Issued 06-01-07

DESIGN
INFORMATION SECTION

CAPACITOR INFORMATION

Section DCIS00
Page 1 of 2
INDEX

SECTION DCIS01: CAPACITOR APPLICATION GUIDLINES ............................................. Page 1

Scope ................................................................................................. Page 1
Preface .............................................................................................. Page 1
Purpose of Capacitors ....................................................................... Page 1
Goals ................................................................................................. Page 1
Application Methodology .................................................................... Page 1
Capacitor Sizing ................................................................................. Page 4
Capacitor Placement ......................................................................... Page 6
Capacitor Control ............................................................................... Page 6
Voltage Flicker ................................................................................... Page 7
Switching Transients .......................................................................... Page 8
Voltage Improvement ......................................................................... Page 8
Voltage Rise ...................................................................................... Page 8
Effect of Power Factor on Voltage Drop through a Substation
Transformer . Page 9
VAR Consumption of a Substation Transformer ................................ Page 9
Harmonics .......................................................................................... Page 10
Harmonic Filters ................................................................................. Page 11
Telephone Interference ...................................................................... Page 11
Fault Current Withstand ..................................................................... Page 12
Fusing ................................................................................................ Page 12
Energization of Back-to-Back Capacitor Banks ................................. Page 12
Transient Outrush Current into a Fault .............................................. Page 14
Summary ........................................................................................... Page 14
SECTION DCIS02: APPENDIX A: ......................................................................................... Page 1
Appendix A: Useful Formulas ............................................................ Page 1
Basic Formulas .................................................................................. Page 1
Voltage Flicker ................................................................................... Page 1
Effective kVAR ................................................................................... Page 1
Capacitance of a Can ........................................................................ Page 1
Parallel Resonance ............................................................................ Page 1

Section DCIS00
Page 2 of 2

DESIGN
INFORMATION SECTION

INDEX

Issued 06-01-07

CAPACITOR INFORMATION

SECTION DCIS03: APPENDIX B: .......................................................................................... Page 1

Construction of Fixed and Switched Capacitor Banks ....................... Page 1
Grounding of Capacitor Banks ........................................................... Page 1
Fixed Capacitor Banks ....................................................................... Page 1
Switched Capacitor Banks ................................................................. Page 1
SECTION DCIS04: APPENDIX C: .......................................................................................... Page 1
Rules of Thumb - Distribution Sizing and Siting Capacitor
Banks ................................................................................................. Page 1
SECTION DCIS05: APPENDIX D:
Rules of Thumb - Controlling Capacitor Banks .................................. Page 1
SECTION DCIS06: APPENDIX E:
Var Control Settings ........................................................................... Page 1
SECTION DCIS07: APPENDIX F:
Transmission Capacitor Applications ................................................. Page 1
General .............................................................................................. Page 1
Purpose ............................................................................................. Page 1
Sizing ................................................................................................. Page 1
Switching ........................................................................................... Page 1
Connection ......................................................................................... Page 2
Protection ........................................................................................... Page 2
Fusing ................................................................................................ Page 2
Harmonics .......................................................................................... Page 2
SECTION DCIS08: APPENDIX G:
Transmission Capacitor Bank Installations ........................................ Page 1

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DESIGN
INFORMATION SECTION

CAPACITOR INFORMATION

Section DCIS01
Page 1 of 14

CAPACITOR APPLICATION GUIDELINES

1. SCOPE
This document is a guide for the application of distribution capacitor banks. It will provide
general information, application philosophy, and simple calculations. The document is
written to provide a starting point for the less experienced engineer and a review for the
more experienced engineer. IEEE 1036 (Guide for the Application of Shunt Power
Capacitors) can be referenced to investigate more complex issues.
2. PREFACE
Applying capacitors is an art as well as a science. This guideline hopes to emphasize the
science and minimize the art, but does not attempt to create a rigid process.
Engineering judgment is necessary.

3. PURPOSE OF CAPACITORS
The three main reasons to apply capacitors are to:
1)

Reduce losses.

2)

Improve voltage.

3)

Release capacity.

4. GOALS
The Alliant Energy distribution system should be designed with the following goals:
1) Obtain a power factor of 98 percent (lag) at maximum load on the individual
feeders, or substation distribution bus, as appropriate and cost justified.
2) Limit the power factor to 95 percent power factor (lead) at minimum load on the
substation bus.
3) Limit voltage flicker for switched capacitors to 1.0% per stage at the substation bus
and 2% per stage at line locations.
4) Apply capacitors at minimum cost.
5. APPLICATION METHODOLOGY
Many years ago when system power factors near unity were not emphasized, a simple
2/3 rule " was often applied when placing capacitors on the distribution system. For a
circuit uniformly loaded, a single fixed capacitor bank would be placed 2/3 the total
distance from the substation and sized at 2/3 the maximum kVAR load.

"

System power factor near unity is desired today, and the sizing, placement, and control of
capacitors are somewhat more complicated. Fortunately, more tools are available,
including circuit metering, device communication, and computer models. The more the
engineer knows about a circuit, and its reactive flow, the more effective capacitor
application can be.

Section DCIS01
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INFORMATION SECTION

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CAPACITOR INFORMATION

A systematic process for applying capacitor banks is shown below.

1) Obtain a reactive load (kVAR) profile of the feeder.
Figure 1 shows the reactive load profile for one particular feeder for approximately
a month. The variable nature of reactive flow is obvious. When evaluating such a
reactive profile, the engineer should know the status of all existing capacitor
banks. Were any banks inoperative during the period? What were the control
settings for each switched bank?
Optimally, metering on each feeder will provide such load profiles via the Electric
Load Information (ELI) system at Alliant Energy. Where ELI is not available,
substation metering is valuable, whether from an electronic meter or an inking
roundchart. Ample knowledge of the reactive load profile is an important
advantage for today ' s engineer.
2) Create a feeder model.
A model may be as simple as a scaled one-line diagram with wire sizes and spot
loads, and an engineer ' s intimate knowledge of the circuit ' s load distribution.
Alternatively, it could be a computer model, with loads spread by kWHR or
connected kVA. The SynerGEE software (by Stoner Associates) is a tool available
to Alliant engineers for investigating capacitor placement options. Its use however
will not eliminate the need for engineering judgment. Advancements in " science "
have not completely eliminated the " art " of capacitor application.
3) Apply fixed capacitors.
The amount of fixed capacitors needed to cover the var load at minimum load is
illustrated in Figure 2. It is the kVAR deficiency around the clock, 365 days a year,
and typically occurs at 2:00 am on a mild night in April. Note there are periods of
time when the amount of fixed kVAR exceeds the minimum reactive load profile.
During this period, the feeder will have a leading power factor. That is acceptable,
but be cautious not to drive the feeder to a leading power factor beyond 95%. (If a
reactive load profile is unavailable, a reasonable estimate for " light " load is 25 to
30% of the annual peak load.)
Fixed capacitor banks are typically sized through 1200 kVAR. It is unlikely any
feeder will require more, but if so, multiple banks can be applied.
Loadbreak cutouts have been standardized to energize and de-energize fixed
banks without the expense of oil switches. (Switched banks have the usual nonloadbreak cutout in series with oil switches.)

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DESIGN
INFORMATION SECTION

CAPACITOR INFORMATION

Section DCIS01
Page 3 of 14

CAPACITOR APPLICATION GUIDELINES

4) Apply sw itched capacitors.

