Transcript of NMAT SOCIAL SCIENCE

SOCIAL SCIENCE
SOCIOLOGY
is a scientific study of human society and its origins, development, organizatio
ns, and institutions. It is social science which uses various methods of empiric
al investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about huma
n social activity, structures, and functions.
SOCIAL SCIENCE THEORIES
Macro-level theories- approaches to sociology that focus primarily on society an
d/or other large social units.
STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALISTS- usually more optimistic and view society as a system
of differentiated, interrelated elements that tend to move towards stability.
CONFLICT THEORISTS- more pessimistic and view society as full of confliting elem
ents that can play a role in social change and even upheaval.
Micro-level theories- deal with individual interactions within smaller social un
its.
ACCULTURATION/ ENCULTURATION
- is a process in which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and beha
viors of another group.
EXAMPLES:
Picking up a southern American accent within a day or two
Sushi becoming popular in the West
The granddaughter of a Chinese immigrant has gone to American schools and will no
w attend an American college. She spends time primarily with her American friend
s, dresses as they do and shares their values and interests. She has become high
ly acculturated into American culture.
CULTURE
-is the sum total of ideas, beliefs, values, material cultural equipments and no
n-material aspects which man makes a member of society. (E.B. Taylor 1860s)
-Culture can be conceived as a continuous, cumulative reservoir containing both
material and non-material elements that are socially transmitted from generation
to generation.
COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
Material Culture- consists of all the physical objects people have borrowed, dis
covered, or invented and to which they have attached meaning. (natural resources
, trees, plants)
Non-material culture- consists of intangible creations or things that we cannot
identify directly through the senses. (e.g. beliefs, values, norms, folkways, an
d mores)
COMPONENTS OF NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
Beliefs- first component of nonmaterial culture is beliefs, conceptions that peop
le accept as true, concerning how the world operates and where the individual fi
ts in relationship with others. Can be rooted in blind faith, experience, tradit
ion or the scientific method.
Values- represent society s stipulations about what is acceptable in life.
Norms- standards of behaviour governing social situations that are established by
a society s values.
TYPES OF NORMS
1.Folkways- customary patterns of everyday life that specify what is socially co
rrect and proper in everyday life.
2.Mores- Norms that are tied to a society s core values and to which people must a
dhere. Unlike folkways, they are seen as forms of truth that all people should u
nderstand and follow.
3.Taboos- is a norm that society holds so strongly that violating it results in
extreme disgust. Often times the violator of the taboo is considered unfit to li
ve in that society.
INCEST- sex between close relatives

4. Laws- norms that are enforced formally by a special organization.

-SANCTION - a threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule.
5. Language- system of symbols that have specific and arbitrary meaning in a giv
en society.
CHARACTERISTICS
OF CULTURE
1. ordered, systematic, and integrated
2.shared
3.Weakly Bounded
4.Learned
5.Symbolic and is Found in Our behaviour
6.Fluid and is Changing
7.Varied
8.Political
9.Corporate
SUB-CULTURE
- refers to attitude of certain group
from the habitual practices of the majority.
(e.g. new styles of dressing, language and other
practices of a group of people
which are different from other majority)
STEREOTYPE
is any commonly known public belief
about a certain social group or a type of individual.
GENDER STEREOTYPES
SEXUAL ORIENTATION STEREOTYPES
Stereotypes are regarded as the most cognitive component, prejudice as the affec
tive and discrimination as the behaviora
l
SOCIAL CHANGE
is a complex and multi-faceted phenomenon.
There are both endogenous (internal to the society
concerned) and exogenous (external to the society)
factors influencing social change.
Many people interact initially with the stereotype rather than with the true pers
on.
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
-is the socioeconomic layering of society's
members according to property, power, and prestige.
SOCIALIZATION
is the lifelong process of learning how to become functioning, contributing memb
ers of society.
It is through this mechanism that the heritage and culture of a society can be p
assed on from generation to generation. This allows society to survive and even
proliferate beyond the lifespan of individual members.
OPEN CLASS SYSTEM
is an economic system that has upward and downward mobility,
is achievement-based, and allows social relations between the classes.
Industrialized nations tend to have open class systems
.
CLOSED CLASS SYSTEM
have been confined to their ancestral occupations, and
their social status has mostly been prescribed by birth.
Most closed class systems are found in less industrialized countries.
An example of a closed class system with limited social mobility is French socie
ty before the French Revolution.
Under the Ancien Rgime, French society was
divided between the first estate (clergy), second estate (nobility), and third e

state (commoners).
Members of each estate were likely to socialize only with others in the same gro
up
.
ASCRIBED STATUS
The social status of a person that is given
from birth or assumed involuntarily later in life.
It is the social position one is born into and personal characteristics beyond o
ne's control, such as race and gender.
A social status of a person that is acquired, such as being an Olympic athlete,
being a criminal, or being a college professor. It is one's social standing that
depends on personal accomplishments.
ACHIEVED STATUS
In an open class system, people are ranked by
achieved status
,
whereas in a closed class system, people are ranked by
ascribed status.
STRUCTURAL MOBILITY
-Opportunity for movement in social class that
is attributable to changes in the social
structure of a society, rather than to
changes in an individual.
PRIMARY FUNCTION OF
RELIGION IN HUMAN SOCIETY
is to establish an orderly relationship between man and his surroundings.
CASTE SYSTEM
- is a form of social stratification characterized by endogamy, hereditary trans
mission of a style of life which often includes an occupation, ritual status in
a hierarchy, and customary social interaction and exclusion based on cultural no
tions of purity and pollution.
CONFORMITY
is an individual s adopting of attitude and behaviours of others because of pressu
re (real or imagined) to do so.
Example, a cheerleader who wants to do an original routine but goes along with t
he majority of the squad in voting to do a stolen routine exhibits conformity.
Conformity can be positive or negative.
ROLE STRAIN
happens when contradicting roles
for the same status are both tried to be attained. A teacher very friendly with
her students but must grade them objectively can succumb to
role strain; although it is possible to maintain both role prescriptions, it can
also lead to psychological stress
TWO ORDERS OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
PRIMARY GROUP
SECONDARY GROUP
SECONDARY GROUP
Relationships among members:
There is emphasis on the efficiency by which people accomplish their jobs.
It is unlikely that every member is aware of every other member.
The goal is to provide for the personal needs of the members.
TYPES OF INTERGROUP
INTERACTION
1. ASSIMILATION
2. PLURALISM
3. SEGREGATION
4. DOMINATION
5. POPULATION TRANSFER / EXPULSION
6. ANNIHILATION

