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Kirchhoff'sRulesandApplyingThem
LearningGoal:
TounderstandtheoriginsofbothofKirchhoff'srulesandhowtousethemtosolveacircuitproblem.
ThisproblemintroducesKirchhoff'stworulesforcircuits:
Kirchhoff'slooprule:Thesumofthevoltagechangesacrossthecircuitelementsforminganyclosedloopiszero.
Kirchhoff'sjunctionrule:Thealgebraicsumofthecurrentsinto(oroutof)anyjunctioninthecircuitiszero.
Thefigureshowsacircuitthatillustratestheconceptofloops,which
arecoloredredandlabeledloop1andloop2.Loop1istheloop
aroundtheentirecircuit,whereasloop2isthesmallerlooponthe
right.Toapplytheloopruleyouwouldaddthevoltagechangesofall
circuitelementsaroundthechosenloop.Thefigurecontainstwo
junctions(wherethreeormorewiresmeet)theyareattheendsof
theresistorlabeledR3 .ThebatterysuppliesaconstantvoltageVb ,
andtheresistorsarelabeledwiththeirresistances.Theammeters
areidealmetersthatreadI1 andI2 respectively.
Thedirectionofeachloopandthedirectionofeachcurrentarrowthat
youdrawonyourowncircuitsarearbitrary.Justassignvoltagedrops
consistentlyandsumbothvoltagedropsandcurrentsalgebraically
andyouwillgetcorrectequations.Iftheactualcurrentisinthe
oppositedirectionfromyourcurrentarrow,youranswerforthat
currentwillbenegative.Thedirectionofanyloopisevenless
imporant:Theequationobtainedfromacounterclockwiseloopisthe
sameasthatfromaclockwiseloopexceptforanegativesigninfront
ofeveryterm(i.e.,aninconsequentialchangeinoverallsignoftheequationbecauseitequalszero).
PartA
Thejunctionruledescribestheconservationofwhichquantity?Notethatthisruleappliesonlytocircuitsthatareina
steadystate.
Hint1.Atthejunction
Thinkoftheanalogywithwaterflow.Ifacertaincurrentofwatercomestoasplitinthepipe,whatcanyousay
(mathematically)aboutthesumofthethreewatercurrentsatthisjunction?Ifthiswerenottrue,waterwould
accumulateatthejunction.
ANSWER:
current
voltage
resistance
Correct
PartB
Applythejunctionruletothejunctionlabeledwiththenumber1(atthebottomoftheresistorofresistanceR2 ).
Answerintermsofgivenquantities,togetherwiththemeterreadingsI1 andI2 andthecurrentI3 .
Hint1.Elementsinseries
ThecurrentthroughresistanceR1 isnotlabeled.YoushouldrecognizethatthecurrentI1 passingthroughthe
ammeteralsopassesthroughresistanceR1 becausethereisnojunctioninbetweentheresistorandtheammeter
thatcouldallowittogoelsewhere.Similarly,thecurrentpassingthroughthebatterymustbeI1 also.Circuit
elementsconnectedinastringlikethisaresaidtobeinseriesandthesamecurrentmustpassthrougheach
element.Thisfactgreatlyreducesthenumberofindependentcurrentvaluesinanypracticalcircuit.
ANSWER:
=
I = 0 =
I1 I2 I3
Correct
IfyouapplythejuncionruletothejunctionaboveR2 ,youshouldfindthattheexpressionyougetisequivalentto
whatyoujustobtainedforthejunctionlabeled1.Obviouslytheconservationofchargeorcurrentflowenforcesthe
samerelationshipamongthecurrentswhentheyseparateaswhentheyrecombine.
PartC
Applytheloopruletoloop2(thesmallerloopontheright).Sumthevoltagechangesacrosseachcircuitelementaround
thisloopgoinginthedirectionofthearrow.Rememberthatthecurrentmeterisideal.
ExpressthevoltagedropsintermsofVb ,I2 ,I3 ,thegivenresistances,andanyothergivenquantities.
Hint1.Elementsinserieshavesamecurrent
ThecurrentthroughtheammeterisI1 ,andthiscurrenthastogothroughtheresistorofresistanceR1 because
thereisnojunctioninbetweenthatcouldaddorsubtractcurrent.Similarly,thecurrentpassingthroughthebattery
mustbeI1 also.Circuitelementsconnectedinastringlikethisaresaidtobeinseriesandthesamecurrentmust
passthrougheachelement.Thisfactgreatlyreducesthenumberofindependentcurrentvaluesinanypractical
circuit.
