Fiqh Jurisprudence Explained

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Fiqh
JURISPRUDENCE
Fiqh
Details PublishedonSaturday,12June201006:49
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Thereare23kindsofdoubtsthatmayariseduringthePrayerswhichareas
follows:8DoubtsthatifoccurrednullifytheNamaz.6Doubtsaresuchthatif
occurredmaybeignored,andnotnullifytheNamaz.9Doubtsthatifoccurred
maynotnullifytheNamazbutdorequiretheremedialprocedureaswillbe
describedlaterandeachcasecarriedout.Itisnotnecessarytorecitethe
Namazagain.
DoubtsWhichMakePrayerVoid.MubtilShakkiyaat)>Doubtsabouttheunits
performedinprayersconsistingof2unitslikeFajrprayersorQasrprayer.
Doubtsabouttheunitsperformedinprayersconsistingof3units.Doubtsabout
theunitsperformedinprayersconsistingof4unitsbeforecompletionof2units..
Doubtina4unitprayersbeforefinishingtheZikrofthesecondProstrationasto
whetherhehasperformed2unitsormore.Doubtina4unitprayerbetween2
and5unitsorbetween2andmorethan5units.Doubtina4unitprayer
between3and6unitsorbetween3andmorethan6units.Doubtina4unitprayerbetween4and6unitsorbetween4
andmorethan6units.Doubtina4unitprayeraboutthenumberofunitsalreadyperformed.
Ifapersonentertainsoneofthosedoubtsinhismindwhichmakehisprayervoiditisbetterforhimnottobreakthe
prayers,ratherfinishhisprayersandoffertheprayersagain.
DoubtsWhichMaybeIgnored.Doubtabouttheactafterthetimehasalreadypassed.e.g.duringrukuapersondoubts
astowhetherhehasrecitedSuraalHamdorwhileinsajdatodoubthavingmissedruku.Doubtafterhavingfinishedthe
prayer.Doubtafterthetimeofprayerhasalreadypassed.e.g.doubtatthetimeofZohrprayerwhetherFajrprayerwas
offeredornot.Doubtofaperson,whodoubtstoomuch.DoubtbytheImamaboutthenumberofunitswhenthemamum
(follower)isawareoftheirnumberandviceversa.Doubtcreatedinrecommendedandprecautionaryprayers.
DoubtsWhichareSound(thatdonotnullifyPrayersbutrequireremedialprocedure)(SaheehShakkiyaat)>
Ifapersonisindoubtaboutthenumbersofunitsperformedbyhiminconnectionwiththe4unitprayersin9situations,
heshould,onthebasisofrecommendedprecaution,thinkoverthematterimmediatelyandifhebecomescertainor
formsanopinionaboutonesideheshouldadoptthatsideandfinishtheprayersaccordinglyandactaccordingtothe
followingrules:Ifafterperformingbothsajdahsonedoubtswhetheronehasperformed2unitsor3,heshouldregardit
asa3rdunitanddothe4thunitandfinishtheprayerandonthebasisofobligatoryprecautionoffer1unitPrecautionary
Prayer(NamazeEhtiyat)bystanding.Ifafterperformingbothsajdahsonedoubtswhetheronehasperformed2or4
units,heshouldregarditasa4thunitandfinishtheprayerandoffer2unitPrecautionaryPrayer(NamazeEhtiyat)by
standing.Ifafterperformingbothsajdahsonedoubtswhetheronehasperformed2,3or4units,heshouldregarditasa
4thunitandfinishtheprayerandoffer2unitPrecautionaryPrayer(NamazeEhtiyat)bystandingandtwounitsbysitting.
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Ifafterperformingbothsajdahsonedoubtswhetheronehasperformed4or5units,heshouldregarditasa4thunitand
finishtheprayeronthisbasis.Afterfinishingtheprayersheshouldalsoperform2ForgottenProstrations(Sajdatus
Sahv).Incase,howeverapersonentertainsanyoneoftheabovementionedfourdoubtsafterthefirstprostrationor
beforefinishingtherecitalofthefirstprostrationhisprayerswouldbevoidandbedoneagain.Duringthecourseof
Prayerifapersondoubts,whetherhehasperformed3or4units,heshouldassumeitasa4thunitandfinishhis
prayers.Heshouldthenoffer1unitbystandingor2unitsbysittingofNamazeEhtiyat.IfapersondoubtsduringQiyam
(beforetheRukoo)astowhetherhehasoffered4or5unitsheshouldsitdownatonceandfinishtheprayersandoffer1
unitbystandingor2unitsbysittingofNamazeEhtiyat.IfapersondoubtswhileinQiyam(BeforetheRukoo)asto
whetherhehasperformed3rdor5thunitheshouldsitdownatonceandfinishtheprayersandoffer2unitbystandingof
NamazeEhtiyat.IfapersondoubtswhileinQiyam(BeforetheRukoo)astowhetherhehasperformed3rd,4thor5th
unitheshouldsitdownatonceandfinishtheprayersandoffer2unitbystandingand2unitsbysittingofNamaze
Ehtiyat.IfapersondoubtswhileinQiyam(BeforetheRukoo)astowhetherhehasperformed5or6unitsheshouldsit
downatonceandfinishtheprayersandoffer2SajdatusSahv.Inthelastfourcasesoneshouldonthebasisof
obligatoryprecaution,alsoperformtwoSajdatusSahvonaccountofundueQiyam.
Thereare7typesofGhusl
Janabat
Haiz
Nifas
Istihaza
Maiyit
MasseMaiyit
Ghuslofnazar,qasamorAhd.
TherearetwowaysofdoingGhusl:
1.GhusleTartibi(SequenceBath)
InthistypeofGhusl,thepersonshouldfirstwashhisheadandthenhisneckandthereaftertheremainingpartsofhis
bodyanditisbetterthatheshouldwashtherightpartofhisbodyfirstfollowedbytheleftpartofthebody.Inorderto
ensurethatboththeparts(headandneckandremainingpartofthebody)havebeenwashedproperlyoneshould,
whilewashingonespart,alsoincludesomeportionoftheotherpart.
2.GhusleIrtimasi(ImmersionBath)
Inthistypeofghuslitisnecessarythattheentirebodyshouldgodowninwateratoneandthesametime.Incasea
persondivesinwaterwiththeintentionofimmersionbathandhisfeettouchtheearthheshouldliftthemup.
Itisnecessary,onthebasisofobligatoryprecaution,thatwhenapersonintendstoperformimmersionbathapartofhis
bodyshouldbeoutofwater.Ifafterperformingimmersionbathitbecomesknownthatwaterhasnotreachedsomepart
ofthebodyoneshouldtakethebathagain.
IfonedoesnothavesufficienttimeforGhusleTartibi,heshouldperformGhusleIrtimasi.
IfapersonisobservinganobligatoryfastofwhichthedayisfixedorhasputonIhramforUmraorHajjheisnotallowed
toperformimmersionbath.
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TheconditionsforthevalidityofWazuu(e.g.thewaterbeingpureandnothavingbeenusurped)arealsoapplicablefor
thevalidityofghusl.
JANABAT
Thetwothingswhichcause"Janabat"andafterwhichGhuslisWajibare:DischargeofSemeninsleeporwhileawake
SexualIntercourse.
ThefollowingthingsarewhileinconditionofJanabatRecitingevenasingleayatfromthoseSurasinwhichSajdais
wajib.(SurahasSajdah,32:15SurahHamMimSajdah,41:38SurahanNajm,53:62SurahalAlaq,96:19.Touching
thewritingsofQuranortheNamesofAllah.EnteringMasjidulHaramorMasjidunNabi.TostayinMasjids,otherthanthe
onesmentionedinC.TogoandplacesomethingintheMasjidor,toenterittotakeoutsomething.
SomeofthethingswhichareMakruhinstateofJanabat.ToeatTodrinkTorecitemorethansevenversesofQuranin
whichanobligatorySajdahdoesnotoccur.TotouchtheQuranTocarrytheQuranfromoneplacetoother,evenwithout
touchingit.Tosleep.ItisokaytosleepafterperformingTayammuminsteadofGhuslonaccountofnonavailabilityof
WaterTodyeoneshairwithHennaetc.ToapplyoiltoonesbodyTohavesexualintercourseafterthedischargeof
semenduringsleep.
HAIZ
Menstrualdischarge(Haiz)isakindofbloodwhichisnormallydischargedeverymonthfromthewombofwomenfora
fewdays.Whenmensesisdischargedthewomaniscalled'Haaez'.
RulesfortheHaaez
ActswhichareHaraamforawomanwhoisinthestateofHaiz:
PrayersandothersimilaractsofworshipforwhichWudhuortayammumorGhuslisnecessary.However,thereisno
harminherperformingthoseactsofworshipforwhichWudhu,tayammumorGhuslarenotobligatory(e.g.Namaze
Mayyit).AllthoseactswhichareforbiddentoajunubHavingsexualintercourse.
NIFAS
Fromthetimewhenthechildbirth(evenincaseofastillborn)takesplace,thebloodseenbythemotherisNifas,
providedthatitstopsbeforeoroncompletionofthetenthday.ItispossiblethatNifasbloodmaybedischargedforan
instantonly,butitneverexceeds10days.
WhileintheconditionofNifas,awomaniscalledNafsa.
ISTIHAZA
Onetypeofbloodwhichisseenbywomeniscalledistihazaandawomaninthatstateiscalledmustahaza.
Istihazaisusuallyyellowishandcoldandisemittedwithoutgushorirritationandisalsonotthick.Itis,however,possible
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thatattimesthecolorofthebloodmayberedordark,anditmayalsobewarmandthickandmaybeissuedwithgush
andirritation.
Therearethreekindsofistihaza:LittleBlood(Qalila)
Ifthebloodremainsonthesurfaceofthewoolorpadetc.,(placedbyawomanonherprivatepart)butdoesnot
penetrateintoit,theistihazaiscalledqalila.(InthecaseoflittleistihazatheawomanshouldperformseparateWudhufor
everyprayer)
MediumBlood(Mutawassita)
Ifthebloodpenetratesintothecotton(orpadetc.),evenpartially,butdoesnotsoaktheclothtiedontheouterside,the
istihazaiscalledmutawassita.(InthecaseofMutawassita,itisanobligatoryprecautionforawomantomakeoneGhusl
everydayforherdailyprayers)
ExcessiveBlood(Kathira)
Ifthebloodpenetratesthroughthecotton,soakingitandthecloth(etc.)aroundit,theistihazaiscalledkathira.(Inthe
caseofexcessivebleedingthewomanshoulddooneGhuslforFajrprayers,oneforZuhrandAsrprayersandonce
againforMaghribandIshaprayers.SheshouldofferAsrprayersimmediatelyafterZuhrprayersandifsheallowedany
lapseoftimebetweenthem,sheshoulddoGhuslagainforAsrprayers.Similarlyifshekeepsanytimegapbetween
MaghribandIshaprayers,sheshoulddoGhuslagainforIshaprayers.)
MAIYIT
GivingGhusl,Kafan,Hunoot,Namaz,andburialtoeverydeadMuslimisWajibeKifaeewhichmeansifsomepeople
undertaketofulfiltheobligation,otherswillberelievedoftheresponsibility.Andifnooneundertakestodoso,allwillbe
equallysinful.
MASSEMAIYIT
IfapersontouchesahumandeadbodywhichhasbecomecoldandhasnotyetbeengivenGhusl(i.e.bringsanypartof
hisownbodyincontactwithit)heshoulddoGhuslregardlessofwhetherhetoucheditwhileasleeporawake,
voluntarilyorotherwise.Ghuslwillalsobewajibifhisnailorbonetouchesthenailorboneofthedeadbody.However,
Ghuslisnotobligatoryifonetouchesadeadanimal.
Najasaatmeansthethingwhichisuncleaninitself,andmakesotherthingsuncleanbycontact.Thereare10Najasaat:
and2.UrineandStoolTheUrineandStoolofthefollowinglivingbeingsareimpure:
HumanBeingsTheanimal,whosemeatisharamtoeat,andwhosebloodgusheswhenitsgreatarteryiscut.Ananimal
whicheatsexcretionAsheepwhichhasbeennursedbyashepigAnanimalwithwhichahumanbeinghashada
sexualintercourse.Semen
Thesemenofhumanbeingsandofeveryanimalwhosebloodgusheswhenitsgreatarteryiscut,isimpure.DeadBody
Thedeadbodyofahumanbeingisimpure.Similarlythedeadbodyofananimalwhosebloodgusheswhile
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slaughteringisimpureifitdiesanaturaldeathoriskilledinamannerotherthanthatprescribedbyreligiouslaw.Asthe
bloodofafishdoesnotgush,itsdeadbodyispure,evenifitdiesinwater.Thosepartsofadeadbody(whetherofa
humanbeingorofananimal)arepurewhichdonotposseslifeinitlikenails,teeth,hair,bones,hornsetc.BloodThe
bloodofahumanbeingandofeveryanimalwhosebloodgusheswhenitsgreatarteryiscutisimpure.Thebloodofa
fishoramosquitoispurebecauseitdoesnotgush.
and7.DogsandPigs
Thedogsandpigswhichliveonlandareimpureandeventheirhair,bones,pawsandeveryliquidsubstanceoftheir
bodyisimpure.However,aquaticdogsandpigsarepure.
Kafir
AkafirisapersonwhodeniesAllahortheDayofJudgment,orassociatesanyoneelsewithAllah,isimpure.Asforthe
peopleoftheScriptures(JewsandChristians)whodonotacceptandbelieveinProphetMuhammed(peacebeonhim
andhisprogeny)theyareknowntobeimpure.
AlcoholicLiquor
AllAlcoholicliquorsandbeverageswhichintoxicateaperson,arenajis.
Beer(Fuqqa)
Note:Sweatofananimalwhopersistentlyeatsnajasatisnajis.
TheNegativeAttributeswhichcannotbefoundinAllahbecausetheyarebelowHis.Theyaremany,butlike"Positive
AttributesOfAllah"onlyeightarelisted.
Theyare:SHAREEK:Theword"Shareek"meansacolleagueorapartner.Allahhasneitheracolleaguenorapartner
inHisDivinity.
MURAKKAB:Thiswordmeans"Compound"or"Mixed".Allahisneithermade,norcomposed,ofanymaterial.He
cannotbedividedevenintheimagination.
MAKAAN:Itmeans"Place".AllahisnotconfinedtoaplaceforHehasnoJISM(body).
HULOOL:Itmeans"entering".NothingentersAllahnordoesHeenteranythingoranybody.Therefore,thebeliefof
IncarnationinanyformisabhorrenttotheconceptionofDivinity.
MAHALLEHAWADIS:Thismeans"subjecttochanges".Allahcannotchange.
MARI:Itmeans"visible".Allahisnotvisible.Hehasnotbeenseen,isnotseenandwillneverbeseen,becauseHeis
notabody.
IHTIYAJ:Itmeans"dependence"or"need".Allahisnotdeficientinanyvirtue,sohedoesnotneedanything.
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SIFATEZAID:Thismeans"addedqualifications".TheattributesofAllaharenotseparatefromHisBeing.Forexample,
wesaythatAllahisAlim,butitdoesnotmeanthatHisknowledgeissomethingseparatefromHisExistence.Infact,there
hasneverbeenatimewhenhewaslessAlimandthenacquiredmoreknowledge.HisKnowledge,HisMercy,His
JusticeandallHisvirtuesandattributesareHisOwnBeing.
ItwillthusbeseenthataccordingtoIslamALLAHisthenameofGodaspercievedinthelightoftheabovePositiveand
NegativeAttributes.Inotherwords,ALLAHistheCreatoroftheUniverse,SelfExistent,thesourceofallperfectionand
freefromalldefects.
ItisnotpossibletoperfectlytranslatethenamesandattributesofAllahfromtheiroriginalArabicintoEnglish.However,
herearesomefairlycloseexplanations.
1.AllahHewhohastheGodhoodwhichisthepowertocreatetheentities.
2.ArRahmanTheOnewhohasplentyofmercyforthebelieversandtheblasphemersinthisworldandespeciallyfor
thebelieversinthehereafter.
3.ArRahimTheOnewhohasplentyofmercyforthebelievers.
4.AlMalikTheOnewiththecompleteDominion,theOneWhoseDominionisclearfromimperfection.
5.AlQuddusTheOnewhoispurefromanyimperfectionandclearfromchildrenandadversaries.
6.AsSalamTheOnewhoisfreefromeveryimperfection.
7.AlMu'minTheOnewhowitnessedforHimselfthatnooneisGodbutHim.AndHewitnessedforHisbelieversthat
theyaretruthfulintheirbeliefthatnooneisGodbutHim.
8.AlMuhayminTheOnewhowitnessesthesayinganddeedsofHiscreatures.
9.AlÂzizTheDefeaterwhoisnotdefeated.
10.AlJabbarTheOnethatnothinghappensinHisDominionexceptthatwhichHewilled.
11.AlMutakabbirTheOnewhoisclearfromtheattributesofthecreaturesandfromresemblingthem.
12.AlKhaliqTheOnewhobringseverythingfromnonexistencetoexistence.
13.AlBari'TheCreatorwhohasthePowertoturntheentities.
14.AlMusawwirTheOnewhoformsHiscreaturesindifferentpictures.
15.AlGhaffarTheOnewhoforgivesthesinsofHisslavestimeandtimeagain.
16.AlQahharTheSubduerwhohastheperfectPowerandisnotunableoveranything.
17.AlWahhabTheOnewhoisGenerousingivingplentywithoutanyreturn.
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18.ArRazzaqTheOnewhogiveseverythingthatbenefitswhether
19.AlFattahTheOnewhoopensforHisslavestheclosedworldyandreligiousmatters.
20.AlÂlimTheKnowledgeableTheOnenothingisabsentfromHisknowledge.
21.AlQabidand22.AlBasitTheOnewhoconstrictsthesustenancebyHiswisdomandexpandsandwidensitwithHis
GenerosityandMercy.
23.AlKhafidand24.ArRafi^TheOnewholowerswhoeverHewilledbyHisDestructionandraiseswhoeverHewilled
byHisEndowment.
25.AlMuîzand26.AlMuthilHegivesesteemtowhoeverHewilled,hencethereisnoonetodegradeHimAndHe
degradeswhoeverHewilled,hencethereisnoonetogiveHimesteem.
27.AsSami^TheOnewhoHearsallthingsthatareheardbyHisEternalHearingwithoutanear,instrumentororgan.
28.AlBasirTheOnewhoSeesallthingsthatareseenbyHisEternalSeeingwithoutapupiloranyotherinstrument.
29.AlHakamHeistheRulerandHisjudgmentisHisWord.
30.AlÂdlTheOnewhoisentitledtodowhatHedoes.
31.AlLatifTheOnewhoiskindtoHisslavesandendowsuponthem.
32.AlKhabirTheOnewhoknowsthetruthofthings.
33.AlHalimTheOnewhodelaysthepunishmentforthosewhodeserveitandthenHemightforgivethem.
34.AlÂzimTheOnedeservingtheattributesofExaltment,Glory,Extolement,andPurityfromallimperfection.
35.AlGhafurTheOnewhoforgivesalot.
36.AshShakurTheOnewhogivesalotofrewardforalittleobedience.
37.AlÂliyyTheOnewhoisclearfromtheattributesofthecreatures.
38.AlKabirTheOnewhoisgreaterthaneverythinginstatus.
