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SECURITY
Nwokolo, Eric Onyekachi
PG/M.ENG/15/78007
ABSTRACT
Because of complexity of power system network, the system is prone to
instability and becomes less secured. However, to meet the demand and better
security index without installation of new ones, the Flexible AC Transmission
System (FACTS) devices are one of the alternates. In this paper a Newton
Raphson (NR) flowchart was developed to find out the best operating point of a
Static Var Compensator (SVC) for the enhancement of system stability. The
proposed flowchart minimizes the security index (the overload level of the
lines) iteratively. The proposed flowchart was verified using IEEE 6 bus system.
Bus Voltages, line power flows, bus powers were obtained by the Newton
Raphson algorithm and the security index was calculated for both the cases with
and without SVC using matlab software. The results showed that the voltage
profile can be enhanced and the security index decreased by applying the
proposed algorithm. Thus, SVC can be used to maintain system stability since
the parameters improved is a function of the system behaviour.
1.0
INTRODUCTION
power systems [6,7,8]. FACTS devices can be categorized into three types, such
as series compensators for controlling line flows, shunt compensators for
controlling bus voltages and combined series-shunt compensators. Static Var
Compensator (SVC) is one among the different FACTS controllers introduced
to improve the bus voltage with system security. SVC can be placed in order to
control the bus voltage based on variable susceptance [1]. Here, the Security
index is related to bus voltage and is minimized by an iterative algorithm. The
index would increase as the bus voltages reduces or increases to nominal
voltage. Therefore it can be said that if the index increases, the system security
margin will decrease. So by minimizing the security index we can improve the
security level [1, 5]. Power system security is the ability to maintain the flow of
electricity from the generators to the customers, under sudden disturbed
conditions such as electric short circuits or unanticipated loss of system
elements. The measures of power system security are amounts, duration and
frequency of customer outages. More so, maintaining power system security is
one of the major challenges facing transmission system operators today.
Reliable and secure operation of power systems is a key to the success of
deregulation. However, most of the electrical power systems in the world are
widely interconnected due to economic reasons to reduce the cost of electricity
and to improve system stability and reliability. Because of this, the challenge to
meet the high quality power supply in a power system is highly desirable. To
overcome the power system limitations like thermal, voltage and transient
stability limits, advanced controller devices provide techniques to maintain
system stability and to reduce losses. These controller devices include phase
shifting transformer, high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission, and
Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS). Among these, FACTS are highly
engineered power electronics based devices. These controllers are introduced
depending on the type of power system problems. Some of these controllers are
capable of addressing multiple problems in a power system but some are limited
to solve for a particular problem. They have the ability to control the bus
voltage, the power flow and improve the performance of the power system
without changing the topology [8-14]. SVC is one among the different FACTS
controllers introduced to improve the voltage profile at the buses [1, 13, 14]. So
many research works have been carried out on SVC but in this paper a Newton
Raphson (NR) mathematical model will be used to find out the best operating
point of a Static Var Compensator (SVC) for the enhancement of system
security using IEEE 6 bus system. Line power flows and bus voltages and bus
angles will be obtained by the Newton Raphson model and the security index
will be calculated for both the cases with and without SVC.
TSC
TSC
TS
CR
TC
R
Where Bsvc is the susceptance of the SVC, Vk is the voltage at the connecting
bus Bar; J is the Jacobian matrix.
3
Taking into consideration the reactive power drawn or injected into the bus
=
=
Where Qsvc is the reactive power injected in to the bus
2 SVC
Qn
X L
XC
[ 2 ( SVC ) +sin }
2
Vk
X L XC
2 SVC
X L
SVC
Where
XC
[ 2 ( SVC ) +sin }
X L XC
[ ]
Pn
Qsvc
[ ]
n
0 Find0 initial voltage
Values
Bsvc
0 Q svc
Bsvc
We have
Si
YES
Bus
Bus
Bus
Bus
Bus
Ii
Y ij V j
j=1
for i = 1, 2, 3, 4, n
Pi+ jQ i=V i I i
Pi Q i
Vi
j=1
j=1
V i y ij y ij V j
Thus the above equation uses iterative techniques to solve load flow problems.
