CONFIDENTIAL

4551/2 (MS)

ANSWER SCHEME
Question 1
Question
1(a) (i)

Mark Scheme
Able to name the substance and the type of transport in
Diagram 1.1 & 1.2

Mark

Diagram 1.1: sodium ions / chloride ions - Facilitated diffusion

Diagram 1.2: vinegar/ hydrogen ions - simple diffusion
(ii)

(b)

Able to:
1 state the flavor for each food respectively
2 explain the process of movement of substances
Sample answer
F1: Salted eggs in Diagram 1.1 are salty.
E1: Salt ions / sodium ions / chloride ions diffuse from the
concentrated salt solution into the egg through pore proteins of
plasma membrane.
F2: Pickles in Diagram 1.2 are soury.
E2 : Vinegar / hydrogen ions diffuse into the (fruit/ vegetable)
cells directly through the phospholipids of plasma membrane.

1
1

2
2
4

Able to name other example of processed food

and explain how the food is preserved
Sample answer
F: candied fruit (accept any example of fruit)// salted fish // dried
fruit.
E1: eg: Fruit slices are immersed in concentrated sugar
solution.
E2: sugar solution is hypertonic to the fruit cells.
E3: water diffuses out of fruit cells by osmosis.
E4: Bacteria cannot survive in dehydrated medium.

1
1
1
1
1

Any 3
(c)
Parts of nephron
P: Proxymal
convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
(d)

Name of
substance
Glucose

Type of transport

Water

Osmosis/ Passive
transport

Active transport

E1: Because glucose is needed by the body for cellular

respiration / to produce energy.
E2: Because glucose is too big to pass through the phospholipid
bilayer
Any 1

1
1
1
1
Total

4551/2 (MS) 2016 Copyright MASH

12

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL

4551/2 (MS)

Question 2
Question
2(a)(i)
(a)(ii)

Mark Scheme

Mark

1
1

1
1

Able to provide two correct reasons.

Sample answer:
-The diagram shows mitosis.
-the number of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei/ cells is the
same with the parent nucleus/ cell // mitosis produces diploid

(b)

chromosomes in the daughter cells.

Able to draw two different daughter nuclei.
Homologous chromosomes must be separated.
Marks are given on: 1-number of chromosomes (3 each)
2-drawings (size, shade and shape
must be correct to get a tick)

(c)(i)

Fraternal/ non-identical twins

(ii)

Able to explain the difference.

Sample answer:
F- The skin colour of the twins is different// One twin has fair
skin while the other one has dark skin.

F- Different physical appearance is due to different

1

combination of genes.

(d)

E- the twins are produced when two different ova is fertilized by

two different sperms.

F1: Mendels First Law of Inheritance is known as Law of

Segregation.
E1: Every character in an offspring is controlled by a pair of

alleles which occupy the same loci on homologous

4551/2 (MS) 2016 Copyright MASH

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL

4551/2 (MS)

chromosomes.
E2: During meiosis/ the formation of gametes, these alleles

separate to different gametes.

E3: Each gamete only carries one type of allele.

1
1

E4: During fertilisation, gametes from opposite parents unite

Max:
3

randomly to produce different combination of genes / genotype

of offspring.
E5: As a result, the physical appearance / phenotype of

offsprings is also different.

Total

12

Question 3
Question
3(a)

(b)(i)
(ii)

Mark Scheme
Able to name the type of interactions in K, L and M
K: Saprophytism
L: Commensalism
M: Mutualism

Mark
1
1
1

Able to write the correct term

Commensal // Epiphyte

Able to state two structural adaptations for L to grow on its

host.
Sample answer
F1: L has aerial roots which able to absorb moisture from the
air.
F2: Root system contains ants to increase humus.
F3: Corrugated leaves can direct rainwater to their roots.
F4: The leaves are coated with thick cuticle to reduce
transpiration.
Any 2

(iii)

1
1
1
1

Able to explain the effect of dead host on L

Sample answer:
E1: The tree trunk decomposes
E2: thus the tree cannot provide support to L
E3: L will fall to the ground
E4: and die due to lack of sunlight

