Power systems lab

1.LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS BY GAUSS SEIDEL METHOD

Aim:
To carry out load flow analysis of the given power system network by Gauss Seidel method
Software: MATLAB
Theory:
Load flow analysis is the most frequently performed system study by electric utilities. This
analysis is performed on a symmetrical steady-state operating condition of a power system
under normal mode of operation and aims at obtaining bus voltages and line/transformer
flows for a given load condition. This information is essential both for long term planning
and next day operational planning. In long term planning, load flow analysis helps in
investigating the effectiveness of alternative plans and choosing the best plan for system
expansion to meet the projected operating state. In operational planning, it helps in choosing
the best unit commitment plan and generation schedules to run the system efficiently for
them next days load condition without violating the bus voltage and line flow operating
limits.
The Gauss seidal method is an iterative algorithm for solving a set of non- linear algebraic
equations. The relationship between network bus voltages and currents may be represented by
either loop equations or node equations. Node equations are normally preferred because the
number of independent node equation is smaller than the number of independent loop
equations.
The network equations in terms of the bus admittance matrix can be written as,

where n is the total number of nodes.

Vp is the phasor voltage to ground at node p.
Ip is the phasor current flowing into the network at node p.

Power systems lab

Algorithm
Step1: Read the data such as line data, specified power, specified voltages, Q limits at the
generator buses and tolerance for convergences
Step2: Compute Y-bus matrix.
Step3: Initialize all the bus voltages.
Step4: Iter=1
Step5: Consider i=2, where i is the bus number.
Step6: check whether this is PV bus or PQ bus. If it is PQ bus go to step 8 otherwise go to
next step.
Step7: Compute Qi check for q limit violation. QGi=Qi+QLi.
7).a).If QGi>Qi max ,equate QGi = Qimax. Then convert it into PQ bus.
7).b).If QGi<Qi min, equate QGi = Qi min. Then convert it into PQ bus.
Step8: Calculate the new value of the bus voltage using gauss seidal formula.
i=1 n
Vi=(1.0/Yii) [(Pi-j Qi)/vi0*- Yij Vj- YijVj0]
J=1 J=i+1
Adjust voltage magnitude of the bus to specify magnitude if Q limits are not violated.
Step9: If all buses are considered go to step 10 otherwise increments the bus no. i=i+1 and
Go to step6.
Step10: Check for convergence. If there is no convergence goes to step 11 otherwise go to
step12.
Step11: Update the bus voltage using the formula.
Vinew=Vi old+ (vinew-Viold) (i=1,2,..n) i slackbus , is the acceleration factor=1.4

Power systems lab

Step12: Calculate the slack bus power, Q at P-V buses real and reactive give flows real and
reactance line losses and print all the results including all the bus voltages and all the bus
angles.
Step13: Stop.
Procedure
Enter the command window of the MATLAB.

Create a new M file by selecting File - New M File.

Type and save the program in the editor Window.

Execute the program by pressing Tools Run.

View the results.

MATLAB program
data=[1 1 2 10-j*20
2 1 3 10-j*30
3 2 3 16-j*32]
elements=max(data(:,1));
bus=max(max(data(:,2)),max(data(:,3)));
y=zeros(bus,bus);
for p=1:bus,
for q=1:elements,
if(data(q,2)==p|data(q,3)==p)
y(p,p)=y(p,p)+data(q,4);
end
end
end
for p=1:bus,
for q=1:bus,
if (p~=q)
for r=1:elements
if((data(r,2)==p&data(r,3)==q)|(data(r,2)==q&data(r,3)==p))
y(p,q)=-(data(r,4));
end
end
end
end
end
a1=input('enter p2 in MW:');
b1=input('enter q2 in MVAR:');
a2=input('enter p3 in MW:');
b2=input('enter q3 in MVAR');
pu=input('enter the base value in MVA');
p2=(a1/pu);
q2=(b1/pu);
p3=(a2/pu);
q3=(b2/pu);
dx1=1+j*0;
dx2=1+j*0;
v1=1.05;
v2=1+j*0;
v3=1+j*0;
iter=0;