Applying switched capacitor banks can offset the reactive load as it
changes. Figure 2 shows the use of two switched capacitor banks. Each is
sized at 600 kVAR. The application of one fixed bank and two switched
banks closely matches the reactive load requirements for this feeder.
It is important to check the amount of voltage flicker caused by a switched
bank. If flicker is calculated to be more than 2% at a capacitor bank located
on a distribution feeder, the bank should be smaller or closer to the
substation. If flicker is more than 1% at the substation bus, the bank should
be smaller.

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INFORMATION SECTION

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CAPACITOR INFORMATION

6. CA P A CIT O R SIZI N G
Fixed capacitors should be sized to " cancel " the var load during light load. The
examples below assume lig ht load is 25 % of peak load. Swi tched c ap acitors are
then siz ed to o btai n > 0. 98 PF at peak load. Additional switched capacitors will be
needed if 1 .00 PF at peak load is necessary.
Exa mple #1 Urban feed er
4000 kW Load PF = 0.89 Want PF = 0.98
P e a k l o a d f l o w = 4 0 0 0 k W + 2 0 0 0 k VA R
Light load flow = 1000 kW + 500 kVAR
Appl y 600 kVAR fi xed cap acit ors.
Light load flo w = 10 00 kW 1 00 kVAR. PF = -0.9 95
Appl y 600 kVAR s wi tched c ap acitors .
Hea vy loa d flo w = 4 000 k W + 800 k VAR. PF = 0.9 8
Exa mple #2 Urban feed er
4000 k W Load PF = 0.80 Wa n t PF = 0.9 8
P e a k l o a d f l o w = 4 0 0 0 k W + 3 0 0 0 k VA R
Light load flow = 1000 kW + 750 kVAR
Appl y 900 kVAR fi xed cap acit ors.
Light l oad f l o w = 10 00 kW - 1 5 0 k VAR. PF = - 0 . 9 8 9
Appl y a t o t al of 15 0 0 kV A R s wit c h e d c a p a c it o rs .
Hea vy loa d flo w = 4 000 k W + 600 k VAR. PF = 0.9 89
Exa mple #3 Urban feed er
4000 k W Load PF = 0.80 Wa n t PF = 1.0 0
P e a k l o a d f l o w = 4 0 0 0 k W + 3 0 0 0 k VA R
Light load flow = 1000 kW + 750 kVAR
Appl y 900 kVAR fi xed cap acit ors.
Light l oad f l o w = 10 00 kW - 1 5 0 k VAR. PF = - 0 . 9 8 9
Appl y a t o t al of 21 0 0 kV A R s wit c h e d c a p a c it o rs .
Hea vy loa d flo w = 4 000 k W + 0 kVAR. PF = 1.00

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INFORMATION SECTION

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CAPACITOR INFORMATION

Section DCIS01
Page 5 of 14

CAPACITOR APPLICATION GUIDELINES

Capacitors Needed to raise Power Factor from 0.80 to 0.98 and 0.80 to 1.00
0.80

0.98

Caps

Cost

0.80

1.00

Caps
Needed

Needed
kVAR

kVAR

kVAR

kVAR

Cost

kVAR
$10/kVAR

kW

kVAR

flow

flow

flow

750

203

547

$5,469

750

750

$7,500

1125

305

820

$8,204

1125

1125

$11,250

1500

406

1094
1367

$10,939

1500

1500

$15,000

$13,364

1875

1875

$18,750

1641

$16,408

2250

2250

$22,500

1000
1500

$10/kVAR
flow

flow

2000
2500
3000

1875

508

3500

2250

609

4000

2625

711

4500

3000

5000
5500
6000
6500
7000

812

1914

$19,143

2625

2625

$26,250

2188

$21,878

3000

3000

$30,000

3375
3750

914
1015

2461
2735

$24,612
$27,347

3375
3750

0
0

3375
3750

$33,750
$37,500

4125

1117

3008

$30,082

4125

4125

$41,250

4500

1218

3282

$32,816

4500

4500

$45,000

4875

$48,750

5250

$52,500

4875

1320

3555

$35,551

4875

5250

1421

3829

$38,286

5250

0.90

0.98

Capacitors Needed to raise Power Factor from 0.90 to 0.98 and 0.90 to 1.00

kW
flow

kVAR kVAR

Caps
Needed
kVAR

Cost
$10/kVAR

0.90
kVAR

Caps
Needed

Cost

kVAR

kVAR

$10/kVAR

flow

flow

484

203

281

$2,813

484

484

$4,843

726

305

422

$4,219

726

726

$7,265

969

406

$5,625

969

969

$9,686

3000

1211

508

563
703

$7,032

1211

1211

$12,108

3500

1453

609

844

$8,438

1453

1453

$14,530

4000

1695

711

984

$9,844

1695

1695

$16,951

4500

1937

1125

$11,251

1937

1937

$19,373

5000

2179

914

1266

$12,657

2179

2179

$21,794

5500

2422

1015

1406

$14,063

2422

2422

$24,216

2664

1117

1547

$15,469

2664

2664

$26,638

2906

1218

1688

$16,876

2906

2906

$29,059

3148

1320

1828

$18,282

3148

3148

$31,481

3390

1421

1969

$19,688

3390

3390

$33,903

1000
1500
2000
2500

6000
6500
7000

812

flow

1.00

flow

Costs are shown only to emphasize fiscal consideration when applying capacitors. $1 0/kVAR is rough estimate
for 600kVAR switched banks (installed and loaded). Fixed banks are cheaper per kVAR, as are larger size
switched banks.

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CAPACITOR APPLICATION GUIDELINES

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CAPACITOR INFORMATION

7 . CAPACITOR PLACEMENT
Capacitor locations would ideally be designed for a feeder with no existing banks. Such
opportunities are rare. Moving capacitor banks each time a feeder is studied is impractical.
Capacitors should be moved when needed for system performance or as cost justified by
loss savings.
In general, capacitors should be placed at and beyond the feeder ' s var midpoint. This
design will go slightly beyond optimum losses in order to optimize voltage.
To design for 0.98 pf on a feeder with distributed load, a fixed capacitor should be applied
near the 50% mark, and then switched capacitors applied near the 80% mark.
To upgrade from 0.98 to 1.00 pf on a feeder with distributed load, a switched capacitor
should also be applied near the 20% mark.
Example
Urban feeder: Uniform load distribution, 4000 kW Load, PF = 0.89
Two capacitors: One 600 kVAR fixed One 600 kVAR switched.
Apply 600 kVAR fixed at midpoint.
Apply 600 kVAR switched at 80% of distance from sub to end-of-line.
Check to insure voltage flicker is acceptable.
To reach 1.0 pf, also apply 900 kVAR switched at 20% of feeder length.
If the load is not uniformly distributed, place the fixed capacitor at the var flow midpoint
instead of the distance midpoint, and proceed from there.
For feeders with large spot loads, expect to place a capacitor very near the spot load.
It is difficult to apply the above approach to feeders with a main line that " branches, "
especially when each branch has significant load. Using SynerGEE will help evaluate
alternatives for such cases.
8. CAPACITOR CONTROL
Switched capacitors should turn on and off automatically as the feeder ' s reactive load
varies. Load variation can be due to time of day, temperature, or customer process.
Controls are available to switch by time, temperature, voltage, var flow, or combinations
thereof. Today ' s electronic controls also have temperature and/or voltage override
capabilities, and seasonal definitions as well. The engineer should choose the appropriate
controls to effectively offset the feeder ' s var flow.
Timeclock controls are useful where the reactive load rises and falls on a regular, daily
basis. This could be almost any feeder except industrial feeders with steady 24-hour
operations.
Temperature controls are useful to offset the increased var load due to air conditioning.
They are typically applied on residential and commercial feeders.

