Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
ir
More Free USMLE , MCCEE ,MCQe and AMQ Flashcards
CARCINOGEN:
Aflatoxin (from Aspergillus)
associated cancer?
CARCINOGEN:
Alcohol
associated cancer?
CARCINOGEN:
Alkylating agents
ASSOCIATED CANCER:
Hepatocellular carcinoma in
association with hepatitis B virus
ASSOCIATED CANCER:
Squamous cell carcinoma of
oropharynx and upper/middle
esophagus; pancreatic and
hepatocellular carcinomas
ASSOCIATED CANCER:
Malignant lymphoma
associated cancer?
CARCINOGEN:
Arsenic
associated cancer?
CARCINOGEN:
Asbestos
associated cancer?
CARCINOGEN:
Benzene
associated cancer?
ASSOCIATED CANCER:
Squamous cell carcinoma of skin, lung
cancer, liver angiosarcoma
ASSOCIATED CANCER:
Bronchogenic carcinoma, pleural
mesothelioma
ASSOCIATED CANCER:
Acute leukemia
CARCINOGEN:
Beryllium
ASSOCIATED CANCER:
Bronchogenic carcinoma
associated cancer?
CARCINOGEN:
Chromium
ASSOCIATED CANCER:
Bronchogenic carcinoma
associated cancer?
CARCINOGEN:
Cyclophosphamide
associated cancer?
CARCINOGEN:
Diethylstilbestrol
ASSOCIATED CANCER:
Transitional cell carcinoma of urinary
bladder
ASSOCIATED CANCER:
Clear cell carcinoma of vagina/cervix
associated cancer?
CARCINOGEN:
-Naphthylamine (aniline dyes)
associated cancer?
CARCINOGEN:
Nickel
ASSOCIATED CANCER:
Transitional cell carcinoma of urinary
bladder
ASSOCIATED CANCER:
Bronchogenic carcinoma
associated cancer?
CARCINOGEN:
Oral contraceptives
associated cancer?
ASSOCIATED CANCER:
Breast, cervical carcinomas
CARCINOGEN:
Polycyclic hydrocarbons
associated cancer?
CARCINOGEN:
Polyvinyl chloride
ASSOCIATED CANCER:
-Squamous cell carcinoma: oral cavity,
midesophagus, larynx, lung
-Adenocarcinoma: distal esophagus,
pancreas
-Transitional cell carcinoma: urinary
bladder, renal pelvis
ASSOCIATED CANCER:
Liver angiosarcoma
associated cancer?
CARCINOGEN:
Silica
ASSOCIATED CANCER:
Bronchogenic carcinoma
associated cancer?
HCV
= mechanism?
= associated cancer?
HTLV-1
= mechanism?
= associated cancer?
EBV
= mechanism?
= associated cancer?
mechanism =
Produces postnecrotic cirrhosis
associated cancer =
Hepatocellular carcinoma
mechanism =
Activates TAX gene, stimulates
polyclonal T-cell proliferation, inhibits
TP53 suppressor gene
associated cancer =
T-cell leukemia and lymphoma
mechanism =
Promotes polyclonal B-cell
proliferation, which increases risk for
t(8;14) translocation
associated cancer =
Burkitt's lymphoma, CNS lymphoma in
AIDS, mixed cellularity Hodgkin's
lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
HBV
= mechanism?
= associated cancer?
mechanism =
Activates proto-oncogenes, inactivates
TP53 suppressor gene
associated cancer =
Hepatocellular carcinoma
HHV-8
= mechanism?
= associated cancer?
mechanism =
Acts via cytokines released from HIV
and HSV
associated cancer =
Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS
mechanism =
Type 16 ( 50% of cancers): E6 gene
product inhibits TP53 suppressor gene
Type 18 ( 10% of cancers): E7 gene
product inhibits RB suppressor gene
associated cancer =
Squamous cell carcinoma of vulva,
vagina, cervix, anus (associated with
anal intercourse), larynx, oropharynx
Adenocarcinoma
= Resulting cancer?
Chronic irritation at sinus orifice, thirddegree burn scars
= Resulting cancer?
Dysplastic nevus
Malignant melanoma
= Resulting cancer?