4551/2 (MS) 2016 Copyright MASH

1
1
1
1

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL
(c)

4551/2 (MS)

F: Mutualism
E1: The interaction between oxpecker and the rhinoceros where
E2: oxpeckers gain food (fleas / insects) from Rhinos body
E3: while the rhinos has the parasites removed/ cleared from its
body.
Any 3

1
1
1
1

Total

12

Question 4
Question
4(a)

(b)

Mark Scheme
Able to name hormone X and hormone Y
X: Glucagon
Y: Insulin

Mark
1
1

Sample answer:
Organ P is pancreas which secretes hormone X/ Glucagon.
Glucagon stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose
in organ Q which is the liver
blood glucose level is raised to normal
Any 3

1
1
1
1

2
3

(c)(i)
Sample answer
F1: The urine of a diabetic contains glucose.
F2: the kidney failed to fully reabsorb all the glucose from the
glomerular filtrate.
F3: glucose is secreted in the urine.
(ii)

Able to plan a simple experiment to test a diabetic

Sample answer:
F1: Add 2 to 3 drops of Benedicts solution to 2ml of a urine
sample in a test tube
F2: place the test tube inside a boiling water bath.
F3: A brick-red precipitate is observed if glucose is present in
the urine.

(d)

1
1

F: Eat glucose tablets or drink glucose solution immediately.

E1: Overdose of Insulin/ hormone Y depletes glucose in the
blood.
E2: the intake of glucose will immediately provides energy.

4551/2 (MS) 2016 Copyright MASH

1
1
1
1
1

Total

12

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL

4551/2 (MS)

Question 5
Question
5(a) (i)

Mark Scheme
Able to name the tissue:

Mark

Sample Answer:
F:

(ii)

(b)

(c)

(d)(i)

(ii)

Aerenchyma tissue

Able to explain the adaptation of the tissue.

Sample answers:
E1: The tissue is spongy with large air spaces between the
cells.
E2: to make the plant light // to make the plant buoyant.
The importance of Substance R:
F1: R is lignin
E1: It strengthens the xylem vessels
E2: which forms the primary xylem
E3: provides mechanical support for terrestrial plants
Any 2

1
1

1
1
1
1

Sample Answer:
E1: Collenchyma tissues provide turgidity to herbaceous plants
E2: turgor pressure of the fluid in the vacuoles pushes against
the cell walls,
E3: the thickening of the cell walls with cellulose and pectin
E4: creating support for the plant
Any 3

1
1

1
1

Sample Answer:
E1: Tissue R is ligament / connective tissue
E2: which attach tibia to the femur bone
E3: if R is torn, the tibia might be dislocated from the femur.
E4: one might experience difficulty to move/ to walk
Any 2

1
1
1
1

Sample Answer:
F: Osteoarthritis // Gout
E1: Maintain ideal body weight
E2: losing body weight, reducing stress on your joints.
E3: Exercise regularly to maintain your physical fitness.
E4: Maintain good posture to protect joints.
Any 2

1
1
1
1
1

Total

20

4551/2 (MS) 2016 Copyright MASH

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL

Question 6
Question
(a)(i)

(ii)

4551/2 (MS)

Mark Scheme
Able to name and identify lipid.
Sample answers:
Lipid which is Q
Explanation:
E:
The shape of Q/ Lipid compliments the active site of
Lipase.

Mark
1
1

E1: Lipase has specific active site which compliments the

shape of lipid.
E2: The shape of lipase remains unchanged at the end of the
reaction.
E3: each lipase enzyme catalyses one reaction at a time.

Able to explain:
1- rate of enzyme reaction at range P-Q
2- rate of enzyme reaction at range R-S
Able to suggest how to increase the rate of enzyme
reaction and justify the suggestion

Able to explain the characteristics of lipase.