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DESIGN
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CAPACITOR INFORMATION

Section DCIS01
Page 7 of 14

CAPACITOR APPLICATION GUIDELINES

Var controls are useful in substations, near large spot loads, such as large factories or
small towns, and near substations where unity power factor is needed. Var controls
should not be used near the end of the line.
Voltage controls are useful near the end of rural feeders where the voltage drops
significantly as the load increases.
Temperature override is useful for transmission support during summer heat.
Voltage override is useful for contingencies.
Typical locations of capacitor controls are:
Urban:

subst ----------------------------FIX ------------------- TIME -------- TEMP -------- end

Rural:

subst ----------------------------FIX ------------------- TIME -------- VOLT -------- end

Spot Load:

subst -------------VAR---SL---FIX -----------TIME or VOLT ------------------- end

Unity PF:
subst ------ VAR --------------FIX ------------- TIME or VOLT ------------------ end

9. VOLTAGE FLICKER
Voltage flicker should be considered when applying switched capacitors. The RMS
voltage change due to a capacitor turning on or off should be limited to 0.02 per unit at
the capacitor, or 0.01 per unit at the substation bus.
(0.02 per unit is 2.4 volts on a 120 volt base)
If the available fault current is known, a formula to calculate voltage flicker is:
The per unit change in voltage equals 1ph kVAR / L-G kV / L-G fault amps.
Example #1
600 kVAR cap bank on 12.47 kV system where fault current is 2000 amps.
Change in Voltage = 200 / 7.2 / 2000 = 0.0139 pu.
This location is acceptable.
Example #2
600 kVAR cap bank on 12.47 kV system where fault current is 1200 amps.
Change in Voltage = 200 / 7.2 / 1200 = 0.0231 pu.
This location is not acceptable.
Another formula to determine the voltage change is:
Per unit change in voltage = (kVAR) (z) / (1000) (kV) (kV) where
kVAR = 1-phase kVAR , kV = line-to-ground voltage, and
z = total line impedance in ohms (from cap location back to source).

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CAPACITOR APPLICATION GUIDELINES

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CAPACITOR INFORMATION

10. SWITCHING TRANSIENTS

Switching of capacitors produces voltage and current transients that can affect the power
system. Voltage surges of 2.0 per unit are possible, with 1.2 to 1.8 per unit typical, on
grounded-wye banks. Voltage surges of 4.0 per unit are possible on ungrounded-wye
banks. The use of special switching methods, i.e. staged switching, zero-crossover, or
pre-insertion inductors, may be needed to limit switching transients to acceptable levels.
Transient frequencies usually occur in the 300 to 1000 Hz range, depending on the
voltage rise. These low frequency transients usually are not a problem to the utility, but
can pass through step-down transformers to affect customer loads. Voltage magnification
of 2.0 to 4.0 per unit can occur on a lower voltage system and cause nuisance tripping of
adjustable-speed motor drives. Prevention may be possible by adding an inductance in
series with each drive.
11. VOLTAGE IMPROVEMENT
Capacitor additions on a distribution line (with 8 ft. crossarms) will typically produce
voltage improvement of approximately X % per mile, for each 100 kVAR less var flow. This
percentage varies with voltage as shown below.
X = 1.5 % at 4.16 kV, 0.15 % at 12.5 kV and 0.05 % at 24.9 kV.
12. VOLTAGE RISE
The voltage profile of a distribution line will improve as capacitors are added because var
flow decreases (i.e. Power factor becomes less lagging). Capacitors could be added such
that the power factor goes beyond unity and becomes " leading. " The voltage profile then
becomes " flat. " This means the end of the line will have nearly the same voltage as the
substation. If, however, the power factor goes far enough " leading , then the voltage will
rise gradually on the line. The end of the line will have a higher voltage than the
substation.
Urban lines with large wire will develop a " rising " voltage profile with a modestly leading
power factor. Rural lines with small wire can tolerate a significantly leading power factor
before a " rising " voltage profile occurs. This concept seems counter-intuitive, but is true.
The engineer should be careful not to allow an urban feeder to go too far leading at light
load.
The voltage will rise on a typical distribution line (with 8 ft. crossarms) if the power factor
becomes more leading than approximately:
95% for 477 ACSR,
85% for 4/0 ACSR,
65% for 1/0 ACSR.

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CAPACITOR INFORMATION

Section DCIS01
Page 9 of 14

CAPACITOR APPLICATION GUIDELINES

13. EFFECT OF POWER FACTOR ON VOLTAGE DROP THROUGH A SUBSTATION

TRANS-FORMER
The voltage drop across a transformer is mostly dependent upon the var flow
through it. The watt flow has much less effect on voltage drop. Applying capacitors
on the distribution system will reduce var flow and thus reduce transformer voltage
drop.
O A kV A
750 0
R
0.4%

X
7.0%

% load kva load

10%
750
20%
150 0
30%
225 0
40%
300 0
50%
375 0
60%
450 0
70%
525 0
80%
600 0
90%
675 0
100 %
750 0
110 %
825 0
120 %
900 0
125 %
937 5
130 %
975 0
140 %
10500
150 %
11250

f l ow
pF =
Vdrop =

lag
0.80

lag
0.85

lag
0.90

lag
0.95

lag
0.98

1.00

0.45%
0.90%
1.34%
1.78%
2.22%
2.66%
3.09%
3.52%
3.95%
4.37%
4.79%
5.21%
5.41%
5.62%
6.03%
6.43%

0.40%
0.80%
1.19%
1.58%
1.97%
2.36%
2.74%
3.11%
3.49%
3.86%
4.22%
4.58%
4.76%
4.94%
5.30%
5.65%

0.34%
0.67%
1.01%
1.33%
1.66%
1.98%
2.29%
2.61%
2.91%
3.22%
3.52%
3.81%
3.96%
4.10%
4.39%
4.67%

0.25%
0.50%
0.75%
0.99%
1.23%
1.46%
1.69%
1.91%
2.13%
2.35%
2.56%
2.76%
2.86%
2.96%
3.16%
3.35%

0.18%
0.35%
0.51%
0.68%
0.83%
0.99%
1.14%
1.28%
1.42%
1.55%
1.68%
1.80%
1.86%
1.92%
2.04%
2.15%

0.04%
0.07%
0.10%
0.12%
0.14%
0.15%
0.16%
0.16%
0.16%
0.15%
0.14%
0.13%
0.12%
0.10%
0.08%
0.05%

14.VAR CONSUMPTION OF A SUBSTATION TRANSFORMER

The power factor on the high side of a transformer is less than the power factor on
the low side because the transformer " consumes " VARs. VAR consumption is mostly
dependent upon the watt flow through the transformer, so the power factor on the
high side decreases as the watt flow increases. VAR flow contributes little to VAR
consumption.
A transformer loaded to 100% of its open air rating, with a PF of 0.98 on the low
side, will have a PF of 0.965 on the high side. See table below. Since meters are
usually on the low voltage side, loads modeled for a transmission load flow may
require a modified PF for best results.