Power systems lab

disp('iter v2 v3');
while(abs(dx1)&abs(dx2)>=0.00001)&iter<7;
iter=iter+1;
g1=(((p2-j*q2)/conj(v2))+(-y(1,2)*v1)+(-y(2,3)*v3))/y(2,2);
g2=(((p3-j*q3)/conj(v3))+(-y(1,3)*v1)+(-y(2,3)*g1))/y(3,3);
dx1=g1-v2;
dx2=g2-v3;
v2=v2+dx1;
v3=v3+dx2;
fprintf ('%g',iter),disp([v2,v3]);
abs(v2)
end

EXERCISE
1
0.02+j0.04

256.6Mw
0.01+j0.03

0.0125+j0.025

110.2
Mvar

3
Slack bus
V=
1.05<0
138.6 MW

45.2 Mvar

Figure shows online diagram of a simple three-bus system with generation at bus 1. The
magnitude of the voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 per unit .the Scheduled loads at
buses 2 and 3 are as marked on the diagram .line impedances are marked in per unit on
a 100 MVA base and the line charging susceptance are neglected.
Determine the voltage at the load buses 2 and 3.

Power systems lab

2.LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS BY NEWTON RAPSHON METHOD

Aim
To carry out load flow analysis of the given power system by Newton Raphson method.
Apparatus: MATLAB
Theory:
Load flow study in power system parlance is the steady state solution of the power system
network. The main information obtained from this study comprises the magnitudes and phase
angles of load bus voltages, reactive powers at generator buses, real and reactive power flow
on transmission lines, other variables being specified. This information is essential for the
continuous monitoring of current state of the system and for analyzing the effectiveness of
alternative plans for future system expansion to meet increased load demand.
Newton-Raphson method is an iterative method that approximates the set of non linear
simultaneous equations to a set of linear simultaneous equations using Taylors series
expansion and the terms are limited to first approximation. The rate of convergence is fast as
compared to the FDLF program and also it is suitable for large size system. So we go for N-R
method. The non-linear equations governing the power system network are,.

where Ip is the current injected into bus p.

The complex power in pth bus is given by,

In polar co-ordinates, the power on pth bus is given as,

Power systems lab

Separating the Real and Imaginary parts we get,

The Newton Raphson method requires that a set of linear equations be formed expressing
the relationship between the changes in real and reactive powers and the components of the
bus voltages as follows:

where, the coefficient matrix is known as Jacobian matrix.

Power systems lab

Algorithm
Step1: Input the total number of buses. Input the details of series line impendence and line
charging admittance to calculate the Y-bus matrix.
Step2: Assume all bus voltage as 1 per unit except slack bus.
Step3: Set the iteration count as k=0 and bus count as p=1.
Step4: Calculate the real and reactive power pp and qp using the formula
P=vpqYpq*cos(Qpq+p-q)
Qp=VpqYpa*sin(qpq+p-a)
Evalute pp*=psp-pp*
step5: If the bus is generator (PV) bus, check the value of Qp*is within the limits.If it
Violates
the limits, then equate the violated limit as reactive power and treat it as PQ bus. If limit is
not isolated then calculate,
|vp|^r=|vgp|^rspe-|vp|r ; Qp*=qsp-qp*
Step6: Advance bus count by 1 and check if all the buses have been accounted if not go to
step5.
Step7: Calculate the elements of Jacobean matrix.
Step8: Calculate new bus voltage increment pk and fpk
Step9: Calculate new bus voltage ep*h+ ep*
Fp^k+1=fpK+fpK
Step10: Advance iteration count by 1 and go to step3.
Step11: Evaluate bus voltage and power flows through the line .
Procedure
Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
Create a new M file by selecting File - New M File.
Type and save the program in the editor Window.

Execute the program by pressing Tools Run.

View the results.