39.AlHafizTheOnewhoprotectswhateverandwhoeverHewilledtoprotect.
40.AlMuqitTheOnewhohasthePower.
41.AlHasibTheOnewhogivesthesatisfaction.
42.AjJalilTheOnewhoisattributedwithgreatnessofPowerandGloryofstatus.
43.AlKarimTheOnewhoisclearfromabjectness.
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44.ArRaqibTheOnethatnothingisabsentfromHim.Henceit'smeaningisrelatedtotheattributeofKnowledge.
45.AlMujibTheOnewhoanswerstheoneinneedifheasksHimandrescuestheyearnerifhecallsuponHim.
46.AlWasi^TheKnowledgeable.
47.AlHakimTheOnewhoiscorrectinHisdoings.
48.AlWadudTheOnewholovesHisbelievingslavesandHisbelievingslavesloveHim.HislovetoHisslavesisHis
Willtobemercifultothemandpraisethem:Henceit'smeaningisrelatedtotheattributesoftheWillandKalam(His
attributewithwhichHeordersandforbidsandspoketoMuhammadandMusapeacebeuponthem.Itisnotasound
noralanguagenoraletter.).
49.AlMajidTheOnewhoiswithperfectPower,HighStatus,Compassion,GenerosityandKindness.
50.AlBaîthTheOnewhoresurrectsHisslavesafterdeathforrewardand/orpunishment.
51.AshShahidTheOnewhonothingisabsentfromHim.
52.AlHaqqTheOnewhotrulyexists.
53.AlWakilTheOnewhogivesthesatisfactionandisreliedupon.
54.AlQawiyyTheOnewiththecompletePower.
55.AlMatinTheOnewithextremePowerwhichisuninterruptedandHedoesnotgettired.
56.AlWaliyyTheSupporter.
57.AlHamidThepraisedOnewhodeservestobepraised.
58.AlMuhsiTheOnewhothecountofthingsareknowntohim.
59.AlMubdi'TheOnewhostartedthehumanbeing.Thatis,Hecreatedhim.
60.AlMuîdTheOnewhobringsbackthecreaturesafterdeath.
61.AlMuhyiTheOnewhotookoutalivinghumanfromsementhatdoesnothaveasoul.Hegiveslifebygivingthe
soulsbacktothewornoutbodiesontheresurrectiondayandHemakestheheartsalivebythelightofknowledge.
62.AlMumitTheOnewhorendersthelivingdead.
63.AlHayyTheOneattributedwithalifethatisunlikeourlifeandisnotthatofacombinationofsoul,fleshorblood.
64.AlQayyumTheOnewhoremainsanddoesnotend.
65.AlWajidTheRichwhoisneverpoor.AlWajdisRichness.
66.AlMajidTheOnewhoisMajid.
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67.AlWahidTheOnewithoutapartner.
68.AsSamadTheMasterwhoisrelieduponinmattersandrevertedtoinonesneeds.
69.AlQadirTheOneattributedwithPower.
70.AlMuqtadirTheOnewiththeperfectPowerthatnothingiswithheldromHim.
71.AlMuqaddimand72.AlMu'akhkhirTheOnewhoputsthingsintheirrightplaces.HemakesaheadwhatHewills
anddelayswhatHewills.
73.Al'AwwalTheOnewhoseExistenceiswithoutabeginning.
74.Al'AkhirTheOnewhoseExistenceiswithoutanend.
75.AzZahir76.AlBatinTheOnethatnothingisaboveHimandnothingisunderneathHim,henceHeexistswithouta
place.He,TheExalted,HisExistenceisobviousbyproofsandHeisclearfromthedelusionsofattributesofbodies.
77.AlWaliTheOnewhoownsthingsandmanagesthem.
78.AlMutaâliTheOnewhoisclearfromtheattributesofthecreation.
79.AlBarrTheOnewhoiskindtoHiscreatures,whocoveredthemwithHissustenanceandspecifiedwhoeverHe
willedamongthembyHissupport,protection,andspecialmercy.
80.AtTawwabTheOnewhograntsrepentancetowhoeverHewilledamongHiscreaturesandacceptshisrepentance.
81.AlMuntaqimTheOnewhovictoriouslyprevailsoverHisenemiesandpunishesthemfortheirsins.Itmaymeanthe
Onewhodestroysthem.
82.AlÂfuwwTheOnewithwideforgiveness.
83.ArRa'ufTheOnewithextremeMercy.TheMercyofAllahisHiswilltoendowuponwhoeverHewilledamongHis
creatures.
84.MalikAlMulkTheOnewhocontrolstheDominionandgivesdominiontowhoeverHewilled.
85.ThulJalalwalIkramTheOnewhodeservestobeExaltedandnotdenied.
86.AlMuqsitTheOnewhoisJustinHisjudgment.
87.AjJami^TheOnewhogathersthecreaturesonadaythatthereisnodoubtabout,thatistheDayofJudgment.
88.AlGhaniyyTheOnewhodoesnotneedthecreation.
89.AlMughniTheOnewhosatisfiesthenecessitiesofthecreatures.
90.AlMani^TheSupporterwhoprotectsandgivesvictorytoHispiousbelievers.
91.AdDarrand92.AnNafi^TheOnewhomakesharmreachtowhoeverHewilledandbenefittowhoeverHewilled.
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93.AnNurTheOnewhoguides.
94.AlHadiTheOnewhomwithHisGuidanceHisbeliverswereguided,andwithHisGuidancethelivingbeingshave
beenguidedtowhatisbeneficialforthemandprotectedfromwhatisharmfultothem.
95.AlBadi^TheOnewhocreatedthecreationandformeditwithoutanyprecedingexample.
96.AlBaqiTheOnethatthestateofnonexistenceisimpossibleforHim.
97.AlWarithTheOnewhoseExistenceremains.
98.ArRashidTheOnewhoguides.
99.AsSaburTheOnewhodoesnotquicklypunishthesinners."...NaughtisasHislikenessandHeistheHearer,the
Seer..."Qur'an[42:11]
(Arabictransliteration:HuwaAllathiLaysaKaMithlihiShay'unWaHuwaAsSamiÂlBasir)
Courtesyof:AhlulBaytDigitalIslamicLibraryProject.
ThepositiveattributeswhicharebefittingAllaharemanyinnumber,buteightofthemarelisted.
Theyare:QADEEM:ThismeansthatAllahisEternali.e.Hehasneitherabeginningnoranend.
QAADIR:ItmeansthatAllahisOmnipotent,i.e.Hehaspowerovereverything,andeveryaffair.
AALIM:ItmeansthatAllahisOmniscienti.e.Heknowseverything.NothingeverremainsasecretfromHim.
HAI:meansthatAllahisaliveandwillremainaliveforever.
MUREED:ThismeansthatAllahhasHisowndiscretioninallaffairs.Hedoesnotdoanythingundercompulsion.
MUDRIK:ItmeansthatHeisAllPerceiving,asSami(AllHearing),Baseer(AllSeeing),Haazir(Omnipresent).Allah
seesandhearseverythingthoughHehasneithereyesnorears.
MUTAKALLIM:ItmeansthatAllahisTheMasteroftheword,i.e.HecancreatespeechinanythingasHedidinatreefor
HazratMusa(A.S.)andinthe"CurtainofLight"forHolyProphet(S.A.W.).
SADIQ:ThismeansthatAllahistrueinhiswordsandpromises.
ItisimpossibletofixanylimitstoHisattributes.ThislistisnotexhaustivebutisessentialtounderstandtheGloryofAllah.
TheattributesarenotacquiredbutinherentintheconceptionofDivinity.
ApersonforwhomitisobligatorytoofferPrayerofEhtiyatshouldmaketheintentionofsuchprayerimmediatelyafter
Salamofprayers,withoutlookingawayfromtheQiblaordoinganythingwhichinvalidatesthePrayers,dotheTakbirand
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reciteSurahalHamdandthenperformtheRuuku,thetwoSajdahs,TashahhudandSalam.Incase,however,itis
obligatoryforhimtoperformtwounitsofPrayerofEhtiyat,heshouldperformafterthetwoSajdahs,anotherunitlikethe
firstoneandthenreciteTashahhudandSalam.
Note:InPrayerofEhtiyatthereisnosecondsurahorqonoot.
SAJDATUSSAHV
AftertheSalamoftheprayeroneshouldoffertwosajdatussahvforeveryoneofthefollowingthings:
OnehastalkedbymistakeinPrayerOnehasleftoneSajdahsbymistakeOnehasforgottenTashahhudbymistakeOne
hasrecitedSalamatthewrongplacebymistakeHasaddedoromittedbymistakeanysuchthingwhichisnotRuknor
Inthe4UnitPrayer,afterthesecondSajdahonedoubtswhetheritwasthe4thor5thunit.
HowtodoSajdatusSahv
SoonafterfinishingthePrayer,oneimmediatelymakestheintentionandgoestoSajdahandrecite"Bismillahewa
billaheAssalaamualaikaaiyuhanNabiyyuwarahmatullahewabarakatuh",andthenonesitsandperformtheother
SajdahinthesamewayasthefirstoneandsitsandreciteTashahhudandSalam.(Itisenoughtosay"Assalamu
alaykumwaRahmatullahewabarakatuhforSalam.)
Note:IfthePrayerofEhtiyatisalsotobeperformeditmustbeperformedbeforeSajdatusSahv.
Thereare12thingswhichmakeimpureobjectspure.
WATER
Waterisoftwokinds
Mutlaq(purewater)
Mutlaqisof5kinds:RainwaterRunningwaterWellwaterStillwateraboutKurormorethanaKur(AbeKathir)andStill
waterlessthanaKur(AbeKaleel).Muzaf(mixedwater)
WatercleansesaNajisthingontheconditionthatwateris(1)Mutlaq,and(2)clean(Tahir),and(3)doesnotbecome
MozafbycomingintocontactwiththatNajasat,and(4)alltheNajasatiswashedawayfromthatNajisthing.
Rainwater,runningwater(likesea,river,stream,springetc.)andwellwatermakethingscleanifwashedonceafter
removingtheNajasaat.ButifanythingbecomesNajisbyurineitmustbewashedtwice.Itisbettertowashtwiceevenin
otherNajasaats.
Clothesshouldbesqueezedaftereverywashingasdescribedabove.
StillwaterwhichisjustaKurormorethanaKur,also,makesthingscleaninthesameway.
ThesewaterscannotbeuncleanbymerecontactwithNajasaat.Theywillbeuncleanifeithertheirtaste,colororsmellis
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changedbythatcontact.
StillwaterwhichislessthanaKurbecomesuncleanbyjustcomingintocontactwithaNajasaat.Tocleansewithclean
stillwater,itisnecessarytowashtwotimesafterremovingtheNajasaat.Itisbettertowashthreetimes.
Thewaterrunningfromthepipesinthehousesistreatedasriverwatersolongasitisrunning.
PotsmustbecleansedthreetimeswithwaterwhichislessthanaKur,andonceifitiswashedinKurorrunningwater.
IfaPiglicksthepot,thenitshouldbewashedseventimeswhetherthewaterisrunningorKurorlessthanthat.
Thesameistheruleifaratdiesinapot.
IfaDoglicksthepot,itshouldberubbedwithwetcleanearththoroughlythen,afterwashingawaytheearth,itshouldbe
washedtwicewithwaterwhichislessthanaKur,oronceinKurorrunningwater.
IfapotbecomesNajisbyliquor,itmustbewashedthreetimes,whateverthekindofwater.
Note:AKurisabout384litersofwater.
EARTH
Theearthmakescleanthesoleoftheshoeorfeet,buttherearefourconditionsforit:TheNajasaatmusthavebeen
contactedfromwalkingontheearthItisremovedbywalkingontheearthTheearthiscleanandDry.
Note:Thisruledoesnotapplytotheendofthestickorwheelsofcarorcartsetc.
SUN
Thesunmakescleanthosethingswhichcannotbemovedlikewall,tree,earthetc.IftheNajasaatisremoved,andthe
placeortreeetc.iswet,andthenitbecomesdrybydirectraysofthesun,itbecomesclean.Ifitdriesbyhotaircombined
withthesunsrays,orjustbyhotair,orbysunsheatwithoutdirectrays,itwillnotbeclean.
ISTIHALA
Itmeans"change".Ifanajisthingischangedintoacleanthing(chemically),itwillbecomeclean.Forexample,aNajis
stickburntturnstoashesorifadogafterdeathischangedintoearth,thatearthwillbeclean.
INQUILAB
ItissimilartotheIstihala.ThedifferenceisthatinIstihala,theshapeandform,allarechanged,whileinInquilab,onlythe
propertiesarechanged.Itsonlyexample:Ifwinebecomesvinegar,itisInquilab.ByInquilab,itwillbecomeclean.
Note:Ifgrapejuiceisfermented,eitherbyfireorbyitself,itistodrink.Butifthatfermentedliquidisboiledonfireandits
twothirdsareevaporatedtheremainingonethirdwillbecomeHalal.
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INTIKAL
Itmeanstochangeplace.Ifamosquitosucksthebloodofamanandthereisagapoftime,sothatthebloodiscalledthe
bloodofmosquito,itwillbecomeclean.
ISLAM
KafirbecomescleanafteracceptingIslam.
TABAIAT
Thefollowingthingsbecomecleanbyit:WhenaKafirbecomesMuslim,hisminorchildrenbecomecleanautomatically.
IfawellbecomesNajisandthewateristakenoutofituntilitbecomesclean,thenthewallofthewell,thebucketandthe
ropewillbecomecleanautomatically.WhilewashingNajisthingsourhandsbecomeuncleanbutwhenthatthing
becomesclean,ourhandswillbecomecleanautomatically.Ifthewinebecomesvinegarandthusbecomesclean,the
potinwhichitwas,willbecomecleanautomatically.Woodplankorcement/stoneslabsuponwhichthebodyofadead
Muslimiswashed,aswellasthepieceofclothusedtocoverhisshiddenparts,andalsothehandsoftheperson
washingthebodybecomecleanwhentheGhusleMeyyitiscompleted.ZAWALEAINIfthereisanyNajasaatonthe
bodyofananimal,itwillbecomecleanifthatNajasaatisjustremovedorrubbedoutfromhisbody.Likewise,theinner
partsofhumanbody,likemouthandstomach,becomecleaniftheNajasaatisjustremovedfromthem.Eyelids,lipsand
denturesarenotincludedinthisrule.
ISTIBRA
TheurineandthestooloftheanimalwhicheatstherefuseofmanareNajisandtheonlywayofitsTaharatisIstibrai.e.
guardingitfromabovementionedNajisfeedforacertainprescribedperiod.Thisperiodis40daysforaCamel30days
foraCow10daysforaSheepandGoat5to7daysforaDuckand3daysforaHen.
IfanyoftheseanimalsarekeptawayfromtherefuseofmanfortheprescribedperioditsurineandstoolbecomeTahir,
providedthat,attheendofthatperiod,theyarenomorecalledrefuseeatinganimals.
GHAIBATEMUSLIM
IfthereisaMuslim,whoisstrictfolloweroftheShariatandanyofhisclothesorthingsbecomesNajis,thenhegoesout
ofyoursightlongenoughtoenablehimtomakeitclean,thenhecomesbackandyouseehimusingthatclothin
Namaz,forexample,thenyoumustbelievethathehascleansedthatcloth,otherwise,hewouldnothaveuseditin
Namaz.ItiscalledGhaibateMuslim,whichmeans"AbsenceofMuslim".
FLOWINGOFBLOOD
WhenaHalalanimalisslaughteredaccordingtotherulesofSheriat,anditsbloodflowsoutofitsbodyinsuchaquantity
whichisnormalinthatkindofanimal,thebloodwhichremainsinitsbodybecomesClean.
ButthatbloodwhichremainsinthoseorgansofbodywhichareHaram(likeSpleen,Bladderetc.)mustbeavoided.
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Signprayersbecomeobligatorywhenanyofthefollowingconditionsarepresent:Solareclipse(whetherpartialor
complete).Lunareclipse(whetherpartialorcomplete).EarthquakeThunderofthecloudsandlightning,redandblack
cyclonesandothersimilaroccurrences,whichnormallycreatesfearinpeople.
TheobligatoryprecautionisthatbesidestheeventsmentionedtheofferingofSignPrayersshouldnotbeabandonedin
theeventofcertainterrestrialevents,e.g.ifthewaterofthesearecedesorthemountainsfall,becauseofwhichpeople
areusuallyfrightened.
Ifthereoccurseveralevents,whichmakeofferingofSignsPrayersobligatory,oneshouldofferseparateSignsPrayers
foreachoccurrence.
IfitbecomesnecessaryforapersontoofferanumberofSignsPrayersitisnotnecessaryforhim,whileofferingthe
lapsedprayers,tospecifytheevent,forwhichheisofferingaparticularlapsedSignsPrayers.
OfferingofSignsPrayersisobligatoryfortheresidentsofonlythattowninwhichtheeventoccurs,thatisifyouwereable
toseeorfeelit.
IntheeventofSolarorLunareclipseSignsPrayersshouldbeofferedwhentheeclipsecommencesandshouldnotbe
delayedtillsuchtimethatthesunorthemoonmaystartcomingoutoftheeclipse.
SignsPrayersisnotobligatoryforawomenwhoisinHayzorNifas,anditisnotobligatoryforhertooffertheQazaofit.
Ifapersondidnotknowaboutthesunorthemooneclipse,andcametoknowaftertheeclipsewasover,heshouldoffer
itsqazaifitwasatotaleclipse,andifhecomestoknowthattheeclipsewaspartial,qazawillnotbeobligatory.
IfSignsPrayersbecomesobligatoryonapersonatthetimeofdailyprayers,andifhehasenoughtimeathisdisposalfor
both,hecanofferanyofthemfirst.Ifthetimeforoneofthemisshort,heshouldofferthedailyprayersfirst.
IfapersonrealizesduringthedailyprayersthatthetimeforSignsPrayersisshort,andifthetimefordailyprayersisalso
short,heshouldcompletethedailyprayersandthenofferSignsPrayers.Butifthetimeforthedailyprayersisnotshort,
heshouldbreakthatprayersandfirstofferSignsPrayersandthenofferthedailyprayers.
IfapersonrealizeswhileofferingSignsPrayers,thatthetimefordailyprayersisshort,heshouldleaveSignsPrayers
andstartofferingdailyprayers.Aftercompletingthedailyprayers,andbeforeperforminganyactwhichinvalidatesthe
prayers,heshouldstartSignsPrayersfromwhereheleft.
MethodsofOfferingSignsPrayers
SignsPrayersconsistsoftworakats,andtherearefiveRukuineach.Itsmethodisasfollows:Aftermakingniyyatof
offeringtheprayers,oneshouldsaytakbir(AllahuAkber)andreciteSurahalHamdandotherSurah,andthenperform
theRuku.Thereafter,heshouldstandandreciteSurahalHamdandaSurahandthenperformanotherRuku.Heshould
repeatthisactionfivetimes,and,whenhestandsafterthefifthRuku,heshouldperformtwoSajdah,andthenstandupto
performthesecondRakatinthesamemannerashehasdoneinthefirst.ThenheshouldrecitetashahhudandSalaam.
AlltherulesofthedailyprayersalsoapplytotheSignsPrayers.