Endometrial hyperplasia
Adenocarcinoma
= Resulting cancer?
Adenocarcinoma
= Resulting cancer?
Glandular metaplasia of stomach
(Helicobacter pylori)
Adenocarcinoma
= Resulting cancer?
Myelodysplastic syndrome
Acute leukemia
= Resulting cancer?
= Resulting cancer?
Adenocarcinoma
= Resulting cancer?
Proto-Ongogene: ABL
Function?
Mutation?
Cancer?
-Receptor synthesis
-Amplification
-Breast carcinoma (marker of
aggressiveness)
Proto-Ongogene: MYC
Function?
Mutation?
Cancer?
-Nuclear transcription
-Translocation t(8;14)
-Burkitt's lymphoma
Proto-Ongogene: N-MYC
Function?
Mutation?
Cancer?
-Nuclear transcription
-Amplification
-Neuroblastoma
Proto-Ongogene: RAS
Function?
Mutation?
Cancer?
Proto-Ongogene: RET
Function?
Mutation?
Cancer?
-Receptor synthesis
-Point mutation
-Multiple endocrine neoplasia IIa/IIb
syndromes
Proto-Ongogene: SIS
Function?
Mutation?
Cancer?
Gene: APC
Function?
Associated Cancers?
Gene: BRCA1/BRCA2
Function?
Associated Cancers?
Gene: RB
Function?
Associated Cancers?
-Inhibits G1 to S phase
-Retinoblastoma, osteogenic sarcoma,
breast carcinoma
Gene: TGF-
Function?
Associated Cancers?
Gene: TP53
Function?
Associated Cancers?
Gene: VHL
Function?
Associated Cancers?
-Inhibits G1 to S phase
-Pancreatic and colorectal carcinomas
-Inhibits G1 to S phase
Repairs DNA, activates BAX gene
(initiates apoptosis)
-Lung, colon, breast carcinomas
Li-Fraumeni syndrome: breast
carcinoma, brain tumors, leukemia,
sarcomas
-Regulates nuclear transcription
-Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome:
cerebellar hemangioblastoma, retinal
angioma, renal cell carcinoma
(bilateral), pheochromocytoma
(bilateral)
Gene: WT1
Function?
Associated Cancers?
Acanthosis nigricans
Associated Cancer?
Comment?
-Stomach carcinoma
-Small cell carcinoma of lung
Eaton-Lambert syndrome
Associated Cancer?
Comment?
Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
Associated Cancer?
Comment?
Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
Associated Cancer?
Comment?
Seborrheic keratosis
Associated Cancer?
Comment?
Superficial migratory thrombophlebitis
Associated Cancer?
Comment?
-Bronchogenic carcinoma
-Periosteal reaction of distal phalanx
(often associated with clubbing of nail)
-Stomach carcinoma
-Sudden appearance of numerous
pigmented seborrheic keratoses
(Leser-Trlat sign)
-Pancreatic carcinoma
-Release of procoagulants
(Trousseau's sign)
Nephrotic syndrome
Associated Cancer?
Comment?
Small cell carcinoma of lung, medullary
carcinoma of thyroid
Endocrinopathy?
Ectopic Hormone?
Choriocarcinoma (testis)
Endocrinopathy?
Ectopic Hormone?
Renal cell carcinoma, primary
squamous cell carcinoma of lung,
breast carcinoma
Malignant lymphomas (contain 1hydroxylase)
-Gynecomastia [DISORDER]
-hCG [ECTOPIC HORMONE]
-Hypercalcemia [DISORDER]
-PTH-related protein
Calcitriol (vitamin D) [ECTOPIC
HORMONE]
Endocrinopathy?
Ectopic Hormone?
Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
Endocrinopathy?
Ectopic Hormone?
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Endocrinopathy?
Ectopic Hormone?
Small cell carcinoma of lung
Endocrinopathy?
Ectopic Hormone?
Renal cell and hepatocellular
carcinomas
Endocrinopathy?
Ectopic Hormone?
AFP
Associated Cancer?
