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3) Incomplete Dominance
heterozygote intermediate phenotype
gene R red
pink (Rr)
gene r white
4) Overdominance
- heterozygote is superior than homozygote
A1 enzyme - functions at low temperature
A2 enzyme - functions at high temperature
A1 A2 homodimer
- could have better functional activity
- can function under wide range of condition
b. Isoloci Interactions
1) Genetic mechanism of isozyme formation
Multi-locus polymeric system
- enzymes are polymeric,non-identical subunits
Ex. LDH - tetrameric (A and B subunits)
LDH1 (B4) - BB, BB
LDH2 (A1B3) - BA, BB
LDH3 (A2B2)- AA, BB
LDH4 (A3B1)- AA, AB
LDH5 (A4) - AA, AA
2) Classification of isoloci
a) Clustered Isoloci
- gene duplication
- closely linked genes
b) Dispersed Isoloci
- translocation
- distributed in the genome
Diversity in H chain
- 300 V genes , 10-50 D genes ,4 J genes
recombination joins a V region with one of
the D sequences and one of the J sequences
V-D-J segment can be joined to any one of the
C segments (CM, CD, CG, CE, CA)
formation of a gene for an IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE,
and IgA antibody
= 25 D x 300V x 4J = 30000
Potential for overall antibody diversity
= combination of all H chain genes with all L
chain genes
possible H chains generated = 30000
possible L chains = 3600
108 Million possible antibody genes from a
few hundred coding sequences
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