TayammumshouldbeperformedinsteadofWudhuorGhuslinthefollowingsevenconditions:Whenitisnotpossibleto
findsufficientwaterforperformingWudhuorGhusl
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Ifapersonisunabletofindwateronaccountofoldageorweaknessorduetofearofathieforabeastorbecausehe
doesnotpossessmeanstodrawwaterfromawell,heshouldperformtayammum.Thesameorderwouldapplyincase
thetroubletoacquirewaterisusuallyconsideredtobeunbearable.
Ifapersonfearsthatifheuseswaterhislifewillbeindangerorhewillsufferfromsomeailmentordefectinhisbodyor
theailmentfromwhichheisalreadysufferingwillbecomeacuteorsomecomplicationswillariseinitstreatment.
However,ifwarmwaterisnotinjuriousforhim,heshouldperformWudhuwithitandalsodoGhuslwithitincasesin
whichGhuslisobligatory.
IfapersonfearsthatifheuseswatertodoGhusl,ortoperformWudhu,hewillbeinvolvedinhardship,heshould
performTayammumunderthefollowing3cases:IncasehefearsthatifheusesthewaterforGhuslorWudhu,hewillbe
involvedinanacutethirst,whichmayresultinhisillnessordeath,orwhichitwillbeveryhardforhimtobear
IncasehefearsthatintheeventofhisdoingGhuslorWudhu,thepeoplewhosecareisobligatoryforhimmaybecome
illordieonaccountofthirst,
and,Incasehefears,onaccountoflackofwater,forothers(whetherhumanbeingsoranimals)besideshimself,and
theirdeath,illnessorrestlessnessisunpleasantforhim.
IntheabsenceofanyoneormoreofthethreeconditionsmentionedaboveitisnotpermissibletoperformTayammum
whenwaterisavailable.Ifthebodyordressofapersonisimpureandhepossessesonlysomuchwaterthatitislikelyto
beexhaustedifhetakesabathorwasheshisdressheshould,onthebasisofprecaution,takeabathorwashhisdress,
andofferhisprayerafterperformingTayammum.However,ifhedoesnotpossessanythingwithwhichtoperform
tayammumheshouldusethewaterforbathingorforWudhuandofferhisprayerswithimpurebodyordress.
Ifapersonpossessunlawfulwaterorcontainer,heshouldperformtayammuminsteadofGhuslorWudhu.
WhenthetimeleftforofferingprayersissoshortthatifapersondoestheGhuslorWudhuhewouldbeobligedtooffer
theentireprayersorapartthereofaftertheprescribedtime,heshouldperformtayammum.
IfapersonintentionallydelaysofferingtheprayerssomuchthatnotimeisleftforGhuslorWudhuhewillhave
committedasin,buttheprayersofferedbyhimafterperformingtayammumwillbeinorder,althoughrecommended
precautionisthatheshouldalsooffertheprayersinquestionagainafterperformingtheGhuslorWudhu,whateverthe
casemaybe.
Incaseapersonisdoubtfulwhetherornotanytimewillbeleftforprayers,incasehedoestheGhuslorWudhu,he
shouldperformtayammumandthenofferprayers.
ThingsonwhichTayammummaybePerformedPerformanceoftayammumonearth,sand,alumpofclayorastonein
order,buttherecommendedprecautionisthatifearthisavailabletayammumshouldnotbeperformedonanythingelse.
Incaseearthisnotavailableitshouldbeperformedonsandoralumpofclayandfailingthatonastone.Itisinorderto
performtayammumongypsumorlimestone.Onthebasisofobligatoryprecaution,however,tayammumshouldnotbe
performed,withoutproperexcuse,onbakedgypsumorlimeorbakedbricksormineralstones.
Ifitisnotpossibleforapersontoprocureearth,sand,lumpofclayorstone,heshouldperformtayammumonthedust
whichmayhavesettledonacarpetordress.Andincaseevenifdustisnotavailableheshouldperformtayammumon
wetearth.Andifnoneofthesethingsareavailableheshould,onthebasisofrecommendedprecaution,offerprayers
withoutperformingtayammum,anditisobligatorythatheshouldalsoofferhisprayersagain.
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ThethingsonwhichapersonperformstayammumshouldbepureandMubahnotGhasbi
,andifhehasnopurethingonwhichtayammumisinorder,itisnotobligatoryforhimtoofferprayers.Heshould
however,offerlapsedprayers.
HowtodoTayammum.Niyyat:IamdoingtayammuminplaceofWudhuorGhusl,sothatmyprayerorfastmaybe
correct,WajiborSunnatQurbatanilallah.Strikepalmsofbothhandstogetheruponthingsonwhichtayammumis
correct.Justputtingthehandsuponearthetc.isnotenough.(Fig1.)Pullbothpalmstogetherfromthebeginningofthe
foreheaddowntothepointofthenose.Bothsidesoftheforeheadjoiningtheearsshouldbeincluded.(Fig2a&2b)
Thenpulltheleftpalmuponthebackoftherighthandfromtheprojectingsmallboneonthejointofpalmandarmupto
thefingertips.Thenpulltherightpalmonthebackoftheleftpalmlikewise.Strikethepalmstogetheruponearthetc.
secondtime.Pulltheleftpalmonthebackoftherighthand,asexplainedabovePulltherightpalmonthebackoftheleft
hand,asexplainedabove.
Whileperformingtayammumoneshouldremovetheringheorsheiswearingandalsoremoveanyobstructionwhich
maybepresentonhisforeheadoronthepalmsorbackofhishands.
Incaseapersonhasawoundonhisforeheadorthebackofhishandsanditisbandagedwithaclothorsomethingelse
whichcannotberemoved,heshouldwipehishandsonit.Andinthecasethathehasabandageonhishandswhich
cannotberemovedthenheshouldstrikehishandsalongwiththebandage.
Apersonwhoseobligationistayammumcannotperformitunlessthetimeforprayerssetsin,howeverifthereisa
probabilitythathisexcusewillceasetoexistbeforethetimeforprayersisoveritisbetterthatheshouldnotofferthe
prayersduringtheearlierpartofthetime.
Ifapersonperformstayammumonaccountofnonavailabilityofwaterorbecauseofsomeotherexcusehistayammum
becomesvoidwhenthatobstacleceasestoexist.
IfsomeGhuslsaretobeperformedbyapersonbuthecannotdotheGhuslitisokaytoperformonetayammum,butitis
recommendedtodothatforeveryoneofthoseGhuslsheshouldperformonetayammum.
IfapersonperformstayammuminlieuofGhusleJanabathecandohisprayers,howeverifheperformstayammumin
lieuofotherGhuslthenheshoulddoanothertayammuminlieuofWudhu.
Introduction
TherearevariousdefinitionsofanddifferentconceptsaboutDeathasheldbydifferentpersonalities,religionaswellas
others.SomemaysayDeathistheendwhileotherssayDeathisameanstoenterthepermanentphaseoflife'.
"Totheignorant,deathmeanstheendoflife,whileinrealityitisbuttheeveningleadingtothedawnofEternallife."
AccordingtoanEnglishScholar:"Deathisaslavetoothermeansofexpiration.ForinstanceonecannotachieveDeath
unlesshemeetssomeaccident,hasillnessmaybeheartfailure,poisoning,afall,etc."
Thereisnoescapefromdeath.
Deathisaworddreadbymostofthepeople,butlittledotheyrealise,thateverythingwhichcomesintoexistencefrom
nothing,hastoperish,decayordieoneday.Thisisthelawofnature.Howeverhardonemaytry,thesciencemayreach
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itszenith,thereisnoescapefromdeath.
TheHolyQur'anemphaticallydeclares:"Wheneveryouwillbe,deathwillovertakeyou,evenifyouarein(strongand)
loftytowers".(anNisa,4:78)
"Everyoneonitwillperish.ButwillremainforevertheFaceoftheLord,theGloriousandGracious."
"Everysoulmusttastedeath,(andwetestyoubyevilandgoodbywayoftrialandtousyoushallbebroughtback)."
Howdoesdeathcome?
Attheapproachofdeath,whentheeyes,earsandtongueceasetofunction,thepersonconcernedsees(inspiritual
vision)threethingswhichclaimtobefriends:Oneofthemsays,"Iwillremainwithyoutillyourdeath."(Thatfriendhis
worldlywealthandassets).
"Iwillaccompanyyoutillthedoorofyourgrave."(Andthisishischildren).
Butonefriendsays."Iamwithyouforever,inlifeaswellasdeath."(thesearehisdeedsofthisworld)
Whentimecomesforamantodie,Allahsendstwoangels:
MUSHKIYAHOnewhomakeshimgenerous,and
MUNSIYYAHOnewhomakeshimforget.
i.e.MUSHKIYAHmakeshimgenerouswithhisfamilywealthMUNSIYYAHmakeshimforgetallworldlyaffairs.
Alsotwootherangelsvisitthedyingman:
RAQUEEBComestodelivertherecordofgooddeeds,and,
ATEEDComestodelivertherecordofbaddeeds.ImamAli(A)hassaid:"Whoeverdies,seesme,whetherheisa
believerorahypocrite."
Sofarasthebelieversareconcerned,theybecomehappytoseetheImam(A),butthehypocritesbecomesadwhen
theyseehim.>
Whentheseangelshavedonetheirjob,theAngelofDeath(MalakulMaut/Isra'il)arrivesandtellshimnottoworry
(especiallyifhehasgoodrecordofhisdeeds):
"ByAllah,Iamkindertoyouthenyourfather.Nowopenyoureyesandlook."
Thenthedyingperson'sspiritualeyesareopened.
Thenhehearsthefollowingcall(presentintheHolyQur'an)"Osoulthatareatrest!Returntoyourlord,wellpleased
withHim,wellpleasingHim.Soenteramongmyservantsandenterintomygardens."(alFajr,89:2730)
Atthattimethebelieversonlywishistodieassoonaspossiblesothathemayreachthatcaller.Thus,thebeliever
leavesthisworldwithoutanysorrowandwithoutanycare.AndAllahgiveshimdeathwhenhehimselfdesiresdeath
aboveallthings,sothathemayreachtheMessengerofAllah.
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Barzakh
Barzakhliterallymeans"Barrier".IthasbeenusedfortheperiodbetweenDeathandtheDayofResurrection(ietheday
whenallhumanbeingswillbebroughtbacktolife).DuringBarzakh,one'scorrectbeliefandgooddeedsalonewill
assisthiminhavingapeacefultime.
ImamJa'farasSadiq(A)hassaid:"Wewillintercede(askforforgiveness)onyourbehalfontheDayofJudgement,but,
byAllah,IamworriedaboutyoufortheperiodwhenyouwouldbeinBarzakh"
Sinnerswillbepunishedduringthisperiod.TheHolyQur'anconfirmstheperiodofBarzakhsaying,"......Andbeforethem
isabarrieruntilthedaytheyareraised."(alMu'minoon,23:100)
TheGroupsInBarzakh:
Thereare3groupsinBarzakh:
Thetrueperfectbelievers
ThisgroupofpeopleareperfectintheirFaithandvirtuousintheirdeeds.Theylivedablamelesslife,andiftherewas
somemistakeorsin,theirworldlytroubleslike,illness,poverty,deathofnearanddearones,troublesomeneighbours,
and/oragonyatthetimeofDeathweresufficienttobecountedaspaymentforthesinstheycommitted.
AllahknowsthattheydeserverewardbutsincetheDayofJudgementhasnotyetcome,theycannotbesentto
Paradise.BytheruleofthelawtheyshouldbeleftwithoutanyrewardtilltheyareresurrectedbutbytheMercyofAllah,
theyarequestionedabouttheirbeliefsandongivingcorrectanswers,theyenterastateofBliss,whichgivesthemthe
satisfactionofknowingthattheirfutureissecure.Theyfindpleasureandhappinessintheirgraveandwaiteagerlyfor
theDayofResurrection.
Theconfirmedunbelieversandhypocrites
Thesearethepeoplewhoselivesweredevoidofgooddeeds,oriftherewereanygooddeedsperformed,theworldly
blessingsofhealth,wealth,goodfamilyandfriends,prestigeandpower,etcand/ortheeaseatthetimeofdeathwere
sufficientrewards.
AllahknowsthatthereplaceisinHellbutHedoesnotsendthemtherebeforetheDayofJudgement.So,togiveafore
tasteoftheirpunishment,theyarequestionedabouttheirbeliefs,andwhentheydonotgivecorrectanswers,their
gravesareturnedintocellsofpunishmentandtheywishthatQiyamahwouldnotcomeatall.
Note:TherewardorpunishmentofBarzakhisdifferentfromthatofParadiseorHell.Therewardorpunishmentof
BarzakhisfortheSoulonly.Itisforthisreasonthatwedonotseeanyonebeingrewardedorpunishedinthegrave.In
thetraditionofMa'sumeen(A)ithasbeencomparedtohappydreamsornightmares.
Neitherperfectbelieversnorconfirmedbelievers
Thesearethechildren,theinsane,thosewhoforsomereasonoranothercouldnotdifferentiatetherightpathfromthe
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wrongpath,thosewhoweresofaroutoftheIslamicEnvironmentthattheywerenotawareofthetruthofIslam,those
whodidnotknowaboutIslambutyetwerenotenemiesofIslam,thosewhosereligiousbeliefswerenotbasedupon
logicalunderstandingbutjustfollowedwhattheirfamilieswerefollowing,thosenonbelieverswholovetheHolyProphet
(S)andtheAhlulBayt(A)withoutknowingthattheyweretheTrueGuidessentbyAllah.
Suchpeoplewillnotbesubjectedtothequestioningandsqueezinginthegrave.Theywillleftinastatelikedeep
slumber,andAllahwilldecideaboutthemontheDayofJudgement.Tillthen,thereisneitherrewardnorpunishmentfor
them.
Afterthesemaingroups,therestillremainsagroupinbetween.Thisgroupisofthosebelieverswhohadcommittedso
manysinsthatcouldnotbewipedoutbytheworldlytroublesandagonyofdeath.IfAllahdecidesthatsuchabeliever
shouldcomeontheDayofJudgementcleanfromallblemishesandfreefromallsins,thenHemayputhimunder
punishmentduringBarzakh.ItisthispunishmentwhichhasbeenreferredtointheHadithbyImamJa'farasSadiq(A):
"Wewillintercedeonyourbehalfonthedayofjudgementbut,byAllah,Iamworriedaboutyouwhilstyouwouldbein
Barzakh."
Ontheotherhand,ifAllahdecidestoleavethiscaseinsuspensetillQiyamah,thenitwillfallunderthe3rdgroup.
AllthesethingsdependuponthejusticeandmercyofAllah.Wehavenotbeentoldenoughtoknowallthedetailsabout
allthegroups.Itisaboutthe1st,2ndandlastgroupofpeoplewhowillbepunishedinBarzakh,thattheHolyprophet(S)
hassaid:
"Whenonedies,hisQiyamahstarts."
QuestioningInTheGrave
Accordingtotraditions,afteronehasbeenburiedandthosewhocametoburyhimgoaway(itissaidthat40stepsaway
fromthegraveissufficient),twoangelscomeintothegrave.OneiscalledMunkar,theotherNakir.Thesouliscausedto
reenterthebodyforquestioning.Thentheperson(nowaliveagain)isasked:
"WhoisyourRabb(Lord)?WhoisyourProphet?WhatisyourReligion?WhatisyourBook?WhatisyourQiblah?Who
areyourImams?
Talqeenpreparesthedeadpersontoanswerallthesequestions.Sinceitteachesthedeadbodythecorrectanswerto
thequestionswhicharetobeasked.
Whoeverwouldanswerthequestionscorrectlywouldgetcomfortandmercyinhisgraveandthegardenofblissinthe
Akhiratandwhoeverwouldnotanswercorrectly,forhimwouldbethefareofboilingwaterinhisgraveandHellinthe
nextworld.
QuestioninginthegraveincludesquestionsaboutSalaat,Zakaat,Haj,FastingandtheloveforAhlulBait(A).Ifheisa
believerandanswerscorrectly,theangelstellhimtosleeppeacefully,andadoorisopenedintohisgravefromthe
paradiseheseeshisplaceintheparadise,thenhissoulistakenoutofthebodyandisplacedintheneighbourhoodof
the14Ma'sumeen(A).
AfterthequestioninginthegravebyMunkarandNakirtheangels,MubashirandBashir,cometocongratulatethe
believersiftheyhaveansweredsuccessfully.
AgaintheloveforImamAli(A)helpsduringthequestioning.OurHolyProphet(S)toldImamAli(A):
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"Thosewholoveyouwillbegladinthreeplaces:
Atthetimeofdeath.(Becauseyouwillbetherevisitingthem)Atthequestioninginthegrave(Asyouwillbeteaching
themthecorrectreplies)AtthetimeofcomingbeforeAllah(andyouwillbethereintroducingthem)."
Ifheisnotabeliever,anddoesnotanswercorrectly,thentheangelspunishhimwithandadoorisopenedfromthehell
intohisgrave.
Afterthequestioninginthegrave,thesoulofabelieverissenttoWadiusSalaam(theValleyofPeace)andthatofan
unbelievertoWadiulBarhut(theValleyofTurmoil/Trouble).TheValleyofpeaceissaidtobeinNajaf,wherethesoulof
thebelieversremaininpeacewaitingfortheDayofJudgementandtheValleyoftroubleissaidtobeinYemen,where
thesoulsofthehypocritesandunbelieversremaininturmoil,afraidoftheapproachingoftheDayofResurrection.
SqueezingInTheGrave(FishareQabr):
ImamJa'farasSadiq(A)hassaid:
"Whoeverissubjecttothequestioninginthegrave,isalsosqueezedbythegravetherein,andtheonewhoisexempted
fromquestioning,isexemptedfromthesqueezealso."
Forsomebelieversthesqueezewillbeliketwofriendembracingeachother.Forsomesinfulbelievers,thesqueezing
willbesevereenoughtofracturetheribs.Fornonbelievers,thesqueezingwillbeworst.
Thesqueezingisnotdependentuponthecorpsebeingburiedintheearth.InthewordsofImam(A.S.):"Thelordofthe
earthisalsothelordoftheatmosphere."
Andthecorpsewouldbesqueezed,ifitdeservedit,nomatterinwhatconditionorplaceithappenstobe.
OnceacompanionofImamAliarRidha(A)askedhimastowhathehadtosayaboutthosedeadoneswho,though
liabletobesubjectedtothesqueezeinthegrave,couldnotactuallybeburiedintheground.Imam(A)replied:
"Ifbyvirtueoftheirdeedstheyareentitledtopunishmentinthegrave,theywillreceiveit,nomatterwheretheyliedead,
orinwhateverformtheyhappentobein.Theirsoulwillreceivethesamepainfultreatmentasthebodyreceivesthrough
thissevereembraceofthegrave."
Raj'atQiyamateSughra
Priortothetotalresurrection,theFinalDayofJudgementorReckoning,therewillbeaperiodofRaj'atorQiyamate
Sughrai.e.PartialresurrectionwhereintheHolyProphet(S)andtheAhleBait(A),agroupofpeopleperfectinfaithand
belief,andagroupofextremelywickedpeoplewillbebroughttolifeagain.Thiswilltakeplaceduringtheperiodwhen
theexpectedandtheawaitedImamMahdi(A),thetwelfthandthelastsuccessoroftheHolyProphet(S)willappearon
thisearth.
ImamJa'farasSadiq(A)says:
"HewhodoesnotbelieveinourRaj'at(return)isnotfromus."
ThusbeliefinRaj'atisanarticleoffaith.