-Hypocalcemia [DISORDER]
-Calcitonin [ECTOPIC HORMONE]
-Hypoglycemia [DISORDER]
-Insulin-like factor [ECTOPIC
HORMONE]
-Hyponatremia [DISORDER]
-Antidiuretic hormone [ECTOPIC
HORMONE]
CA 15-3
Breast carcinoma
Associated Cancer?
CA 19-9
Pancreatic, colorectal carcinomas
Associated Cancer?
CA 125
Associated Cancer?
CEA
Associated Cancer?
LDH
Associated Cancer?
PSA
Associated Cancer?
Definition of leukemia
Acute Leukemias
ALL
AML
Chronic leukemias
CLL definition
Smudge cells
CLL
CLL characteristics
CLL complications
CML definition
CML characteristics
Myeloproliferative diseases
polycythemia vera
Heterophil antibodies
Infectous mononucleosis
EBV
atypical lymphocytes
anti-EBV
heterophil antibodies
spleen sus to traumatic rupture
Multiple Myeloma
Rouleaux formation
Myeloma kidney
Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
Hodgkin lymphoma
Reed-Sternberg cells
Non-hodgkin lymphomas
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas
Follicular lymphoma
Burkitt Lymphoma
Nitrosamines
Cigarette smoke
Bronchogenic CA
Asbestos
Bronchogenic CA
Arsenic
Vinyl chloride
Liver angiosarcoma
Alkalating agents
Leukemia, lymphoma
Benzene
Leukemia, lymphoma
Napthalene
Bladder CA
CCL4
HTLV-1
HBV, HCV
Hepatocellular CA
EBV
HPV
HHV-8
Kaposi sarcoma
sis
erb-B1
erb-B2
erb-B3
ret
abl
Ki-ras
c-myc
L-myc
N-myc
bcl-1
CDK4
bcl-2
c-kit
p53
Rb
Alpha fetoprotein
B-hCG
Trophoblastic tumors,
chroriocarcinoma
Calcitonin
Medullary CA of thyroid
CEA
CA-125
Ovarian CA
CA19-9
Pancreatic CA
Seminoma
Prostate CA
PSA
Prostate CA
Alkaline phosphatase
VHL
WT-1, WT-2
BRCA-1
BRCA-2
APC
DCC
18q. Colon CA
NF-1
17q. Neurofibromatosis
NF-2
Down Syndrome
ALL, AML
Gastric adenocarcinoma
Tuberous sclerosis
Actinic keratosis
Barret's esophagus
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
Cirrhosis
Hepatocellular CA
Ulcerativa colitis
Colonic adenocarcinoma
Paget's
Osteosarcoma
Immunodeficiency
Malignant lymphomas
AIDS
Non-Hodgikin's, Kaposi
Dysplastic nevus
Malignant melanoma
Radiation
Sarcoma
Polycythemia (EPO)
Acanthosis nicrans
Gastric adenocarcinoma
alpha1-antitrypsin
Hepatocellular CA
MEN-I
MEN-II
lipoma
adenoma
epithelial or CT origin
teratoma
Carcinoma
Hamartoma
adenoma
Tubular adenoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Cancer of fat?
VHY***
Most common cancer of the parotid
gland?
ON EVERY BOARDS
picture of hypersegmented neutrophils,
DX
other is a picture of auer rod in a
myeloblast?
Leukemia
Lymphoma
Stomach
H. PYlORI can produce them
synscotrophoblast
SYNCIOTROPHOBLAST
beta-hCG, Human placental lactogen
(growth hormone of pregnancy)
Synscotrophblast and cytotrophoblast
LUNG
RESPOND VERY WELL TO CHEMO
W/ almost 100% remission.
hamartomas
30X
seeding
lymphatics
what is seeding?
what type of cancer frequently spreads
by this route?
lymphatics frist
can also go by hematogenous spread
VHY***
what you feel on a Rectal in a women most dependent part of a women, were
is analagous to what structure in men? endometrial implants, blood pools and
seeding goes from cancer
why is this an important area in
women?