Power systems lab

MATLAB program:
clc;
gbus = [1 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
2 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0
3 1.5 0.6 0.0 0.0];
ybus = [5.882-j*23.528 -2.941+j*11.764 -2.941+j*11.764
-2.941+j*11.764 5.882-j*23.528 -2.941+j*11.764
-2.941+j*11.764 -2.941+j*11.764 5.882-j*23.528];
t= 0.001
v1=1.04+j*0;
v2=1+j*0;
v3=1.04+j*0;
del3=angle(v3);
del1=angle(v1);
del2=angle(v2);
%abs(ybus(2,1))
%abs(v2)
for i=1:10
p2=(abs(v2)*abs(v1)*abs(ybus(2,1))*cos((angle(ybus(2,1)))+del1-del2))+
(abs(v2)*abs(v2)*abs(ybus(2,2))*cos(angle(ybus(2,2))))+
(abs(v2)*abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*cos((angle(ybus(2,3))+del3-del2)));
q2=-(abs(v2)*abs(v1)*abs(ybus(2,1))*sin((angle(ybus(2,1)))+del1-del2))abs(v2)*abs(v2)*abs(ybus(2,2))*sin((angle(ybus(2,2))))(abs(v2)*abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*sin((angle(ybus(2,3)))+del3-del2));
p3=(abs(v3)*abs(v1)*abs(ybus(3,1))*cos((angle(ybus(3,1)))+del1-del3))
+abs(v3)*abs(v3)*abs(ybus(3,3))*cos((angle(ybus(3,3))))+
(abs(v2)*abs(v3)*abs(ybus(3,2))*cos((angle(ybus(3,2)))+del2-del3));
delp20=gbus(2,4)-gbus(2,2)-p2;
delp30=gbus(3,4)-gbus(3,2)-p3;
delq20=gbus(2,5)-gbus(2,3)-q2;
J(1,1)=(abs(v2)*abs(v1)*abs(ybus(2,1))*sin((angle(ybus(2,1)))+del1-del2))+
(abs(v2)*abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*sin((angle(ybus(2,3)))+del3-del2));
J(1,2)=-(abs(v2)*abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*sin((angle(ybus(2,3)))+del3-del2));
J(1,3)=(abs(v1)*abs(ybus(2,1))*cos((angle(ybus(2,1)))+del1-del2))
+2*(abs(v2)*abs(ybus(2,2))*cos((angle(ybus(2,2)))))+
(abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*cos((angle(ybus(2,3)))+del3-del2));
J(2,1)=-(abs(v3)*abs(v2)*abs(ybus(3,2))*sin((angle(ybus(3,2)))+del2-del3));
J(2,2)=(abs(v3)*abs(v1)*abs(ybus(3,1))*sin((angle(ybus(3,1)))+del1-del3))+
(abs(v3)*abs(v2)*abs(ybus(3,2))*sin((angle(ybus(3,2)))+del2-del3));
J(2,3)=(abs(v3)*abs(ybus(3,2))*cos((angle(ybus(3,2)))+del2-del3));
J(3,1)=(abs(v2)*abs(v1)*abs(ybus(2,1))*cos((angle(ybus(2,1)))+del1-del2))(abs(v2)*abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*cos((angle(ybus(2,3)))+del2-del3));
J(3,2)=(abs(v2)*abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*cos((angle(ybus(2,3)))+del2-del3));
J(3,3)=-(abs(v2)*abs(ybus(2,1))*sin((angle(ybus(2,1)))+del1-del2))2*(abs(v2)*abs(ybus(2,2))*sin((angle(ybus(2,2)))))(abs(v3)*abs(ybus(2,3))*sin((angle(ybus(2,3)))+del3-del2));
end
J
inv(J);
A=[del2;del3;abs(v2)];
delA0=[delp20;delp30;delq20];
delA1=inv(J)*delA0;
delA1;
b0=abs(v2);
A1=[del2;del3;b0]+delA1
A1=delA0
if((A1-delA0)<=t)
break;

Power systems lab

del2=A1(1,1)
del3=A1(2,1)
abs(v2)=A1(3,1)
end
A1

RESULT:

Power systems lab

3.LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL WITHOUT CONTROL

AIM:
To become familiar with modelling and analysis of the frequency and tie-line flow dynamics
of a two area power system without and with load frequency controllers (LFC) and to design
better controllers for getting better response.