Hint2.Signofvoltageacrossresistors
Indeterminingthesigns,notethatifyourchosenlooptraversesaparticularresistorinthesamedirectionasthe
currentthroughthatresistor,thentheenditentersthroughwillhaveamorepositivepotentialthantheendfrom
whichitexitsbytheamountI R.Thusthevoltagechangeacrossthatresistorwillbenegative.Conversely,ifyour
chosenlooptraversestheresistorintheoppositedirectionfromitscurrentarrow,thevoltagechangesacrossthe
resistorwillbepositive.Lettheseconventionsgovernyourequations(i.e.,don'ttrytofigureoutthedirectionof
currentflowwhenusingtheKirchhoffloopdecidewhenyouputthecurrentarrowsontheresistorsandstickwith
thatchoice).
Hint3.Voltagedropacrossammeter
Anidealammeterhaszeroresistance.Hencethereisnovoltagedropacrossit.
ANSWER:
(V ) = 0 =
R3 I3 R2 I2
Correct
PartD
Nowapplytheloopruletoloop1(thelargerloopspanningtheentirecircuit).Sumthevoltagechangesacrosseachcircuit
elementaroundthisloopgoinginthedirectionofthearrow.
ExpressthevoltagedropsintermsofVb ,I1 ,I3 ,thegivenresistances,andanyothergivenquantities.
ANSWER:
(V ) = 0 =
Vb + (I1 R1 R3 I3 )
Correct
Thereisonemoreloopinthiscircuit,theinnerloopthroughthebattery,bothammeters,andresistorsR1 andR2 .If
youapplyKirchhoff'sloopruletothisadditionalloop,youwillgenerateanextraequationthatisredundantwiththe
othertwo.Ingeneral,youcangetenoughequationstosolveacircuitbyeither
1.selectingalloftheinternalloops(loopswithnocircuitelementsinsidetheloop)or
2.usinganumberofloops(notnecessarilyinternal)equaltothenumberofinternalloops,withtheextra
provisothatatleastonelooppassthrougheachcircuitelement.
Problem31.4
PartA
Whatisthemagnitudeofthecurrentinthe12resistorinthefigure?
Expressyouranswertoonedecimalplaceandincludethe
appropriateunits.
ANSWER:
I
= 0.8A
Correct
PartB
Whatisthedirectionofthecurrentinthe12resistorinthefigure?
ANSWER:
fromlefttorightthroughtheresistor
fromrighttoleftthroughtheresistor
Correct
Problem31.6
PartA
WhatisthepotentialdifferenceacrosstheR1
8resistorinthefigureifR2
= 20
Expressyouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandinclude
theappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
V
= 4.3V
Correct
PartB
WhatisthepotentialdifferenceacrosstheR2
20resistorinthefigureifR1
Expressyouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
= 8
= 11V
Correct
Problem31.7
PartA
Whatistheresistanceofa1700W(120V)hairdryer?
ANSWER:
8.47
Correct
PartB
Whatisthecurrentinthehairdryerwhenitisused?
ANSWER:
14.2 A
Correct
Problem31.8
PartA
HowmuchpowerisdissipatedbytheR1
resistorinthefigureifR2
= 14
= 24
Expressyouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
P R1
= 1.4W
Correct
PartB
HowmuchpowerisdissipatedbytheR2
resistorinthefigureifR1
= 24
= 14
Expressyouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
PR2 = 2.4W
Correct
Problem31.14
PartA
WhatisthevalueofresistorRinthefigureifV
= 6.5V
Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
R
= 40
Correct
Problem31.20
PartA
WhatisthevalueofresistorRinthefigureifV
I = 6A?
= 7V
Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
R
= 1.4
Correct
and
SeriesAndParallelConnections
LearningGoal:
Tolearntocalculatetheequivalentresistanceofthecircuitscombiningseriesandparallelconnections.
Resistorsareoftenconnectedtoeachotherinelectriccircuits.Findingtheequivalentresistanceofcombinationsofresistors
isacommonandimportanttask.Equivalentresistanceisdefinedasthesingleresistancethatcanreplacethegiven
combinationofresistorsinsuchamannerthatthecurrentsintherestofthecircuitdonotchange.
Findingtheequivalentresistanceisrelativelystraighforwardifthecircuitcontainsonlyseriesandparallelconnectionsof
resistors.
Anexampleofaseriesconnectionisshowninthediagram:
Forsuchaconnection,thecurrentisthesameforallindividual
resistorsandthetotalvoltageisthesumofthevoltagesacrossthe
individualresistors.
UsingOhm'slaw(R =
V
I
),onecanshowthat,foraseries
connection,theequivalentresistanceisthesumoftheindividual
resistances.
Mathematically,theserelationshipscanbewrittenas:
I = I1 = I2 = I3 =. . .