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IslamdemandsaMuslimtoessentiallybelieveinthereturnofeverythingtotheLordfortheFinalJudgementofevery
soulwithregardtoitsfaithandactions.TherearerepeateddeclarationsintheHolyQur'an,informingmanofthisDay
andwarninghimtobeonguardinthislifeonearth,againsttheRequitalwhichissureandcertaintotakeplace.Itisthe
convictionaboutthisfactthatwouldkeepman,ontherightpath,dulyguardedagainsthisaccountability.Itisnaturalthat
whenanindividualisnotmindfulofhisorheraccountability,nothingwouldstophimorher,tocommitanysinorcrime
andwiththesenseofone'saccountabilityonewouldneverdaretoexceedthelimits,andwouldalwaysremainguarded.
AMuslimshouldandmustbelieveinQiyamahandlivesuchacleanlifewhichwouldhelphimtopasstheDivine
Judgementeasilyandearnthelifeeternaloftheheavenlybliss.ThefifthprincipleofthefaithisthebeliefinQiyamah.
Thefaithinthisprincipleiscompulsory.
Everyhumanbeingisindividuallyaccountableforeachone'sfaithanddeeds.TheHolyQur'andeclares:
"AndforallaccordingtowhattheydidandthatHemayfullyrecompensetheirdeeds,"andtheyshallnotbedoneany
injustice."(alAhqaf,46:19)
Afterdeath,allhumanbeingswillberesurrectedtoberewardedandpunishedaccordingtoeachindividual'searningsof
virtueandviceinthislife."Thepresentlifeisonlyaseasonforcultivationoreffort,andthelifeafterdeathwillbethe
periodofharvestortheresult.Thislife,isforcreatingcausesforeffectsinthehereafter.Asonesowsnow,sothenshall
bereap.
FirstAndSecondTrumpets
ThesoundofthetrumpetwillbethefirststageoftheDayofJudgement.AllahhasmentioneditinmanyayatsoftheHoly
Qur'an.Anexampleofsuchanayat:"AndtheTrumpetshallbeblown,thenshallswoon(die)whoeverisinheavensand
whoeverisintheearth,.Thenthe(Trumpet)shallbeblownagainandlo!theyshallstandupawaiting(theyshallwake
upagain)."
Sothetrumpetwillbeblowntwice.Whenitwillbeblownforthefirsttime,people(andeverylivingthing)willdie.Afterit
isblownforthesecondtime,everyonewillwakeupandindeeditwillbetheDayofJudgement.
ImamZainulAbedeen(A)wasasked:"Howmuchtimewillpassbetweenthetwoblowingsofthetrumpet?Hesaid:"As
muchasAllahwouldplease."Thenhewasasked:"Thenpleasetellme,OSonoftheMessengerofAllah,howthe
trumpetwillbeblown?"
TheImam(A)said:
"Sofarasthefirstblowingisconcerned,verilyAllahwillcommandangelIsrafil,whowillcometowardstheearth,and
withhimwillbeaTrumpetandtheTrumpetwillhaveonemouthpieceandtwotubesandthespacebetweenthetwo
tubeswillbelikethatbetweentheskyandearth.
"WhentheangelswillseeIsrafildescendtwardstheearthwithhisTrumpet,theywillsay,'Verily,Allahhasorderedthe
inhabitantsofearthtodie,andtheinhabitantsofheaventodie.'
"ThenIsrafilwillblowthetrumpetonceandthevoicewillcomeoutofthatsidewhichistowardstheearthandallliving
beingsontheearthwilldieandthenthevoicewillcomeoutfromthesidewhichistowardstheheaven,andallliving
thingsintheheavenswilldie.
"ThenAllahwillsaytoIsrafil:'OIsrafil,die.'Andhewilldietoo.AndtheywillremainlikethisaslongasAllahwould
wish."
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TheImam(A)continues:
"ThenAllahwillcreatealoudvoicewhichwillbeheardthroughouttheearthandtheheaven:'WhoseistheKingdom
thisday?'.Noonewillgiveanyanswer(astherewillbenonealive)thenHewillanswerHimselfcreatingaloudvoice:'It
isOfAllah,theOne,theSubduer(HolyQur'an40:16)Isubduedallthecreaturesandgavethemdeathverily,IamAllah,
thereisnoGodexceptIalone,thereisnopartnerformeandImadethecreaturesbymypowerandImadethemdieby
MywillandIshallresurrectthembymyPower.
"ThenAllah(wheneverhedecides)willcausethesecondblowingoftheTrumpetthevoicewillcomeoutfromtheside
whichistowardstheheavensinhabitantstherewillbecomealiveandwillstandasbefore,andthesamewilhappento
thepeopleoftheearth.Peoplewillnowbegatheredforreckoning(givingaccountsoftheirgoodandbaddeeds).Itis
indeedtheDaytheDayofJudgementorQiyamah.
Hisab
Thereisalifeafterdeath.WewillalldieandwewillallberaisedagainafterdeathontheDayofJudgementandwillbe
judgedaccordingtoourbeliefsanddeedssothatapiouspersonwillberewardedandasinfulpersonwillbepunished.
Ifapersonhadatruefaithanddidgooddeeds,Prayed,FastedduringRamadhan,paidZakatandKhums,gaveto
charity,lookedafterorphans,fedthepoorandothersuchthings,hewouldreceivethegraceofAllahandwillbesentto
Paradise.TherewillbemanysignsbeforetheDayofJudgement.Oneofthesesignsisthereappearanceofthe12th
Imam(A).Hewillreappearwhentheworldwillbecomefullofinjustice.HazratIsa(A)willcomedowntohelphimn
spreadingthetruefaithandImamMahdi(A)willrulethewholeworld.Theothersignsarerisingofthesunfromthewest
andtheHolyQur'anbeingtakenup.
TheDayofJudgementwillbeof50,000yearslongandthesunwillbeverylowandtheearthwillberedhotlikeheated
copper.
WhatWillHappenOnTheDayOfJudgement:
1.Hisab
OnthedayofJudgementeveryone'sbadandgooddeedswillbeaccounted(Hisab)for,andaccordinglytheywillbe
punished.HisabcanbetakenbymanymethodsbuttwocommononesarementionedbelowandtheyareMizanand
BooksofDeeds
a.Mizan
Thiswordactuallymeanstheweighingscale.OntheDayofJudgement,therewillbeaweighingscaletoweighthe
goodandevildeedsofmenandwomen.Thosewhosescaleofgooddeedswillbeheavy,theywillberewardedand
thosewhosescaleswillbelighttheywillbepunished.
Itisimportanttonotethatifhumanbeingshaveinventedvarioustypesofscales,devicesandequipmenttomeasure
thingsliketheweather,bloodpressure,etc.,thereisnothingimaginaryinbelievingthatAlmightyAllahwillweighour
deedsbytheweighingscales.However,somelearnedpeoplehaveinterpretedMizanasmeaningtheJusticeofAllah,
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whileotherssayMizanmeanstheProphets(A)andImams(A)whowilljudgethepeople.
Alltheseinterpretationsmaybecorrectwhat'smore,allofthemmayexisttogether.ThefollowingAyatsprovethe
existenceoftheweighingscales."Andthe"balance"thatdayistrue.Sohewhosescalesofgooddeedswillbeheavy,
willprosperandthatwhosescaleswillbelightwillfindthemselvesinloss,becausetheymistreatedOursigns."(al
A'raaf,7:89)
"Weshallsetup"scalesofjustice"forthedayofJudgement,sothatnotasoulwillbedealtwithunjustlyintheleastand
iftherebetheweightofamustardseed,WewillbringittoaccountandenoughareWetotakeaccount."
(alAnbiya21:47)
b.BooksofDeeds
OntheDayofJudgement,thewrittenrecordofourwholelifewillbegiventous.Thisrecordiswrittenbythetwoangels,
RaqeebandAteed,whoaredeputedoneveryperson.Theseangelswritedownoureachandeveryaction.Theplaceof
thetwoangelsisthecollarbonetheoneontherightside(Raqeeb)writesthegooddeeds,andtheoneontheleftside
(Ateed)writestheevildeeds.
OntheDayofJudgement,peoplewhosegooddeedswillexceedthebad,willreceivetheBookofDeedsintheright
hand,whilethosewhosebaddeedsaremorethangood,willreceivetheBookofDeedsinthelefthand.
Siraat
SiraatmeansPath.TheHolyQur'anhasusedtheword'AsSiratalMustaqim'(StraightPath)fortheDivinereligion.Inthe
contextofQiyamah,SiraatmeansabridgeuponHelloverwhichallmankindwillhavetopass.Itisourbeliefabout
SiraatthatitisthebridgeofHellanduponitisthepathofallthecreatures,asAllahsays:
"NotoneofyoubutallofyouwillpassoveritthisisafirmdecreeofyourLord.ThenWeshallsavethosewhoguarded
themselvesagainstevil,andWeshallleavethewrongdoerstherein(humbled)totheirknees.(Maryam,19:7172)
AndSiraat,ontheotherhand,isthenameoftheProofsofAllah(i.e.TheProphets(A)andtheImams(A))thushewho
believedtheminthisworldandobeyedthem,AllahwillgivehimpermissiontopassfromSiraat.TheHolyProphet(S)
saidtoImamAli(A):
"OAli!OnthedayofQiyamah,I,youandJibra'ilshallsitontheSiraat,andnoneshallpassovertheSiraatexcepthe
whowouldhaveareleasefromJahannambasedonyourWilayat(loveandobedience)."
TheProphets(A)andImams(A)arecalledSiraatinthisworldbecausetheyprovideabridge,connectinguswithAllah.It
isperfectlyrighttocallthemPathofAllah.Atthesametime,theybroughttheDivinereligiontohelpthepeoplereach
nearertoAllah,thustheyarethePaths,andtheyaretheGuides.
ItisbelievedthatthisPathisdividedintostationsorstops,eachofthemhavingaseparatename.Whenamanwillreach
astopnamedafteraWajibthing,ifhehadneglectedthatthing(intheworld),hewillbedetainedthereandwillaskedto
paytheduestoAllahthenifanyothergooddeedcametohisrescueortheMercyofAllahsavedhim,hewillbeallowed
topasssafelyfromtheretothenextstop.
Inthiswayhewillbesentfrompasstoanotherandwillbedetainedateverypass,andaskedabouthisshortcomingsin
thatparticularorderofAllah.Thenifhecameoutsafelyfromallpassesorstops,hewillreachTheHouseofEternity,i.e.
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Paradise.
ButifhewasdetainedatapassandwasnotsavedbyanygooddeedortheMercyofAllahdidnotcometohisrescue,
hisfootwouldslipfromthatpass,andhewillfallintothefireofJahannam.WeseekprotectionofAllahagainstit.
ThenameofoneofthesestopsisWilayat.Everyonewillbestoppedtherein,andaskedabouttheloveandobedienceof
ImamAlibinAbuTalib(A)andtheImams(A)afterhim.
Likewise,onestopisnamedSileeRaham(goodbehaviourtowardsrelatives),andanotherisnamedTrust,another
(prayer).Likewise,therewillbepassesnamedaftereveryWajiborHaraamdeed.TheHolyQur'anrepeatsthecommand
thatwillbegiventotheangels:"Andstopthem,fortheymustbeasked."(asSaffaat,37:24)
Itisalsosaidthatthisbridgeisthinnerthenthethinnesthair,sharperthanthesharpestswordandhotterthenfire.
Intercession(Shafa'at)
Allah,inHisMercy,hasopenedmanydoorsforhissinnerservantstoseekhispleasureandforgiveness.Twovery
importantdoorsareTawbah(Repentance)andShafa'at(Intercession).
ItisacceptedbyallMuslimsthattheHolyProphet(S)willintercede(intervenetoreconcile)onbehalfofthesinnersofhis
Ummat.AnAyatonthissubject:"WhoistherethatcanintercedeinhispresenceexceptbyHispermission?"(al
Baqarah,2:255)
ForunbelieverstherewillNOTbeanyintercessor.
Shafa'atismeantforthebenefitforthosewhosefaithwasacceptedbyAllah(i.e.truebelievers)whomighthave
committedsinsmajororminor.AndthosewhohadrepentedfromtheirsinswillnotneedanyIntercession.TheHoly
Prophet(S)hassaid:
"Hewhodidnotbelieveinmyintercession,Allahwillnotpermithimtogetmyshafa'at."
ThebenefitforShafa'atisnotforthosewhohaddoubtsaboutreligion,norforthosewhoascribeapartnertoAllah,noris
itforunbelieversandthosewhohadrejectedthetruthbutitisforthebenefitofthesinnersamongthosewhobelievedin
Allah(togetherwithhistruerepresentatives).
ThefollowingAyatisabouttherightofShafa'atgiventoourHolyProphet(S):
"SoonwillyourLordraiseyoutoa"stationofpraiseandglory."
Itwillbethe"stationwheretheHolyProphet(S)willintercedeonbehalfofthesinners.Allahwillgoongrantingthe
intercessionoftheHolyProphet(S)tillhesays:
"Omylord!Nowiamwellpleasedandfullysatisfied."
Paradise
Itistheplacewhereallsortofjoy,happinessandGraceofAllahisfound.ItisaGardenofeverlastingBliss.Allbelievers
willbetakentoParadise,wheretheywillstayforever.Sinfulbelieverswillfirstbepunished,beforetheyaresentto
Paradise.Dependingonthedegreeandthemagnitudeofsins,somesinfulbelieverswillfirstbesenttoHell,andthen
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theywillbebroughttoParadise.
SomeoftheimportantfactsaboutParadiseareasfollows:
TheParadiseisalreadycreated.Itis"NOTthatitwillbecreatedatsometimeinthefuture.
Believers'bodyandsoultogetherwillbebroughttoParadise,andtheywouldenjoytherewardphysically.
VariousnamesareusedforParadiseintheHolyQur'an,someofthemare:
JANNATULMAWA(GardenofAbode)JANNATULNAEEM(GardenofBliss)JANNATULFIRDAUS(GardenofParadise)
DARUSSALAAM(AbodeofPeace)
SomestreamsofParadisementionedintheHolyQuranare:KAWTHER,SALSABEELandTASNEEM.
Paradisehaseightgates.Someofthemare:GateofMercy,GateofPatience,TheGreatGate,etc.
TUBAisanimportanttreeofParadise.ItisplantedintheHouseofProphetMuhammad(S)andImamAli(A).TUBAhas
abranchineverypalacemansion.Wheneverthebelieverwoulddesireanything,thatbranchwouldprovideitforhimat
once.
NoProphet(A)wouldenterParadiseuntiltheHolyProphet(S)entersit.ShiasofAhlulBayt(A)wouldenterfirstamongst
thevariousUmmats(followersofaProphet).
InParadisethereisneitherdeathnoroldage,neitherillnessnordisease,neithersorrownorworry,neitherpovertynor
handicap.Thebelieverswillgetwhatthesoulsdesireandeyesappreciate,andtheywillabidethereforever.
ThegreatestBliss(happiness)inParadisewillbethepleasureofAllah.ThatAllahissatisfiedwithyouandgivenyou
whathehadpromised.YoubelievedinParadisewithoutseeingitandnowyouwillbeinit.
Hell
Thefireistheabodeofdisgraceandplaceofpunishmentfortheunbelieversandsinners.Thepeopleoffirearepoorin
realitytheywillnotbeallowedtodienorwilltheirpunishmentbereducedtheywillnottasteinitanycold(water)or
drink,exceptaboiling,dark,murkyfluid.Andiftheywantfood,theywouldbefedwithZaqqum(acursedtree)andifthey
seekrelieftheywillbegrantedwaterlikemoltenbrassthatwillscaldtherefaces.
ItisalsopresentinthetraditionsthatAllahshallordersomepeopletobeledtothefirewithanorder:
"Fire!donotburntherefeet,becausetheyusedtogotothemosquesandnottoburntherehands,astheyusedtoraise
themforDua'sandnottoburntheretongues,becausetheyusedtorecitetheQur'anandnottoburntherefaces,
becausetheyusedtoperformWudhuperfectly."
Thefire(Hell)ishomeofallwhodidnotknowAllah.AndevensomeofthosewhoknewAllahwillbesenttherein
becauseoftheresinsandwrongdoingsbutitisbelievedthatsuchamanwillnotlivethereforever,hewillbetakenout
ofitandsenttotheeverlastingbliss.Nobodywillremainforeverinthefireexcepttheunbelievers.EveryAyatwhich
mentionseverlastingpunishmentofFire,isabouttheunbelievers.
HellhasSevengates,asAllahsays:
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"Toitaresevengatesforeachofthesegatesisaspecialclassofsinnersassigned."(alHijr,15:44)
Accordingtothetraditions,thosegatesareasfollows:
Jaheem:Itspeoplewillbemadetostandonburningstonewhichwillmaketheirbrainsboil,ascookingpotboilsits
content."Then,forsuchashadtransgressedthebounds,andhadpreferredthelifeofthisworld,theabodewillbe
Jaheem."(anNaziaat,79:3739)
Ladha:ItwillbetheplaceofthosewhoturnedawayfromAllah,andwerebusyingatheringwealthwithouttakingoutthe
duesofAllahandHiscreatures.Thefirewillcatchthembytheirhands,feetandforeheadandsucktheminside.
"Bynomeans!Foritwouldbethe"Ladha"(fire),pluckingoutthesinnerrighttotheskullinvitingallsuchasturntheir
backsandturnawaytheirfaces,andcollectwealthandhideit."(alMaaarij,70:1518)
Saqar:
"SoonwillIcasthiminSaqar.AndwhatwillexplaintoyouwhatSaqaris?Itallowsnothingtoendure,nordoesitleave
anythingalonedarkeningandchangingthecolouringofman."(alMuddathir,74:2630)
Hutamah:Literalmeaning:"Thatwhichcrushestopieces.Itwillbreakeveryonewhoissentinsideandgrindhimto
powder,andthentheywillbemadewholeagainandagain."Woetoeveryscandalmongerandbackbiter,whopilesup
thewealthandlaysitbyhethinksthathiswealthwouldmakehimlastforever.Bynomeans!Hewillbesuretobe
thrownintoHutamah."(alHumazah,104:15)
Hawiyah:Literalmeaning,aPit.
"Buthe,whosebalanceofgoodswillbelight,willhavehishomeinabottomlesspit(Hawiyah)."(alQariah,101:8,9)
Sa'eer:ItmeanBlazingFire.ThereareinitthreehundredcurtainsofFire,ineverycurtainarethreehundredfortsofFire,
ineveryfortarethreehundredabodesofFireandineveryabodearethreehundredtypesofpunishmentsofFireand
scorpionsofFire,andyokesofFire.
"Verily,wehavepreparedfortheunbelieverschains,andyokesandblazingfire."(adDahr,76:4)
Jahannam:Wellknownandthemostfeared.InitaretheFalaq,Sa'udandAtham.
FalaqiswellinsideJahannam,whenitisopeneditmakestheFireblazeevenmorefiercely.Anditisfargreater
punishment(comparedtotheprevioussixstages).
Sa'udisabrassmountainoffireinthecentreofJahannam.
"SoonwillItakehimtoSa'ud(themountainofpunishment)(alMuddathir,74:17)
Athamisavalleyofmeltedbrassaroundtheabovementionedmountain.Anditistheplaceofthefiercestpunishment.