THEORY:
Active power control is one of the important control actions to be perform to be normal
operation of the system to match the system generation with the continuously changing
system load in order to maintain the constancy of system frequency to a fine tolerance level.
This is one of the foremost requirements in proving quality power supply. A change in system
load cases a change in the speed of all rotating masses ( Turbine generator rotor systems) of
the system leading to change in system frequency. The speed change form synchronous speed
initiates the governor control (primary control) action result in all the participating generator
turbine units taking up the change in load, stabilizing system frequency. Restoration of
frequency to nominal value requires secondary control action which adjust the load reference set points of selected ( regulating) generator turbine units. The primary objectives
of automatic generation control (AGC) are to regulate system frequency to the set nominal
value and also to regulate the net interchange of each areas to the scheduled value by
adjusting the outputs of the regulating units. This function is referred to as load frequency
control (LFC).
PROCEDURE:
1.Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2.Create a new Model by selecting File - New Model
3.Pick up the blocks from the simulink library browser and form a block diagram.
4.After forming the block diagram , save the block diagram.
5.Double click the scope and view the result.
EXERCISE:
1. A two area system connected by a tie line has the following parameters on a 1000MVA
common base
AREA
SPPED REGULATION
Load coefficient
Inertia constant
BASE POWER
Governer time constant
Turbine time constant

1
R1=0.05
D1=0.6
H1=5
1000MVA
Tg1=0.2sec
Tt1=0.5sec

2
R2=0.0625
D2=0.9
H2=4
1000MVA
Tg2=0.3sec
Tt2=0.6sec

Power systems lab

The units are operating in parallel at the nominal frequency of 60Hz. The synchronizing
power coefficient is computed from the initial operating condition and is given to be Ps = 2
p.u.loadchange of187.5MWoccursinNarea1.
(a) Determine the new steady state frequency and the change in the tie-line flow.
(b) Construct the SIMULINK block diagram and obtain the frequency deviation response for
theconditioninpart(a).

SIMULINK BLOCK DIAGRAM:

RESULT:
Finally, became familiar with modelling and analysis of the frequency and tie-line flow
dynamics of a two area power system without load frequency controllers.

Power systems lab

4.LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL WITH CONTROL

AIM:
To become familiar with modelling and analysis of the frequency and tie-line flow dynamics
of a two area power system with load frequency controllers (LFC) and to design better
controllers for getting better response.

THEORY:
Active power control is one of the important control actions to be perform to be normal
operation of the system to match the system generation with the continuously changing
system load in order to maintain the constancy of system frequency to a fine tolerance level.
This is one of the foremost requirements in proving quality power supply. A change in system
load causes a change in the speed of all rotating masses ( Turbine generator rotor systems)
of the system leading to change in system frequency. The speed change form synchronous
speed initiates the governor control (primary control) action result in all the participating
generator turbine units taking up the change in load, stabilizing system frequency.
Restoration of frequency to nominal value requires secondary control action which adjust the
load - reference set points of selected ( regulating) generator turbine units. The primary
objectives of automatic generation control (AGC) are to regulate system frequency to the set
nominal value and also to regulate the net interchange of each areas to the scheduled value by
adjusting the outputs of the regulating units. This function is referred to as load frequency
control (LFC).
PROCEDURE:
1.Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2.Create a new Model by selecting File - New Model
3.Pick up the blocks from the simulink library browser and form a block diagram.
4.After forming the block diagram , save the block diagram.
5.Double click the scope and view the result.
EXERCISE:
1. A two area system connected by a tie line has the following parameters on a 1000MVA
common base
AREA
SPPED REGULATION
Load coefficient
Inertia constant
BASE POWER
Governer time constant
Turbine time constant

1
R1=0.05
D1=0.6
H1=5
1000MVA
Tg1=0.2sec
Tt1=0.5sec

2
R2=0.0625
D2=0.9
H2=4
1000MVA
Tg2=0.3sec
Tt2=0.6sec

Power systems lab

The units are operating in parallel at the nominal frequency of 60Hz. The synchronizing
power coefficient is computed from the initial operating condition and is given to be Ps = 2
p.u.loadchange of187.5MWoccursin area1.
(a) Determine the new steady state frequency and the change in the tie-line flow.
(b) Construct the SIMULINK block diagram and obtain the frequency deviation response for
theconditioninpart(a).

SIMULINK BLOCK DIAGRAM:

RESULT:
Finally, became familiar with modelling and analysis of the frequency and tie-line flow
dynamics of a two area power system with load frequency controllers .