MARXIST S MODEL OF SOCIETY

is an economic and sociopolitical worldview and method
of socioeconomic inquiry based upon a
materialist interpretation of historical
development, a dialectical
view of social change, and an analysis of
class-relations within society and their application
in the analysis and critique of the development
of capitalism.
The most valid criticism of Marxist s model of society
is the overemphasis on the importance of economic
class to explain historical trends.
BUREAUCRACY
- By Max Weber; A bureaucracy is a system of organization noted for its size and
complexity. Everything within a bureaucracy
responsibilities, jobs, and assignm
ents exists to achieve some goal.
SIX CHARACTERISTICS OF
BUREAUCRACY
Hierarchy
Rules
Function
Focus
Impersonal
Qualification
THREE DIMENSIONS OF WEBER S NOTION OF SOCIAL CLASS:
economic resources;
political power,
social prestige
FASCISM
is a form of radical authoritarian nationalism.
Fascists seek to unify their nation through a totalitarian state
that seeks the mass mobilization of the national community,
relying on a vanguard party to initiate a revolution to organize
the nation on fascist principles.
It promotes regulated private enterprise and private property contingent wheneve
r beneficial to the nation and state enterprise and state property where private
enterprise and private property is unable to meet the nation's needs.
COMMUNISM
- An equal society, without social classes or class conflict, in which the means
of production are the common property of all.
CAPITALISTS
The social class of owners of the means of production in industrial societies, w
hose primary purpose is to make profits.
SOCIALISM
is an economic system characterized by social ownership of the means of producti
on and co-operative management of the economy. "Social ownership" may refer to c
ooperative enterprises,
common ownership, state ownership, or citizen ownership of equity.
NEUROTRANSMITTER
are endogenous chemicals that transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell ac
ross a synapse
acetylcholine
dopamine
serotonin
gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
glutamate
epinephrine and norepinephrine
endorphins
enkephalins

EXTRASENSORY PERCEPTION (ESP)

involves reception of information not gained through the recognized
physical senses but sensed with the mind.
The term was adopted by Duke University psychologist J. B. Rhine.
ESP is also sometimes casually referred to as a sixth sense, gut instinct or hun
ch, intuition. The term implies acquisition of information by means external to
the basic limiting assumptions of science, such as that organisms can only recei
ve information from the past to the present.
TYPES OF EXTRASENSORY PERCEPTION
1. CLAIRVOYANCE- is used to refer to the ability to gain information about an ob
ject, person, location or physical event through means other than the known huma
n senses, a form of extra-sensory perception.
2. TELEPATHY- is the transmission of information from one person to another with
out using any of our known sensory channels or physical interaction.
3. Psychokinesis/telekinesis- "distant-movement" with respect to strictly descri
bing mental movement or motion of solid matter, is a term coined by publisher He
nry Holt to refer to the direct influence of mind on a physical system that cann
ot be entirely accounted for by the mediation of any known physical energy.
4. PRECOGNITION- precognition (from the Latin pr-, before, + cognitio, acquiring kno
wledge ), also called future sight, and second sight, is a type of extrasensory pe
rception that would involve the acquisition or effect of future information.
EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS
1.Conversion: the expression of an intrapsychic conflict as a physical symptom;
some examples include blindness, deafness, paralysis, or numbness.
2. Denial: Refusal to accept external reality
3. Displacement: Defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses to
a more acceptable or less threatening target; redirecting emotion to a safer out
let
4. Hypochondriasis: An excessive preoccupation or worry about having a serious i
llness.
5. Isolation: Separation of feelings from ideas and events, for example, describ
ing a murder with graphic details with no emotional response
6. Reaction formation: Converting unconscious wishes or impulses that are percei
ved to be dangerous into their opposites
7. Regression: Temporary reversion of the ego to an earlier stage of development
rather than handling unacceptable impulses in a more adult way.
8.Repression: The process of attempting to repel desires towards pleasurable ins
tincts, caused by a threat of suffering if the desire is satisfied; the desire i
s moved to the unconscious in the attempt to prevent it from entering consciousn
ess
9. Undoing: A person tries to 'undo' an unhealthy, destructive or otherwise thre
atening thought by acting out the reverse of unacceptable.
10. Withdrawal: Withdrawal is a more severe form of defence. It entails removing
oneself from events, stimuli, interactions, etc. under the fear of being remind
ed of painful thoughts and feelings.
11. Identification: The unconscious modelling of one's self upon another person'
s character and behaviour.
12. Introjection: Identifying with some idea or object so deeply that it becomes
a part of that person.
13. Sublimation: Transformation of negative emotions or instincts into positive
actions, behaviour, or emotion.
14.Thought suppression: The conscious process of pushing thoughts into the preco
nscious; the conscious decision to delay paying attention to an emotion or need
in order to cope with the present reality
15.Somatization: The transformation of negative feelings towards others into neg
ative feelings toward self, pain, illness, and anxiety.
EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS
PRACTICE TESTS:
1. Which of the following defines sociology?
A. a study that is concerned with discovering and organizing

facts, principles, and methods

B. a study of human groups, their customs and institutions,
and places
C. a study that deals with the production, distribution, and consumption
of wealth by human groups.
D. a study of human behavior, mental processes,
and personality
2. People can best show enculturation when they learn to
a. be refined
b. act as people
c. love one another
d. talk act, and think in acceptable ways
3. Proverbs often provide useful insights into a people's
a. value system
b. political processes
c. legal processes
d. value origins
4. Which of the following situations indicate an open-class society?
I. A member of the minority group becomes the president of a big business enterp
rise.
II. An outcast was put to death for trying to approach a member of the ruling cl
ass.
IV. A boy from the elite group marries the girl he loves from the working class.
A. I and III only
B. I and IV only
C. I, II and III only
D. II, III and IV only
5. Which of the following examples of social norms are folkways?
I. Going to the cemetery to visit the dead on All Saints' Day
II. Performing one's duties as head of the family
III. Showing compassion for unfortunates in society
IV. Santacruzan in May
A. I and IV only
B. I, II, and III only
C. II, III, and IV only
D. I, II, III and IV
6. Which of the following refer to patterns of beliefs that serve to guide, cont
rol, and regulate conduct?
A. values
B. norms
C. mores
D. folkways
7. Any human action which is considered sufficiently out of the ordinary so as t
o be regarded as unique or unprecedented is?
A. a deviant act
B. a diffusion
C. an innovation
D. an invention
8. The authority fostering belief in the competence of the individuals dischargi
ng statutory obligation is?
A. charismatic authority
B. traditional authority
C. legal authority
D. functional authority
9. Change in culture are said to be endogenous when they?
A. come from within the culture
B. come from outside of one's culture