Sample of answers:

(b)

1
1
Max:7

Sample of answers:
P-Q
E1: As the substrate concentration increases, the rate of
enzyme reaction also increases.
E2: more molecules of substrate are added means more
chances of collision with the enzyme molecules.
R-S
E3: As the substrate concentration increases, the rate of
enzyme reaction remains constant/ the same.
E4: rate of enzyme reaction has reached maximum.
E5: no more active sites of enzymes are available to bind with
the substrate.
E6: concentration of enzyme has now becoming the limiting
factor.
(c)(i)

(ii)

Suggestion temperature:
P: 60oC / (anything beyond 60) // 20 oC
Q: 37 oC / 40 oC

Justification:
P: E1- At higher temperatures, lipase/ enzyme is denatured // At
lower temperatures the kinetic energy of enzyme and
substrate molecules drops.
E2 - The active sites of lipase are altered // rate of collision

4551/2 (MS) 2016 Copyright MASH

Max:8

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL
Question

4551/2 (MS)

Mark Scheme
between enzyme and substrate molecules decreases.
E3 - Lipid will no longer be able to fit into lipase/ the active
site // less lipase-lipid complex are formed.
E4 - the formation of lipase-lipid complex will be halted.
E5 - rate of hydrolysis of lipid decreases.
E6 - the removal of stain is ineffective // the washing becomes
unclean.
Q: E7 - 37 oC is the optimum temperature for enzyme action.
E8 - lipase-lipid complex are maximally formed.
E9 - rate of hydrolysis of lipid is maximum.

Mark

TOTAL

Question 7
Question
(a)

Mark Scheme
Able to explain what happens during stage I and stage II in
the ovary
Sample answers:
Stage I:
E1: High level of LH in the blood.
E2: stimulates ovulation.
E3: matured secondary oocyte is released.

(b) (i)

20

Mark

1
1
1
Max 3

Stage II:
E4: LH stimulates the development of corpus luteum
E5: as well as the secretion of progesterone by the corpus
luteum.
Able to explain the effect of taking contraceptive pills on
stage I in the ovarian cycle

1
1

Max:
4

Sample of answers:
E1:
E2:
E3:
E4:
E5:
E6:
E7:
(b)(ii)

Low level of FSH in the blood.

no follicle develops.
graafian follicle does not formed.
Less / no secretion of oestrogen.
Pituitary gland is less / not stimulated.
Less LH secreted / not enough LH.
No ovulation

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Max:
3

Able to explain what the causes for stage III to occur and its
effect:
Sample of answers:
Causes
E1: Corpus luteum degenerates due to
E2: secondary oocyte is not fertilized // fertilisation does not

4551/2 (MS) 2016 Copyright MASH

1
1

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL

4551/2 (MS)

10

Question

Mark Scheme

Mark

occur.
Effect
E3: Low level of progesterone.
E4: lining of uterine wall disintegrate // menstruation occurs.
E5: No implantation.
E6: No pregnancy.
(c)

1
1
1
1

Max:
3

Sample Answer:
10
E1 The ovule develops from the ovarian tissue
E2 It has a diploid embryo sac mother cell (2n).
E3 Each ovule is coated by outer layers called the
integuments.
E4 Embryo sac mother cell undergoes meiosis to form a row
of four haploid cells called megaspores (n).
E5 Three of the four megaspores degenerates.
E6 The remaining megaspore grows and enlarges, (filling up
most of the ovule).
E7 The nucleus of the megaspore undergoes mitosis three
times to form eight haploid nuclei.
E8 Three of the eight nuclei migrate to one end of the cell to
form antipodal cells.
E9 Another two nuclei, called the polar nuclei move to the
centre.
E10 One of the three nuclei closer to micropyle develops into
an egg cell which is flanked by two synergid cells.
E11 The structure is known as the embryo sac, where the
embryo will develop.
Total

Question 8
Question
(a)(i)

(ii)

Mark Scheme
Able to explain how structure S and heart enable the return
of blood pressure back to normal.
Sample answers:
E1 (When the blood pressure decreases), it will be detected by
baroreceptors
E2 at the wall of aorta.
E3 Baroreceptors produce an impulse.
E4 which is transmitted to medulla oblongata / S.
E5 Medulla Oblongata sent impulse via sympathetic nerve.
E6 to the heart / Sinoatrial node.
E7 more impulse is initiated.
E8 rate of heartbeat increases // blood vessel constrict.
E9 resulting in an increase of blood pressure back to normal.