Power systems lab

5.ECNOMIC LOAD DISPATCH WITHOUT LOSSES

AIM:
To understand the fundamentals of economic dispatch and solve the problem using classical
method without line losses.
THEORY:
Mathematical Model for Economic Dispatch of Thermal Units Without Transmission Loss:
Statement of Economic Dispatch Problem
In a power system, with negligible transmission loss and with N number of spinning thermal
generating units the total system load PD at a particular interval can be met by different sets
of
generation schedules
{PG1^(k) , PG2^(k) , PGN^(K) };
k = 1,2,..NS
Out of these NS set of generation schedules, the system operator has to choose the set of
schedules,
which minimize the system operating cost, which is essentially the sum of the production cost
of
all the generating units. This economic dispatch problem is mathematically stated as an
optimization problem.
Given: The number of available generating units N, their production cost functions, their
operating limits and the system load PD,
To determine: The set of generation schedules,

Necessary conditions for the existence of solution to ED problem

The ED problem given by the equations (1) to (4). By omitting the inequality constraints (4)
tentatively, the reduce ED problem (1),(2) and (3) may be restated as an unconstrained
optimization problem by augmenting the objective function (1) with the constraint "Phi"
multiplied by LaGrange multiplier, "Lamda" to obtained the LaGrange function, L as

Power systems lab

The solution to ED problem can be obtained by solving simultaneously the necessary

conditions (7) and (8) which state that the economic generation schedules not only satisfy the
system power balance equation (8) but also demand that the incremental cost rates of all the
units be equal be equal to "Lamda" which can be interpreted as incremental cost of received
power. When the inequality constraints(4) are included in the ED problem the necessary
condition (7) gets modified as

PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M file by selecting File - New M File
3. Type and save the program.
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools Run.
5. View the results.
EXERCISE-1:
The fuel cost functions for three thermal plants in $/h are given by
C1 = 500 + 5.3 P1 + 0.004 P1^2 ; P1 in MW
C2 = 400 + 5.5 P2 + 0.006 P2^2 ; P2 in MW
C3 = 200 +5.8 P3 + 0.009 P3^2 ; P3 in MW
The total load , PD is 800MW.Neglecting line losses and generator limits, find the optimal
dispatch and the total cost in $/h by analytical method. Verify the result using MATLAB
program.
200p1450
150p2350
100p3225.

Power systems lab

clc;
D=975
d=[1 500 5.3 0.004 200 450;
2 400 5.5 0.006 150 350;
3 200 5.8 0.009 100 225;]
b=d(:,3)
c=d(:,4)
Pl=d(:,5)
Ph=d(:,6)
dP=D
x=6 % assume lambda
while abs(dP)>0.00001
P=(x-b)./c/2
P=min(P,Ph)
P=max(P,Pl)
dP=D-sum(P)
delx=dP*2/(sum(1./c))
x=x+delx
end
C=d(:,2)+b.*P+c.*P.*P; % Costs
totalCost=sum(C);
display(totalCost);

RESULT
Thus the fundamentals of economic dispatch and solve the problem using classical method
with and without line losses understood.

Power systems lab

6.ECNOMIC LOAD DISPATCH WITH LOSSES

AIM:
To understand the fundamentals of economic dispatch and solve the problem using classical
method with line losses.
THEORY:
Mathematical Model for Economic Dispatch of Thermal Units Without Transmission Loss:
Statement of Economic Dispatch Problem
In a power system, with negligible transmission loss and with N number of spinning thermal
generating units the total system load PD at a particular interval can be met by different sets
of generation schedules
{PG1^(k) , PG2^(k) , PGN^(K) };
k = 1,2,..NS
Out of these NS set of generation schedules, the system operator has to choose the set of
schedules, which minimize the system operating cost, which is essentially the sum of the
production cost of all the generating units. This economic dispatch problem is mathematically
stated as an optimization problem.
Given: The number of available generating units N, their production cost functions, their
operating limits and the system load PD,
To determine: The set of generation schedules,
Total fuel cost rate is given
FT = F1(P1) + F2(P2) + ... + FN (PN ) = Fi(Pi).
The power balance equation including transmission losses is now given by,
= Ploss + Pload Pi = 0,
where Ploss is the total transmission loss in the system. The problem here is to find Pi s that
minimize FT , subject to the constraint . Using the method of Lagrange multipliers,
L = FT +
The necessary conditions to minimize FT are as follows:
L/ Pi = 0; i = 1, 2, . . . , N
/Pi [ Fi(Pi) + (Ploss + Pload Pi)] = 0
L/ Pi = Fi/ Pi + ( Ploss/ Pi 1) = 0; i = 1, 2, ..., N
Rearranging above,
= (Fi /Pi) ,/( 1 Ploss/ Pi)
Above equation is often expressed as,
= Pfi (Fi /Pi) ,
where Pfi is called the penalty factor of the plant, and is given by,
Pfi = 1/( 1 Ploss/ Pi)