C. do not affect the culture

D. drastically destabilize culture
10. Which of the following is considered the most valid criticism of Marxist's m
odel of society?
A. polarization of society into two conflicting groups
B. emphasis on class dictatorship
C. overemphasis on the importance of economic class to explain historical trends
D. the forces that reduce the polarization of classes
11. All of the following are examples of a sanction EXCEPT:
A. slapping the palms of a bad boy
B. sentencing a murdered to death
C. confessing a crime to authorities
D. getting a failing mark for cheating in exams
13. Which of the following can be said of both comic books and da Vinci's art?
A. They both illustrate some facets of man's culture.
B. They show the contrast "cultured vs. uncultured."
C. They emphasize the absence of culture.
D. They are concerned with each one's quality.
14. When faced with a tragic situation, women are allowed to express their grief
freely while men are expected to be quiet and stoic. This illustrates a:
A. norm
B. values
C. more
D. folkway
15. Ethnic minorities, adolescent gangs, religious groups, and exclusive clubs f
or the elite are examples of groups usually present in complex societies. They e
xhibit their own behavior which is tolerated by the greater society as long as t
hey do not endanger societal values. these groups fall under a category called?
A. institution
B. kinship
C. subculture
D. community
16. According to Pepinsky, which of the following is the most effective form of
social control among Chinese communists?
A. group manipulation of guilt and shame
B. surveillance system
C. party directives
D. written laws
17. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bureaucracy?
A. specialization
B. chain of command
C. informality and autonomy
D. merit appointment and job tenure
18. The primary function of religion in human societies is to
A. establish an orderly relationship between man and his surroundings
B. help people understand the existence of both good and evil
C. allay man's fears and anxieties over unexplainable phenomena
D. provide a way for man to be able to communicate with God
19. Which of the following is NOT true of the relationship among members of larg
e secondary group?
A. Primary relations tend to persist in the form of intimate cliques
B. There is emphasis on the efficiency by which people accomplish their jobs.
C. It is unlikely that every members is aware of every other member.
D.The goal is to provide for the personal needs of the members.
20. Which of the following conditions is true under the fascist system?
A. Labor unions are independent and not under state influence.
B. Private ownership of business by individuals is permitted.
C. Business is owned by the government but leased to private individuals.
D. The government owns and runs all businesses.
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT BASED ON PIAGET S THEORY

1.SENSORIMOTOR STAGE (birth to 2 years)- an infant's knowledge of the world is l

imited to his or her sensory perceptions and motor activities.
2.PRE-OPERATIONAL STAGE (2 - 7 years) Language development is one of the hallmar
ks of this period. Piaget noted that children in this stage do not yet understan
d concrete logic, cannot mentally manipulate information, and are unable to take
the point of view of other people, which he termed egocentrism.
3.CONCRETE OPERATIONS (7
11 years old)
-elementary school years
- children gain a better understanding of mental operations
-Children begin thinking logically about concrete events, but have difficulty un
derstanding abstract or hypothetical concepts.
4.FORMAL OPERATIONS (11 to 16 years old)
-develops logical reasoning skills
-decreases egocentricity
PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY (PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY)
According to Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), personality is mostly established by the
age of five.
Stages of Development Based on the Psychoanalytic Theory
1.Oral Stage
Age Range: Birth to 1 Year
Erogenous Zone: Mouth
2.Anal Stage
Age Range: 1 to 3 years
Erogenous Zone: Bowel and Bladder Control
3.Phallic Stage
Age Range: 3 to 6 Years
Erogenous Zone: Genitals
4.Latency Stage
Age Range: 6 to Puberty (12 years old)
Erogenous Zone: Sexual Feelings Are Inactive
5.Genital Stage
Age Range: Puberty to Death (12 yrs and above)
Erogenous Zone: Maturing Sexual Interests
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY introduced by Freud tends to be the most pessimistic about
human nature.
?
Freud believed two basic drives guide and shape HUMAN BEHAVIOR-EROS AND THANATOS
. Eros reflects the sexual drive and thanatos reflects the aggressive survival i
nstinct. Basically, this is a reflection of the pleasure principle, which drives
people towards seeking pleasure and avoiding pain.
Trait theory and behavioural theory
tend to be
neutral about human nature.
Humanistic theory and cognitive social learning theory
tend to be more
optimistic about the nature of people.
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY S PRINCIPLES
OF PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION
-the process whereby people categorize and organize stimulus information into me
aningful units to make sense of the stimuli.
-The underlying idea is that stimuli are perceived as an organized whole, not as
unrelated or disjointed pieces the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. -For
instance, people recognize a familiar tune but do not ordinarily hear each disti
nct note or even every musical instrument playing the song. They identify a pers
on s face but do not usually pay attention to each eye, eyebrow, nostrils, etc.
Principles of Grouping
Grouping is a process whereby individuals are inclined to perceive stimuli as gr
oups or chunks of information rather than as discrete bits of data.
similarity