"Asoftenasthereskinsareroastedthrough,Weshallchangethemforfreshskinssothattheymaytastethe
punishmentforAllahisExaltedinPower,Wise."(anNisa,4:56)
AnatheistonceaskedImamJafarasSadiq(A)abouttheaboveAyat:
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"Letussupposethatthepresentskinshasparticipatedinthesins.Butwhataboutthenewskins?Surely,theywouldbe
innocent."
Imam(A)replied:
"Itwouldbethesameskinandyetitwouldbenewone.Letussaythatamantookabrickandcrushedittosmall
particles,thenpouringsomewateronitandputtingitintoabrickmakingframe,madeanotherbrickoutofit.Now,isitnot
thesamebrick?"
Theatheistreplied:"Certainly!"
Imam(A)hasalsosaidthefollowing:
"Verily,thereisafireinsidetheFirefromwhicheventhepeopleofFirewouldseekprotection.Itwascreatedonlyfor
everyproud,powerfulobstinatetransgressor,andforeveryrebelliousSatan,andforeverypersonwhodoesnotbelieve
inthedayofreckoning,andforeveryenemyoftheProgenyofMuhammed(S)."
"Themanwiththelightestpunishmentonthedayofjudgementwillbetheonestandinguptohisanklesinthefire,
wearingtwosandalsoffirewithtwostrapsoffirehisbrainwillbeboilingbyitsheatlikeacookingpot.Hewouldbe
thinkingthatnobodywouldbesufferinggreaterpunishment,whileinfacthiswouldbethelightestcalamity."
A'raaf
A'raafmeanstheHeights.IttheplacebetweentheGardensandtheFire.Ithasbeenmentionedinthe7thSuraofthe
Quran,whichiscalledAlA'raafbecauseofit.SomeAyats:
"Andbetweenthemshallbeveilorpartition,andontheheightswillbemenwhowouldknoweveryonebyhismarks
theywillcallouttothecompanionsofthegarden:peaceonyou'.Theywillnothaveenteredbuttheywillhave
assurancethereof."
"Andthemenontheheightswillcalltocertainmenwhomtheywillknowfromtheremarks,saying:ofwhatprofittoyou
wereyourhoardsandyourarrogantways?Behold!Arethesenotthemenwhomyousworethatallahwouldneverbless
themwithhismercy?'thenturningtotheothergroup,theywillsay:enteryouthegardennofearshallbeonyounor
shallyougrieve."
ThegroupsthattheaboveAyatsmentionare:
Thosepeoplewhowillidentifyeveryonebyhismarks,andwhowillrebukethepeopleoftheFireandwilltellthepeople
oftheGardentoentertheParadise.
And,therewillbethosewhowouldbewaitingforthedecisionofAllahconcerningthemselvesForexample:those
believerswhosegoodandbaddeedswouldbeofequalweightthosenonShiaMuslimswhojustfollowedafaithin
whichtheywereborn,withoutknowingorunderstandinganythingandwhohadnoenmitytowardstheprogenyof
Muhammad(S).
A'raafistheboundarybetweentheGardenandtheFire.IthasalsobeensaidthatitisamountainbetweenParadiseand
Hellsoitistheboundarywallbetweenthetwoplaces.WhatiscertainisthatitisaplaceneitheroftheParadisenotof
theFire.OntheDayofResurrectiontheMessengerofAllah(S)andImams(A)willbeuponit,anditistheythatare
meantinthewordsofAllah.AndontheHeightswillbemenwhowillknoweveryonebyhismarks.'
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ItissobecauseAllahwillinformthemaboutthepeopleofGardenandthepeopleoftheFirebysomemarkswhichhe
willputonthem,andthesewillbethesigns'mentionedinthefollowingayats.
"Theywillknoweveryonebyhismarks."
(alA'raaf,7:46)
"Thesinnerswillbeknownbytheremarks."
(arRahman,55:41)
IthasbeenmentionedinthetraditionsthatAllahwillkeepupontheA'raafsomegroupswhichwouldnotdeservea
rewardwithoutpunishmentbutwouldnotdeserveeverlastingabodeintheHell.Thesearethepeoplewhowillbe
waitingfortheorderofAllahforsuchpeoplethereisintercessionandtheywillhavetoremainontheA'raaftilltheyare
allowedtoentertheGardenbytheintercessionoftheHolyProphet(S),Ali(A)andtheImamsafterhim.
Also,itissaidthatA'raafwillbetheabodeofsuchpeoplewhowerenotsaneinthislifei.e.theywereinsane,ordied
beforeattainingadulthood.
Therefore,theydidnotdoanygoodorbaddeedtodeservetheGardenorFire.So,AllahwillmakethemliveinA'raaf
theywillbesavedfrompunishmentbutwillnotbegivensuchblessingswhichotherpeoplewillbegivenafterdoing
gooddeeds(theywillnotbeplacedequaltothosewhoreachedthereafteralifespentingooddeeds).
Wajib:Thereligiousdutiesperformanceofwhichisrewardedandneglectofwhichispunishable.
Sunnat:Suchoftheritesperformanceofwhichisrewardablebuttheiromissionisnotpunishable.
Haram:Deeds,doingofwhichissinfulandpunishableandabstinencefromthemisrewardable.
Makrooh:Thosedeeds,abstinencefromwhichisrewarded,butcommittingthemisnotsinful.
Mubah:ThosedeedswhichareallowedbytheShariah,butneitherrewardablenorpunishablefordoingorneglecting
them.
Ghasbi:Anythingtakenbyforcefromotherswithouttheirconsent,oranythingtakenfromothersinnormaltransaction
withanintentionofnotpayingitsprice.
Hadath:ThoseNajasatswhichrequireNiyyatforcleaning,likethosethingsafterwhichWudhooorGhuslbecomes
necessary.Hadathisoftwokinds:BigandSmall.
Hadath(Big):ThosethingswhichrequireGhuslforbeingclean,likeJanabat,Nifas,IstihazaandMasseMaiyyit.
Hadath(Small):ThosethingswhichrequireWudhooforbeingclean,likesleepetc.
Muwalat:Todoanywork,e.g.Wudhoowithoutinterruptiontoperformallpartsoftheworkoneafteranotherwithoutgap.
Tartib:ToperformeveryworkinthesameorderasapprovedbytheShariah.
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Thereare11thingsWajibinthePrayers:Niyyat:Offerprayerswiththeintentionofcomplyingwiththeordersofthe
AlmightyAllah.
TakibiratulIhram:TosayAllahuAkber(inthebeginningofeveryprayerisobligatory).
Qiyam:TostanderectwhilesayingTakbiratulEhram,andtostandbeforetheRuku.
Ruku:AfterQuir'at,bowtoanextentthatheisabletoresthisfingertipsonhisknees.
TwoSajdahs:Sajdahmeansthatoneshouldplaceone'sforeheadonearthinaspecialmanner,withtheintentionof
humility(beforeAllah).
Quirat:toreciteSuraAlhamdandanotherSurainthefirsttwoRikatsandTasbihateArbaainthethirdandfourth
Rikats.
Zikr:torecitetasbihinRukuandSajdah.
Tashahhud:Inthesecondunitofallobligatoryprayers,andinthethirdunitofMaghribprayersandinthefourthunitof
Zuhr,AsrandIshaprayers,oneshouldsitafterthesecondprostrationwithatranquilbody,andrecitetashahhudthus:
"Ashhaduanlailahaillallahuwahdahulasharikalah,waashhaduannaMuhammadan'AbduhuwaRasuluh,Alla
hummasalli'alaMuhammadinwaAliMuhammad".Anditwillbesufficientifonerecitedthetashahhudthisway:"Ash
haduanlailahaillallahuwasashhaduannaMuhammadanSallallahuAlayhiWaAalihiAbduhuWarasuluh".
Salaam:WhileapersonsitsafterrecitingtashahhudinthelastRak'at,andhisbodyistranquil,itisMustahabtosay:
"Assalamu'alaykaayyuhanNabiyyuwarahmatullahiwabarakatuh".Thenheshouldsay:"AssalamuAlaykum"andasa
recommendedprecautionaddtoit"WaRahmatullahiWaBarakatuh".Alternatively,hecansay:"AssalamuAlaynaWa
AlaIbadillahisSalihin".ButifherecitesthisSalam,thenasperobligatoryprecaution,hemustfollowitupwithsaying:
"AssalamuAlaykum".
Tartib:ToprayinthesequenceprescribedbytheShariah.(Ifapersonintentionallychangesthesequenceofthe
prayers,forexample,ifherecitestheothersurahbeforerecitingSurahalHamd,orperformsthetwoSajdahbefore
Ruku,hisprayersarevoid.)
Muwalaat:Topraywithoutinterruptionorgap.(Ifapersonallowsanundueintervalbetweendifferentacts,tillit
becomesdifficulttovisualisethatoneispraying,hisprayerswillbevoid.)
Note:Qunut:ItisMustahabthatqunutberecitedinallobligatoryandMustahabprayersbeforetheRukuofthesecond
Rak'at.
TasbihatArba'ah:InthethirdandfourthRak'atsofprayers,onemayeitherreadonlySurahalHamdorTasbihatArba'ah
"SubhanallahiwalhamdulillahiwalailahaillallahuwallahuAkbar"whichmaybesaidonce,althoughitisbetterthatit
shouldbesaidthreetimes.ItisalsopermissibletoreciteSurahalHamdinoneRak'at,andTasbihatArba'ahinthe
other,butitisbettertoreciteTasbihatinboth.
RUKNANDGHAIRRUKN:
OutoftheabovementionedWajibsofNamaz,5areRuknandothersGhairRukn.
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RuknmeanssuchactionswhichinvalidatetheNamaziftheyareleftoutoradded,thoughunintentionally.
Theseare:NiyyatTakbiratulIhramQiyamatthetimeofTakbiratulIhramandjustbeforegoingtoRukuRukuBoth
Sajdahstogether.Ifanyoftheseareleftout,oraddedwhetherintentionallyorunintentionally,NamazwillbecomeBatil.
GhairRuknmeanssuchWajibswhichinvalidatetheNamaziftheyareleftout,oradded,intentionally.Buttheydonot
invalidatetheNamaziftheyareleftoraddedunintentionally.
ObligatoryNamaz
Thefollowingsixprayersareobligatory:DailyNamaz.NamazeAyaat.NamazeMayyit.NamazfortheobligatoryTawaf
oftheholyKa'bah.QadhaNamazoffatherwhichare,asaprecaution,obligatoryuponhiseldestson.Namazwhich
becomeobligatoryonaccountofhire,voworoath.
Dawnprayers(Fajr)
Midday(Zuhr),Afternoon('Asr)orNight('Isha)prayers
Duskprayers(Maghrib)
NamazeJumuahisincludedintheDailyNamaz.ObligatoryDailyNamaz
Itisobligatorytoperformthefollowingfiveprayersduringdayandnight:Dawnprayers(Fajr)2Rak'ats.Midday(Zuhr)
andAfternoonprayers('Asr)eachoneconsistingof4Rak'ats.Duskprayers(Maghrib)3Rak'atsandNightprayers
('Isha)4Rak'ats.
ObligatoryActsRelatingtoNamaz
Thereareelevenobligatoryactsforprayers:Niyyat(intention)Qayam(standingerect)TakbiratulEhram(sayingAllahu
Akbarwhilecommencingtheprayers)Ruku'(bowing)Sajdah(twoprostration)Qira'at(recitationofSurahalHamdand
othersurah)Zikr(prescribedrecitationinRuku'andSajdah)Tashahhud(bearingwitnessaftercompletingtheSajdahof
thesecondandthelastRak'at)Salaam(Salutation)Muwalat(toperformthedifferentactsofprayersinregular
succession).
HowtoperformSalatstepbystep
FirstRakat
**Niyyat
Standerectfacingtheqibla(TheKa'aba),andformthefollowingintentioninyourmind:
"Ioffer,the_________prayer(nameofaparticularprayer),of______rakats(numberofrakats),wajibQurbatanIlallah,
(seekingnearnesstoAllah,inobediencetoHim").
**Qayam
Tostanderectfacingtheqibla(TheKa'aba)whilesayingTakbiratulEhram,andtostandbeforetheRuku.
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**TakbiratulEhram
Liftbothhandsuptotheearsandsay:
"AllahoAkbar"
(AllahisGreat).
TosayAllahuAkbarinthebeginningofeveryprayerisobligatory.Itisalsonecessarythatthesetwowordsshouldbe
pronouncedincorrectArabic.Ifapersonpronouncesthesewordsincorrectly,orutterstheirtranslation,itwillnotbe
valid.ItisnecessarythatwhenapersonpronouncesTakbiratulEhram,hisbodyissteady,ifhepronouncesTakbiratul
Ehramintentionallywhenhisbodyisinmotion,hisTakbirisvoid.
**Qira'at(RecitingtheSurahAlHamdandOtherSurahofHolyQur'an)
Inthethedailyobligatoryprayers,aftertheTakbiratulEhram,oneshouldreciteSurahalHamd
BismillahirRahmanirRahim
AlhamdulillahiRabbil'alamin
ArrahmanirRahim
Malikiyawmiddin
Iyyakana'buduwaiyyakanasta'in
Ihdinassiratalmustaqim
Siratallazinaan'amta'alayhim
Ghayrilmaghzubi'alayhimwalazzallin.
IcommencewiththeNameofAllahinWhomallexcellencesarecombinedandWhoisfreefromalldefects.The
CompassionateOneWhoseblessingsareextensiveandunlimited.TheMercifulOneWhoseblessingsareinherent
andeternal.
PraisebetoAllah,theSustainerofthecreation.
TheCompassionate,theMerciful.
LordoftheDayofJudgement.
Youaloneweworship,andtoYoualoneweprayforhelp.
Guideustothestraightpath.
ThepathofthosewhomYouhavefavouredtheProphetsandtheirsuccessors.
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NotofthosewhohaveincurredYourwrath,norofthosewhohavegoneastray.
inthefirstandsecondRak'ats,andthereafteroneshould,onthebasisofprecaution,reciteonecompleteSurah(inthis
caseSurahIkhlas).
SurahIkhlas
BismillahirRahmanirRahim
QulhuwallahuAhad
AllahusSamad
Lamyalidwalamyulad
Walamyakullahukufuwanahad.
IcommencewiththeNameofAllahinWhomallexcellencesarecombinedandWhoisfreefromalldefects.The
CompassionateOneWhoseblessingsareextensiveandunlimited.TheMercifulOneWhoseblessingsareinherent
andeternal.
Say:AllahisOnetheEternalBeing.
AllahisHeWhoisindependentofallbeings.
Hebegotnone,norwasHebegotten.
AndnoneinthecreationisequaltoHim.
**DoTakbirandgotoRuku
"AllahoAkbar"
(AllahisGreat).
**Ruku
IneveryRak'at,apersonofferingprayersshould,afterrecitingtheSurahs(Qira'at),bowtoanextentthatheisabletorest
hisfingertipsonhisknees.ThisactiscalledRuku.
Thefollowingzikrshouldberecitedintherukuonce:
SubhanaRabbiyal'Azimiwabihamdihonce.
(FreefromalldefectsismyLord,andwithHispraiseIbow.)or
Subhanallahthreetimes.(GlorytoAllah.)
**AfterrukustandupinQayamandsay:
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SameyAllahoLaymanhamedah
AllahlistenstoonewhopraisesHim
**Say:
"AllahoAkbar"
(AllahisGreat).
**NowgotoSajdah
**Sajdah
Sajdahmeansthatoneshouldplaceone'sforeheadonearthinaspecialmanner,withtheintentionofhumility(before
Allah).
WhileperformingSajdahsduringprayers,itisobligatorythatboththepalmsandtheknees,andboththebigtoesare
placedontheground.
ApersonofferingprayersshouldperformtwosajdahsaftertheRuku,ineachRak'atoftheobligatory.
Thefollowingzikrshouldberecitedinthesajdahonce:
SubhanaRabbiyalA'lawabihamdihonce.
(GlorybetomyGreatSustainer,MostHigh,andIpraiseHim.)
orSubhanallahthreetimes.(GlorytoAllah.)
**AfterfirstSajdah,
situpinakneelingpositionwiththeankleoftherightfootinthesoleoftheleftfoot,withhandsrestingonthethighsand
say:
"AllahoAkbar"
(AllahisGreat).
followedby:
"AstaghfiroolahaRabbeewaAtooboIlaih"
(IaskAllah,myLord,tocoverupmysinsanduntoHimIturnrepentant).
againfollowedby:
"AllahoAkbar"
(AllahisGreat).
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RepeattheSajdahagainandthensitupinakneelingpositionandsay:
"AllahoAkbar"
(AllahisGreat).
Situpforamomentandthenrisewhilesaying:
"BayHawlillahaywaQoowateyheeAqoomowaAqud"
(DuetothevigourgivenbyAllahandbecauseofthevitalityfromHimIriseandstand).
SecondRakat
**ReciteSurahAlHamdandOtherSurahofHolyQur'anasinthefirstrakat.
followedby:
"AllahoAkbar"
(AllahisGreat).
NowdoQunoot
**Qunoot
Keepyourhandsinfrontofyourface,turningthepalmsfacingthesky,andkeepingboth,thehandsandthefingers,
closetogetherandrecitethefollowing:
RabbanaAataynaFiddoonyaHasasatawnwafilAakherateyHasanatawnwaQenaAzabznNar
(OourLord!BestowuponusgoodinthisworldandgoodintheHereafter,andprotectusfromthetormentofthefire)
**GobacktoRuku,
recitethezikr,standupmomentarilyandthendothetwosajdah's(justasinthefirstrakat)
**Tashahhud
AfterthesecondSajdahrecitethefollowing:
"Ashhaduanlailahaillallahuwahdahulasharikalah,waashhaduannaMuhammadan'AbduhuwaRasuluhAlla
hummasalli'alaMuhammadinwaAliMuhammad"
(ItestifythatthereisnoneworthworshippingexcepttheAlmightyAllah,WhoisOneandhasnopartner,andItestifythat
MuhammadisHisservantandmessenger.OAllah!SendYourblessingsonMuhammadandhisprogeny)
IfyouaredoingtheDawnprayers(Fajr):
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(ForDawnprayers(Fajr)Only:
RecitetheSalaamasfollows:
Assalamu'alaykaayyuhanNabiyyuwarahmatullahiwabarakatuh
(OProphet!Allah'speace,blessingsandgracebeuponyou!).
Assalamu'alaynawa'ala'ibadillahissalihin
(Allah'speacebeonus,thoseofferingprayersanduponallpiousservantsofAllah).
Assalamu'alaykumwarahmatullahiwabarakatuh.
(Allah'speace,blessingsandgracebeonyoubelievers!)
**Thereafter
say(below)threetimesandthatcompletesyourSalaat:
"AllahoAkbar"
(AllahisGreat).)
IfyouaredoingtheMidday(Zuhr),Afternoonprayers('Asr)orNight('Isha),ignoretheabovesection(inred)
andthenstandupforthethirdrakat.
ThirdRakat
**TasbihatArba'ah
ReciteTasbihatArba'ahthreetimes,asfollows:
"SubhanallahiwalhamdulillahiwalailahalallahuwallahuAkbar"
(GlorybetoAllah,andallpraiseisforHimandthereisnooneworthworshippingotherthanAllah,andHeisGreater
thananydescription).
**GobacktoRuku,
recitethezikr,standupmomentarilyandthendothetwosajdah's(justasinthefirstrakat)andthereafterrecitethe
Tashahhud(onlyifthisisaDuskprayer)(justasinthesecondrakat).