DESIGN
INFORMATION SECTION

Section DCIS01
Page 10 of 14

CAPACITOR APPLICATION GUIDELINES

OA kVA
7500
X

0.4%
% load
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
110%
120%
125%
130%
140%
150%

7.0%
kva load
750
1500
2250
3000
3750
4500
5250
6000
6750
7500
8250
9000
9375
9750
10500
11250

low
side
flo
w
pF
=
high
side
flo
pF

lag
0.80
0.797
0.794
0.790
0.787
0.784
0.781
0.778
0.775
0.771
0.768
0.765
0.762
0.760
0.759
0.756
0.753

lag
0.85
0.847
0.844
0.841
0.838
0.835
0.832
0.829
0.826
0.823
0.820
0.817
0.814
0.812
0.811
0.808
0.805

Issued 06-01-07

CAPACITOR INFORMATION

lag
0.90
0.897
0.895
0.892
0.889
0.886
0.884
0.881
0.878
0.875
0.873
0.870
0.867
0.866
0.864
0.861
0.859

lag
0.95
0.948
0.946
0.944
0.942
0.939
0.937
0.935
0.933
0.931
0.928
0.926
0.924
0.922
0.921
0.919
0.917

lag
0.98
0.979
0.977
0.976
0.974
0.973
0.971
0.970
0.968
0.966
0.965
0.963
0.961
0.960
0.959
0.957
0.956

lag
1.00
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.999
0.999
0.999
0.998
0.998
0.998
0.997
0.997
0.996
0.996
0.995
0.995

The capacitance needed to negate a transformers VAR consumption is approximated by the

formula:
(OA rating x load percentage squared x impedance) / load.
i.e. [7500 kVA x (0.5)^2 x 0.07 pu] / [7500 x 0.5 / 1000] = 35 kVAR per megawatt.
So with Load = 50% OA rating: 35 kVAR per megawatt
So with Load = 100% OA rating: 70 kVAR per megawatt
So with Load = 125% OA rating: 90 kVAR per megawatt
So with Load = 167% OA rating: 115 kVAR per megawatt
15. Harmonics
Capacitor banks present an impedance from phase to ground that varies inversely with
frequency. The impedance is high at 60 Hertz, but decreases with each higher harmonic
frequency, as shown in the table below. Harmonic currents thus seem to "seek" capacitor banks.
Moderate amounts of harmonics are normal, and problems are rare. At a resonant condition,
excessive high order harmonics (i.e. 11 and 13) could blow fuses, although our present fusing
standards accommodate typical levels. Similarly, excessive low-order harmonics could fail a
can. For further information about harmonics and their effect on shunt power capacitors, refer to
IEEE 1036.

DESIGN
INFORMATION SECTION

Issued 06-01-07

CAPACITOR INFORMATION
Z

Section DCIS01
Page 11 of 14

CAPACITOR APPLICATION GUIDELINES

= 1 / (2 x pi x freq x capacitance)

7200 v LG

100 kVAR

200 kVAR

400 kVAR

Fund

520 ohm

260 ohm

Harm 3

173 ohm

86 ohm

43 ohm

Harm 5

104 ohm

52 ohm

26 ohm

Harm 7

74 ohm

37 ohm

18 ohm

Harm 9

57 ohm

28 ohm

14 ohm

Harm 11

47 ohm

23 ohm

12 ohm

Harm 13

40 ohm

20 ohm

10 ohm

130 ohm

16. HARMONIC FILTERS

It may be difficult to avoid resonance or near-resonance at a dominant harmonic. The
engineer may need to consider installing a filter. Refer to IEEE 1036 for more detailed
information.
17. TELEPHONE INTERFERENCE
Telephone influence occurs when communication circuits share a parallel path with power
circuits. When the level of influence becomes objectionable to customers, the telephone
influence is called telephone interference.
Telephone influence occurs as the result of:
1) Current flow on the telephone shield from bonding between the power system and
communication system grounds
2) Magnetic and electric fields coupling with communication conductors that share a
parallel path with power conductors
The level of telephone influence from a three-phase line is affected by line loading and
phase balance. Less phase balance produces higher neutral to earth voltages and
consequently more ac current on telephone shields and grounding. Less phase balance
also increases the level of induced current on the telephone system.
The level of telephone influence from a single-phase line is affected by line loading and
the percent of return current on the neutral. High neutral return current cancels much of
the induction from the phase conductor but high neutral return currents produce
significant currents on the telephone shield ' s parallel path. Low neutral return current will
produce low currents on the telephone shield ' s parallel path. Consequently, there will be
little ac influence on the communications line from the common grounding system, but
there will be a greater influence from induction because there is little current on the
primary neutral to cancel the induction from the primary conductor.

Section DCIS01
Page 12 of 14

DESIGN
INFORMATION SECTION

CAPACITOR APPLICATION GUIDELINES

Issued 06-01-07

CAPACITOR INFORMATION

Since capacitor banks provide a low impedance path to ground for harmonics, harmonic
currents on the power system between a harmonic source and a capacitor are typically
higher than on other portions of the line. Telephone influence is typically more prevalent
between the customer producing the harmonics and an energized capacitor. The influence
will typically drop off just past an energized capacitor bank. While a capacitor bank will
increase the harmonic flow between a harmonic source and itself, it will typically decrease
the harmonic flow and consequently telephone influence on the rest of the line.
The level of telephone influence is affected by the electrical characteristics of the
telephone system. For example, the longer the parallel path with the power conductors the
greater the influence. The balance of each telephone circuit pair has a great affect on the
level of ac influence on that pair. A perfectly balanced pair will not be influenced by the
power circuits. As the pair ' s conductor insulation ages, the pair becomes less balanced
and consequently more susceptible to ac influence.
During a telephone interference investigation, Alliant should check phase balance, neutral
integrity and system grounding and correct as needed. We typically turn capacitor banks
off and on to facilitate telephone company testing.
During an investigation, turning off the capacitor bank may alleviate the interference. If so,
the telephone company may be willing to pay to re-size or relocate the capacitor bank.
More commonly the telephone company will install inductors and/or isolation transformers
on their lines to correct their service problem.
18. FAULT CURRENT WITHSTAND
Capacitors purchased under Alliant ' s present specifications are designed not to rupture
even in locations up to 10,000 amps fault current, if protected by the proper expulsion
fuse. If available fault current is above 10,000 amps, then current-limiting fuses need to be
installed.
19. FUSING
Fusing for distribution capacitor banks can be found in the Alliant Electrical
Construction Standards.
20. ENERGIZATION OF BACK-TO-BACK CAPACITOR BANKS
When a capacitor bank is energized in close proximity to a previously energized capacitor
bank, a high-frequency inrush current flows into the capacitor bank. The inductance
between the capacitor banks limits the inrush current. The magnitude and frequency of
this inrush current is, much higher than the inrush to a single isolated capacitor bank,
which has a much longer system impedance to limit the inrush.
For distribution systems, about 200 feet between overhead capacitor banks is usually an
adequate separation distance to limit the inrush current to an acceptable level.
Configurations where the capacitor banks are very close together may require inrush
current limiting reactors.

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DESIGN
INFORMATION SECTION

CAPACITOR INFORMATION

Section DCIS01
Page 13 of 14

CAPACITOR APPLICATION GUIDELINES

This high-frequency inrush may exceed the transient frequency momentary capability of
the switching device as well as the I2t withstand of the capacitor fuses. It may also cause
false operations of protective relays and excessive voltages for current
transformers in the neutral or phase of grounded-wye capacitor banks.
The circuit shown in Figure 1 typifies back-to-back switching. The magnitude and
frequency of the inrush current must be limited to ensure the proper operation of
the switching device as well as relays, fuses, etc. Where inrush currents are
excessive, one or a combination of the following steps is taken:
Use current limiting reactors to decrease the peak current and frequency of the
oscillatory inrush transients.
Use switching devices with pre-insertion resistors. These resistors are
designed to over-damp the circuit, preventing oscillations and allowing the
capacitor to become essentially charged to line potential before the main
contacts of the switch close.
Use switching devices with pre-insertion inductors. These inductors provide
large impedance between the capacitor banks to limit the inrush current. High
resistance pre-insertion inductors will further limit inrush current through
damping as in the case of pre-insertion resistors.
Switch the capacitor in smaller MVAR increments.
Control the switching device to close on zero voltage difference across the
switch.
To control the substation ground mat transients due to the high-frequency
inrush currents, where two or more grounded wye capacitor banks are at the
same location, the capacitor bank neutrals may be directly connected, with a
single connection to ground.
Where there are multiple banks using inductors, the inductors need to be on all
but one bank.
F i g u r e 1 B a c k - t o - b a c k sw i t c h i n g c i r c u i t .