proximity continuity closure simplicity

SIMILARITY
things that are physically similar are perceived as belonging together or as for
ming a whole figure (gestalt). Therefore, XXOO is seen as two groups, with the XX
as one group and the OO as another group.
Proximity/ contiguity
group like with like, suggests that things that are in close proximity to one anoth
er are perceived as belonging together or as forming a gestalt. In your clothing
drawers you probably put things together that logically go together; undergarme
nts in one drawer, shirts or blouses in another, and so on. You would not expect
to find canned peas in someone s medicine cabinet but rather in the kitchen pantr
y.
CONTINUITY (LAW OF GOOD CONTINUATION)
holds that people categorize stimuli into smooth, uninterrupted, continuous form
s, rather than into discontinuous patterns.
Simplicity- (pragnnz)
suggests that individuals opt for relatively simple perceptions even when more c
omplex perceptions can be derived. That is, every stimulus pattern is seen in su
ch a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible.
CLOSURE (MENTAL COMPLETION) PRINCIPLE
states that people tend to perceive incomplete patterns as being complete. We te
nd to fill in the blanks based on prior experiences. A triangle with a small part
of its edge missing will still be seen as a triangle. Consider the annoyance tha
t arises from having a missing element or two from a collection, such as stamps,
magazines, or CDs by a particular musical group. And, soap operas keep viewers
hanging on with cliffhanger endings.
DEPTH PERCEPTION
The images we see appear on our retinas in 2-D form, but we tend to perceive a 3
-D world. We see depth by using monocular and binocular cues.
Monocular cues
are depth cues based on each eye working independently.
Binocular cues
rely on both eyes working together.
? Examples of monocular cues are
linear perspective, texture gradient, relative size, and interposition.
Convergence, wherein the eyes turn inward as an object comes closer, is actually
an example of a binocular cue, not a monocular cue.
Answer: B
Answer: D
Answer: A
Answer: B
Answer: A
Answer: B
Answer: C
Answer C:
Answer: A
Answer: C
Answer: C
Answer: B
Answer: A
Answer: A
Answer: C
Answer: A
Answer: C
Answer: A
Answer: D
Answer: B
_________

Part 2: Social Sciences

1.
Sociology: study of human groups, their customs and institutions and the
ir development at all times and places
2.
Enculturation: the process of learning to become a responsible adult mem
ber of a society as defined by the norms of that society. It is shown when peopl
e talk, act and think is acceptable ways
3.
Proverbs: a short, well-known saying, stating a general truth or piece o
f advice
4.
Open-class Society: Social status of a person is achieved through their
effort not on their family background, ethnicity, gender or religion.
5.
Folkways: norms for routine or casual interaction. Ex. Appropriate greet
ing and proper dress in different situations. Draw a line between right and rude
.
6.
Values: culturally defined standards held by human individuals or groups
about what is desirable, proper, beautiful, good or bad that serve as broad gui
delines for social life.
7.
duct

Norms: patterns of beliefs that serve to guide, control and regulate con

8.
Mores: norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance.
Distinguish between right and wrong.
9.

Deviant act: actions or behaviors that violate social norms

10.
other

Diffusion: spread of cultural traits from one sociocultural system to an

11.

Innovation: human action out of the ordinary/unique/unprecendented

12.

Invention: unique or novel device, method, composition or process.

13.
Max Weber- proposed a theory of authority
a.
Charismatic authority: found in a leader who mission and vision inspire
others. Leader of a new social movement and one instilled with divine or superna
tural powers such as a religious prophet. Favored by Weber
b.
Traditional authority: Ability and right to rule is passed down via here
dity. It does not change overtime, does not facilitate social change, tends to b
e irrational and inconsistent.
c.
Functional authority: the right which is delegated to an individual or d
epartment to control specified processes, practices, policies or other matters r
elating to activities undertaken by persons in other departments.
d.
Legal authority: fosters belief in competence of the individual discharg
ing statutory obligation
14.

Endogenous: having internal cause of origin

15.
Marxist s Model: socio-economic and political worldview or inquiry based o
n a materialist interpretation of historical development a dialectical view of s
ocial transformation, an analysis of class-relations and conflict within society
.
a.
Major criticism: overemphasis on importance of economic class to explain
historical trends

16.
Sanction: A reward for conformity or a punishment for nonconformity that
reinforces socially approved forms of behavior
17.
Institution: any structure of mechanism of social order and cooperation
governing the behavior of a set of individuals within a given community
18.
Kinship: The network of social relationships which link individuals thro
ugh common ancestry, marriage or adoption.
19.
Subculture: A group within the broader society that has values, norms an
d lifestyle distinct from those of the majority
20.
Community: A group of people who share a common sense of identity and in
teract with one another on a sustained basis
21.
Pepinsky: effective form of social control among Chinese communists is
by group manipulation of guilt and shame.
22.
Bureaucracy: A formal organization marked by a clear hierarchy of author
ity, the existence of written rules of procedure, staffed by full-time salaried
officials, and striving for the efficient attainment of organizational goals.
23.
Primary function of religion in human societies: establish orderly relat
ionship between man and surroundings
24.
Primary groups: small social group whose members share close, personal,
enduring relationships.
25.
Secondary groups: interact on a less personal level than primary, and re
lationships are temporary rather than long lasting. Established to perform funct
ions and people s roles are interchangeable.
26.
Fascist system: form of radial authoritarian nationalism. Unify nation t
hrough totalitarian state that promoted mass mobilization of national community.
View political violence, war and imperialism as means to achieve national rejuv
enation and asserts that stronger nations have the right to expand their territo
ry by displacing weaker nations.
27.
Caste System vs Class System
a.
Caste system: form of social stratification characterized by hereditary
transmission of style of life which often includes an occupation, ritual status
in hierarchy and customary social interaction and exclusion based on cultural no
tions of purity and pollution.
b.
Class system: people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categ
ories, the most common being upper, middle and lower classes.
28.
.
a.

Stereotypes: A rigid and inflexible image of the characteristics a group

29.
re

Discovery: initial awareness of existing but unobserved elements of natu

People initially interact with them rather than a true person

30.
Clairvoyance: ability to gain information about an object, person, locat
ion or physical event through means other than the known human senses.
31.