Glioblastoma multiforme commonly
Most common priamry maligancy of the
seeds the cerrebrospinal fluid...causing
brain, how does it spread?
spread to the brain in
LUNG MC- mets from the breast
when asking about cancer to an organ
think is primary or metastasize most
common to this area: lung, kidney,
bone, batson system
vertebral column
2nd - head of the femur
lymph node
lung
2nd most common is colon
Multiple myeloma
what cancer causes lytic bone lesions?
why, what blood chemistry will be
elevated?
steps of oncogenesis
1. Mutation
2. Make multiple copies, dividing
3. Progression/subspecialiation
(different cancer cells have different
functions all the purpose to kill you:
invasion, spread, resistance...)
1. Proto-oncogenes - involved in
normal growth receptors, those that
send messanges and repair
2. Suppressor genes (anti-oncogenes)protect from unregulated cell grwoth
3. Anti-apoptosis genes (BCL2)
4.Apoptosis (BAX gene)
point mutations
translocation
amplification
point mutations
t(15;17)
retinoic acid - causes the blasts to
mature
t(14;18)
APC
WT1
TP53
point mutation
Microbes (viruses)
Radiation
stop smoking
smoking
Aniline dye
VHY***
Patient is being treated for wegeners
granulomatosis and they develop
hematuria, on cytology you see
abnormal cells what is the cause?
nasopharangeal carcinoma
HIV
leukemia-chronic myelogenous
leukemia (MC)
t(9;22) ABL
radioligist
skin cancer
chromosome 13 - RAS
congenital cataracts
H. Pylori
adenocarcinoma and low grade
malignant lymphoma
Gram-negative sepsis
HYpercalcemia
VHY***
what is the most effective host defense
against cancer?
N-nodes
M-metastasize (most important)
STAGE
VHY***
patient has painless jaundice, left
supraclavicular node, light colored
stools and peculiar lesions in the vein
that jump from one part of the body to
another, DX? (trouseas sign)
Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
(clubbing) is associated w/ what
cancer?
PTH-like hormone
The idea is to recognize theses so that
you can prevent spread
Bronchogenic carcinoma
results from periosteal reasction of
distal phalynx
luekemias,
Renal adenocarcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Breast cancer
colon cancer
beta-hcG
leukemia - ALL
1. breast
2. lung
3. colon
1.prostate
2.lung
3.colon
Lung
1. lung
2. breast
3. colon
1. lung
2. prostate
3. colon
colon
colon cancer
1. endometrial
2. ovarian
3. cervix (least common because of
pap smear)
ovarian
cervix
endometrial
cancer grade
laminin
fibronectin
osteoblastic metastases
osteolytic metastases
hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
lymphedema
angiomyolipoma
bacillary angiomatosis
glomus tumor
c-anca
p-anca
leukocytoclastic vasculitis
hypertension
consequences of ventricular
hypertrophy
marantic endocarditis
cardiac myxoma
rhabdomyoma
hepcidin
haptoglobin
1) ankyrin 2) spectrin
types of AIHA
myelofibrosis/myeloid metaplasia
leukoerythoblastic reaction
myelodisplastic syndrome
t(12;31)
para-aortic nodes
inguinal nodes
submental/submandibular nodes
left-supraclavicular metastasis
axillary nodes
lung cancer
MGUS
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma
Waldenstrom
macrogammaglobulinemia; M spike
with IgM with BJ proteins; generalized
lymphadenopathy (not present in MM),
anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, no lytic
bone lesions, hypercoagulable state
prostacyclin synthesis
endothelial cells
synthesis of TXA2
heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
antibodies in ITP