IfyouaredoingtheDuskprayers(Maghrib):
(ForDuskprayers(Maghrib)Only:
**Tashahhud
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AfterthesecondSajdahrecitethefollowing:
"Ashhaduanlailahaillallahuwahdahulasharikalah,waashhaduannaMuhammadan'AbduhuwaRasuluhAlla
hummasalli'alaMuhammadinwaAliMuhammad"
(ItestifythatthereisnoneworthworshippingexcepttheAlmightyAllah,WhoisOneandhasnopartner,andItestifythat
MuhammadisHisservantandmessenger.OAllah!SendYourblessingsonMuhammadandhisprogeny)
IfyouaredoingtheDuskprayers(Maghrib):
(ForDuskprayers(Maghrib)Only:
RecitetheSalaamasfollows:
**Thereafter
say(below)threetimesandthatcompletesyourSalaat:
"AllahoAkbar"
(AllahisGreat).)
FourthRakat
IfyouaredoingtheMidday(Zuhr),Afternoonprayers('Asr)orNight('Isha),ignoretheabovesection(inred)
andthenstandupforthefourthrakat.
ReciteTasbihatArba'ahthreetimes,asfollows:
"SubhanallahiwalhamdulillahiwalailahalallahuwallahuAkbar"
(GlorybetoAllah,andallpraiseisforHimandthereisnooneworthworshippingotherthanAllah,andHeisGreater
thananydescription).
**GobacktoRuku,
recitethezikr,standupmomentarilyandthendothetwosajdah's(justasinthefirstrakat)andthereafterrecitethe
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Tashahhud.
**Salaam
AftertheTashahhud,recitetheSalaamasfollows:
**Thereafter
say(threetimesandthatcompletesyourSalaat):
"AllahoAkbar"
(AllahisGreat).
BeforeeverydailyobligatoryprayersitisnecessaryforapersontodoWudhu(ablution).
Wudhuconsistsoftwoparts:
Washingbothhandsfromthewrists
Washingthemouth(Gargle)
Rinsingthenostrils
Wajib(consistsof):
Niyyat(Intention):
Niyyatshouldbeperfomedinonesmindasfollows:"Iperformthewudhuinordertocleansemyselffromimpurityandto
makemyselfeligibleforNamaaz,wajibqurbatanIlallah.
Washingtheface:
Theportionofthefacetobewashedisfromtheforehead(fromthepointwherethehairstartsgrowing),totheendofthe
chininlengthanditswidthisasmuchofthefacethatcomesbetweenthethumbandthemiddlefingerwhentheyare
spread(wideopen).
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Evenifthesmallportionofthefaceisnotwashed,Wudhuwillbevoid.Asaprecaution,onemustwashalittlebitbeyond
therequiredlimit.Anydirtontheface(orhands)whichmaypreventwaterfromreachingtheskinmustberemoved
beforeyoustartthewudhu.
Thefaceandhandsshouldbewashedfromabovedownwards,andifonewashestheoppositeway,hisWudhuwillbe
void.
Washingthehandsfromtheelbowstothetipofthefingers:
Afterwashingtheface,oneshouldfirstwashtherighthandandthenthelefthand,fromtheelbowstothetipsofthe
fingers.Inordertoensurethateachelbowhasbeenwashedthoroughly,oneshouldincludesomeportionabovethe
elbowinwashing.Ifbeforewashinghisface,apersonhaswashedhishandsuptothewrist,heshould,whileperforming
Wudhu,washthemuptothetipsofthefingers,andifhewashesthemonlyuptothewrist,hisWudhuisvoid.
WhileperformingWudhu,itisobligatorytowashthefaceandthehandsonce,anditisrecommendedtowashthem
twice.
Afterwashingboththehands,oneperformingWudhushouldwipethefrontpartofhisheadwiththewetnesswhichisin
hishand,fromtheupperpart,downwards.
Thepartonwhichwipingshouldbeperformed,isonefourthfrontalpartofthehead.Itissufficienttowipeasmuchatany
placeinthispartofthehead,althoughtherecommendedprecautionisthatthelengthshouldbeequaltoonefinger,and
itsbreadthshouldbeequaltothreejoinedfingers.
Itisnotnecessarythatthewipingoftheheadshouldbeperformedonitsskin.Itisalsoinorderifamanwipesthehairon
thefrontofhishead.However,ifthehairaresolongthatwhencombedtheyfallonhisface,oronotherpartsofhishead,
heshouldwipehishandontherootsofhishair,orpartthehairandwipetheskin.Ifapersoncollectshishaironthefront
sideofhishead,oronotherpartsofhisheadandwipesthem,orifhewipesthehairofotherplaces,suchawiping
wouldbevoid.
Afterwipingthehead,oneshouldwipewiththemoisturepresentinone'shands,one'sfeetfromanytoeofthefootupto
thejoint.Asarecommendedprecaution,therightfootshouldbewipedwiththerighthand,andtheleftfootwiththeleft
hand.
Wipingofthefeetcanhaveanybreadth,butitisbetterthatthebreadthofthewipingshouldbeequaltothreejoined
fingers,anditisstillbetterthatthewipingoftheentirefootisdonewiththeentirehand.
Asaprecaution,atthetimeofwipingthefoot,oneshouldplaceone'shandonthetoesandthendrawittothejoint,or
thatoneshouldplacethehandonthejointanddrawittothetoes.Oneshouldnotsimplyplacethewholehandonthe
foot,andpullitalittle.
Whilewipingone'shandandfeet,itisnecessarytomoveone'shandonthem,andifthefeetandheadaremoved
leavingthehandstationary,Wudhuwouldbevoid.However,thereisnoharmiftheheadandfeetmoveslightly,while
thehandisbeingmovedforwiping.
Thepartsofwipingshouldbedry,andiftheyaresowetthatthewetnessofthepalmofthehandhasnoeffectonthem,
thewipingwillbevoid.However,thereisnoharmifthewetnessonthosepartissoinsignificant,thatthemoistureofthe
palmovercomesit.
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Mostofthenotesonthispagearefrom:
By:SayyidMuhammadRizvi
Deathisarealityinwhichallhumanbeingsbelieve.However,itisalsoarealitywhichmostofusliketokeepoutofour
minds.
InIslam,deathisnotanendtoourexistenceitisapassage,whichtakesusfromthisworldtothehereaftertheactual
purposeforourcreationandtheresultofourworkinthislife.Whetherwefeardeathornotdependsonhowmuch
preparedweareforthereckoningoftheDayofJudgement.
Preparingfordeathisalifetime'sjob.Itbeginsonthedayyoureachtheageofbulughandareheldaccountableforyour
deedsineyesofAlmightyAllah.Imam'AlibinAbuTalib(a.s.)hasbeautifullydescribedthepreparationfordeathas
follows:"Fulfillingtheobligations,refrainingfromforbidden[things],andacquiringnoblecharacter."
Inthisarticle,Ihaveattemptedtopresentsomeofthethingswhichallbelieversareeitherrequiredorstronglyurgedto
dojustbeforedeathbytheshariah.
INPREPARATIONFORDEATH
Beforedeath,tryyourbesttofulfiltheobligations,whichareuponyouinregardtothecreaturesaswellastheCreator.
ReturntotheownerswhateverhasbeengiventoyouasatrustORwriteitdowninyourwillsothattheexecutorofyour
willshallreturnthetrusttoitsrightfulowner.InIslam,youareallowedtodisposeuptoonethirdofyourestatefor
whomsoeverorwhatevercauseyoulike.Asforthetwothirds,itmustbedistributedamongyourheirsaccordingtothe
sharesallocatedforthemintheshari'ah.Makeawillinwritingorverballyaboutthosereligiousobligationswhichyou
couldnotfulfilbyyourselfandwhichcannotbedoneonyourbehalfbyothersexceptafteryourdeath:theqazaprayers,
fastingandpilgrimage,etc.Youshouldspecifytheamountfromtheonethirdofyourestatetobeusedtohirepeopleto
dosuchdeeds.Ifyoucannotaffordthis,thenyoumayrequestyourheirstodounfulfilledritualsonyourbehalfvoluntarily
orpaysomeoneelsetodoso.Itisalsorecommended,ifyourfinancialcircumstancesallowyou,toincludeyour
deservingrelationsintheonethirdofyourestate.Itisrecommendedtoforgiveyourbrethreninimanforwhateverwrong
theymayhavedonetoyou.Ontheotherhand,youshouldaskyourbrethreninimantoforgiveyoufortheintentional
andunintentionalwrongyoumayhavedonetothem.
ATTHETIMEOFDEATH
Whendeathapproachesyou,itiswajibonyoutoliedownonyourbackinsuchawaythatthesolesofyourfeetfacethe
qiblah(directionofMecca).Oryoumayturnyourbedinsuchawaythatyoursoleswillfacetheqiblah.Ifyoucannotdo
soyourself,thenitiswajibonthosewhoarewithyoutohelpyou.Itisrecommendedtosaybyyourselforrepeatafter
someoneelsethedeclarationoffaithandstatementoffaraj.Thedeclarationoffaith:Itisadeclarationinwhichyou
reconfirmyourbeliefinAllah,ProphetMuhammad(s.a.w.),thetwelveImam(a.s.),theQur'an,andtheDayofJudgement.
Thismaybedoneasfollows:
RazitubillahiRabban
wabiMuhammadin(sallallhu'alayhiwalihi)nabiyyan
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wabilIslmidinan
wabilQur'nikitban
wabilKa'batiqiblatan
wabi'Aliyyanwaliyyanwaimman
wabilHasan,walHusayn,wa'AliyyibnilHusayn
waMuhammadibn'Aliyyan,
waJafaribnMuhammadin
waMusaibnJa'farin,wa'AliyibnMusa
waMuhammadibnAliyyinwaAliyibnMuhammadin
walHasanibn'AliyyinwalHujjatibnilHasan
(salawtullahi'alayhim)immatanwasdatanwaqdatan
bihimatawalla,wamina'd'ihimatabarra.
Waannass'atatiyatunlaraybafiha
waannallhayab'athumanfilqubr
waannalhisbahaqqunwaannaljannatahaqqun
waannannrhaqqun.
IhaveacceptedAllahastheLord,Muhammad(s.a.w.)astheprophet,Islamasthereligion,theQur'anastheBook[of
God],theKa'bahastheqiblah.
And[Iaccept]'Aliasthewaliy[ofAllah]and[my]ImamandHasan,Husayn,'AliibnHusayn,Muhammadibn'Ali,Ja'far
ibnMuhammad,MusaibnJa'far,'AliibnMusa,Muhammadibn'Ali,'AliibnMuhammad,Hasanibn'Ali,andalHujatibn
alHasan(a.s.)asImams,leadersandguidesIdeclaremyloveforthemanddeclaremydisassociationwiththeir
enemies.
And[Ibelievethat]surelytheHour[ofDoom]willcomeinwhichthereisnodoubtandthatAllahwillresurrectallthose
whoareintheirgraves.And[Ibelievethat]thereckoning[ofourdeeds]isthetruththeParadiseisthetruthandthatthe
Hellisthetruth.
Thestatementoffarajistoberecitedasfollows:
LilhaillllhuHalimulKarim
Lilhaillllhu'Aliyyul'Azim
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Subhna'llhaRabbussamwtissab'i
waRabbulardhinassab'i
wamafeehinnawamabaynahunna
wamafawqahunnawamatahtahunna
waRabbul'arshil'azim
walhamdulillhiRabbis'lameen.
ThereisnogodbutAllah,theGentle,theKind
thereisnogodbutAllah,theHigh,theGreat.
AllpraisebetoAllah,theLordofthesevenheavens
andthelordofthesevenearth's,
andwhateverisinthemandwhateverisbetweenthem,
andwhateverisabovethemandwhateverisbelowthem
and[Heis]theLordoftheGreatThrone.
AndallpraisebetoAllah,thelordoftheUniverse.Itisrecommendedtomovethedyingpersontohis/herusualplaceof
prayerinthehome.Thisisrecommendedonlyifitdoesnotcausepainorinconveniencetothedyingperson.Itis
recommendedtorecitethetwasurahs,Yasin(no.36)andasSft(no.37),nearthedyingperson.Accordingtothe
traditions,thiswillrelievethepangsofdeath.
AFTERTHEDEATH
Soonafterapersondies,itisrecommendedtodothefollowings:Closetheeyelidsofthedeadperson.Closethemouth
ofthedeadperson.Tiethetwojawssothatthemouthdoesnotopen.Straightenhis/herarmsandplacethemonthetwo
sidesofhisbody.Straightenhis/herlegs.Coverthedeadbody.Switchonthelightintheroomwherethedeadbodyis
kept.Arrangethefuneralassoonaspossible.Informthemu'mineentoattendthefuneral.
RootsofReligion
Tawheed
(OnenessofAllah)'Adl
(JusticeofAllah)Nubuwwat
(Prophethood)Imamat
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(Guidance)Qiyaamat
(Resurrection)
BranchesofReligion
Namaaz(Prayers)Saum(Fasting)Hajj(Pilgrimage)Zakat(PoorRate)Khums(WealthTax)Jehad(Striving)AmrBil
Ma'roof(Enjoinwhatisgood)NahiAnilMunkar(Forbidwhatiswrong)Tawalla(ToloveandrespecttheAhlulBaitand
theirfriends)Tabarra(TodisassociatefromtheenemiesoftheAhlulBait)
Tawheed
TawheedsimplymeansONE.ThebeliefinOneGodisthefoundationstoneofIslam.MuslimsbelievethatAllahisONE
inallrespects.
ThepropernameMuslimsuseforGodis"Allah".'Allah'means'Onewhodeservestobeloved'and'IntoWhomeveryone
seeksrefuge'.Grammaticallyspeaking,theword'Allah'isunique.Ithasnopluralandnofeminine.Hehasnopartner,
wife,childrenorrelativesnorisHebornofanyparent.Thenamecannotbetranslatedbytheword'God'becauseGod
canbetransformedinto'Gods'and'Goddess'."Say:HeisAllah,TheOneandOnly
Allah,theEternal,Absolute
Hebegettethnot,norisHebegotten
AndthereisnonelikeuntoHim."
Surah112(Tawheed)
TwoAspectsofTawheed.
ThetwomainsidesofTawheedare:
1.BeliefinexistenceofAllah.
2.BeliefInUnityofAllah.
1.BeliefinexistenceofAllah
BeliefinAllahisanatural,instinct.AnatheistonceaskedImamJafarSadiq(A.S.)howcouldheconvincehimaboutthe
existenceofGod.Comingtoknowthatthemanhad,goneseveraltimesonseavoyages,Imamaskedhim,"Haveyou
everbeencaughtinafiercestorminthemiddleoftheseawithyoursailstornawayandyoutryingdesperatelytokeep
yourboatafloat?"Theanswerwas:'Yes'.ThentheImamasked."Andsometimesperhapseventhatleakingboatwent
downleavingyouexhaustedandhelplessonthemercyofragingwaves?"Theanswerwasagain:"Yes".ThentheImam
asked,"Wasnotthereinallthatblackdespair,aglimmerofhopeinyourheartthatsomepowercouldstillsaveyou?"
Whenheagreed,Imamsaid,"ThatpowerisGod."Theatheistwasintelligentandrecognisedthetruth.
Forthingstocomeintoexistencewithoutacreatorisnotatallpossibleasevenasmall.itemsuchasapencilrequiresa
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workertomanufactureit.Nothingcancomeintoexistencewithoutapersonmakingit.Allthemagnificientcreations
includingourselvesareaproofofthepresenceofacreator.
AmanoncecametoImamAli(A.S.)requestingforproofontheexistenceofGod.InresponsetheImamsaid,"The
wasteballsofacamelproveitsexistenceandthedungofadonkeyprovesitsexistenceandthefootprintsareevidence
thatsomeonepassedacertainway.Sowhyshouldnotthisskyandearthserveastheevidence,oftheexistenceofOne
mostGreatandAllknowing."
Inthesamewayinthisvastuniversethestars,sun,planets,animalstreesandweourselvesaresignofAllah.
2.BeliefInUnityofAllah
OurbeliefconcerningTawheedisthatAllahisWahidandAhad.WahidmeansSingle,SoleorOnewithnosecond
unlikeasinthesystemofcounting.AhadmeansabsolutelyUniqueinthesensethatthereisnolikenesstohimamong
things.Allahhasknowledgebutnotlikethelimitedknowledgeofothers.Hehearsbutnotwithears,Heseesbutnotwith
eyeslikethoseofmenandsoonlyAllahisAHAD.
EffectsoftwoormoreGods.
1.Ifthereweretwogodsandoneofthemoverridesthedecisionoftheother,thenthesecondoneisweakerthanthe
firstandthereforeisnotcompletelystrong.Thereforethestrongeronewouldbesupremegod,andifboththinkandact
exactlyonsimilarlinesthenwhatistheneedtosupposetwogodsatall?OneGodisenough.
2.Supposingtherewereseveralgodsandeachoneinchargeofaspecificjob.Soaseedwillnotgrowuntilallthegods
fromtheskytounderneaththeearthplaytheirpartinfullcooperation.Ifatagiventimetherewasnocooperation,the
resultwouldbeconflictandgerminationofseedwillnottakeplace.Butnodisturbanceordisorderoccursinthesmallest
orlargestcreation.
TheHolyQur'anexplains:IftherehadbeeninthemanygodsexceptAllah,theywouldbothhavecertainlybeenina
stateofdisorderthereforeglorybetoAllah,theLordofthedominion,abovewhattheyattribute(toHim).(Quran21:22)
'Adl
BeliefthatAllahisJust.Hewillrewardorpunishanypersonaccordingtohisdeedsandthusthenotionofpredestination
(wherealldecisionsareAllah'sandnotanyoneelse's)inone'sdeedsdoesnotexist.
ThewordAdlwasoriginallycoinedtoconveytheideaof"makingtwothingsequal,"and"distributingequally."
Thesameisthecasewith"insaaf"whichliterallymeans,"dividingintwohalves."
Theideaofequaldistributionnaturallyleadsto"Equity"or"Justice."And,asaresult,"Adl"cametodenote"Justice,"
"Equity""Tobeonstraightpath""Straightforwardness,""Tobeofexactstandardneitherlessnormore,"and"Tokeep
everythinginitsproperplace."
Theoppositewordsare"Jaur"and"Dhulm."
"Jaur"means,"tobeinclinedtooneside,"whichconsequentlymeans,"nottobeimpartialinJustice,""tobebiasedforor
againstoneparty."
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"Dhulm"means"toputathinginawrongplace",asanunjustjudgemisplaceshisjudgementbynotgivingtheaggrieved
partyhisdue,heiscalledDhulm.
"Adl"isoneofthemostimportantattributesofAllah,accordingtotheShiafaith.SofarastheexistenceandOnenessof
Allahisconcerneditcomesunderthefirstrootofreligion"Tawheed"asexplainedabove.ButtheActionsofAllahcome
underthisSecondRoot,i.e.,"Adl".
Allahdoesnowrong
"Allahdoesnowrong"meansthatHeisactiveandpowerfulbutHecandonowrong.Anybodywhocommitswrongor
injusticedoessoeitherbecausehedoesnotknowthatitiswrong,(butAllahknowseverything)orbecauseheneeds
somethingwhichcannotbeobtainedwithoutwrongdoing,(butAllahhasnoneed)orbecausehehasbeencompelled
bysomebodyelsetocommitthatwrong,(butAllahisOmnipotentandnobodycancompelHimtodoanything).So
logicallyitisimpossibleforAllahtodoanyinjustice,orwrong.