Psychokinesis: supposed ability to move objects by mental effort alone

32.
Precognition: foreknowledge of an event especially as a form of extrasen
sory perception
33.
Telepathy: supposed communication of thoughts or ideas by means other th
an the known senses
34.
Fixation: concept originating from Sigmund Freud. It is the state in whi
ch becomes obsessed with an attachment to another person, being or object.
35.
Identification: psychological process whereby the subject assimilates an
aspect, property or attribute of the other and is transformed, wholly or partia
lly after the model the other provides.
36.
Repression: to repel one s own desires and impulses towards pleasurable in
stincts by excluding the desire form one s consciousness and holding or subduing i
t in the unconscious.
37.
Regression: defense mechanism leading to temporary or long-term reversio
n of the ego to an earlier stage of development rather than handling unacceptabl
e impulses in a more adult way.
38.
Illusion: distortion of the senses, revealing how the brain normally org
anizes and interprets sensory stimulation.
39.
Hallucination: perception in the absence of apparent stimulus which has
qualities of real perception.
40.
Auditory imagery: form of mental imagery that is used to organize and an
alyze sounds when there is no external auditory stimulus present
41.
Eidetic imagery: The Eidetic Image has been identified in psychological
literature as a vision, as a source for new thought and feeling, as a material p
icture in the mind which can be scanned by the person as he would scan a real cu
rrent event in his environment.
42.
Affective disorder/Mood disorder: psychological disorder characterized b
y elevation or lowering of a person s mood, such as depression or bipolar disorder
.
43.
Panic reaction: an acute overwhelming attack of fear or anxiety producin
g personality disorganization that may persist
44.
Generalized anxiety: an anxiety disorder characterized by chronic free-f
loating anxiety and such symptoms as tension or sweating or trembling or lighthe
adedness or irritability etc that has lasted for more than six months
45.
Schizophrenia: a long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdo
wn in the relation between thought, emotion, and behaviour, leading to faulty pe
rception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and person
al relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation.
46.
Dopamine: neurotransmitter- chemical released by nerve cells to send sig
nals to other nerve cells.
47.

Enkephalin: involved in regulating nociception (pain) in the body.

48.
Epinephrine: many functions in body, regulating heart rate, blood vessel
and air passage diameters. Crucial part of fight or flight response.
49.

Thorazine/Chlorpromazine: synthetic drug used as a tranquillizer or seda

tive
50.

Percept: an object of perception; something that is perceived

51.

Subliminal: below the threshold of sensation or consciousness

52.
Threshold: magnitude or intensity that must be exceeded for a certain re
action

53.
Piaget s stages of cognitive growth
a.
Sensorimotor: birth through 18-24 months- only aware what is immediately
in front of them. They focus on what they see, what they are doing and physical
interactions with their immediate environment
b.
Preoperational: Toddlerhood to childhood (7)- Think about things symboli
cally. Their language becomes more mature and develop memory and imagination whi
ch allows them to understand the difference between past and future.
c.
Operational: ages 7-12- demonstrate logical and concrete reasoning. Thin
king becomes less egocentric and increasingly aware of external events.
d.
Formal operational: adolescence through adulthood- able to logically use
symbols related to abstract concepts
54.
Von Restorff effect: aka isolation effect, predicts that an item that
nds out like a sore thumb is more likely to be remembered than other items.

sta

55.
Zeigarnik effect: people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks bette
r than completed tasks
56.
Greenspoon effect: experimental effect found in some studies of verbal c
onditioning in which the speaker s use of certain classes of words may increase in
frequency when reinforced by the listener making appropriate diffident gestures
of assent.
57.

Muller-Lyer illusion: optical illusion consisting of stylized arrow.

58.
Gestalt Principle of perceptual organization: brain is holistic, paralle
l and analog with self-organizing tendencies.
a.
Proximity: objects or events that are near to one another are perceived
as belonging together as a unit
b.
Continuation: there is innate tendency to perceive a line as continuing
its established direction
c.
Closure: innate tendency to perceive incomplete objects as complete and
to close or fill gaps and to perceive asymmetric stimuli as symmetric
d.
Common fate law: aspects of perceptual field that move or function in a
similar manner will be perceived as a unit
e.
Similarity law: parts of a stimulus field that are similar to each other
tend to be perceived as belonging as a unity
59.
Loving parent who is firm and consistent produces a competent and self-r
eliant child.
60.
Man s impulses most frequently conflict with moral standards of society: s
ex and aggression
61.
Selective attention: being able to focus one s auditory attention on a par
ticular stimulus while filtering out a range of other stimuli
62.

Sensory adaptation: change over time in the responsiveness of sensory sy

stem to a constant stimulus

63.
Just noticeable difference: Smallest detectable difference between a sta
rting and secondary level of particular sensory stimulus
64.
Roger s Self Theory: Roger s rejected the deterministic nature of psychoanal
ysis and behaviorism and maintained that we behave as we do because of the way w
e perceive our situation. Believed that humans have one basic motive, that is th
e tendency to self-actualize- to fulfill one s potential and achieve the highest l
evel of human-beingness we can.
65.
Negative transfer: the obstruction of or interference with new learning
because of previous learning.
66.
Spontaneous recovery: phenomenon of learning and memory which was first
seen in classical conditioning and refers to a re-emergence of a previously exti
nguished conditioned response after a delay.
67.
Operant conditioning: conditioning in which an operant response is broug
ht under stimulus control by virtue of presenting reinforcement contingent upon
the occurrence of the operant response.
68.
Stimulus generalization: transfer of a response learned to one stimulus
to a similar stimulus
69.

Phobias: an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something

70.
Classical conditioning: learning process that occurs when two stimuli ar
e repeatedly paired: a response which is first elicited by the second stimulus i
s eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone
71.

Desensitization: process of reducing sensitivity

72.
Modeling: for of learning where individuals ascertain how to act or perf
orm by observing another individual
73.
Diffusion of responsibility: sociopsychological phenomemnon whereby a pe
rson is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others ar
e present (e.g. being in a public place).
74.
Problem with experimental research in psychology: Demand characteristics
, hawthorne effect and halo effect.
75.
Demand characteristics: experimental artifact where participants form an
interpretation of the experiment s purpose and unconsciously change their behavio
r to fit that interpretation.
76.
Hawthorne effect: the alternation of behavior by the subjects of a study
due to their awareness of being observed
77.
Halo effect: tendency for an impression created in one area to influence
opinion in another area
78.
Random assignment: experimental technique for assigning subjects to diff
erent treatments.
79.
Heuristic availability: mental shortcut that relies on immediate example
s that comes to mind.
80.

Gestalt therapy: psychotherapeutic approach that focuses on insight into

gestalts in patients and their relations to the world, and often uses role play
ing to aid the resolution of past conflicts.
81.
Reality therapy: approach to psychotherapy and counseling. Focuses on re
alism, responsibility and right-and-wrong, rather than symptoms of mental disord
ers.
82.
Psychoanalysis: system of psychological theory and therapy which aims to
treat mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and uncons
cious elements in the mind and bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the c
onscious mind by techniques such as dream interpretation and free association.
83.
Behavior therapy: the treatment of neurotic symptoms by training the pat
ient s reactions to stimuli
84.
Client-centered therapy: developed by Carl Rogers in which the client de
termines the focus and pace of each session.
85.
Rational emotive therapy: comprehensive, active-directive, philosophical
ly and empirically based psychotherapy which focuses on resolving emotional and
behavioral problems and disturbances and enabling people to lead happier and ful
filling lives.
86.
.