causes of DIC
antiphospholipid syndrome
Mallory bodies
Potter disease
renal dysplasia
diabetic nephropathy
tram-tracks
MPGN
subepithelial spikes
MPGN
subepithelial deposits
post-strep GN
subendothelial deposits
diffuse proliferative GN
crescents
RPGN
fusion of podocytes
papillary necrosis
nephrocalcinosis
cysts in bone
osteomalacia
angiomyolipoma
Wilm's tumor
retroperitoneal fibrosis
urethritis in Reiter
due to chlamydia
Bowen's disease
erythroplasia of Queyrat
Bowenoid papulosis
hydrocele
testicular seminoma
testicular choriocarcinoma
testicular teratoma
hCG
prolactin
inhibits GnRH/LH/FSH
Kallman syndrome
causes of hirsutism
serous cystadenocarcinoma
gonadoblastoma
fibrocystic change
fibroadenoma
intraductal papilloma
causes of hypopituitarism
nephrocalcinosis
osteopetrosis
osteochondroma
endochondroma
osteoma
osteoid osteoma
chondrosarcoma
osteosarcoma
Ewing's sarcoma
chondrocalcinosis
erythema infectiosum
erythema marginatum
erythema multiforme
hypersensitivity to mycoplasma or
drugs (sulfonamides, penicillin,
lamotrigine) vesicles and bullae;
Steven-Johnson
erythema nodosum
cerebral edema
pseudotumor cerebri
hydrocephalus ex vacuo
Arnold Chiari
Dandy-Walker
tuberous sclerosis
adrenoleukodystrophy
metachromatic leukodystrophy
Krabbe's disease
Wilson's
astrocytoma
meningioma
ependymoma
medulloblastoma
oligodendroglioma
presbycusis
otosclerosis
otitis media
external otitis
opthalmia neonatorum
bacterial conjunctivitis
viral conjunctivitis
stye
chalazion
orbital cellulitis
pterygium
thickened conjuctiva
optic neuritis
glaucoma
uveitis
macular degeneration
CMV retinitis
Antithrombogenic substances
Steps in hemostasis
Glanzman thrombastenia
Kinin cascade
MOA of warfarin
DIC
Hemophilia
Auto mechanics
Firefighters
Pesticide industry
Organophosphate poisoning
(acetylcholinesterase inhibitors) and
arsenic. Lacrimation, salivation, miosis,
weakness. Rx.: atropine
Coal workers
Insulation workers
Demolition workers
Construction workers
Shipyard workers
Dry cleaners
Rubber/chemical workers
Plumbers
Pottery paint
Dental amalgams
Insecticides
Hat-making industry
Down syndrome
Edward syndrome
Patau syndrome
Cri du chat
Klinefelter syndrome
Turner syndrome
Female hermaphrodite
Male hermaphrodite
CCystic Phibrosis
PKU
Deficiency of phenylalanine
hydroxylase. Mental retardation by 6
months, light-colored hair and skin,
musty odor. Avoid aspartame, monitor
pregnancy
Alkaptonuria
Albinism
Pompe disease
McArdle disease
Myophosphorylase deficiency.
Excersice-induced muscle cramps
Tay SaX
Nieman PickS
Gaucher disease
Glucocerebrosidase deficiency. In
adulthood, hepatosplnomegaly,
hypersplnism, lymphadenopathy
Mucopolysaccharidosis
Glycosaminoglycans acumulation.
Mental retardation, cloudy cornea,
coarse facial features,
hepatosplnomegaly, skeletal
deformities
Familial hypercholesterolemia
Marfan syndrome
Ehlers-Danlos
Menkes disease
Neurofibromatosis type 1
Neurofibromatosis type 2
Fragile X syndrome
Huntington disease
Prader-Willi syndrome
Angelman syndrome
Homocystinuria
17OHase deficiency
Sjogren syndrome
Mikulicz syndrome
Diffuse scleroderma
Bruton's agammaglobulinemia
DiGeorge syndrome
SCID
Wiskot-Aldrich syndrome
Ataxia-Telangiectasia
Chediak-Higashi
Hereditary angioedema
Hyper IgM
MHC-I deficiency
Amyloid stains
Chemotactic factors
Opsonins
Chediak-Higashi syndrome
CGD
AA producedd by phospholipase A2
(inhibited by steroids). Produces
leukotrienes, prostaglandins and
thromboxane A2
Lypoxigenase pathway
Cycloxigenase pathway