Power systems lab

PROCEDURE:
1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.
2. Create a new M file by selecting File - New M File
3. Type and save the program.
4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools Run.
5. View the results.

EXERCISE-1:
The fuel cost functions for three thermal plants in $/h are given by
C1 = 200 + 7.0 P1 + 0.00 P1^2 ; P1 in MW
C2 = 180 + 6.3 P2 + 0.009 P2^2 ; P2 in MW
C3 = 140 +6.8 P3 + 0.007 P3^2 ; P3 in MW
The total load , PD is 150MW.Neglecting line losses and generator limits, find the optimal
dispatch and the total cost in $/h by analytical method. Verify the result using MATLAB
program.
10p185
10p280
10p370.
clc;
data=[200
180
140
%const

7.0
6.3
6.8
%beta

.008
.009
.007
%gamma

10
10
10
%pmin

85
80
70
%pmax

.000218;
.000228;
.000179;]
#ploss

const=data(:,1)
beta=data(:,2)
gamma=data(:,3)
pmin=data(:,4);
pmax=data(:,5);
ploss=data(:,6);
lambda=input('Enter the assumed value of lambda : \n')
p=zeros(3,1)
loss=0
demand=input('Enter the demand : \n')
deltap=1
iteration=0
while abs(deltap)>.0001
iteration=iteration+1
for i=1:3
p(i)=(lambda-beta(i))/(2*[gamma(i)+lambda*ploss(i)])
loss=loss+ploss(i)*p(i)^2
end
deltap=demand+loss-sum(p)

Power systems lab

loss=0
if abs(deltap)>0
k=0
for i=1:3
k=k+(gamma(i)+ploss(i)*beta(i))/(2*[gamma(i)+lambda*ploss(i)]^2)
end
end
deltalambda=deltap/k
lambda=lambda+deltalambda
end
disp(p)
disp(iteration)
disp(lambda)
C=data(1,1)+data(2,1)+data(3,1)+data(1,2)*p(1,1)+data(2,2)*p(2,1)+data(3,2)
*p(3,1)+data(1,3)*p(1,1)*p(1,1)+data(2,3)*p(2,1)*p(2,1)+data(3,3)*P(3,1)*p(
3,1)

RESULT
Thus the fundamentals of economic dispatch and solve the problem using classical method
with line losses understood.

Power systems lab

7.SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES OF ALTERNATOR

Aim: To Determine Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence Impedances of an
Alternator.
Apparatus Required:
S. No
1.

Apparatus
Rheostats

Type
Wire wound

2.

Voltmeters

3.

Ammeters

4.
5.

Multimeter
Tachometer

MI
MI
MI
MI
MC
Digital
Digital/Analog

Range
700/1A
400/1A
52/5A
0-500V
0-250V
0-10A
0-1A
0-1A
0-10000RPM

Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Procedure:Measurement of Positive Sequence Impedance:1.

2.
3.
4.

Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram1.

Switch on the supply circuit after checking connections.
Bring the motor to rated speed by using motor field regulator.
By varying the field regulator of the alternator the open circuit voltage
varies.
5. Vary the open circuit voltage until the rated voltage of the alternator is
reached.
6. Tabulate the values.