Section DCIS01
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CAPACITOR APPLICATION GUIDELINES

Issued 06-01-07

CAPACITOR INFORMATION

21. TRANSIENT OUTRUSH CURRENT INTO A FAULT

Transient outrush current into a fault is of no concern when placing capacitor
banks, but may be beneficial when analyzing nuisance tripping of capacitor
fuses. When a fault occurs on the distribution feeder near a capacitor bank, the
capacitors will discharge through their fuses into the fault. Refer to IEEE 1036
for more information.
22. SUMMARY
Managing reactive power flow at the distribution level is a combination of science and
art, but it does require a thorough understanding of the distribution system and its load
profile. The guidelines described in this document (size, placement, and control
capacitor banks) will reduce losses, improve voltage, and release capacity, thereby
improving service to our customers and providing economic return to our shareholders.

(END)

Issued 06-01-07

DESIGN
INFORMATION SECTION

Section DCIS02

CAPACITOR INFORMATION

Page 1 of 1
APPENDIX A

APPENDIX A: USEFUL FORMULAS

1. Basic Formulas
kVAR = tan[ arc cosine ( pf ) ] x kW]
pf=cos [ arc tangent ( kVAR / kW) ]
2. Voltage Flicker
If the available fault current is known, a formula to calculate voltage flicker is:
The per unit change in voltage equals 1ph kVAR / L-G kV / L-G fault amps.
Another formula to determine the voltage change is:
Per unit change in voltage = (kVAR) (z) / (1000) (kV) (kV) where
kVAR = 1-phase kVAR , kV = line-to-ground voltage, and
Z = total line impedance in ohms (from cap location back to source).
3. EFFECTIVE KVAR
The kVAR of a capacitor is dependent upon the square of the voltage applied. A 200
kVAR capacitor rated 7970 volts, if applied to a 7200 volt system, will supply only 200
x (7200 / 7970)^2 = 163 kVAR. And if applied to a 2400 volt system, it will supply only
18 kVAR.
4. CAPACITANCE OF A CAN
The capacitance of a can in farads is given by the formula:
C = (1000 x kVAR 1ph) / (2 x pi x freq x volts L-G squared)
A 200 kVAR capacitor rated 7200 volts has 10.23 microfarads.
5. PARALLEL RESONANCE
A capacitor installed on a distribution circuit will create a natural resonant frequency,
which may cause trouble if that frequency is near an odd harmonic. The resonant
frequency is given by the formula below. The formula is not applicable however when
the circuit has multiple capacitor banks.
Freq = {[(short circuit MVA / capacitor MVA)] ^0.5} x 60 Hz

(END)

Issued 06-01-07

DESIGN
INFORMATION SECTION

CAPACITOR INFORMATION

Section DCIS03
Page 1 of 4
APPENDIX B

APPENDIX B: CONSTRUCTION OF FIXED AND SWITCHED CAPACITOR BANKS

1. Grounding of Capacitor Banks
All capacitor bank installations should be grounded using #4 solid copper. This
includes:
- the entire pole ground wire from the arrestors to the ground rod.
- the jumper wire from the capacitor rack to the pole ground wire.
- the jumper wire from the pole ground wire to the neutral conductor.
- the jumpers from the meter socket / controller to the pole ground, if a controller is
present.
2. Fixed Capacitor Banks
Fixed capacitor banks include rack-mounted capacitors, cutouts, arrestors and hardware.
Therefore, when connected to the system they will always be " fixed " in the operational
mode. They can be switched off and on manually by operating loadbreak arc-chute
cutouts. See Electrical Construction Standards for further details. Consult Distribution
Engineering for application of these fixed banks.
3. Switched Capacitor Banks
Switched capacitor banks include rack-mounted capacitors, cutouts, arresters, and
hardware, as well as oil switches, a meter-socket mounted controller with associated
control wiring down the pole, and a transformer to supply 120 volt power to the controller.
When connected to the system, these capacitor banks will switch on and off according to
the controller ' s programming. Radio enabled controllers can be interrogated, programmed
and switched remotely. The bank may also be operated manually via a toggle switch in
the controller. Consult Distribution Engineering for application of these switched banks
and programming of the controllers.

Section DCIS03
Page 2 of 4

DESIGN
INFORMATION SECTION

APPENDIX B

Issued 06-01-07

CAPACITOR INFORMATION

a. Installation
The meter socket (to which the control is mounted) should be attached to the pole with lag
screws. A #4 copper jumper should be connected from the back of the meter socket to the pole
ground using a compression lug. The capacitor control should be mounted on the opposite side
of the pole as the capacitor bank. This will prevent operating personnel from being directly
under the capacitor cans in the event the cans rupture and spill oil. The meter socket / control
should be mounted 5 feet off the ground (See figure A).

Figure A

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DESIGN
INFORMATION SECTION

CAPACITOR INFORMATION

Section DCIS03
Page 3 of 4
APPENDIX B

b. Diagram - Switched Capacitor Bank with Meter Socket / Controller

This diagram includes a linepost sensor and a neutral sensor for those installations
where the controller will use those inputs. A VTT (voltage-time-temperature) controller
does not have those capabilities and thus the two sensors are not used. A VAR/VTT
(VAR-voltage-time-temperature) controller has VAR capability and thus could use the
linepost sensor. A VAR/VTT with RADIO (VAR-voltage-time-temperature with radio)
controller has VAR capability and neutral sensing capability and thus could use both
the Linepost sensor and the neutral current sensor (See figure B)
Figure B

Section DCIS03
Page 4 of 4

DESIGN
INFORMATION SECTION

APPENDIX B

Issued 06-01-07

CAPACITOR INFORMATION

c. Diagram - Line Post Sensor

Figure C

estd/dgn/ecsinfo/sfx10d.pdf

(END)

DESIGN
INFORMATION SECTION

Issued 06-01-07

Section DCIS04
Page 1 of 2

CAPACITOR INFORMATION

APPENDIX C

APPENDIX C: RULES OF THUMB - DISTRIBUTION SIZING AND SITING CAPACITOR BANKS

1)

Distribution feeders should be corrected to a minimum power factor of 98%

lagging at circuit peak.

2)

In Wisconsin, at summer peak, feeders typically have an 80% power factor

(before capacitors are applied) because the tariffs lack a reactive demand
charge. In Iowa, at summer peak, feeders typically have an 89% power factor
because the tariffs have a reactive demand charge.