Mediators of vasodilation
Mediators of pain
Bradikinin, PGE2
Histamine, Bradikinin
Mediators of vasoconstriction
Mediators of bronchoconstriction
Mediators of fever
Anaphilotoxins
C3b
PGE2
Prostacyclin (PGI2)
IL-1
Hageman factor
PGF
gamma interferon
IL-2
IL-6
Type I collagen
Type II collagen
granulation tissue
Type IV collagen
basement membranes
Nitrosamines
Cigarette smoke
Bronchogenic CA
Asbestos
Bronchogenic CA
Arsenic
Liver angiosarcoma
Alkalating agents
Leukemia, lymphoma
Benzene
Leukemia, lymphoma
Napthalene
Bladder CA
CCL4
HTLV-1
HBV, HCV
Hepatocellular CA
EBV
HPV
HHV-8
Kaposi sarcoma
sis
erb-B1
erb-B2
erb-B3
ret
abl
Ki-ras
c-myc
L-myc
N-myc
bcl-1
CDK4
bcl-2
c-kit
p53
Rb
Alpha fetoprotein
B-hCG
Trophoblastic tumors,
chroriocarcinoma
Calcitonin
Medullary CA of thyroid
CEA
CA-125
Ovarian CA
CA19-9
Pancreatic CA
Seminoma
Prostate CA
PSA
Prostate CA
Alkaline phosphatase
VHL
WT-1, WT-2
BRCA-1
BRCA-2
APC
DCC
18q. Colon CA
NF-1
17q. Neurofibromatosis
NF-2
Down Syndrome
ALL, AML
Gastric adenocarcinoma
Tuberous sclerosis
Actinic keratosis
Barret's esophagus
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
Cirrhosis
Hepatocellular CA
Ulcerative colitis
Colonic adenocarcinoma
Paget's
Osteosarcoma
Immunodeficiency
Malignant lymphomas
AIDS
Non-Hodgikin's, Kaposi
Dysplastic nevus
Malignant melanoma
Radiation
Sarcoma
Acanthosis nicrans
Gastric adenocarcinoma
alpha1-antitrypsin
Hepatocellular CA
MEN-I
MEN-II
What is methhemoglobin?
Respiratory acidosis
Anemia
CO poisoning or methhemoglobinemia
Features of apoptosis
Coagulation necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis
Caseous necrosis
Fat necrosis
Fibrinoid necrosis
Regulation of apoptosis
cdk/cyclin D complex
Fibronectin
VEGF
FGF
PDGF
Laminin
Mycosis fungoides
Histiocytosis X
Hodgkin lymphoma
Multiple myeloma
t(15;17)
AML translocation
t(9;22)
t(14;18)
t(8;14)
Composition of bone
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Bone resorption
Achondroplasia
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Causes of osteoporosis
Treatment of osteoporosis
MC pathogen in osteomyelitis
Staph
Salmonella
Pseudomonas
Reiter syndrome
Causes of gout
Eaton-Lambert syndrome
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Vitiligo
Melasma
Freckles
Malignant melanoma
Acanthosis nigricans
Psoriasis
Pemphigus
Bullous pemphigoid
Dermatitis herpetiformis
Nephritic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome
Proteinuria >3.5g/day,
hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema,
hyperlipidemia
Acute poststreptococal
glomerulonephritis light microscopy
Acute poststreptococal
glomerulonephritis
immunofluorescence
Acute poststreptococoal
glomerulonephritis electron microscopy
Pathogenesis of Goodpasture
syndrome
GBM disruption
Goodpasture syndrome
immunofluorescence
Causes of RPGN
RPGN immunofluorescence
Mesangial proliferation
MPGN immunofluorescence
Alport syndrome
Membranous GN etiology
Membranous GN immunofluorescence
Membranous GN EM
Wilms tumor
Condyloma acuminatum
Endometriosis
Ovarian cystadenocarcinoma
Hydatidiform mole
Choriocarcinoma
Fibroadenoma
Prostate cancer
Obstruction atelectasis
Compression atelectasis
Features of sarcoidosis
"GRAIN": gammaglubilinemia,
rheumatoid arthritis, ACE increase,
interstitial fibrosis, non-casseating
granuloma, bilateral lymphadenopathy
Kyphoscoliosis, obesity,
pneumoconiosis, ARDS, pulmonary
fibrosis, sarcoidosis
Definition of emphysema
Etiology of emphysema
Protease/antiprotease imbalance.
