May 2012

DESIGN FOR TWISTING MOMENT

IN SLAB PANELS USING WOOD
ARMER METHODOLOGY
NIMISH PRABHUKHANOLKAR

16 March 2011

AGENDA
Background
Mx, My, Mxy: A Closer Look

The Wood Armer Equations

Sign Convention
Fundamentals of the Approach
Spreadsheet formulation
Case-Study 1: MH3 Inlet Manhole Old Whittington
Case-Study 2: Regular Panel Study
General Conclusions

16 March 2011

BACKGROUND
QC Comment from Client on a Project to consider Mxy

Objective of the study was the understand the impact of Mxy on the
designs as they stand currently and establish a way forward
Hence it is required to create a platform wherein the design can
accommodate Mxy as well, subject to constraints of time and effort.

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WOOD ARMER BASICS

MXY, MX AND MY: CLOSER LOOK

Mxy generates torsion/twist in the element

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THE ORIGINS OF MXY

WOOD ARMER BASICS

The equilibrium equation written for the foregoing plate

element is - :

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WOOD ARMER
EQUATIONS

Bottom Reinforcement(M is +ve for tension at bottom or

equivalently Face 1)

WOOD ARMER BASICS

Mx* = Mx + |Mxy|; My*=My+|Mxy|

If either Mx* or My* is found to be negative, it is changed to
zero and My* or Mx* is adjusted.
For eg if Mx* <0 then
My* = My+|Mxy2/Mx| and Mx* is set to zero. and vice versa
In doing so, if My* is negative, no bott. reinft required

If both Mx* and My* are negative, then no bottom

reinforcement is required.

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WOOD ARMER
EQUATIONS(CONT.)
Top Reinforcement(M is -ve for tension at top or
equivalently Face 2):

Mx* = Mx - |Mxy|; My*=My - |Mxy|

WOOD ARMER BASICS

If either Mx* or My* is found to be positive, it is changed to

zero and My* or Mx* is adjusted.
For e.g. if Mx* >0 then
My* = My-|Mxy2/Mx| and Mx* is set to zero.
In doing this, if My* is positive, no top reinft required

If both Mx* and My* are negative, then no bottom

reinforcement is required.
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SIGN CONVENTION

EXCEL SPREADSHEET

The same signs as outputted by STAAD can be taken for the

whole calculation provided face 1 and face 2 is identified.

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THEORETICAL BASIS OF WOOD ARMER

APPROACH
Johanssens Yield Criterion

The Wood Armer Equations

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METHODOLOGY FOR SOLVING THE MXY

PROBLEM
A Spreadsheet tool was prepared for automating the
process of getting Wood Armer moments for all area
elements in model

EXCEL SPREADSHEET

The Spreadsheet calculates and finally gives a graphical

output of the calculation.
The output is in terms of Indices, which are directly useful
to the designer (introduced ahead)

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16 March 2011

SPREADSHEET WORKFLOW:
The Spreadsheet takes the STAAD Forces Data, Node and
Plate Geometry data as input

EXCEL SPREADSHEET

It calculates the Wood Armer moments for each plate for

each load combination input and compares against the
maximum NON Wood Armer Moments in each direction
per face
The final output is a graphical display of MAXIMUM Wood
Armer moment of a plate divided by the maximum Non
Wood Armer Moment for the whole panel, in that
direction, on that face.
Note that the Spreadsheet plot may be a mirror of your
actual STAAD Plot.
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16 March 2011

SPREADSHEET RESULTS:
The results of the spreadsheet should be easily usable to the Design Engineer,
with constrains of time for quick design and decisions , and also lend
themselves to quick interpretation of the effects of Mxy.

EXCEL SPREADSHEET

Hence an index was used which stands for the ratio of the Wood Armer
Moment at a plate element, in X/Y direction , divided by the maximum NonWood Armer moment encountered ANYWHERE in the panel.
This enables us to think in the following way If the index is X at a plate, then
the actual design moment including Wood Armer is X times the STAAD
summary moment corresponding to that face.