Contrast: to set in opposition in order to show or emphasize differences

87.
ions

Habituation: decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentat

88.

Repetition: act or process or an instance of repeating or being repeated

89.
Projection: defense mechanism in which a person unconsciously rejects hi
s or her own unacceptable attributes by ascribing them to objects or persons in
the outside world
90.

Suppression:

conscious

exclusion of painful memories, thoughts etc.

91.

Sigmund Freud: father of psychoanalysis

92.
Maslow s Hierarchy of needs: theory of human motivation. Bottom of triangl
e is the more basic needs.
a.
At the bottom of the triangle is physiological- breathing, food, water,
sex, sleep, homeostasis and excretion.
b.
Safety- security of body, employment, resources, morality, family, healt
h and property.
c.
Love/belonging- friendship, family, sexual intimacy
d.
Esteem- self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others and resp
ect by others
e.
Self-actualization- morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving,
lack of prejudice and acceptance of facts
___________
Transcript of SOCIAL SCIENCE NMAT
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Wilhelm Wundt
Operant conditioning
Habituation/ Sensory adaptation
SELECTIVE ATTENTION
SENSITIZATION

Stimulus generalization
is credited by most historians as establishing the first scientific laboratory d
edicated to studying behavior. This laboratory was opened in Leipzig in the year
1879.
is a form of learning in which the consequences of behavior produce changes in t
he behavior s occurrence. An illustration of how these two forms of learning diffe
r is teaching a dog some tricks.
is a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations. As a proce
dure, habituation is the repeated presentation of an eliciting stimulus that res
ults in the decline of the elicited behavior (the process of habituation).
an increase of the elicited behavior from repeated presentation of a stimulus.
-when habituation occurs in response to other stimuli that are similar to the or
iginal stimulus.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING emphasizes
stimulus and behavior
; operant conditioning emphasizes
behavior and consequence.
In classical conditioning, the point of interest is the resulting behavior upon
application of a stimulus. It is best at explaining how neutral stimuli can beco
me linked to unlearned involuntary responses.
A type of attention which involves focusing on a specific aspect of a scene whil
e ignoring other aspects. Selective attention can be conscious (as when one choo
ses to attend to an interesting object, like a tv, instead of a less interesting
one, like a coffee table) or unconscious (as in a scene of a green field with a
single red tulip - the tulip will receive attention initially).
-Focusing on one voice during a party in which many people are speaking
-Focusing on watching television while speaking with someone
For instance, the chill one feels when jumping into a cool pool slowly disappear
s as one stays in the pool for a long time. Other example, a medical student fin
ding the shock of treating a cut to decrease after multiple presentations
The opposing process,
stimulus discrimination
, is when habituation does not occur to other stimuli that are dissimilar to the
original stimulus.
was founded by Sigmund Freud (1916-1917). Freud believed that people could be cu
red by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining
insight .
The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experienc
es, i.e. make the unconscious conscious.
Psychoanalysis is commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders.
PSYCHOANALYSIS
is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on
changing undesirable behaviors.
Behavior therapy involves identifying objectionable, maladaptive behaviors and r
eplacing them with healthier types of behavior.
This type of therapy is also referred to a behavior modification therapy.
BEHAVIOR THERAPY
focuses primarily on the
thoughts and emotions
that lead to certain behaviors, while behavioral therapy deals with changing and
eliminating those unwanted behaviors. However, some therapists practice a type
of psychotherapy that focuses on both thoughts and behavior. This type of treatm
ent is called cognitive-behavioral therapy.
COGNITIVE THERAPY
is a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to mind. When y
ou are trying to make a decision, a number of related events or situations might
immediately spring to the forefront of your thoughts.
HEURISTIC AVAILABILITY

The term was first coined in 1973 by psychologists

Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman.
They suggested that the availability heuristic occurs unconsciously and operates
under the principle that
"if you can think of it, it must be important."
Example: After seeing several news reports about car thefts, you might make a ju
dgment that vehicle theft is much more common than it really is in your area. Th
is type of availability heuristic can be helpful and important in decision-makin
g. When faced with a choice, we often lack the time or resources to investigate
in greater depth. Faced with the need to an immediate decision, the availability
heuristic allows people to quickly arrive at a conclusion
A term referring to the tendency of some people to work harder and perform bette
r when they are participants in an experiment. Individuals may change their beha
vior due to the attention they are receiving from researchers rather than becaus
e of any manipulation of independent variables
HAWTHORNE EFFECT
Researchers conducted these experiments at the HAWTHORNE WORKS PLANT OF WESTERN
ELECTRIC.
is a cognitive bias in which one's judgments of a person s character can be influe
nced by one's overall impression of him or her.
HALO EFFECT OR HALO ERROR
is a psychological phenomenon in which people are less likely to take action or
feel a sense of responsibility in the presence of a large group of people. Essen
tially, in a large group of people, people may feel that individual responsibili
ty to intervene is lessened because it is shared by all of the onlookers.
DIFFFUSION RESPONSIBILITY
Example: imagine that you are in a large city on a bustling street. You notice a
young man fall to the ground and start convulsing as if having a seizure. Many
people turn and look at the man, but no one moves to help or call for medical as
sistance. Why? Because there are so many people present, no one individual feels
pressured to respond. Each person might think, "Oh, someone else has probably a
lready called for help" or "No one else is doing anything, so it must not be tha
t serious."
Carl Rogers theory of the concept of self relates to the individuals perception
or image of themselves which is based on life experience.
ROGER'S SELF THEORY
The self-concept usually comes into act due to secondary needs, positive regard
from others and positive self regard. An example of positive regard from others:
a parent is not paying much attention to their child telling them about their d
ay, but as soon as the child mentions they gain high marks in a maths exam they
look up and ask questions. Positive self-regard is an internalised version of th
e previous example.
The American psychologist Joel Greenspoon conducted studies that indicate that v
erbal awareness of the learning situation or of the new responses is not a neces
sity for behavior to be altered.
GREENSPOON EFFECT
In the experimental condition showing the Greenspoon effect, participants were a
sked to say all the words they could think of in 50 minutes. The experimenter sa
t behind the individuals and uttered mmm-hmm (an assenting murmur) every time a pl
ural noun was spoken. With other participants, the experimenter murmured huh-uh (d
issenting) when plural nouns were spoken. Most of the individuals were unable to
see any connection between the behavior of the experimenter and the words they
were saying. Nevertheless, mmm-hmm increased the number of plural nouns that were
said, and huh-uh decreased the number of plural nouns.
the psychological tendency to remember an uncompleted task rather than a complet
ed one.
ZEIGARNIK EFFECT
is an optical illusion consisting of a stylized arrow. When viewers are asked to
place a mark on the figure at the midpoint, they invariably place it more towar