3)

Correcting a feeder ' s power factor up to 100% may be necessary:

for voltage support of the distribution and/or transmission system during
normal feed and backfeeding;
to increase capacity of the distribution, transmission, substation
and/or generation systems

4)

Correcting a feeder ' s power factor to greater than 100% may be

necessary:
on one circuit to compensate for another circuit that cannot be
corrected
on the distribution circuits to obtain unity power factor
on the high side of the substation transformer
on one substation to compensate for another substation that cannot
be corrected
in lieu of adding a transmission capacitor bank

5)

A fixed bank should be sized to provide the light load VAR requirements.
The table below shows the amount of kVAR per MW needed to raise a
feeder ' s power factor to desired levels.
Capacitance Typically Needed on Feeder ( kVAR / MW )
Corrected PF

80 %

85 %

89 %

188

155

125

98 %

359

262

172

99 %

420

322

233

100 %

563

465

375

Fixed
Switched

Uncorrected PF

Section DCIS04
Page 2 of 2

DESIGN
INFORMATION SECTION

APPENDIX C

Issued 06-01-07

CAPACITOR INFORMATION

6)

Adjacent capacitor banks should be no closer than 200 feet, or series

reactors may be needed.

7)

A substation transformer loaded to 100% of its open-air kVA rating with 98%
lagging power on the low voltage side produces a 96.5% lagging power
factor on the high voltage side (because of transformer inductance). To
obtain 98% PF on the high side of the transformer requires 99.2% on the
low side.
The following capacitance is needed to raise the transformer high-side
power factor to that of its low-side power factor:
35 kVAR / MW when loaded at 50% of OA rating
70 kVAR / MW when loaded at 100% of OA rating
90 kVAR / MW when loaded at 125% of OA rating
115 kVAR / MW when loaded at 167% of OA rating

8)

The maximum voltage rise allowed from a switched bank is 1% at the

substation bus and 2% at the bank.

(END)

Issued 06-01-07

DESIGN
INFORMATION SECTION

CAPACITOR INFORMATION

Section DCIS05
Page 1 of 2
APPENDIX D

APPENDIX D: RULES OF THUMB - CONTROLLING CAPACITOR BANKS DISTRIBUTION

1) Voltage Control Strategy
-voltage controls are typically installed toward the end of the line when voltage
support is needed
-typical/initial voltage control setting is on at 121 volts and off at 126 volts
2) Time Control Strategy
- time controls are typically used for distributed loads in urban areas
- use a time control for time based loads that cannot be measured with a VAR
control
- typical/initial setting is on at 8 AM and off at 9 PM with Sat and/or Sun off
depending on load profile
3) Temperature Control Strategy
- use a temperature control for temperature based loads that cannot be measured
with a VAR control
- typical/initial temperature setting is switch on at 80 degrees and off at 70 degrees
4) VAR Control Strategy
- VAR controls are typically installed on the line side of spot loads, (factories,
remote urban areas, etc.) on banks in substations, or the first bank remote from the
substation
- See Appendix E (Var Control Settings) for detailed setting information
5) Voltage Override Settings
- typically used to keep customer voltages within acceptable limits
- typical/initial voltage override setting is on at 119 volts and off at 127 volts
6) Emergency Voltage Override Settings
- typically used for a quick response to contingencies
7) Temperature Override Settings
- temperature override settings are typically used for supporting transmission
voltage
- typical/initial temperature override setting is switch on at 85 degrees and off at 75
degrees.
8) General Settings for all control strategies
- typical close delay is 30 seconds
- typical reclose delay is 5 minutes
- typical setting for standard switching time delay is 2 minutes
- typical setting for energizing oil switches is 7-15 seconds
- typical setting for maximum daily switches is 6 times

Issued 06-01-07
Page 2 of 2

DESIGN
INFORMATION SECTION

APPENDIX D

Section DCIS05

CAPACITOR INFORMATION

9) Other Control Strategies available on Energyline controls but not commonly

used for new applications at Alliant Energy include:
- Time-Biased Voltage (similar to the LinControl used in WI)
- Time-Biased Temperature (similar to the Sangamo control used in IA)
Transmission
1) The use of reactor insertion or zero crossover switches might be needed to
limit switching transients.
2) There is not an Alliant Energy standard for transmission capacitor bank
controls. The following are controls that have been recently been installed:
- Energyline model 1000-RL-B1-LH0
- Schwitzer model SEL-351A

(END)

DESIGN
INFORMATION SECTION

Issued 06-01-07

Section DCIS06
Page 1 of 2

CAPACITOR INFORMATION

APPENDIX E

APPENDIX E: VAR CONTROL SETTINGS

VAR controlled cap banks are typically installed on the line side of spot loads (i.e.
factories, remote urban areas, etc.), in or near a substation, or as the first bank away from
a substation.
The information below provides detailed settings to help program a VAR control.
1) The default (factory) setting in the Energyline Series 1000 software is for a 1200
kVAR bank.
- The " 3-Phase kVAR at Which Banks Switches In" factory setting of 800 kVAR,
and the " 3-Phase kVAR at Which Banks Switches Out " factory setting of -700 kVAR,
follows the industry rule of thumb bandwidth of 125% of nominal size.
- After three switching sequences, the bank will switch in at " Switch In Delta VAR
Set point " factory setting of 65% and will switch out at " Switch Out Delta VAR Set
point " factory setting of 50%.
- The 65% plus the 50% provides the 115% bandwidth needed when using
calculated bank size.
- On the " Setup: Site-Related " screen, set " Three Phase Bank Size kVAR " to the
nominal bank size for proper VAR controlled switching while backfeeding.
2) Typical/initial VAR settings are as follows:
VAR Control On/Off Set Points
With Bank Size Calculation
(control calculates bank size)

Capacitor
Bank
Location

In or near
substation

Without Bank Size

Calculation
(nominal bank size)

98%
PF
Circuit

100%
PF
Circuit

100%
PF High
Side

98%
PF
Circuit

100%
PF
Circuit

100%
PF High
Side

ON @ % lagging

65

57

50

70

62

55

OFF @ % leading

50

57

65

55

62

70

Remote from Sub- ON @ % lagging

station (near 20% OFF @ % leading
VAR point)

57
57

50
65

45
70

62
62

55
70

50
75

At Spot Load

57
57

57
57

57
57

62
62

62
62

62
62

ON @ % lagging
OFF @ % leading

The switching bandwidth in the above chart is 115% of the calculated bank size or
125% of the nominal bank size.
Bank Size Calculation is called " Harmonic Compensation " on the setup screen (Setup:
Control Strategy - VAR) of the Energyline Series 1000 control.

Section DCIS06
Page 2 of 2

DESIGN
INFORMATION SECTION

APPENDIX E

Issued 06-01-07

CAPACITOR INFORMATION

3) Conductor diameters for use with a line post sensor are shown below. (Use the line
guard or armor rod value if appropriate.)
Conductor Diameters for Line Post Sensors (inches)

CONDUCTOR

BARE

LINE GUARD

ARMOR ROD

#2 ACSR 6/1

0.316

0.558

.588

1/0 ACSR 6/1

0.398

0.640

.732

3/0 ACSR 6/1

0.502

0.744

.836

4/0 ACSR 6/1

0.563

0.805

.927

336 MCM 18/1

0.684

0.976

1.092

336 MCM 26/7

0.720

1.012

1.129

477 MCM 18/1

0.814

1.106

1.314

477 MCM 26/7

0.858

1.150

1.358

556 MCM 18/1

0.879

1.171

1.379

(END)