20

Mark

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Able to explain how endocrine gland causes the

physiological changes in her body during the situation.

4551/2 (MS) 2016 Copyright MASH

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL

4551/2 (MS)

11

Question

Mark Scheme

Mark

Sample answers:
E1: (In panic situation) medulla oblongata detects the
strenuous moments.
E2: stimulates the adrenal glands
E3: to secrete adrenaline hormone.
E4: transports by the bloodstream.
E5: Adrenaline hormone stimulates heart to increase
heartbeat.
E6: to transport more oxygen / glucose to muscle tissue //
increase blood flow to the muscles.
E7: Breathing rate increases // breath faster/ deeper
E8: to get more oxygen
E9: glycogen is converted to glucose
E10: level of glucose increases
E11: rate of respiration in the muscles increases.
E12: more energy is generated/ produced
(b)

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Able to explain the similarities and differences between

neurone V and neurone W.
Sample of answers:
Similarities
S1: Both neurons involve in impulse transmission
S2: Axons of both neurons are covered by myelin sheath.
S3: Both have cell body/ axon/ dendron/ dendrite

1
1
1

Differences
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6

Neuron V
Afferent neuron
Cell body is at the
middle of the neuron
Cell body is located in
the ganglion of dorsal
root.
Transmit impulse from
receptor to spinal cord /
interneuron.
Has long dendron
Has short axon.

Neuron W
Efferent neuron
Cell body is located at the
terminal of the neuron
Cell body is located in grey
matter of the spinal cord
Transmit impulse from
spinal cord / interneuron to
the effector
Has short dendron
Has long axon
Total

4551/2 (MS) 2016 Copyright MASH

1
1
1
1
1
1
20

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL
Question 9
Question
(a)

4551/2 (MS)

12

Mark Scheme
Able to draw the schematic diagram to show the
inheritance of the ABO blood group in the offspring.
Sample answers:
IAIo

Parents genotype
Meiosis

Mark

IBIo

x
Io

IB

1
1

Gametes
Fertilisation

IA

Genotype of offspring

IAIB

IAIo

IBIo

IoIo

Phenotype of offspring

AB

1
1

Io

1
1

E1 The mother is heterozygous A blood group while the father

is heterozygous B blood group.
E2 each gamete carries only one type of allele.
E3 Each type of allele controls different trait of blood group.
E4 During random fertilisation, each gamete from a parent is
free to unite with any gamete from the other parent.
E5 hence gives rise to a 25% chance that the child has a blood
group O.
(b)

10

1
1
1
1
1

Able to explain how the inheritance of the Rhesus factor

can be a problem to the pregnant mother.
Sample Answer:
E1 : (Problem will arise during pregnancy) if the mother is
homozygous recessive / Rhesus negative and
E2 : the father is heterozygous for Rhesus positive/
homozygous for Rhesus positive
E3 : Produce the child with 50% Rhesus positif// Produce child
with 100% Rhesus positive
E4 : (During late pregnancy or during birth) some of the foetal
blood diffuse into maternal blood.
E5 : through placenta
E6 : This triggers the mothers blood to produce anti-rhesus
antibodies.
E7 : The harmful effect do not show during the first pregnancy
E8 : With successive pregnancies, the antibody level builds up
in the maternal blood stream
E9 : Her anti-rhesus antibodies may across the placenta
E10 : And cause agglutination/haemolysis of the foetal red blood
cell
E11 : known as erythroblastosis fetalis.
E12 : resulting in newborns being born with jaundice (yellowing
of the skin and eyes)
E13 : could results in brain damage/heart failure/death
Total

4551/2 (MS) 2016 Copyright MASH

10

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
20

CONFIDENTIAL

CONFIDENTIAL

4551/2 (MS) 2016 Copyright MASH

13

4551/2 (MS)

CONFIDENTIAL