AbuHanifaaskedImamMusabinJaffer:Fromwhoistheactionofman?Imamreplied:"thereareonly3imaginable
sources.
1)EitherAllahisthedoerofthatactionor
2)Bothtogetherarethecompanionsofthatactionor
3)Themanhimselfistheoriginatorofhisactions.
IfAllahisthedoeroftheactionsofman,whydoesheinflictpunishmentonmanforthesins?Isitnotinjustice?Andif
bothmanandAllaharepartnersinthatcrime,thenisitnotgrossinjusticethatthepowerfulpartners(i.e.Allah)punishes
theweakerpartner(i.e.man)foranactionwhichbothofthemperformedtogether?Andasthesetwoalternativesare
provedtobeillogicalandimpossible,the3rdtheoryisprovedtobecorrectthatmandoeshisactionsbyhisownpower
andwill.""Whateverbenefitcomestoyou(Oman!),itisfromAllah,andwhatevermisfortunebefallsyou,itisfrom
yourself,andWehavesentyou(OProphet!),tomankindasamessengerandAllahissufficientasawitness."(Quran
4:79)
InjusticeAndItsNegativeEffects:
ReasonsofInjustice:
Supposing,Allahwasnotjustandtreatsacreaturewithcrueltyorcommitsanevilthenitmustbebecauseofoneoffour
reasons:
i)Heisignorantoftheaction,anddoesnotknowthatitisevil,
ii)HeknowswhatHedoes,butHehasbeencompelledtodoit,andisunabletodesistfromit
iii)Itisnecessaryforhimtodoit,althoughHeisawarethatitisevil,butHeisnotcompelledtodoit
iv)Hedoesitathispleasure,withoutcause,orasanamusementalthough,Heisneitherignorantofit,norconstrainedto
doit,andneitherisitnecessaryforHimtodoit.
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EachoftheseisanimpossibilityforAllah,aseachoneentailsadeficiencyinHim.ButHeisAbsoluteperfection
thereforewemustsaythatHeisglorifiedfromoppressionandfromdoingwhatisevil.
(Adaptedfrom:JusticeofGod.BySeyyidSaeedAkhterRizvi)
Nubuwwat
BeliefintheProphets(PBUT)ofGodwhoexcelallotherpersonsforwhomtheyaresentfor.AProphetissinless
(ma'soom).ProphetMuhammadMustafa(PBUH)isthelastoftheprophetssentbyGod.Thetotalnumberofprophets
(PBUT)thatweresentbyGodtomankindis124,000andeverynationonearthwasgivenguidancethroughthem.
NabuwwatisthebeliefinProphethood.
Allahsent124,000prophetstoguideus.ThefirstofwhichwasProphetAdam(A),whowasalsothefirstman.Thelastof
whichwasProphetMuhammad(S).
WhydoweneedProphets?
Prophetsaretheretoshowustherightway,toguideus,liketeachers.Theyarehumanslikeus,sothatwecanrelateto
them,andtheycanbeanexampleforus.
TheProphetsarelikeabridgebetweenusandAllah.
AllahtalkstotheProphetsinoneofthreeways:Directly,eg.ProphetMusa(A).Throughadream,eg.ProphetIbrahim
(A).ThroughtheangelJibrail,eg.ProphetMuhammad(S).
TheProphetsthentelluswhatAllahhastoldthem.
Prophetsweresenttoatribe,acommunity,afamily,whateverAllahcommanded.ButourHolyProphet(S)wassentfor
thewholeofmankindtilltheDayofJudgement.
OneofthetitlesofourHolyProphet(S)isRahmatunLil'Alameenwhichmeans"mercytotheuniverse".Thisisbecause
afterthecomingofourProphet(S)Allahdoesnotinstantlypunishthepeoplefortheircontinueddisobedience,theway
Hedidinthepast.
eg.ThepeopleatProphetNuh's(A)timeweredrowned.
ThepeopleatProphetHud's(A)timeweredestroyed.
TheProphetshavetohavethefollowingqualities:bechosenbyAllah,beMa'sumnothavecommittedanysin,noteven
bymistake.beabletoperformmiraclesbethemostperfectpersonatthattime(IntheirAkhlaqandknowledge)
TheArabicwordforaProphetisNabi.AmongsttheNabiareacertainfewwhoweregivennewcommands(setoflaws,
Shari'ah)forthepeopletofollow,thesearecalledRasul.ThustherankofRasulishigherthanthatofaNabi.
TherearefiveProphetswhohaveanevenhigherrankandtheseareknownastheUlulAdhmProphets(Thespecial
Prophets).Theseare:ProphetNuh(A).ProphetIbrahim(A).ProphetMusa(A).ProphetIsa(A).ProphetMuhammad(S).
TheProphetsbroughtthemessageofAllahinstagesasthematurity(understandingcapability)ofthepeopledeveloped
andtheywereabletounderstandmore.eg.Totrytoexplainacartoachild,firstyouwillsaythatitissomethingwith
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wheelsthattakesyoufromoneplacetothenext.Asthechildgetsolderandmoremature,andcanunderstandmore,
youwillexplainthatthecarrunsbymeansofanenginewhichneedspetrol.Asthechildgetsolderstillyouwillexplain
thewaytheengineworksandsoonandsoon.
TheProphetsusuallyhadtheirnewsetoflaws(Shari'ah)madeintoabook.TheseareknownasDivinebooks.
ProphetNuh(A)andProphetIbrahim(A)eachhadaDivinebookbutnotmuchisknownabouteitherofthesebooks.
TheotherDivinebooksthatweknowofare:
TauratwasrevealedtoProphetMusa(A).
ZaburwasrevealedtoProphetDawud(A).
InjilwasrevealedtoProphetIsa(A).
Qur'anwasrevealedtoProphetMuhammad(S).
IslamisthefirstandfinalreligiontaughtbyalltheProphets,perfectedandcompletedbytheHolyProphet,Muhammad
Mustafa(S).
Imamat
ImamatisthebeliefintheneedforguidesaftertheHolyProphet(S).Thereare12suchguides(Aimmah).
AimmahisthepluralofImam.Imammeansguide/leader.
JustliketheProphets,theAimmahhavetohavethefollowingqualities:bechosenbyAllah,beMa'sumnotcommitany
sin,notevenbymistake.beabletoperformmiraclesbethemostperfectpersonatthattime(intheirAkhlaqand
Knowledge)
TheAimmah(A)are12innumber:ImamAli(A)ImamHasan(A)ImamHusain(A)ImamAliZainulAbideen(A)Imam
MuhammadalBaqir(A)ImamJa'farasSadiq(A)ImamMusaalKadhim(A)ImamAliarRidha(A)ImamMuhammadat
Taqi(A)ImamAlianNaqi(A)ImamHasanalAskari(A)ImamMuhammadalMahdi(A).
The12thImam,ImamMuhammadalMahdi(A)istheImamofourtimeandisstillalive.Thisiswhywhenwehearhis
nameweshouldstandupandputourrighthandonourheadandbowourheaddown,toshowourrespectforhim.
OurHolyProphet(S)hassaidthatanyMuslimwhodieswithoutknowingtheImamofhistimediesthedeathofanon
believer.
WhydoweneedanImamtoguideuswhentheHolyProphet(S)hastaughtusthewholeofIslamandleftbehindthe
HolyQur'an?
TheImam(A)istheretohelpusandguideuswhenwedonotunderstandsomething,alsowhenweforgetsomething,
andtointerveneonourbehalftoAllah.
OnceinamosqueinIraqtherewasamancalledAmrbinUbaydwhowastellingthepeoplethathedidnotbelieveinthe
needofanImam.
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Hisham,ayoungstudentofImamJa'farasSadiq(A)askedAmrthatifhewassosurethattherewasnoneedofan
Imam,couldhepleaseanswersomeofhisquestions.Amragreed.
HishamaskedAmrifhehadeyes,towhichAmrrepliedofcoursehehadeyes.
HishamthenaskedAmrwhatwastheuseofhiseyes,towhichAmrrepliedtheyweretoseewith.
HishamthenaskedAmrifhehadears.Amrsaidhedid.
Hishamthenaskedwhatwastheuseofhisears.Hishamrepliedthattheyweretohearwith.
HishamthenaskedAmrabouthisnose,thenhismouthinthissameway,andAmrrepliedhim,thinkingwhatfoolish
questionshewasbeingasked.
HishamthenaskedAmrifhehadabrain.Amrsaidhedid.
Hishamaskedofwhatusewasthebraintohim,towhichAmrrepliedthatitwaswiththebrainhewasabletounderstand
whatalltheotherorgansperceived.
HishamaskedAmrthatdidthatmeanevenifalltheorgansthathehad(eyes,ears,nose,mouth)werehealthy,stillthey
couldnotworkwithoutthebrain.Amragreed.
HishamthencontinuedthatifAllahhasmadeabraintoguidetheorgansinthebody,didAmrnotthinkthatAllahwould
leaveaguide(Imam)formanhimself.
Amrcouldnotreply!
OurHolyProphet(S)hassaid:ThosewhoholdontohisAhlulbaytarelikethosewhoheldontothearkofProphetNuh
(A),theywillbesaved.
Qiyaamat
QiyamatmeansthebeliefinthedayofJudgement.
Itisthedaythatwewillaccountforallouractionsinthisworld.AllahsaysintheHolyQur'an."ItisHewhohascreated
deathandlife,thatHemaytestwhichofyoudoesthebestofdeeds"(Quran67:2)
WhydoestherehavetobeQiyamat?Allahdidnotcreateuswithoutpurpose,sothatwhenwediethatistheendofus.
Theworldisnotwithoutpurpose.Imagineanartistcreatesapaintingandthendestroysit.DivineJustice.Notall
criminalspayinthisworld.Sometimestheyarenotcaught.Similarlynotallgoodcanberepaidinthisworld.egbuilding
aMosque,teachingachild.
HowwillAllahbringusbackwhenwehaveturnedtodust?AllahsaysintheHolyQur'an:
"Werewefatiguedbythefirstcreation?Yetthattheyareindoubtabouttherecreation."(Quran50:15)
TheaboveayatistellingusthatjustasAllahcreatedusatthebeginningofourlife,Hewillagaingiveuslife.Remember
thatwhenwewerefirstmadeweweremadefromnothing.
TheHereafter:AllahsaysintheHolyQur'an:"Nonecanperceivewhatblessingsarehiddenformaninthatworldwhich
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willdelighthiseye."(Quran32:17)
WearetoldherethatnomatterhowwonderfulwethinkHeavenisgoingtobe,itwillbebetter.Wewillneverbeableto
imaginehowwonderfulitreallywillbe.
SimilarlywecannotimaginehowdreadfulHellwillbe.AllahsaysintheHolyQur'an:"Thenheshalldienotthereinnor
shallhelive(init)"(Quran87:13)
Our6thImam,ImamJa'farasSadiq(A)wasonceaskedwhatthisayatmeant.
HerepliedthatAllahwastellingusaboutHell,andhowyouwillnotdieinthefirenorliveinit.Hecarriedonthatasour
skinandbodyburntinthefirewewouldgetanewskinandbodywhichwouldagainburn.
ThemanaskedImam(A)howthisnewskincouldbepunishedinthefireforthesinsoftheoldskin.
Imam(A)answeredthatitwasanewskinyetitwastheoldskin.Hegavetheexampleofabrick.Hetoldthemanthatif
hehadabrickandhebrokeituntilitwaspowder,thenputittogetherandbakeditintoanewbrick,thebrickwouldbea
newbrickyetold.
InthissamewaythepeopleinHellwillburninthefireandwhentheyareallburnttheywillberemadetoburnagainuntil
theyhavepaidforalltheirsins.
By:AyatollahTabatabai
TheDutyofManTowardsHisParents
Parentsarethemeansofthecreationofachildandtheimpartersofhisinitialeducationandtrainingtherefore,theholy
religionofIslamhasplacedagreatdealofemphasisonchildren'sobeyingthemandontheirrespecttoanextentthat
theAlmightyAllahhascommandedthepeopletobekindandgeneroustotheirparentsrightaftermentioningTauhid
(theOnenessofAllah)andstates:"AndyourLordhascommandedthatyoushallnotserve(any)butHim,andhas
commandedgoodnesstoyourparents..."(Qur'an,17:23)
Inatradition(hadith)enumeratingmortalsins,misconducttowardsparentsranksecondtoshirk(polytheism).The
AlmightyAllahstates:"Ifeitherorbothofthemreacholdagewithyou,saynottothem(somuchas)"ugh"norchidethem,
andspeaktothemgenerouswords.Andmakeyourselfsubmissivelygentletothemwithcompassionandsay:"Omy
Lord!Havecompassiononthem,similartowhattheyhadonmewhentheybroughtmeup(whenIwas)little."'(Qur'an,
17:2324)
Howwelldidanoldwomansaytoherchildwhenshesawhimpowerfulandbulky:Ifyourecalledyourchildhood,
Whenyouwerehelplessinmyarm,
Youwouldnottreatmeunkindlytoday,
AsyouareabravemanandIamanoldwoman.
TheRightsofParents
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Inafamilycircle,therelationshipofparentstotheirchildrenislikethatoftherootsofatreetoitsbranchesbecausethe
continuityandsurvivalofthebranchesofthetreedependuponitsroots.Parentsarealsothefoundersofthechildren's
life.Sincethehumansocietyiscomprisedofthetwocategories,i.e.,parentsandchildren,parentsarethemainrootsof
thehumansociety.
Besidesbeinganutmostingratitudeandcowardice,misbehaviourtowardstheparentsandannoyingthemalsocause
thedecadenceofhumanityandtheannihilationofthesociety.Thisisbecausethedisrespectofchildrentowardstheir
parentswillbereflectedbytheparentsintheformofunkindnessanddisfavourtowardsthem.Ontheotherhand,ifthe
childrenlooktowardstheirparentswithdisrespectandlowliness,theycannotexpectanythingbetterfromtheirown
childrenandwillnotdependuponthehelpoftheirchildrenwhentheyreachtheageofdisabilityandinfirmity.Thus,they
naturallybecomedisappointedtoformafamily,asisthecasewithmanyoftheyoungpeopleofthepresentage.
Generalisationofthiskindofthinkingwilldefinitelyobstructthepathofregenerationandreproduction,becauseawise
manwillneverdevotehisvaluablelifetonurtureayoungtreefromwhosefruitshewillnotbenefit,underwhoseshadow
hewillnotsit,andthatlookingtowardsitwillrenderhimnobenefitbutgriefandanguish.Wemightassumethatthe
governmentscanencouragethepeopletosetupfamiliesbygivingthemvariousrewardsandincentivesandthus
eliminatetheproblemsofregenerationandreproductionbutitshouldbenotedthatthesocialmethodsandcustomsthat
aredevoidofnaturalbacking(likeparentchildrenaffection)cannotlast.
Besidesthisfact,notbenefitingfromoneofthenaturalinstinctswillinevitablydeprivemanofaseriesofpurespiritual
pleasures.
TheRightsofChildrenonParents
Theworksthatamanmustperformforsomeonewhoisthebeneficiaryarecalled"Huquq"(rights)andtheworksthata
personmustperformarecalledduties,ordersandobligations.Forinstance,itisthedutyofanemployertopaythe
wagesofhisemployeeanditistherightoftheemployeetoreceiveitafterperformingataskforhim.Iftheemployerdoes
notpaythewages,theemployeecandemanditanddefendhisright.
Sincemaniscreatedinsuchamannerthathislifeisnoteverlastinginthisworldandbecausewillinglyornothedies
aftersometime,Allahhasestablishedthemethodofreproduction,hasprovidedpeoplewiththemeansofreproduction,
andhasdirectedman'sinnerfeelingstowardsitinordertosafeguardthemankindfromtotalannihilation.
Itisbecauseofthisoverallmobilisationthatmannaturallyconsidershischildtobeaninherentofhimselfandassumes
hischild'ssurvivaltobethatofhisown.Forthisreason,mangoesthroughallkindsofendeavoursandmakeseffortsfor
thecomfortandhappinessofhischildrenandenduresvarioushardships,forheconsiderstheannihilationofhischildor
hischild'spersonalitytobehisownannihilationortheannihilationofhisownpersonality.Indeed,manobeystheorder
oftheworldofcreation,whichdemandsthesurvivalofmankind.Thusitisthedutyofparentstoimplementtheorder
enjoinedbyconscienceandreligiouslawswithregardtotheirchildrenandtobringthemupverywell,sothattheymay
growintodecenthumanbeings.Parentsarealsodutyboundtorightfulfortheirchildrenthosethingsthattheyrightfulfor
themselvesfromtheviewpointofhumanity.Someofthedutiesofparentsareasgivenbelow:Parentsmustestablish
andmakefirmthefoundationofpraiseworthyethicsanddecentattributesinthenaturesoftheirchildrenfromthevery
firstdaythattheybeingtounderstandwordsandsigns.Theymustnotfrightentheirchildrenwithsuperstitioussubjects
asmuchastheycan.Theymustpreventthemfromcommittingevilandunchasteacts.Theparents,too,mustavoidlying,
illspeaking,andusingbadlanguageandobscenewordsinfrontoftheirchildren.Theparentsshouldperformdecent
deeds,sothatthechildrenmightbebroughtupaschasteandmagnanimouspeople.Parentsmustendeavourandshow
motivationandjustice,soastotransfertotheirchildrentheloveforjusticeandhumanitythroughthelawof"thetransfer
ofethics"inordertokeeptheirchildrenawayfromoppression,meanness,andselfishness.Parentsshouldpatronise
theirchildrenfortheireating,sleeping,andotherrequirementsforlivinguntiltheyattaintheageofdiscernment.They
musthaveconsiderationforthephysicalhealthoftheirchildrensothattheymayhaveahealthybodyandastrongmind
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andtemperreadytobeeducatedandtrained.Parentsshouldputtheirchildrenunderthecareofateacherfromthetime
theygetaptitudeforeducation(usuallyfromthe7thyearoftheirage).Parentsshouldmakeeveryefforttoplacetheir
childrenunderthecareofadecentteacher,sothattheymaygetgoodanddesirableimpressionsfromwhattheyhearso
thatsuchateacherwouldbecomethesourceofinspirationandcausetherefinementoftheirspirit,thepurificationof
theirsoul,andthecultivationoftheirethics.Parentsshouldtaketheirchildrenalongwiththemtogatheringsinorderto
familiarisethemwithsocialcustomsandpraiseworthyetiquettewhentheiragecallsforparticipationinsocialgatherings
orfamilyvisits.
RespectfortheElders
Itisalsorequiredtorespecttheelders,astheHolyProphet(s.a.w)states:"Theglorificationandrespectfortheeldersis
theglorificationandrespectforAllah."
Man'sDutytowardsHisRelatives
Thepaternalandmaternalrelatives,whohaveaconsanguineousandnearrelationship,arethenaturalmeansforthe
formationofthesociety.Duetothesimilarityofbloodandcells,manbecomespartofafamily.Forthesakeofthisunity
andnaturalrelationship,Islamordersitsfollowerstoobservethekinshipbondswithkindness.Strongrecommendations
havebeenmadeintheQur'anandtheahadithofreligiousleadersinthisrespect.
TheHolyProphet(s.a.w.)states:"IenjoinmyUmmah(people)toobservethekinshipbondswithkindness.Evenifthe
relativesareseparatedfromoneanotherbyayearlongdistance,theyshouldnotdisconnectthekinshipbondsoftheir
relationship."
