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Dr. A. W. Umrani
a (t nT )
and
R ( m)e
jmTs
R(m) E[an an m ]
Proof
Using direct method, ie,
lim E[ X T ( ) ]
S x ( )
T
T
2
a (t nT ),
n N
T ( 2 N 1)Ts
Now,
X T ( ) xT (t )e jt dt
Proof
X T ( )
Now,
a (t nT )e
n N
n N
jt
dt
jt
a
(
t
nT
)
e
dt
n
s
N
jnTs
a
e
n
n N
X T ( ) X T ( ) X T* ( )
2
Proof
| X T ( ) |
2
a e
n N
N
jnTs
a e
k N
jkTs
j ( k n )Ts
a
a
e
nk
n N k N
Now,
N N
j ( k n )Ts
E | X T ( ) | E an ak e
n N k N
j ( k n )Ts
E
[
a
a
]
e
n k
n N k N
Proof
k nm
Let,
E[ a a
E | X T ( ) |
2
N n
n N m N n
N
m k n
and so
N n
j ( n m n )Ts
]
e
nm
R(m)e
jmTs
n N m N n
( ) | ( 2 N 1) R ( m)e
N n
m N n
jmTs
Proof
Now,
lim E[ X T ( ) ]
S x ( )
T
T
2
Where T=(2N+1)Ts, so
N n
1
S x ( )
(2 N 1) R(m)e jmTs
N (2 N 1)Ts
m N n
lim
Ts
R(m)e
jmTs
Proof
1
1
jmTs
jmTs
R ( 0) R ( m ) e
R ( m )e
Ts
m
m 1
1
jmTs
jmTs
R ( 0) R ( m ) e
R ( m)e
Ts
m 1
m 1
1
jmTs
jmTs
R ( 0) R ( m ) e
e
Ts
m 1
Proof
Note that for R(m)=0 for all m except zero,
the PSD reduces to
R ( 0)
S x ( )
Ts
e.g., for polar binary line coding.
H ( )
R(0) 2 R(m) cos(mTs )
Ts
m 1
R (m) E[ ak ak m ] Ri pi
i 1
Where,
M is the number of possible values that akak+m can take on
S y ( ) H ( ) S x ( )
2
bk : 0,1
ak : 1,1
bk ....bk m ak ....ak m Ri ak ak m
pi
R (m) Ri pi
i 1
0...0
1... 1
R1 1
p1 0.5
1...1
1...1
R2 1
p2 0.5
R ( 0) 1
0...0
1... 1
R1 1
0...1
1...1
1...0
1... 1
1...1
1...1
p1 0.25 R( 1) (1 0.25)
R2 1 p2 0.25 (1 0.25) (1 0.25)
R3 1 p3 0.25 (1 0.25)
R4 1 p4 0.25 R( 1) 0
Ts
-b/2
a
0
FT
b/2
b
H ab sinc
where,
sinx
sinc x
x
Ts
2
2
Ts
Ts sinc
2
This response has an amplitude of Ts at = 0 and zero
crossings at multiples of 2p/Ts rad/s or 1/Ts Hz. This is
consistent with the PSD plot for polar binary signalling with
rectangular pulses.
PSD*Ts
f *Ts
f *Ts
bk : 0,1
ak : 0,1,1
bk ....bk m ak ....ak m Ri ak ak m
pi
R (m) Ri pi
i 1
1
2
2
1 1 1
2 cos(Ts )
Ts 2 4
1
1 cos(Ts )
2Ts
1 2 Ts
sin
Ts
2
T
H Ts sinc s
2
Note the zero crossings at multiples of 2p/Ts rad/s or 1/Ts Hz
and the lowering of the frequency sidelobes evident in the
PSD plot.
PSD*Ts
f *Ts
f *Ts
Ts
jmTs
R
(
m
)
e
jmTs
e
1
(t kT0 )
T0
k
jk
2p
t
T0
Note in time
domain
x (t )
ck e jk ot
where, 0 2p
T0
A
0
To
1
ck
T0
jk 0t
Ae
dt
A kpt
sin
pk T0
sin
lim 1
T0 1
ck
t 0 T0 kpt
T0
T0
x (t )
ck e jk ot
1
(t kT0 )
T0
T0
e jk ot
jk
2p
t
T0
Ts
2p m
m
2
p
2p
jmTs
e
( m )
Ts m
Ts
m
R
S x ( )
Ts
jmTs
e
2pR
2p
2 ( m )
Ts m
Ts
with C (i ) 0 for | i | L
First calculate the PSD for R(i)=C(i), then add on the line
spectrum for R(i)=R
bk : 0,1
ak : 0,1
bk ....bk m ak ....ak m Ri ak ak m
pi
R (m) Ri pi
i 1
0...0
0...0
R1 0
p1 0.5
1...1
1...1
R2 1
p2 0.5
R ( 0 ) 0 .5
0...0
0...0
R1 0
0...1
0...1
1...0
1...0
1...1
1...1
p1 0.25 R( 1) (0 0.25)
R2 0 p2 0.25 (0 0.25) (0 0.25)
R3 0 p3 0.25 (1 0.25)
R4 1 p4 0.25 R( 1) 0.25
So,
1
jmTs
S x ( )
R
(
m
)
e
Ts m
1 1 1 jmTs
e
Ts 4 4 m
1
jmTs
1 e
4Ts m
4Ts
2p
1
Ts
1
p
2
4Ts 2Ts
2p
m
Ts
m
2p
m
Ts
m
PSD*Ts
f *Ts
f *Ts