Hence using it in Newton Raphson algorithm
n
| yij||V i|<ij +
=
j=1
Ii
+ j
Pi jQi
= V i Ii
n
Pi
Qi
[ ] =[
P
Q
][ ]
J 1 J3
J 2 J 4 |V |
( sch)
Pi
(k )
( k)
( sch)
Qi
Pi =Pi
(k )
Qi =Qi
( k+1 )
|V (k+1)|
(k )
( k)
i + i
(k )
Vi
+|V (k)
i |
1-2
0.05
0.20
MVA Base=100MVA
2-3
0.10
0.50
Frequency= 50 HZ
3-4
0.20
0.80
4-5
0.10
0.30
5-6
0.20
0.40
6-1
0.10
0.50
2-5
0.20
0.50
1.3 RESULTS
The results of the test are as shown below:
1.5
1
P(Mw) without SVC in
p.u
0.5
-0.5
-1
1
0.8
0.6
1-to-2
0.4
1-to-6
2-to-3
0.2
2-to-5
3-to-4
0
-0.2
4-to-5
5-to-6
Figure 7: Active and Reactive Power Flows in the lines with and
without SVC
0.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.4
DISCUSIONS
10
The susceptance value of the SVC was varied in the Newton Raphson load flow
program as state variable until the voltage magnitude of one per unit obtained.
The SVC power equations were combined with the system power flow
equations and linearized with respect to the state variable. The SVC shunt
variable susceptances were adjusted in the Newton Raphson algorithm in the
iteration to achieve the specified voltage. The best fit of the SVC Controller in
study was obtained by using the flow chart shown above. The standard 6-bus
testing system was tested with and without SVC to know the behaviour of the
system on bus voltages, bus powers, active and reactive power flows in the lines
and security index. Bus 1 was taken as Slack bus, bus 2, 3 and 4 were taken as
generator bus or PV bus and buses 5, 6 were taken as load buses. The SVC was
connected at bus 5 to maintain the nodal voltage to one per unit. The SVC
which was modeled as variable susceptance model in the power flows study was
adjusted in the iteration process to meet the specified value. Initially the B svc
susceptance value was taken as 0.018per unit and converges at 7 iterations.
After connecting SVC at bus 5, the voltage in the bus bar increased from 0.967
to 0.988 per unit as shown in figure 5 above. The power flows slightly changed
as shown in figure 6 above. Also, from figure 5, the voltage at bus 5 improved
from 0.984 to 0.994p.u. More so, from figure 6, the active power at the
individual buses maintained a constant value and the reactive power at the
individual buses slightly changed. Also, from figure 7, the overall active power
flows in the lines were slightly increased and the SVC injected reactive power
to the bus to maintain the bus voltage to 1per unit. However, from figure 8 the
security index of the system without and with SVC with their respective values
as 0.0049 and 0.0044 and the former were considered as reference index when
SVC is placed on the network. Thus, incorporating SVC at bus 5 the security
index value is reduced and it can be said that if the security index reduces, the
system security margin will increase. Consequently, the severity will be reduced
11
and the power system security will be assured since value of security index is a
function of system stability.
1.5
CONCLUSION
In this work, a standard 6-bus network was considered and power flow program
with and without SVC was carried out. From the results shown above, we
observed that the voltage profile improved to a pre-specified value with SVC.
The power flows in the bus were slightly increased. Likewise, the active and
reactive power flows in the lines were improved with the installation of SVC.
More so, the security index of the 6 bus IEEE test circuit simulated showed that
stability of the system was assured with the installation of the SVC. So, it can
be concluded that by incorporating SVC in the network, the voltage profile,
active and reactive power flows in the lines, bus powers and the security index
improved and also the performance of SVC operating point were determine by
the proposed algorithm.
REFRENCE
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
13