Additional Matemathics

Function
Module 1

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Learning Objectives

Arrow Diagram

Understand the
concept of Relations

Understand the
concept of Functions

Set of Ordered Pairs

Graph

Understand the
concept of Composite
Functions

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Understand the
concept of Inverse
Functions

Ways to Represent Relations

Arrow
Diagram

Same
information but
different ways to
represent
relations

Graph

Ordered
Pairs

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Arrow Diagram

A
Referred as domain
{1,2,3,4}
Each connected
elements in
the domain is known
as
OBJECT ()

16

Referred as codomain
{1,4,5,16}
Each connected
elements in the
codomain is known
as
IMAGE (())

RANGE are connected images

{1,4,16}
This can be written as:

1 =1

2 =4

4 = 16

In function notation

 = 

Summary


  = 

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Ordered Pairs
Try to think ordered pairs as a group of
coordinates (x,y)
A
1

B
1

16

Set of ordered pairs

{ 1,1 , 2,4 , 4,16 }

Summary
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{ -
 ,
 ,
 ,  ,  5 }

Graph
The object is the x-axis
The image is the y-axis
A

Y-Values

B
20

15

10

5
0

16

Y-Values

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Important Tips



  = 

How to write ordered pairs

 ,  , ,  ,  . .

How to write domain(refers to all values in

object)

{1,2,3}

How to write codomain(refers to all values in

image)

{4,5,6}

Object can have many images

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Example 1
Question 1

Solution 1

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Example 2
Question

Solution

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Example 3
Question

Solution

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Example 4
Question

Solution

| |
Known as modulus. If
 values are
negative, modulus change the negative
values into positive. However it doesnt
change
()values from positive to
negative. This is only applicable for
 not
.

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Types of Relationship
Frequently asked questions in Paper 1
One to
One

Many
to
Many

General Formula
Object to Image

Types of
Relationship

One to
Many

Many
to One
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One to One
Each object in the domain has only one image
connected to it in the codomain

General Formula
Object to Image
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One to Many
At least one object in the domain is connected
to many images in the codomain

General Formula
Object to Image
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Many to One
More than one object in the domain is
connected to the same image in the codomain

General Formula
Object to Image
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Many to Many
More than one object in the domain is
connected to more than one image in the
codomain

General Formula
Object to Image
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In Class Exercises 1
Solution A

Solution B

Solution C

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In Class Exercises 2
Solution A

Solution B

Solution C

Solution D

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In Class Exercises 3
Solution A

Solution B

Solution C

Solution D

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Function Notation
Common question in paper 1

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Examples

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SPM Question 1

SPM 2006, Paper 1, No 1

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SPM Question 2

SPM 2007, Paper 1, No 1

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SPM Question 3

SPM 2008, Paper 1, No 1

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SPM Question 4

SPM 2010, Paper 1, No 1

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Before we Start!

The main idea is to

SUBSTITUTE!

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Determining the Image if Object is

Given
IMAGE

IMAGE
So in an EQUATION,
how do we find image,
If we know the object?

 = 2 " 1
OBJECT

OBJECT

The IMAGE
() of a

function f is obtained
by SUBSTITUTING the
OBJECT  into the equation.

REMEMBER!
  image
 object

Question

Solution

Given that
 = 2 " 1, find the

image, if the object is 4.

From the question we know that:

   4
  4 substitute into
  2 " 1

4 2 4 "1

4 7

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In Class Example 1
Question
Given
  4 + 8 find the image of 7

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In Class Example 2
Question
&'()

Given
  *'+ where  *, find the image of 5

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In Class Example 3
Question
Given
   * + 2  + 1, find the image of 2

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In Class Example 4
Question
Given
   * + 2  + 1, find the image of 2

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In Class Example 5
Question
Given
  sin (2), find the image of 45

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Determining the Image if Object is

Given in a Modulus Function
Modulus changes the negative value of
() into positive. However it doesnt
change the positive value of
 into negative.
Question
Given
  3 " 1 , find the image if the
object is 2.
Solution
From the question we know that:

   2
  2 substitute into
  |3 " 1|

2  |3 2 " 1|

2  5

2 5

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Determining the Image if Object is

Given in a Modulus Function
Modulus changes the negative value of
() into positive. However it doesnt
change the positive value of
 into negative.
Question
Given
  3 " 1 , find the image if the
object is -4.
Solution
From the question we know that:

   "4
  "4 substitute into
  |3 " 1|

"4  |3 "4 " 1|

"4  "13

"4  13

The modulus cancel the negative sign

making it positive.

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In Class Example 1
Question
Given that :  3 " 4 find the image of 3

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In Class Example 2
Question
Given that : 

2*

3

" 5 find the image of -3

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In Class Example 3
Question
Given that f:  |4 * " 2  | find the image of -3

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Determining the Object if Image is

Given
IMAGE

IMAGE
So in an EQUATION,
how do we find object,
If we know the image?

  2 " 1
OBJECT

OBJECT

The OBJECT  of a
function f is obtained
by substituting the
IMAGE
()
into the equation.

REMEMBER!
  image
 object

Question

Solution
From the question we know that:
Image  5

  5 substitute into
  2 " 1
5  2 " 1 make x as subject
2  5 $ 1
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Given that
 = 2 " 1, find the

object, if the image is 5.

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Determining the Object that Maps

onto Itself
Object that maps onto itself means the object and the image are the same.
Example
If the object is 2, the image is 2

2 2
OR

 

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In Class Example 1

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In Class Example 2

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In Class Example 3

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Determining the Object if Image is

Given in a Modulus Function
If you are given a modulus function and an image and you are asked to find the
object, there is ALWAYS TWO ANSWERS
Question
Given
  3 " 1 , find the possible objects if the
image is 6.
Solution
From the question we know that:
  2
Remember:

  2 substitute into
  |3 " 1|
When you cancel the modulus
2  |3 " 1|
the image becomes
2  3 " 1
Positive
Negative
2 = 3 " 1
3  3
1

2 = 3 " 1
3  "1
1
=
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In Class Example 1
Question
Given that :  3 " 4 find the possible objects of 5

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In Class Example 2

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In Class Example 3

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Using Simultaneous Equation to Find

Unknowns/Variables
Need two unknowns
Need two equations

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Using Simultaneous Equation to Find

Unknowns/Variables

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Using Simultaneous Equation to Find

Unknowns/Variables

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Using Simultaneous Equation to Find

Unknowns/Variables

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Using Simultaneous Equation to Find

Unknowns/Variables

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SPM Question 1

SPM 2006, Paper 1, No 2

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SPM Question 2

SPM 2007, Paper 1, No 2

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Determining The Value(s) That Makes

a Function Undefined
A function becomes undefined value(s) only
when it has a fraction

 = 3 + 7

 =

 =

&'()
)
5'()
'(*

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Determining The Value(s) That Makes

a Function Undefined
The function becomes undefined when the
denominator is equivalent to zero.
Division of the fraction would result in infinity
(undefined)
Hence, to find the undefined value(s), the
denominator is equal to zero. Solve the
denominator equation to find the undefined
value(s)

 =

5'()
'(*
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In Class Example 1

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