ds the "tail" end. It was devised by Franz Carl Mller-Lyer (1857

1916), a German
sociologist, in 1889.
Mller-Lyer illusion
We remember things that stand out.
VON RESTORFF EFFECT
Example: Try to remember this list (take a few seconds and then look away):
Jump
Cut
Run
Fly
Duck-billed platypus
Read
Build
Lay
TYPES OF MEMORY
?
Sensory memory
holds information in its original sensory form for a brief instant. It is rich a
nd detailed, but the information is quickly lost unless moved to working or long
-term memory, even most of what is thought to be ignored. Sensory memory does no
t retain information for long unless processed.
Working memory (aka short term memory)
is memory that holds information for up to 30 seconds or a bit longer. Despite i
ts relatively longer duration compared to sensory memory, working memory is limi
ted in capacity. An example of working memory at work is when one reads a poem a
nd then tries to recite it verbatim immediately after.
?
Long-term memory
can hold large amounts of information over a long period of time; this is relati
vely permanent. One can remember names of relatives unseen for years. One can ea
sily remember how to subtract. One can instantly identify the seven continents.
All these are due to long-term memory.
is an important aspect in the understanding of psychology as a science. Context
is defined as the historical, economic, social, and cultural factors that influe
nce mental processes and behavior. Everything that people think, say, and do is
affected and influenced by these factors. Hence, context must be taken into acco
unt in psychology.
CONTEXT
-also known as just noticeable difference (jnd), is the smallest difference in s
timulation required to discriminate one stimulus from another 50% of the time.
For instance, a painter may easily see the difference between two similar shades
of color; a wine-taster may have no problem discriminating between similar type
s of wine.
DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD
is the inability to solve a problem because the things involved are viewed only
in terms of usual functions.
?
A girl who does not think of using a glass as a paperweight because she views th
e glass to be solely for drinking water has not overcome functional fixedness; t
hat is, she is fixed on the idea that the function of the glass is only for drin
king, and hence she cannot solve her dilemma of finding a paperweight.
FUNCTIONAL FIXEDNESS
happens when the participants expectations, not the actual experimental treatment
, produce a desired outcome in a study.
PLACEBO EFFECT
For instance, in an experiment on anti-depressants, an experimental group is giv
en the drug and they are told that it is anti-depressant; a control group is not
given anything. After some time, the members of the experimental group report l

ess depression than those in the control group; one is inclined to conclude the
drug works. However, there is the possibility that those in the experimental gro
up felt less depressed not because of the drug but because (having been told of
the purpose of the drug) they expected to fell less depressed.
oTo reduce such placebo effects, the control group could have been given a place
bo-for instance, harmless vitamins with no effect on depression. The control gro
up do not know it is a placebo; they think they are getting a drug. This can hop
efully lessen the placebo effect. Of course, this is not entirely foolproof; thi
nking they are on anti-depressants, the control group may also exhibit less depr
ession because they expect it.
is a group of severe brain disorders in which people interpret reality abnormall
y.
-may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thi
nking and behavior.
SCHIZOPHRENIA
Treatment:
Antipsychotic medications : Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), Haloperidol (Haldol), Pe
rphenazine (Etrafon, Trilafon), Fluphenazine (Prolixin)
?
PRIMARY SECTOR
obtains resources from nature (ex. farming, mining, fishing).
?
SECONDARY SECTOR
transformations said resources via manufacture (ex. food canning industries, pho
ne manufactures).
?
TERTIARY SECTOR
provides services that society needs (ex. lawyers, doctors, teachers, ISP s)
TYPES OF SECTOR
a statistical technique used to examine the characteristics of people in the sam
e area, points out three factors that influence a person s choice of residence. Th
ese factors are family status, social standing, and race/ethnicity.
SOCIAL AREA ANALYSIS
GEMEINSCHAFT COMMUNITIES
are composed of people who have common interest, know each other well, and who h
ave strong ties, such communities are characteristic of rural areas.
GESSELSCHAFT COMMUNITIES,
on the other hand, are composed of diverse people with weak ties and more inclin
ed towards self-interest, and whose traditions do not bind them much; urban comm
unities such as cities (Metro Manila, New York, Paris, Tokyo)
TYPES OF COMMUNITIES
as classified by Ferdinand Toennies
is used to describe the number of children the average woman can possibly bear d
uring her childbearing years.
Fertility, although related to fecundity, is different; fertility refers to the
actual number of children born within a society. Fertility is always less than f
ecundity. Natality refers to birth rate, while mortality is death rate.
FECUNDITY
INDULGENT PARENTING
is a style of parenting wherein parents are involved with their child; however,
the parents place few demands and restrictions on the child, resulting in the so
cial incompetence and lack of self-control of the child. In short, children rais
ed via indulgent parenting tend to become spoiled.
AUTHORITARIAN PARENTING
is a restrictive, controlling, and demanding style; the child is given little op
portunity to disagree and is expected to follow without question.