Proteases are made by macrophages
and neutrophils. Antiproteases are
alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha-1macroglubulin and secretory
leukoprotease inhibitor
Etiology of bronchiectasis
Causes of ARDS
RDS of newborn
Lung adenocarcinoma
Pancoast tumor
Eaton-lambert syndrome
c-anca
cyclophosphimide
Raynaud diseasse
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
Complications of atherosclerosis
Pathophysiology of essential
hypertension
Complications of hypertension
Renovascular hypertension
Ahterosclerotic aneurysms
Syphilitic aneurysm
Phlebothrombosis Vs.
Thrombophlebitis
Phlebothrombosis is venous
thrombosis of deep veins without
inflamation or infection.
Thrombophlebitis is venous thrombosis
of superficial veins due to inflamation
and infection
Leg swelling, warmth, erythema.
Increased venous pressure from deep
to superficial veins (which drain in deep
veins) produces varicosities in
superficial system. Complications are
thromboembolism, thrombophlebitis.
Dx.: Doppler
Complications of MI
Eisenmenger syndrome
Tetralogy of Fallot
Truncus arteriosus
VSD
ASD
PDA
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Infarction stroke
Epidural hemorrhage
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Berry aneurysms
Meningocele
Meningomyelocele
Myelocele
Multiple sclerosis
Graves disease
Cretinism
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Subacute thyroiditis
Reidel thyroiditis
Thyroid adenoma
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Functions of PTH
Hypoparathyroidism
Prolactinoma
Hyperprolactinemia produces
galactorrhea, amenorrhea (tumor mass
inhibits GnRH) and infertility
GH producing adenoma
Sheehan syndrome
Diabetes insipidus
SIADH
Conn syndrome
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
Addison disease
Pheochromocytoma
MEN I
MEN II
Pathophysiology of diabetic
ketoacidosis
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
Dysphagia to solids
Mallory-Weiss syndrome
Esophageal varices
Reflux esophagitis
Barret esophagus
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
Pyloric stenosis
Menetier disease
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Pancreatic grastrin-producing
gastrinoma. Hypertrophic rugal folds
with increased acid secretion and
multiple intractable peptic ulcers
Stress ulcers
Krukenberg tumor
Volvulus
Intussusception
Hirchsprung disease
Celiac sprue
Crohn disease
Ulcerative colitis
Pseudomembranous colitis
Inflammatory pseudomembranes in
intestines due to C. difficile overgrowth
secondary to clindamycin therapy.
Appendicitis
Meckel diverticulum
Colonic diverticulosis
Bowel obstruction
Gardner syndrome
HNPCC
Colon adenocarcinoma
Carcioind tumor
Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic retinopathy
Nonproliferative phase:
microaneurysms, retinal hemorrhage
and exudates. Proliferative:
neovascularization. Cataracts.
Insulinoma
Gastrinoma
Somatostinoma
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Acute cholecystitis
Ascending cholangitis
Causes of unconjugated
hyperbilirubinemias
Gilbert syndrome
Crigler-Najjar syndrome
Dubin-Johnson syndrome
Causes of conjugated
hyperbilirubinemias
Cirrhosis
HBcAb IgM+
HBsAb IgG+
Wilson disease
Hemochromatosis
Budd-Chiari
HCC
Target cells
Acanthocytes
Spherocytes
Schistocytes
Bite cells
Sickle cells
Howell-Jolly bodies
Ring sideroblasts
Heinz bodies
Basophilic stipling
Hypersegmented neutrophil
Megaloblastic anemia
EPO stimuli
Reticulocytes
Signs of anemia
Hypochromic RBCs
MCV < 80
AOCD
Sideroblastic anemia
AOCD
HbA
22
HbF
22
Hb Barts
HbH
-thalassemia
-thalassemia
HbA2
22
Pathophysiology of spherocytosis
Pathophysiology of AIHA
Pathophysiology of PNH
Pathophysiology of microangiopathic
hemolytic anemia
Pathophysiology of megaloblastic
anemia
Cytomegalovirus
Characteristics of acute
lymphadenopathy
Characteristics of chronic
lymphadenopathy
Pre-B ALL
Mature B ALL
B cell CLL
T cell CLL
AML
CML
PRV
MC lymphoma. B lymphocytes.
t(14;18), Chr 14 has immunoglobulin
heavy chain genes, chr 18 has bcl-2
gene (normally inhibits apoptosis).