Issued 06-01-07

DESIGN
INFORMATION SECTION

Section DCIS07

CAPACITOR INFORMATION

Page 1 of 2
APPENDIX F

APPENDIX F: TRANSMISSION CAPACITOR APPLICATIONS

1. GENERAL
This section provides information regarding transmission capacitor banks on the
Alliant Energy system.
The Delivery System Planning Department will site transmission capacitors with
Distribution Engineer input.
Transmission and Substation Engineering will design the installations.
Customer operation issues should be brought to the attention of the Zone Distribution
Engineer.
IEEE 1036 (Guide for the Application of Shunt Power Capacitors) can be referenced to
investigate issues regarding substation capacitors.
2. PURPOSE
Transmission capacitors are used to support the transmission system and the
distribution substation.
3. SIZING
The MVAR size will be limited to produce a voltage change less than 1.3% per stage.
For banks switched directly across the line, as calculated at the transmission voltage
level.
The formula is: Voltage Change = ( MVAR / MVA Short Circuit ) x 100%
4. SWITCHING
Switching of capacitors produces voltage and current transients that can affect the
power system. Voltage surges of 2.0 per unit are possible, with 1.2 to 1.8 per unit
typical, on grounded-wye banks. Voltage surges of 4.0 per unit are possible on
ungrounded-wye banks. Special switching methods (i.e. staged switching, zeroclosing, pre-insertion inductors, etc.) may reduce such transients.
Transient frequencies usually occur in the 300 to 1000 Hz range, depending on the
voltage rise. These low frequency transients usually are not a problem to the utility,
but can pass through step-down transformers to affect customer loads. Voltage
magnification of 2.0 to 4.0 per unit can occur on a lower voltage system and cause
nuisance tripping of adjustable-speed motor drives. Prevention may be possible by
adding an inductance in series with each drive.
Prestrike, restrike, outrush currents into nearby banks or faults may be the cause of
similar problems.
Switching problems should be brought to the attention of System Protection.

Section DCIS07
Page 2 of 2

DESIGN
INFORMATION SECTION

APPENDIX F
5.

Issued 06-01-07

CAPACITOR INFORMATION

CONNECTION
Grounded wye (Alliant Energy standard for 69, 138, & 161 kV)
Ungrounded wye (Alliant Energy standard for 34.5 kV)

6.

PROTECTION
The protection of transmission capacitor banks may include fusing, unbalance
relaying, overcurrent relaying, surge arresters, or voltage relays. T&S Department
along with the System Protection Department will select the appropriate method.
Blown fuses or bulging cans should be reported immediately.

7.

FUSING
Externally fused (Alliant Energy standard for 69 kV and below)
Unfused (Alliant Energy standard for 138 & 161 kV)

8.

HARMONICS
Capacitors do not generate harmonics but can influence the magnitude of harmonic
voltages and currents. There are numerous operating and application issues to be
considered during the design process. These are discussed in IEEE 1036.

(END)

DESIGN
INFORMATION SECTION

Issued 06-01-07

Section DCIS08
Page 1 of 6

CAPACITOR INFORMATION

APPENDIX G

APPENDIX G: TRANSMISSION CAPACITOR BANK INSTALLATIONS

Original
Company

IES

Name of
Substation
ADM
North

Sub
#

Voltage
Rating (kV)

MVAR
Rating

69

19.8

Percent
V - rise

Control
Type

1917

1.03

scada

Available
Fault MVA
Normal

IES

Agency

69

50.4

1277

3.95

scada

IES

Anita

69

10.8

388

2.78

scada

IES

Anita

69

8.1

283

2.86

IES

Boone

69

9.2

864

1.06

69

16.2

914

1.77

IES

Bridgeport

Special
Equipment*

S (4), Z

scada

Carbide

69

31.2

scada

IES

Corydon

69

31.2

scada

IES

DAEC

161

40

scada

IES

Fairfax

161

50

5577

0.90

scada

IES

Grinnell

69

8.1

320

2.53

scada

13.2

1.2

44

2.73

Voltage

13.2

1.2

44

2.73

Voltage

69

24.4

1155

2.11

69

19.8

567

3.49

sc/volt

34.5

14.2

663

2.14

scada

IES

IES
IES

IES

IES
IES

IES

IES
IES

Hiawatha
Iowa
Falls
Marion
Maytag
#3
Mt Ayr
69 kv
Nevada
Newport
(CIPCO)
Newton
Aurora
Heights
69 kv
OGS
Osceola
County

3 @ 16 mvr, 1 @ 32 mvr

Voltage

IES

IES

Switching
Limitations

Voltage

pr

S(2)

34.5

28.8

483

5.96

scada

S(4)

34.5

14.4

1058

1.36

scada

S(2) Z

34.5

12.6

189

6.67

load

S(3)

34.5

57.6

880

6.55

scada

S(8)

34.5

14.2

373

3.81

scada

S(2)

IES

PCI

34.5

6.65

161

4.13

scada

IES

Prairie
Creek

34.5

6.65

161

4.13

scada

scada control by GenCo

DESIGN
INFORMATION SECTION

Section DCIS08
Page 2 of 6
APPENDIX G
Original
Company

IES

IES

IES

IES

IES

IES

IES

IES
IES

IPC

IPC

CAPACITOR INFORMATION

Name of
Substation

Sub
#

Percent
V - rise

Control
Type

Special
Equipment*

236

2.03

scada

S(2)

14.4

875

1.65

scada

S(2) Z

34.5

2.7

154

1.75

scada

34.5

5.4

263

2.05

scada

13.2

18

239

7.53

Voltage

S(2)

13.2

24

376

6.38

load

S(2)

13.8

23.3

256

9.10

scada

S(4)

13.2

7.2

91.7

7.85

pf,scada

S(3)

13.2

8.4

86.2

9.74

scada

S(4)

10922

69

10.8

2036

0.53

scada

10922

69

10.8

2036

0.53

scada

384

1.59

scada

Roquett
e
Sigourney
Sigourney
Sigourney
Sixth
Street
Sutherland
Twin
Rivers
Viele
Washington
Beaver
Channel
Beaver
Channel

Voltage
Rating (kV)

MVAR
Rating

34.5

4.8

34.5

Available
Fault MVA
Normal

IPC

Cresco

10878

69

6.1

IPC

Elk

14024

69

5.1

330

1.55

scada

10915

69

5.4

1089

0.50

scada

10915

69

5.4

927

0.58

scada

10915

69

5.4

927

0.58

scada

14009

69

6.1

781

0.78

scada

14009

69

5.4

639

0.85

scada

14006

69

12.2

579

2.11

scada

10918

69

6.1

976

0.63

scada

IPC

IPC

IPC

IPC

IPC

IPC

IPC

Issued 06-01-07

Gardner's
Lane
Gardner's
Lane
Gardner's
Lane
Hayward
Hayward
Heron
Lake
Highway 106

Switching
Limitations

scada control by
GenCo

Customer owned

DESIGN
INFORMATION SECTION

Issued 06-01-07

Section DCIS08
Page 3 of 6

CAPACITOR INFORMATION
Original
Company

IPC

IPC

IPC

IPC

IPC

IPC

IPC

IPC
IPC

IPC

IPC

IPC

IPC

IPC
IPC

WP & L

Name of
Substation
Highway 106
Lamberton
Lewisville
Lime
Creek
Lime
Creek
Lime
Creek
Montgomery
Mt. Lake
New
Prague
Plainview
Savann
a
Spring
Valley
Storden
Jct
Tripoli
Waseca
Jct
Academy

WP & L

Arpin

WP & L

Baraboo

WP & L

WP & L
WP & L

WP & L

WP & L

Belle
Plaine
Berlin
Birnamwood
Bloomington
Boscobel

APPENDIX G

Sub
#

Voltage
Rating (kV)