V = V1 + V2 + V3 +. . .
Reqseries = R1 + R2 + R3 +. . .
Anexampleofaparallelconnectionisshowninthediagram:
For
resistors
connected
inparallel
thevoltage
isthesame
forall
individual
resistors
because
theyareall
connected
tothesame
twopoints
(AandBon
the
diagram).
Thetotal
currentisthesumofthecurrentsthroughtheindividualresistors.Thisshouldmakessenseasthetotalcurrent"splits"at
pointsAandB.
UsingOhm'slaw,onecanshowthat,foraparallelconnection,thereciprocaloftheequivalentresistanceisthesumofthe
reciprocalsoftheindividualresistances.
Mathematically,theserelationshipscanbewrittenas:
V = V1 = V2 = V3 =. . .
I = I1 + I2 + I3 +. . .
1
+. . .
1
Reqparallel
1
R1
1
R2
1
R3
+. . .
NOTE:Ifyouhavealreadystudiedcapacitorsandtherulesforfindingtheequivalentcapacitance,youshouldnoticethatthe
rulesforthecapacitorsaresimilarbutnotquitethesameastheonesdiscussedhere.
Inthisproblem,youwillusethetheequivalentresistanceformulastodetermineReq forvariouscombinationsofresistors.
PartA
Forthecombinationofresistorsshown,findtheequivalentresistancebetweenpointsAandB.
ExpressyouranswerinOhms.
ANSWER:
Req
= 9
Correct
Theseresistorsareconnectedinseriesthecurrentthrougheachisthesame.
PartB
Forthesetupshown,findtheequivalentresistancebetweenpointsAandB.
ExpressyouranswerinOhms.
ANSWER:
Req
= 2
Correct
Thisisaparallelconnectionsincethevoltageacrosseachresistoristhesame.
PartC
Forthecombinationofresistorsshown,findtheequivalentresistancebetweenpointsAandB.
ExpressyouranswerinOhms.
Hint1.Howtoapproachthequestion
Youcannotsaythatallthreeresistorsareconnectedeitherinseriesorinparallel:thiscircuithastobeviewedasa
combinationofdifferentconnections.
Findtheequivalentresistanceofthe"4Ohm12Ohm"combinationfirst.
Hint2.Whatkindofconnectionisthis?
The2Ohmresistorisconnected:
ANSWER:
inserieswiththe4Ohmresistor
inserieswiththe12Ohmresistor
inserieswiththecombinationofthe4Ohmandthe12Ohmresistors
inparallelwiththe4Ohmresistor
inparallelwiththe12Ohmresistor
inparallelwiththecombinationofthe4Ohmandthe12Ohmresistors
ANSWER:
Req
= 5
Correct
Inthiscase,youcannotsaythatallthreeresistorsareconnectedeitherinseriesorinparallel.Youhavea
combinationofaseriesandaparallelconnection.
Somecircuitsmaycontainalargenumberofresistorsconnectedinvariousways.Todeterminetheequivalent
resistanceofsuchcircuits,youhavetotakeseveralsteps,carefullyselectingthe"subcombinations"ofresistors
connectedinrelativelyobviousways.Goodrecordkeepingisessentialhere.
Thenextquestionhelpsyoupracticethisskill.
PartD
Forthecombinationofresistorsshown,findtheequivalentresistancebetweenpointsAandB.
ExpressyouranswerinOhms.
Hint1.Howtoapproachthequestion
Findseparatelytheequivalentresistancesofthetopandthebottombranchesofthecircuitthencombinethem.
Hint2.FindReq forthe"4612"combination
Whatistheequivalentresistanceforthe"4ohm6ohm12Ohm"combination?
Expressyouranswerinohms.
ANSWER:
Req4612
= 2
Hint3.FindReq forthetopbranch
Whatistheequivalentresistanceforthetopbranchofthecircuit(betweenCandD)?
Expressyouranswerinohms.
ANSWER:
Reqtop
= 6
Hint4.FindReq forthebottombranch
Whatistheequivalentresistanceforthebottombranchofthecircuit(betweenEandF)?
Expressyouranswerinohms.
ANSWER:
Reqbottom
= 6
ANSWER:
Req
= 3
Correct
Thenextlevelofanalyzingacircuitistodeterminethevoltagesacrossandthecurrentsthroughthevariousbranches
ofthecircuit.Youwillpracticethatskillinthefuture.
Ofcourse,therearecircuitsthatcannotpossiblyberepresentedascombinationsofseriesandparallelconnections.
However,therearewaystoanalyzethose,too.
Problem31.28
PartA
Whatisthetimeconstantforthedischargeofthecapacitorsinthefigure?
Expressyouranswerwiththeappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
2.00ms
Correct
Problem31.30
PartA
A30.0Fcapacitorinitiallychargedto30.0Cisdischargedthrougha2.50kresistor.Howlongdoesittaketoreduce
thecapacitor'schargeto15.0C?
Expressyouranswerwiththeappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
52.0ms
Correct
Problem31.49
Theammeterinthefigurereads9.0A.
PartA
FindI1 .
Expressyouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
I1
= 3.0A
Correct
PartB
FindI2 .
Expressyouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
I2
= 12A
Correct
PartC
FindE .
Expressyouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
E
= 72V
AnswerRequested
Problem31.54
PartA
WhatisthebatterycurrentIbat whentheswitchinthefigureis
open?
Expressyouranswertothreesignificantfiguresandinclude
theappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
Ibat
= 8.00A
Correct
PartB
WhatisthepotentialdifferenceVab betweenpointsaandbwhentheswitchisopen?
Expressyouranswertothreesignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
Vab
= 8.00V
Correct
PartC
WhatisthebatterycurrentIbat whentheswitchisclosed?
Expressyouranswertothreesignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
Ibat
= 9.14A
Correct
PartD
WhatisthepotentialdifferenceVab betweenpointsaandbwhentheswitchisclosed?
Expressyouranswerasanintegerandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
Vab
= 0V
Correct
Problem31.64
PartA
WhatpowerisdissipatedbytheR2
resistorinthefigureifR1
= 1.5
= 3.0
Expressyouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
P2
= 0.38W
AnswerRequested
Problem31.66
A12Vcarbatterydiesnotsomuchbecauseitsvoltagedropsbutbecausechemicalreactionsincreaseitsinternalresistance.
Agoodbatteryconnectedwithjumpercablescanbothstarttheengineandrechargethedeadbattery.Considertheautomotive
circuitofthefigure.
PartA
Howmuchcurrentcouldthegoodbatteryalonedrivethroughthestartermotor?
Expressyouranswerwiththeappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
I
= 200A
Correct
PartB
Howmuchcurrentisthedeadbatteryaloneabletodrivethroughthestartermotor?
Expressyouranswerwiththeappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
I
= 14.5A
Correct
PartC
Withthejumpercablesattached,howmuchcurrentpassesthroughthestartermotor?
Expressyouranswerwiththeappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
I
= 199A
Correct
PartD
Withthejumpercablesattached,howmuchcurrentpassesthroughthedeadbattery?
Expressyouranswerwiththeappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
I
= 3.93A
Correct
PartE
Withthejumpercablesattached,inwhichdirectioncurrentpassesthroughthedeadbattery?
ANSWER:
downward
upward
Correct
Problem31.70
A200Fdefibrillatorcapacitorischargedto1500V.Whenfiredthroughapatient'schest,itloses95%ofitschargein40ms.
PartA
Whatistheresistanceofthepatient'schest?
Expressyouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
R
= 67
AnswerRequested
EnhancedEOC:Problem31.76
Theswitchinthefigurehasbeenclosedforaverylongtime.
Youmaywanttoreview(
pages909912).
Forhelpwithmathskills,youmaywanttoreview:
SolvingEquationsUsingNaturalLogarithms
PartA
Whatisthechargeonthecapacitor?
Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Aftertheswitchhasbeenclosedaverylongtime,whatisthecurrentinthecircuit?Whyisitimportanttowaita
verylongtimetofindthecurrent?
Whatisthevoltagedropacrosstheresistors?Whatisthevoltagedropacrossthecapacitor?Howisthevoltage
acrossacapacitorrelatedtothechargeonthecapacitor?Whatisthechargeonthecapacitor?
ANSWER:
= 80 C
Correct
PartB
Theswitchisopenedatt
= 0 s
.Atwhattimehasthechargeonthecapacitordecreasedto15%ofitsinitialvalue?
Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Whentheswitchisopened,howdoesthecurrentflowsoastodischargethecapacitor?
Whichresistorsdoesthechargeflowthrough?Whatistheeffectiveresistanceoftheseresistors,whicharein
series?
Whatisthetimeconstantfordischargeofthecapacitor?Whatistheequationdescribingthechargeasafunction
oftimeforadischargingcapacitor?
Whatisratioofthechargeofthecapacitorattimettotheinitialchargeonthecapacitorbeforetheswitchwas
opened?Howcanyousolveanequationwithexponentstofindthequantityintheexponent?
ANSWER:
t
= 0.19 ms
Correct
ScoreSummary:
Yourscoreonthisassignmentis77.3%.
Youreceived79.65outofapossibletotalof103points.