NEGLECTFUL PARENTING
is a style wherein the parents are uninvolved in the child s life; as a result, th
e child tends to show poor self-control and does not handle independence well.
AUTHORITATIVE PARENTING
encourages a child to be independent without neglecting to place limits and cont
rols on behavior; parents tend to be nurturant, and good communication is encour
aged. Authoritative parents tend to raise more socially-competent, self-reliant,
and responsible children.
TYPES OF PARENTING
21. Since the process of social interaction conditions an individual to accept h
is social class, then its effect on social classes is
A. Modifying
B. Preserving
C. Replacing
D. Recording
Answer: B
22. The caste system generally differs from the class system because the former
is
A. more complex
B. less rigid
C. more rigid
D. less ranked
Answer: C
23. Archaeologists have found evidence to show the widespread use of local potte
ry wares throughout the Philippines during the later part of the New Stone Age.
This would imply that prehistoric Filipinos muts have:
A. already discarded their use of stone tools
B. developed new ways of preparing food
C. discovered clay deposits thrpughout the country
D. had enough food and water receptacles for their needs
Answer: B
24. Which of the following is true of stereotypes?
A. They usually give an accurate account of the personal behavior of members of
a group.
B. Knowledge of stereotype leads to more effective responses.
C. They are always based on empirical research.
D. Many people interact initially with the stereotype rather than with the true
person.
ANSWER: D
25. If one could influence the binding of a metal rod by merely thinking about i
t, this would be an example of:
A. clairvoyance
B. psychokinesis
C. precognition
D. telepathy
Answer: B
26. When a person under stress slips back to an earlier psychosexual level, the
mechanism involved is
A. fixation
B. identification
C. repression
D. regression
Answer: D
27. A child was presented a very detailed picture for a short time. When the pic
ture was removed, the child was able to describe the picture to the least detail
. this illustrates the phenomenon called

A. illusion
B. hallucination
C. auditory imagery
D. eidetic imagery
Answer: D
28. Which of the following descriptions refers to discovery?
A. combining known elements to produce something new
B. speread of cultural elements from one individual or group to another
C. initial awareness of existing but unobserved elements of nature
D. all of these
Answer: C
29. Mark is a young man who tends to withdraw from others. He has flight of idea
s and often shows inappropriate affecct. He claims to hear voices calling him "J
esus-the Saviour." Most probably. Mark id exhibiting symptoms of?
A. affective disorder
B. generalized anxiety
C. panic reaction
D. schizophrenia
Answer: D
30. What is the synaptic transmitter responsible for inhibiting the sensation of
pain?
A. Dopamine
B. Epinephrine
C. Enkephalin
D. Thorazine
Answer: C
31. The minimum intensity that a stimulus must be achieve before it can be perce
ived is known as
A. minima
C. subliminal
B. percept
D. threshold
Answer: D
32. According to Piaget's stage of cognitive growth, an adult who makes decision
s based on what fortune tellers tell him is functioning at the
A. operational level
B. sensorimotor level
C. preoperational level
D. formal operational level
Answer: C
33. Under relaxed circumstances, most people rememeber incompleted tasks better
than they do completed tasks. This is known as the
A. von Restorff effect
B. Zeigarnik effect
C. Greenspoon effect
D. Muller-lyer illusion
Answer: B
34. Which of the following is NOT a Gestalt principle of perceptual organization
?
A. proximity
B. continuation
C. differentiation
D. closure
Answer: C
35. Which parent is most likely to produce a competent and self-reliant child?
A. A loving, permissiive parent who makes no demands on the child
B. A loving parent who is firm and consistent
C. A parent who provides a lot of educational toys but does not mind if the hous
e is disorganized

D. A parent who lays down the house rules and trusts that the child will follow
them
Answer: B
36. In which areas do man's impulse most frequently conflict with the moral stan
dards of society?
I. Sex
II. Aggression
III. Independence
IV. Self- assertion
A. I and II only
B. III and IV only
C. I and III only
D. II and IV only
Answer: A
37. After a musical concert, a man complained that he heard little of the music
due to the frequent shuffling and throat-clearing in the audience. His companion
, however, expressed his satisfaction over the concerrt. This difference in expe
rience is related to?
A. sublimation threshold
B. sensory adaptation
C. selective inattention
D. just-noticeable difference
Answer: C
38. According to Roger's Self Theory, all individuals have an innate tendency to
?
A. repress sexual urges
B. be aggressive and punish people
C. move in the direction of positive change
D. examine other's mental experiences and activities
Answer: C
39. A child is conditioned to fear a furry black cat. Soon, she becomes fearful
of any black object. This response is an example of:
A. negative transfer
B. spontaneous recovery
C. operant conditioning
D. stimulus generalization
Answer: D
40. According to the behaviorists, phobias are leraned thorugh
A. desensitization
B. modeling
C. classical conditioning
D. operant conditioning
Answer. C
41. Which factor may prevent diffusion of responsibility from occuring?
A. an ambiguous situation
B. the presence of many people
C. the presence of someone who initiates helping
D. the occurrence of an emergency in a public place
Answer: D
42. Which of the following are problems in experimental research in psychology?
I. Demand characteristics
II. The Hawthorne Effect
III. The halo effect
IV. Random assignment
A. I and IV only
B. II and III only
C. I, II and III only

D. I, II, III and IV

Answer: C
43. Which of the following best illustrates heuristic availability?
A. to determine whether someone is an accountant, I compare his traits to the av
erage accountant
B. To determine whether someone is trustworthy, I try to recall
C. To determine my impression of someone, I combine the available bits of inform
ation to find an average.
D. To determine whether someone is trustworthy, I engage in decoding.
Answer: B
44. The view that psychopathology is the result of inadequate resolution of cert
ain developmental stages rather than learned ways of behaving separates
A. gestalt therapy from reality behavior
B. psychoanalysis from behavior
C. client-centered therapy from
D. rational-emotive therapy from behavior therapy
Answer: B
46. All of the following will increase the ability of a stimulus to capture atte
ntion EXCEPT:
A. contrast
B. habituation
C. intensity
D. repetition
Answer: B
47. Learning may be more difficult for deaf children because?
A. the hearing area in the brain is connected to the comprehension area
B. they cannot imitate information immediately
C. they learn a private labguage which affects real language
D. they have to learn with a reduced level of feedback
Answer: D
48. When Rita fights with her older brother, she starts off rationally but ends
up in tears, stamping her foot, or throwing objects in all directions. The defen
se mechanism displayed in this situation is?
A. suppression
B. repression
C. regression
D. projection
Answer: C
49. In which of the following instances is projection displayed?
A. Letty channels her angry feelings into her bowling
B. Norie is extra sweet to her sister even though deep inside she resents the la
tter's popularity.
C. Romy justifies his cheating on exams by claiming that everyone else does it.
D. Greg convinces himself that the girl who jitted him is not really so desirabl
e.
Answer: C
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GOD BLESS !!! :)