time]

Comparewith
thepreviousformula
U=PR2/8%

Theonlypossibility: U=const.(P/% )1/2 R1/2

Inpracticetheformulaworksquitewell aremarkablefactgiventheroughderivation!Correctionsto
theformula:c=c(Re,roughnesscoefficientofthewall),butitdoesbecomealmostconstantforlargeRe
andagivenwallroughness.ItseemstobeabsolutelyhopelesstotrytoderivethisfromNavierStokes.

Anotherway
tolookat
thederivation
h d i i

pressure=L
sothatpressure
per unit length = 1
perunitlength=1

mean velocity u (unknown)

meanvelocityu(unknown)

density=1
viscosity

radius=1

pressure=0

lengthL

Normalizebysuitablechoiceofunitsoflength,time,mass;
thenu shouldbeindependentof (whichplaystheroleof1/Re)

GobacktotheoriginalunitsandrecoverU=const.(P/% )1/2 R1/2

withconst.=u

Inourset
In
our setup
upRe
Re
woulddifferby
a constantfactor
from thestandard
Re=RU/

Thesameargumentinaslightlydifferentlanguage:
1. Assumetheformula U=f(P,R,% ) isindependentofthechoiceofunits.
2 Ch
2.
Changeunits:[oldlength]=
i
[ ld l
h] [newlength]
[
l
h]
[oldtime]= [newtime]
[oldmass]= [newmass]
3. Then[P]=[force]/[length]3 =[mass][length]2 [time]2
andhence[oldP]= 2 2[newP]
similarly[oldR]= [newR]
[old ]=
[old%
]
3 [new%]
[new ]
and[oldU]= 1 [newU]
4. TheformulaU=f(P,R,% )isthesameintheoldandthenewquantities
therefore f(2 2 P,R,3% )= 1 f(P,R,% )
whichisthesameas
f( P, R, % )= 1/2 1/2 1/2 f(P,R,% )
or
U=f(P,R,% )=P1/2%1/2 R1/2 f(1,1,1)

IntermsofNavierStokes,thenormalizationisrelatedtothescalingsymmetry:
(whichalsoplaysacrucial
(which
also plays a crucial
roleintheregularitytheory)

Ifu(x,t),p(x,t)solve
Navier Stokes
Stokes
withagiven
viscosity

forany >0
u(x,2t),2p(x,2t)
alsosolveNavierStokes
(withthesameviscosity)

Notgoodforscalemodels (ascanalsobeseenbyusingtheReynoldsnumber):
1:10scalemodel,
l
d l
(correspondingto=10)

velocityshouldbe10U
U

(canbehardtoachieveinpracticeinsomecases)
also,our camerashouldrun100timesfaster
Inreality,thesituationisnotsobad,
duetotheRichardsoneffect.

Following Kolmogorov (1941),weintroduce

FollowingKolmogorov
(1941) we introduce
=rateofenergydissipationinthefluidperunitmass
Itisnottheinstantaneousdissipation(whichwoulddependontime),buta
suitableaverage(eitherovertime,orastatisticalensemble).Itcandependonx.
Forexample,inthepipeflowswecanimaginethefollowing:

= (r)withr=distancetopipeaxis

Infact,wecanimaginethat(r) benearlyconstantinr,exceptpossibly
near theboundaries,whenr R.Inpracticethisisnotabadassumption.
(Wewilllookatthepossiblerdependencelater.)

= (r)(withr=distancetopipeaxis) R
energydissipationperunitmass

Thevariable shouldbeconsidered
U
as amacroscopicquantity,similar
toU,P,etc.,incontrasttothemicroscopicfieldu(x,t).
Typicallywedonotneedallthemicroscopicdetailsofu(x,t).

AccordingtoKolmogorov,,togetherwiththedensity% arethebasic
macroscopic quantitiescharacterizingtheflow.Thekeypointnowis
quantities characterizing the flow The key point now is
macroscopic
Themainassumption: doesnotdependon
Typicalconsiderations
1.Dependenceof onUandR assuming isconstantinr.