Power systems lab

7. Reduce the field current to a minimum value.
8. Now close the TPST switch, to make the armature terminals short
circuited.
9. Vary the short circuit current until the rated current alternator current is
reached.
10. Tabulate the values and Draw the open circuit and short circuit
characteristics.
11.At any field current, measure open circuit voltage and short circuit current
from graph.
12.The ratio of open circuit voltage to short-circuit current gives the value of
the positive impedance of the alternator.
Positive sequence impedance (Z 1) =Open circuit voltage / Short circuit
current

Measurement of Negative Sequence Impedance:1.

2.
3.
4.

Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram2.

Switch on the DC supply to circuit after checking connections.
Bring the motor to the speed by using field regulator of motor.
Apply voltage to the alternator by using 1- variac till the ammeter reads
the rated current.
5. Note down the readings of voltmeter and ammeter.
6. Negative sequence impedance is given by Z 2=V/(3I) ;
Measurement of Zero Sequence Impedance:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram3.

Keep the field terminals of the alternator open circuited.
Apply reduced voltage to alternator through the 1- variac.
Note down the values of voltage (V) and current (I).
Zero sequence impedance is given by Z0=V/(3 I);

Result:- Positive, Negative and Zero sequence impedances of alternator are

measured. Z1=____, _____pu; Z2=____, _____pu; Z0=____, _____pu;

Observations:

(1) Positive sequence impedance:(a) Open circuit test

S.n
o

Field
current
If Amps

Terminal
voltage V
volts

S. no

b) Short circuit test

Field current
If Amps

Short
circuit
current Isc in Amps

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(2) Negative sequence impedance:S.no

Voltage V in Current
Volts
Amps

in Z2 = V
----3 I

Average Z2= ___

(3) Zero sequence impedance:S.no

Voltage V in Current
Volts
Amps

in Z0 = V
----3I
Average Z0= ___

Power systems lab

8.DIELECTRIC OIL TESTING USING H.T. TESTING KIT146

Aim:
To determine break over voltage of given dielectric oil, using H.T testing kit.

Apparatus:

1. Dielectric oil testing kit 1No.

2. Dielectric oil.

Theory:
The dielectric strength of an oil is the potential at which it starts behaving as a
conducting medium. In the HT testing kit, the oil to be tested is placed in an
acrylic box consisting of two metal electrodes. By varying the distance between
electrodes and by applying high voltage across the electrodes, the break over
voltage of the oil is determined.
Dielectric strength of oil =

break over voltage

(kV/cm)
distance

Dielectric strength of oil decreases with moisture.

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Circuit Diagram:

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Procedure:
1. Take the oil cup and adjust the gap between the electrodes with the help of
gauge.
2. Fill up oil test cup with oil to be tested, close it with the lid and place it on the
HT horns under the hinged acrylic cover and close the acrylic cover properly.
3. Keep the variac in minimum position.
4. Connect the mains lead to the 220V, single phase AC 50Hz supply.
5. Switch ON the power supply by operating the toggle switch, then yellow neon
bulb glows indicating that the HT kit is switched off.
6. Press the HT ON push switch. The red Neon lamp will start glowing and the
HT transformer circuit will be energized, the green neon bulb start glowing.
7. In case the red indication does not glow, check up the hinged acrylic cover is
properly closed and the variac knob is fully rotated in the anticlockwise
direction for 0 start.
8. Now start rotating the variac knob slowly in the clockwise direction till the
flash over occurs across electrodes in the oil test cup.

The speed of ratio

should be such that the voltage rises at the rate of 2 kv/sec.

9. As soon as flash over occurs, the supply of the high voltage transformers, will
be cut off and the voltage pointer will also stop indications the flash over
level.
Note down the reading of voltmeter and distance between the electrodes.
10.To repeat test on the sample, switch OFF the mains supply and stir the test
pot with the help of a clean rod and let it cool for sometime and close the
acrylic cover properly.
11.Repeat the steps 2 to 10.
12.Switch OFF the mains supply after the tests are over.
Observations:
S.NO

Distance between the

electrodes (Cm)

Break over
voltage of oil
(KV)

Dielectric strength
of oil =
break over voltage
distance

(kV/cm)
1

Power systems lab

Precautions:
1.The lid of the HT testing kit should be closed properly.

2. The variac should be kept in minimum position initially.

3. Oil cup must be kept on the HT testing horns properly.

Result :
The break over voltage of the dielectric oil is determined by using HT testing kit

Power systems lab