If X>1.03, it is displayed in RED in the plot, liable for further corrective action
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16 March 2011

CASE STUDIES:
Case-Study 1: MH3 - Inlet Manhole for Old Whittington
Project

EXAMPLES

Case Study 2: Example analysis was done for many regular

panel geometries and also applying it to some complex real
project geometries

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MH3 GEOMETRY

The Base slab (highlighted) is taken for analysis

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MH3 BASE: SUMMARY SHEET

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Fig. Mx moments for the maximum load combination for Mx-moments

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Fig. My moments for the maximum load combination for My-moments

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WA CALCULATION: MX_WA/MXMAX
FACE 1 = D1:

D1 index diagram- Exceedences seen at centre:

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WA CALCULATION: MX_WA/MXMAX
FACE 2 = D2:

D2 index diagram- Exceedences seen at one edge:

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16 March 2011

WA CALCULATION: MY_WA/MYMAX
FACE 1 = D3:

D3 index diagram- Exceedences seen at centre:

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WA CALCULATION: MY_WA/MYMAX
FACE 2 = D4:

D4index diagram- No Exceedences

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WOOD ARMER FROM STAAD SUMMARY

VERSUS SPREADSHEET CALCULATIONS

Face 1

Face 2

STAAD
Summary

Spreadsheet

STAAD
Summary

Spreadsheet

Mx*

71.197

71.302

-99.404

-99.607

My*

88.96kN

89.146

-106.8

-107.121

Table. Comparison of Wood Armer calculations using the summary versus the spreadsheet
The values stand for the design values after considering the twisting moment

The above table shows that spreadsheet WA moments can

be more than summary Wood Armer moments
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16 March 2011

CASE STUDY 1: CONCLUSIONS

Mxy effect was considerable along both directions at the
mid-span

Summary sheet was not enough to get the maximum

design values, the actual maximums exceeded the
summary table values by a small margin
Spreadsheet tool can be used to identify problem areas and
check those areas for the higher demand, and reinforce
accordingly (possibly give additional steel)

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16 March 2011

CASE STUDY 2: REGULAR PANELS

To get a general idea of twisting behavior, some regular
panels of representative sizes were applied a hydrostatic
load and evaluated by the spreadsheet
The panel sizes considered were
3X3,3X6,5X5,7X7,9X9,7X12.
For the 3X6 and 5X5: 4 boundary conditions were
considered for each panel size Fixed on 3 sides, Fixed on 2
sides, Pinned on 3 sides , Pinned on 2 sides
For the 7X7, 9X9, 7X12 panels only Fixed on 3 sides
considered
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CASE STUDY 2: CONT.

Fig. An example panel

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16 March 2011

EXAMPLE INDICES OF 3X6 FFF PANEL

D1

D2

D3

D4

Actions
Maximum Moment Mx(Wood Armer)
Maximum Moment My(Wood Armer)
Maximum Moment Mx( Non-Wood Armer)
Maximum Moment My( Non-Wood Armer)

Evaluation and Summary

Face 1

Face 2
7.43
5.646
7.007
3.973
1.060368203
1.421092374

Units
-13.276kN.m
-14.663kN.m
-12.966kN.m
-14.394kN.m
1.023908684kN.m
1.018688342kN.m

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EXAMPLE INDICES OF 5X5 FFF PANEL

D1

D2

D3

D4

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EXAMPLE INDICES OF 7X7 FFF PANEL

D1

D2

D3

D4

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CASE STUDY 2: RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

Link to tabular file for results
For a panel of the same size and load, the magnitude of the
twisting moment effect would be highest for pinned-pinned
condition, and lowest for fixed-fixed-fixed condition
Even for small panel sizes, the pinned on two sides panels
were considerably affected by twisting moments

Generally, it is seen that exceedence of moments from

maximum non-Wood Armer moment is of the order of 2030%.
For larger panel sizes, even for fixed on 3 sides, at least one
direction was affected by twisting moments. (D3 direction)
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16 March 2011

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

It is found that Mxy moments have a considerable effect

atleast in ONE direction for most geometries. Hence it
would be prudent to have a brief look at Mxy design in all
cases.

CONCLUSIONS

The highest Indices as noticed in the study were of the

order of 20-30%, pointing to Wood Armer moment being
1.2-1.3 times higher than the otherwise maximum out of
plane bending Mx or My
Engineers should be especially alert for Mxy in case they
are thinking of curtailing reinforcement.

Spreadsheet can be used for an accurate assessment of

effect of Mxy moments to take design decisions in problem
areas.

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SAMPLE RUN

QUESTIONS.??

The end

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