Thiscouldofcourse
bealsoderivedbased
onourpreviousformula
U=const.(P/% )1/2 R1/2

dimensionof:[mass][velocity]2 [time]1 [mass]1 =[length]2 [time]3

dimensionofR:[length]
1
dimensionofU:[length][time]
If =
If
= (U,R),independentlyofthechoiceofunits,wemusthave
(U R) independently of the choice of units we must have
=const.U3/R

extinction
duetoviscosity

2.Kolmogorov Length:
Whatarethedimension ofthesmallestwhirlsintheflow?
Or:whatisthespaceresolution weneedforafullnumericalsimulation?
Or: what is the smallest lengthscale intheflow?
Or:whatisthesmallestlengthscale
in the flow?

diameter
Kolmogorov
length
g

Kolmogorov: Theonlyrelevantquantitiesare,%,and
3

dimensions: [] =[length]
dimensions:[]
[length]2 [time] ,[]
, []=[length]
[length]2 [time]1,[%]
, [%] =[mass][length]
[mass][length]

[]=[length]
Th
Theonlypossibleformulafor
l
ibl f
l f (assumingitexists):
(
i it i t )

=const. 1/4 3/4 Kolmogorov length

Recalling =const.U3/RandRe=UR/ ,weobtain

=const.R/Re3/4

(fortypicalgardenhoseflowsRe 105 106)

3.Kolmogorov
g
Time:
Whatarethesmallesttimescales (orthehighesttimefrequenciesf =1/)?
Relevantvariables:,,%

Notethatwedonotlistthemacroscopic
velocityU.Thereforewearetalkingabout
local timescales,asobservedinthesystem
ofamovingparticle

Exercise:basedondimensionalanalysis,showthattheonlypossibleformulais
=const.
const. 1/2 1/2
IntermsofReynoldsnumber
=const.(R/U)Re1/2

oforder105 secinatypical
gardenhoseflow

Conclusionfornumericalsimulations:#ofgridpointsinspacetimeisatleast (Re)11/4 .Inreality,

fornumericalsimulationoneshouldprobablytakethetimescale /U R/U(Re)3/4,(obtained
from and Taylorshypothesisoffrozenturbulence),whichleadsto (Re)3 spacetimegridpoints.

4.Kolmogorov spectrum
Wehavedeterminedthehighestsignificantspaceandtimefrequenciesintheflows.
Whataboutthewholespectrumofthevelocityfield,howmuchenergyisinwhich
frequency,bothspatialandtemporal?
Analogy:
Recalltheclassicalblackbodyradiationspectruminstatisticalphysics:

f( )

f () dv
1

Energyperunittimeradiated
Energy
per unit time radiated
infrequenciesbetween 1 and 2

 aregionoffluidofunitmass
a region of fluid of unit mass
E(k)dk energycontainedinthevelocityfielduin in(spatial)
frequencieswithmagnitudesbetweenkandk+dk (??? seebelow)
Ifuwassupportedin wewouldwrite

u(x) = (2)3
Z

u()eix d

|u|2 dx = (2)3

R3

k dk
k+dk

|
u()|2 d

and

(2)3

R3

|
u()|2 d = (2)3

cartoonpicturein
cartoon
picture in
thefrequencyspace

S2

|
u(k)|2 k2 d dk =

E(k) dk

Ingeneralwereplace byasmoothcutofffunction
(x)with % 2 =1andreplaceubyu intheabove
formulae.Rememberthatwereallyconsidersome
ensembleaverages,sothisprocedureisOK.