MVAR
Rating

Percent
V - rise

Control
Type

10918

69

6.1

976

0.63

scada

14037

69

5.4

225

2.40

Voltage

14065

69

7.1

394

1.80

Voltage

10930

69

1387

0.43

scada

10930

69

5.4

1387

0.39

scada

10930

161

19.6

2471

0.79

scada

14026

69

6.1

372

1.64

scada

Available
Fault MVA
Normal

Special
Equipment*

Switching
Limitations

14014

69

5.4

350

1.54

scada

14013

69

5.25

386

1.36

scada

14043

69

7.144

416

1.72

scada

13031

161

20

1498

1.34

scada

14001

69

6.4

244

2.62

sc/volt

14092

69

5.1

272

1.88

Voltage

11000

69

6.1

261

2.34

T-Volt

14003

69

6.1

591

1.03

scada

2860

69

5.4

767.2

0.70

scada

2910

138

52.8

2537.4

2.08

scada

exercise auto/man sw

2821

69

10.8

774.7

1.39

T-Volt

on 5/15-9/15

2958

34.5

3.6

115.7

3.11

Voltage

new

off

2934

69

5.4

588.2

0.92

scada

2939

69

7.2

306.7

2.35

Voltage

on 5/15-9/15

2421

69

5.4

393.8

1.37

T-Volt

on 5/15-9/15

2429

69

5.4

344

1.57

scada

DESIGN
INFORMATION SECTION

Section DCIS08
Page 4 of 6
APPENDIX G
Original
Company

WP & L

WP & L
WP & L

WP & L

WP & L

WP & L
WP & L

WP & L

CAPACITOR INFORMATION

Name of
Substation
Brick
Church
Bristol
Chaffee
Creek
Colley
Road
Council
Creek
Dane
Darlington
DeForest

WP & L

Eden

WP & L

Erdman

WP & L

WP & L

WP & L

Fox
River
Hampden
Hancock

Sub
#

Voltage
Rating (kV)

MVAR
Rating

2226

69

18.0

833.5

Available
Fault MVA
Normal

Percent
V - rise

Control
Type

2.16

scada

2216

69

5.4

693.6

0.78

scada

2962

69

8.1

589

1.38

scada

2136

69

18.0

942.4

1.91

scada

2901

69

5.4

624

0.87

scada

2363

69

10.8

1372.8

0.79

scada

2397

69

5.4

660.3

0.82

scada

2362

69

5.4

1395.7

0.39

scada

2445

138

19.2

1135.7

1.69

scada

69

5.4

734.8

0.73

scada

5.4

530.6

1.02

T-Volt

on 5/15-9/15

2864

69

10.8

529.5

2.04

T-Volt

on 5/15-9/15

2955

69

10.8

461.2

2.34

T-Volt

on 5/15-9/15

69

5.4

496

1.09

scada

WP & L

Hillside

2426

69

5.4

551.1

0.98

scada

WP & L

Iola

WP & L

Loganville
Lone
Rock

WP & L

Mayville

WP & L

McCue

WP & L

WP & L

WP & L

McFarland
McKenna
Metome
n

auto

69

2433

WP & L

Switching
Limitations

2522

Hillman

Kirkwood

Special
Equipment*

2960

WP & L

WP & L

Issued 06-01-07

2935

69

5.4

597.6

0.90

scada

2831

138

18.0

1605.6

1.12

scada

auto

2834

69

10.8

309.2

3.49

scada

2411

69

5.4

486.1

1.11

scada

2717

69

5.4

419.4

1.29

scada

2273

69

14.4

1152

1.25

scada

2355

69

3.6

1170.7

0.31

T-Volt

2897

69

6.3

479.4

1.31

scada

2630

69

9.0

751.2

1.20

scada

all customers

Z
on 5/1 5-9/15

DESIGN
INFORMATION SECTION

Issued 06-01-07

Section DCIS08
Page 5 of 6

CAPACITOR INFORMATION
Original
Company

WP & L

WP & L

WP & L

WP & L

WP & L

WP & L

WP & L

WP & L

WP & L

WP & L

WP & L
WP & L

WP & L

WP & L

WP & L

WP & L

WP & L

Name of
Substation
Mount
Horeb
N. Beaver Dam
N. Fond
du Lac
N. Lake
Geneva
N. Monroe
N. Mullet River
N. Randolph
Neenah
Creek
New
Glarus
Northwest
Ripon
Oregon
Orfordville
Port
Edward
s
Port
Edward
s
Port
Edward
s
Poynett
e
Reedsburg

APPENDIX G
Percent
V - rise

Control
Type

689.1

0.78

scada

10.8

668

1.62

scada

69

10.8

1638.8

0.66

scada

2214

69

10.8

737

1.47

scada

2325

138

26.4

1099.1

2.40

scada

2524

69

5.4

597.8

0.90

scada

2716

69

10.8

529.5

2.04

scada

2633

69

6.3

363.4

1.73

T-Volt

on 5/15-9/15

2324

69

5.4

490.8

1.10

T-Volt

on 5/15-9/15

2635

69

5.4

544.6

0.99

T-Volt

on 5/15-9/15

5.4

541.3

Sub
#

Voltage
Rating (kV)

MVAR
Rating

2361

69

5.4

2718

69

2546

2350

69

Available
Fault MVA
Normal

1.00

Special
Equipment*

Switching
Limitations

scada

2270

69

5.4

401.8

1.34

Voltage

2892

69

5.4

1194.7

0.45

scada

2892

69

5.4

1194.7

0.45

scada

2892

138

18.0

2117.1

0.85

scada

notify Vulcan when

switching

2852

69

5.4

780.3

0.69

T-Volt

on 5/1 5-9/15

2828

69

10.8

493.7

2.19

scada

WP & L

Richland
Center
Mun.

3154

69

5.4

343.2

1.57

scada

WP & L

Rock
River

2030

138

39.6

5176.9

0.76

scada

on 5/15-9/15

S(1)

DESIGN
INFORMATION SECTION

Section DCIS08
Page 6 of 6
APPENDIX G
Original
Company

WP & L

WP & L

WP & L

WP & L

WP & L

WP & L

WP & L

WP & L

WP & L
WP & L
WP & L

WP & L

WP & L
WP & L

Issued 06-01-07

CAPACITOR INFORMATION

Name of
Substation

Sub
#

Voltage
Rating (kV)

MVAR
Rating

Available
Fault MVA
Normal

Percent
V - rise

Control
Type

Special
Equipment*

2729

69

10.8

651.6

1.66

scada

2306

69

10.8

588.9

1.83

scada

2938

34.5

3.6

88.6

4.06

scada

2254

69

10.8

892.8

1.21

scada

2730

69

10.8

402.6

2.68

scada

PI

2398

138

18.0

1147.2

1.57

scada

manual

2346

69

10.8

1087

0.99

scada

2364

69

14.4

1206.3

1.19

scada

Turtle

2031

69

18.0

672.7

2.68

scada

Verona

2352

69

5.4

578.4

0.93

scada

2225

69

5.4

439.3

1.23

T-Volt

2211

69

5.4

711.3

0.76

scada

S. Beaver Dam
S. Monroe
Shawano
Sheepskin
Spring
Brook
Spring
Green
Stoughton
Sun
Prairie

W.
Darien
Walworth
Waupun
Whitcomb

2724

69

5.4

550.1

0.98

scada

2956

69

10.8

560.3

1.93

scada

S()-Staged Switching (# of
stages) z - Zero Crossing
Switch
PI - Preinsertion Inductors
PR - Preinsertion Resistor
v/10/07/02\G:\estd\pub\Alliant_Design\DCIS08-G.fm

(END)

Switching
Limitations

notify Cardinal if
switch
0600-2200

last one on

PI

on 5/15-9/15