Burkitt's lymphoma
Calcinosis
Raynaud's phenomenon
Esophageal dysfunction
Sclerodactyly
Telangiectasia
anti-ribonucleoprotein antibodies
IgA deficiency
AIDS
AIDS
Western blot
Kaposi's sarcoma
CMV (cytomegalovirus)
Disseminated infections
(cytomegalovirus [CMV] ,
Mycobacterium avium)
Amyloid pathogenesis ?
T cells; CD8
Derivation? Location? Function?
Derivation:
Bone marrow lymphocyte stem cells
mature in thymus
Location:
Peripheral blood and bone marrow,
thymus
paracortex of lymph nodes
Peyer's patches
Function:
- secrete cytokines
(IL-2 proliferation of CD4/CD8 T
cells;
IFN- activation of macrophages)
- help B cells become antibodyproducing plasma cells
Derivation:
Bone marrow lymphocyte stem cells
mature in thymus
Location:
Peripheral blood and bone marrow,
thymus,
paracortex of lymph nodes,
Peyer's patches
Function:
kill virus-infected, neoplastic, and donor
graft cells
B cells
Derivation? Location? Function?
Cell type:
Macrophages
Derivation? Location? Function?
Cell type:
Dendritic cells
Derivation? Location? Function?
Reaction:
Type I
Pathogenesis? Examples(some)?
Derivation:
Bone marrow stem cells
Location:
Peripheral blood and bone marrow,
germinal follicles in lymph nodes,
Peyer's patches
Function:
Differentiate into plasma cells
--> immunoglobulins to kill
encapsulated bacteria (e.g.,
Streptococcus pneumoniae)
-Act as APCs that interact with CD4
cells
Derivation:
Bone marrow stem cells
Location:
Peripheral blood (large granular
lymphocytes)
Function:
- Kill virus-infected and neoplastic cells
- Release IFN-
Derivation:
Conversion of monocytes into
macrophages in connective tissue
Location:
Connective tissue; organs
Function:
- phagocytosis
- cytokine production
- Act as APCs to T cells
Derivation:
Bone marrow stem cells
Location:
Skin (Langerhans' cells), germinal
follicles
Function:
Act as APCs to T cells
Pathogenesis:
IgE-dependent activation of mast cells
Examples(some):
Atopic disorders: hay fever, eczema,
hives, asthma, reaction to bee sting
Drug hypersensitivity: penicillin rash or
anaphylaxis
Reaction:
Type II
Pathogenesis? Examples(some)?
Reaction:
Type III
Pathogenesis? Examples(some)?
Reaction:
Type IV
Pathogenesis? Examples(some)?
Disorder:
Hereditary angioedema
Comments?
Disorder:
C2 deficiency
Comments?
Pathogenesis:
Ab-dependent reaction
Examples(some):
Complement-dep rxns:
-Lysis (IgM & IgG mediated)
-Phagocytosis
Complement-indep rxns:
-Ab (IgG)/(IgE)-dep cell-mediated
cytotoxicity
-Abs directed against cell surface
receptors
Pathogenesis:
Deposition of Ag-Ab complexes
Examples(some):
SLE (S Lupus erythematosus) (DNAanti-DNA)
Serum sickness (horse anti-thymocyte
globulin-Ab)
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Pathogenesis:
Ab-indep T cell-mediated rxns
Examples(some):
Delayed type: tuberculous granuloma;
PPD reaction, MS
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity: killing of
tumor cells and virus-infected cells;
contact dermatitis
-Autosomal dominant disorder with
deficiency of C1 esterase inhibitor
-Continued C1 activation decreases C2
and C4 and increases their cleavage
products, which have anaphylatoxic
activity
-Normal C3
-Swelling of face and oropharynx
-Most common complement deficiency
-Association with septicemia (usually
Strep pneumoniae) and lupus-like
syndrome in children
Disorder:
C6-C9 deficiency
Comments?
Increased susceptibility to
disseminated Neisseria gonorrhoeae or
N. meningitidis infections
Disorder:
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Comments?