R3

|u| dx = (2)

c d =
|u|
2

R3

k dk

S2

supportof
t f

c (k) d =
|u|
2

E(k) dk

E(k)

ambiguityatlow
frequenciescreated
bythechoiceof

inertialrange

1/
Kolmogorov
frequency

Kolmogorov:intheinertialrange,E(k)shoulddependonlyon
K
l
i th i ti l
E(k) h ld d
d l
themacroscopicquantities,k,and%.

dimensions:dim[E(k)dk]=dim[energy]/[mass]=[length]2 [time]2
dimdk =dimk=[length]1
dimE=[length]3 [time]2
di [ ] [l th]2 [time]
dim[]=[length]
[ti ]33

The only possible formula for E:

TheonlypossibleformulaforE:
E(k)=const.()2/3 k5/3

KolmogorovObukhov 5/3law

spatialenergyspectrumofturbulentvelocityfield

Temporalspectra:
p
p
a) Inaframeatrestwithrespecttospace
forafixedxconsiderthefunctionst u(x,t)=u(t)anditsfrequencies
conceptually
ll Fourierdecompositionoft
i d
ii
f
u(t)onaunittimeinterval
()
i i
i
l
(oranintervalofafixedlength weareworkingmodulomultiplicativeconstants).

compactlysupportedintheunitinterval,with |(t)|2 dt=1.

it
c
u()e
d
Z
Z
Z
c |2 d
| |2 dt = (2)
|u|
(2 )11 |u|
|
d = E(
E()d
)d

(t)u(t) = (2)1

IfthemacroscopicvelocityUnearxdoesnotvanish,wehavethree
naturalquantitiesonwhichE()candepend:,,U.

Taylorssfrozen
Taylor
frozenturbulence
turbulencehypothesis
hypothesis
Timefrequenciesbehaveasiftheywere
generated by watching at a fixed point
generatedbywatchingatafixedpoint
afrozenfieldpassingbyatspeedU

Structurewith
spatialfrequencyk

Temporalfrequency
ofcrossingafixedpoint
in space: =Ukcos
inspace:
= U k cos
anglebetweenthevectorsUandk.

U
Ifthespacestructuressatisfyak
If
the space structures satisfy a k powerlaw,thetemporalfrequencies
powerlaw the temporal frequencies
alsosatisfyan powerlaw.
Dimensions:dim
i
i
di
=[time]
[ i ]11
dim(E()d )=dimu2 =[length]2/[time]2
dimE()=[length]2/[time]

Conclusion: E()=const.(U)2/35/3

b)Temporalfrequenciesintheframeofthemovingparticle
Nowtheonlyrelevantquantitiesare,,E()
samedimensionsasbefore,(althoughthemeaningofE()and ismodified)
FormulaforE()basedondimensionalanalysis
E()=const. 2

ReynoldsStress,Reynoldsequations,theclosureproblem
Consideragainthepipeflow:

density%
viscosity

pressureP1
velocityu(x,t)

radius R
radiusR

pressureP2
x1 axis

length L
lengthL

ut u+uu +p/% =0
divu=0
boundaryconditionu=0
Notethechangeofnotation

Writethesolutionsuas u=U+v,whereUistheaverageandvisthefluctuations.
OftennotationU=<u>isused.Inthesimplesituationofpipeflowwecanthinkoftimeaverages.

U2=U3=0,U1=U1(r)

TrytogetanequationforU1(r)byaveragingNavierStokes

Averaging
g g the equations:
q
We write Navier-Stokes as
ut u
+ div(u
( u)) + p = 0
Write u(x, t) = U (x) + v(x, t)
p(x t) = P (x) + q(x,
p(x,
q(x t)

Pressure
Pressure
average

note that <Uv> = 0

notethat<Uv>=0

U + div (U U + < v v >) + P = 0

< vi vj >= Rij
U + div (U U + R) + P = 0
Risunknown

Trytowriteequationsforui uj whichwouldfollowfromNavierStokesforu
andaveragetheseequations.

ObtainequationsforRij whichhowevercontainaveragesofcubicquantities
<ui uj uk>=Rijk (amongotherthings).

EquationsforRijk ?need(amongotherthings)thefourthordermoments
<ui uj uk ul>

Wecantrytocontinue,butnewunknownskeepemergingandthesystem
We
can try to continue but new unknowns keep emerging and the system
nevercloses thisistheclosureproblem.

E
Exercise:calculationinthechannelflow(orthepipeflow)as
i
l l ti i th h
l fl ( th i fl )
0.
0