(Ref.IslamicTeachingsinBrief(pp.186190)byAyatollahSayyidMuhammadHusaynTabatabai).
Adaptedfrom:MAHJUBAHVOLNo.8(147)August1996
By:AyatollahTabatabai
Introduction
Onethingthatahumanbeingforgetsdespitebeingremindedrepeatedlyisdeath.Allah(S)hassaidintheHolyQur'an:
"Everysoulshalltastedeath"(AliImran,3:185)
Oneshouldtrytokeepinmindthefactthathisorherlifemaycometoanendatanytime,sometimeswithoutwarning.
Wehaveseenyoungandolddiebeforeus,andconsequentlyitisimportantthatweshouldbewellpreparedtoleave
thisworldatalltimes.
Everyonetriestoensurethattheirjourneythroughlifeispleasant,byworkinghardtoprovideforthemselvesandtheir
familyasmanyworldlycomfortsaspossible.Surprisingly,veryfewofthesamepeoplespareathoughttoacquiringthe
comfortsofthelifeafterdeath.Thespanofourlivesinthisworldisablinkoftheeyecomparedtothelengthofthenext
lifeandonlyaverythoughtlesspersonwillnotworktirelesslytomakeprovisionsforthatlife.Anexampleisgivento
illustratethisfact.
Considerwhyyougotoschoolandtohighereducation.Yougotoobtainenoughknowledgeandskillssothatyoumay
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beabletoearnyourlivelihood.Theharderyouworkatyourstudies,thebetteryourprospects.Similarly,youareinthis
worldtoperformtheactionsthatwilldetermineyourstatusinthenextworld,andyoumustworkhard.
Youdoyourhomeworkandobserveschoolrulessothatyourstayinschooliscomfortable,butyouraimisalwaysto
passthefinalexams.Similarly,youacquireknowledgeandwealthtomakeyourstayinthisworldcomfortable,butyour
aimhastobetoobtainAllah'spleasureandreward.
Thefollowingwordshavebeenusedextensivelyinthenotes:therefore,theirdefinitionshavebeengivenbelow.Wajib:
ObligatoryoneveryBalighperson.WajibeKifai:ObligatoryoneveryonewhoisBaligh,butifonepersondoesit,thenthe
othersarefreedfromtheresponsibility.EhtiyateWajib:Anobligatoryprecaution.Haraam:ForbiddentoallMuslims.
Mustahab:Recommendedtoperform.Makrooh:Notrecommendedtoperform(undesirable,dislikedbyAllah).
WhatToDoJustBeforeDeath
ThetimejustbeforedeathisknownasEhtezaarorSakaraat.ThefollowingactionisWajib
ItisWajibtolayadyingpersonontheirbackwiththefaceandsolesoffeetfacingQiblah,ifpossible.Thefollowing
actionsareMustahab
ThepeoplenearthedyingpersonshouldmakehimreciteandunderstandKalimaeShahadatayn,KalimaeFaraj,the
namesoftheTwelveImams(A)andotherbeliefs.Thisshouldbedonetothelastbreath.AccordingtoHadith,hewhose
lastwordsare"LailahaIllallah"shallenterJannat.
ToreciteSuraeYasin,Wasaffat,Ahzab,AyatulKursi,54thAyatofSuraeA'raaf,last3ayatsofSuraeBaqarahandto
reciteHolyQur'anasmuchaspossibleneartheheadofadyingperson.Thiswillhelpthesoultodepartpeacefully.
Ifadyingpersonisindifficulty,heshouldbekeptinaplaceheregularlysaidhisprayers.ItisbettertoalsoreciteDu'ae
Adeelainthesecases.ThefollowingactionsareMakrooh.
Toleavethedyingpersonalone.Tolayhandsonhisbodyortokeepanythingonhisstomach.Forthoseinthestateof
Haidh(Menses)orJanabattostaynearthedyingperson.Totalkalotorcrytoomuch.
WhatToDoJustAfterDeath:
ThefollowingactionsareWajibeKifai:
AdministeringGhusl,Kafan,SalaatulMayyitandBurial.Ifnobodyattendstotheseduties,everybodywouldbesinning.
CommitteesareusuallyappointedtoadministerGhuslandKafan.ThefollowingactionisEhtiyateWajib:
Beforebeginningtheaboverituals,permissionoftheWali(Guardian)ofthedeceasedbeobtained.Thefollowing
actionsareMustahab:
Toclosehislips,eyesandmouthtokeephisarmsandlegsstraightandtocoverthewholebodywithasheetofcloth.
Tohavesufficientlightingifitisdark.ToinformandinsistonMu'mineentotakepartintheburial.Thefollowingactions
areMakrooh:
Toleavethedeadbodyalone.ForthoseinthestateofHaidh(Menses)orJanabattogonearthedeadbody.Todelay
theritualsbeforeburial.
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TheProcedureOfGhusl
ItisWajibeKifaitogivethebodyofeverydeadMuslimtheGhuslsorritualbaths.Onlyinthecaseofachildmiscarried
beforefourmonthsinthewombisGhuslnotnecessary.
ThepeopledoingtheGhuslmustnotdiscloseanydefectsthattheynoticedonthedeadbodyandAllahwritesoffthe
sinsofthesepeopleinsuchawayasiftheywerebornonthesameday.
ThreeGhuslsmustbeadministeredtothecorpse:
ThefirstGhusliswithAabeSidr(watermixedwiththeleavesoftheberrytree),thesecondwithAabeKaafur(water
mixedwithcamphor)andthethirdwithAabeKhalis(purewater).Thefollowingrulesarerelevanttothewaterused:
Theleavesoftheberryplantorcamphormustnotbeinsuchaquantityastochangethecolourofthewater,sothatthe
watermixturesbecomeAabeMuzaf(impurewater)norsolittlethatitcannotbedistinguishedwhetherthewaterhas
beenmixedwithcamphororberryleaves.
IfonediesinthestateofEhram,camphormustnotbeusedforthesecondGhusl.Inthiscase,bothsecondandthird
Ghuslsareperformedwithpurewater.
Incaseswherecamphororberryleavesarenotavailable,oriftheyareGhasbitherespectiveGhuslsmayinsteadbe
performedwithpurewater.Insuchcases,itisEhtiyateWajibthatthecorpsebegivenTayammum(withappropriate
Niyyat)asasubstitutefortheGhuslsinwhichtheberryleavesandcamphorweresupposedtohavebeenused.
WhenthereisnowateravailableatallthenforeachGhuslperformedTayammumwillbeadministeredandaforthGhusl
becauseoftheinabilitytogiveGhuslwithwater.ThefollowingrulesarerelevanttothepersonsgivingGhusl:
ApersongivingGhusltoadeadbodymustbe:AShiaIthna'asheriMuslim.Baligh.Ofsoundmind.Awareoftherulesof
Ghusl.Thesamesexasthedeadperson.(Someexceptionstothisrulearegivenlater.)Thefollowingactionsare
Mustahab:
AtleasttwopersonsshouldbeengagedforgivingGhusl.Oneshouldpourwateronthedeadbody,whiletheother
shouldchangeitssides.
ThesolesofthefeetofthedeadbodyshouldfaceQiblah.
Ghuslshouldnotbegivenundertheopensky,butinacoveredplaceorahouse.
WudhuumaybegiventothedeadbodybeforetheGhusls.
ThepersongivingGhuslshouldbeontherightsideofthebody,andbeforeeachofthethreeGhusls,theyshouldwash
theirownarmsuptotheelbows.
IfthedeadpersonhasGhusleJanabatdue,thenitmaybegivenbeforethethreeGhuslsofMayyit.
AllparticipantsshouldreciteDu'aandaskfortheforgivenessofthedeadpersonthroughouttheGhusls.
WhentheGhuslsareover,thedeadbodyshouldbedried.
ThefollowingrulesarerelevanttotheGhusls
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ApersongivingGhuslmustdoitwiththesoleintentionofpleasingandobeyingAllah.ItisHaraamtotakepaymentforit.
Ifapersondoesthisworkinordertoobtainfinancialrewardforhislabour,suchGhuslwillbeBatil(void).However,one
canchargeforprovisionofmeansandmaterialsfortheGhuslorKafan.
IfpartofthedeadbodyisNajis,thenitshouldbemadePakbeforegivingGhusl.However,itisbettertocleanthewhole
bodywithsoap(toremoveoil,dirtetc)beforegivingGhusl.
Iftheclothesonthebodycannotbeundone,theymaybecutawaywiththepermissionoftheWali.Allrings,watches,etc
mustberemovedpriortostartingGhusl.
ThewayofgivingGhusltothecorpseisthesameasperformingGhuslforJanabat.ThreeGhuslsshouldbegivenone
aftertheother.Niyyat(intention)shouldbeperformedbeforestartingtogiveGhuslbyallparticipants(eventhosewho
helpwiththewater),asfollows:
Niyyat:IamgivingGhusltothiscorpse,with(typeofwaterusedtogiveGhusl)WajibQurbatanIlallah.
Headandneckshouldthenbewashed,followedbytherighthandsideandthelefthandsideofthebody.ItisEhtiyate
Wajibtofollowthisprocedureforwashingthebody.
Itisnecessarytocovertheprivatepartsofthecorpseatalltimeseveniftheperformersareofthesamesexasthedead
person.
ItisWajibeKifaitogiveGhusltoamiscarriedchildoffourmonthsormore.Ifitisanunderfourmonthsoldmiscarriage,
thenthereisnoneedtoadministerGhusl.Thechild'sbodyshouldhoweverbewrappedinapieceofclothandburied.
ItisnotpermittedforamantogiveGhusltoawomanandviceversa.Exceptiontothisruleisonlymadeinthecaseofa
manandwife,whereoneisallowedtogiveGhusltotheother.ItisMustahabtoavoidthisifcircumstancespermit.
BothmenandwomenareallowedtogiveGhusltothebodyofachildofuptothreeyearsofage,regardlessofitssex.
TheGhuslofaMuslimchildbornoutofwedlockisalsonecessary.
OnewhohasbeensufferingfrommentalillnessfromchildhoodandwiththesameconditionhasbecomeBaligh,ifhe
canbeconsideredaMuslim,thenitisnecessarytogiveGhusltosuchapersonwhenhedies.Ghusl,Kafanandother
dutiesarenotallowedforanonMuslimorhischild.
IfamaleisnotavailabletoundertaketheworkofGhuslforthecorpseofamale,hisfemalerelativese.g.mother,sisteror
aunt(i.e.father'sormother'ssister)maygiveGhuslfrombehindacloth.Similarly,ifthedeadpersonisafemale,male
MahramrelativesfromherfamilymaygiveGhuslifnofemaleisavailable.
IfapersondiesinthestateofHaidh(menses)orJanabat,thereisnoneedtogiveextraGhuslforHaidhorJanabat.
OncetheabovementionedthreeWajibGhuslshavebeenadministered,nootherGhuslwillberequired.
Incaseswherewaterisnotavailable,orforsomeotherreasonitisdifficulttogiveGhusl(e.g.becauseofextensiveinjury
tothedeadbody),thenthreeTayammumshouldbegivenassubstitutesforthethreeWajibGhusls.ItisEhtiyateWajib
thatonemoreTayammumbegivenasasubstituteforallthethreeGhusls.IfapersonduringoneoftheTayammums
makesNiyyatthathe/sheisgivingTayammumtothecorpseinordertofulfilwhatisrequiredbyShariat,thentherewill
benoneedforthe4thTayammum.
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ThepersongivingTayammumtothecorpsemustadministeritwithhisownhands.ItisEhtiyateWajibthatafterthisthe
handsofthecorpseshouldbeusedingivingallTayammumsagainforthesecondtimeifpossible.
AftertheGhuslsareover,thedeadbodyisPak.However,allparticipantsmustthenperformGhusleMasseMayyit
themselves(theGhuslforhavingtouchedacolddeadbody.)ThosepeoplewhotouchthebodyafterthethreeGhusls,
donothavetoperformGhusleMasseMayyit.
TheProcedureOfHunoot
ThefollowingactionisWajib
AfterGhusl,Hunootmustbegiventoadeadperson.TheappropriateNiyyatmustbemade.ItisbettertogiveHunoot
beforethecorpseisshroudedalthoughitcanbedoneduringorafterthecorpseisshrouded.
Hunootmeanstorubsomecamphoronthosesevenpartsofthebodywhichareplacedonthegroundduringprostration
(sajdah)inSalaati.e.forehead,palms,kneesandtoes.Thecamphormustbefreshandpowdered.Ifithaslostitsscent,
itwillnotbeconsideredsufficient.
ThefollowingactionsareEhtiyateWajib.
Camphorshouldbeappliedtotheforeheadfirst,butfortheotherpartsnoparticularorderisrequired.
Nootherperfumeshouldbeappliedtothedeadbodyalongwithcamphororwithoutit.
ThefollowingactionsareMustahab.
Torubsomecamphoronthenoseandchestofthedeceasedperson.TomixlittleTurbah(earthfromthegraveofImam
Husain(A)withcamphor,butitmustnotbeofsuchquantitythatwhenmixedwithcamphoritcannolongerbecalled
camphor.SuchmixtureofTurbahmustnotbeappliedtoanyplacethatmaycausedisrespect.
ThefollowingrulesarerelevanttoHunoot.
IfsufficientcamphorisnotavailableoritisjustenoughforGhusl,thenHunootisnotnecessary.Applicationofcamphor
isnotallowedifapersondiesinthestateofEhramforHajorUmra.Exceptifthedeathhastakenplaceaftercompletion
ofSa'ee(walkingseventimesbetweenSaffaandMarwa).IfawomandiesduringherIddah(waitingperiodafterthe
deathofherhusband),itisstillnecessarytogiveherHunootalthoughshewasnotallowedtouseperfumeduringher
Iddah.
TheProcedureOfKafan(Shrouding)
Kafan(shrouding)mustbedoneaftertheGhuslisover.Theminimum(Wajib)Kafanconsistsofthreepiecesofcloth,
whileitisusualandMustahabtousesevenpiecesinthecaseofmalesandeightinthecaseoffemales.ItisMustahab
tousewhitecottoncloth.Theclothshouldnotbecutwithametalinstrumentifpossible.
Thevariouspiecesaredescribedfullyinthenextsection.
ThefollowingpiecesareWajibpartsoftheKafan
Lungi:Thisisaloinclothwhichmustcoverthebodyfromthenaveltotheknees,althoughitisMustahabthatitshould
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coverthebodyfromthechesttothefeet.TheapproximatesizeofLungiis60"x54"(150cmsX135cms).
Perahan:Thisisashirtwhichmustbelargeenoughtocoverthebodyfromtheshoulderstotheupperhalfofthelegs.It
isMustahabtoalsocovertheupperportionofthefeet.TheapproximatesizeofPerahanis36"x110"(90cmsx275
cms).
Chaadar:Thisisanoverallsheetwhichmustbewideenoughtowraparoundthebodywithonesideoverlappingthe
other,andlongenoughsuchthatbothends(attheheadandfeet)canbetiedupwhenthebodyiswrappedinit.
ApproximatesizeofChaadaris60"x90"(150cmx225cm).
ThefollowingpiecesareMustahabpartsoftheKafan
FortheMale:
RannPech:Thisisapieceofclothtocovertheprivatepartsandmustbelongenoughtowrapitonthetwothighs.The
approximatesizeis16"x108"(40cmsx270cms).
Amama:Thisisapieceofcloththatiswoundontheheadlikeaturban.Theapproximatesizeis6"x108"(15cmsx270
cms).
Kamarband:ThispieceofclothistiedlikeabelttoholdtheLungiinplace.
SecondChaadar:ThispieceisthesamesizeastheWajibChaadar,andisusedtosecuretheotherpiecesinside.
FortheFemale:
RannPech:Thispieceisthesameasthatforamale.
SeenaBand:Thispieceofclothisusedtocoverthebreasts.Theapproximatesizeis12"x90"(30cmsx225cms).
Makna:ThispiececoverstheheadjustlikeinSalaat.Theapproximatesizeis25"x55"(63cmsx140cms).
Kamarband:Thispieceisthesameasthatforamale.
SecondChaadar:Thispieceisthesameasforthemale.
Jareeda:
ThisisaMustahabactionwhichhasbeenhighlyrecommended.Jareedaarefreshtwigs(withoutleaves)cutfromatree.
AlotofemphasishasbeengivenbyourImams(A)toplaceJareedaonbothsidesofthedeadbody.Thereasongivenis
thataslongasthetwigsremaingreen,thebodywillbesparedfromFishaar(thesqueezinginthegrave.)
Preferenceisgiventothetwigsofdatepalms.Ifthatisnotavailablethentwigsfrompomegranate(Daaram)treemaybe
usedandifthesearenotavailablethenfromanyothertree.
ThetwigsshouldbeofarmslengthandthenameofthedeadpersontogetherwithhistestimonyintheKalimaandthe
Imams(A)shouldbeinscribedonthem.
Thetwigontherightsideshouldtouchthearmpitwhiletheoneonthelefthandsideshouldbekeptabovethearmpit.
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TheChaadaristhenwrappedaroundthebody.
ThefollowingrulesarerelevanttotheKafan
TheclothusedforKafanmustnotbetransparentsuchthatthebodycanbeseen.
IftheKafanbecomesNajis,itisWajibtomakeitPaak,evenifthebodyisalreadyplacedinthegrave.TheKafancanbe
madePaakinoneofthefollowingways:
WashingtheNajispart.CuttingawaytheNajispart.ChangingtheKafan.
ItisMustahabtopossessKafanduringone'slifetime,alongwithcamphorandtheberryleavesasrequiredforadead
person.AccordingtoHolyProphet(S),onewhokeepshisorherKafanreadywillnotbecountedamongthosewhohave
beenunmindfulofdeath.AmanhastopayforhisownKafan.TheKafanofadeceasedwifemustbeprovidedbyher
husband,eventhoughshemayhaveherownproperty.ThehusbandhasalsotomanagefortheKafanofthedeceased
wifewhowasdivorcedbyTalaakeRaja'e(revokabledivorce)andherIddah(waitingperiod)hadnotexpiredbeforeher
death.
SalaateMayyit
AfterGhuslandKafan,itisWajibtopraySalaateMayyitforadeadMuslimwhoissixyearsorolder.Forachildyounger
thansixyearsitisMustahabtopraytheSalaat.
Itisgreatlyrewardable(Thawaab)tojointhisprayer.Accordingtoonetradition,Jannatbecomesdueforapersonwho
offersthisprayer,providedheisnotahypocrite(Munafiq)ordisowned(Aaq)byhisparents.
InSalaateMayyit,Taharatofthebodyordressisnotnecessary,alsoGhusl,WudhuorTayammumisnotWajib.Salaate
MayyitmustbeprayedfacingQiblahwiththeNiyyatofJamaat.Thebodyshouldbeplacedinsuchawaythattheheadof
thebodyisontherighthandsideofthosewhooffertheprayerandtheymustbestandingclosetothecorpse.
ThemethodofprayingSalaateMayyit
TheprayerofMayyithasfiveTakbirs(AllahuAkber).
AfterthefirstTakbir,KalimaeShahadatainisrecited.
AfterthesecondTakbir,Salawatisrecited.
AfterthethirdTakbir,prayersareofferedforallthebelieversandMuslims.
AfterthefourthTakbir,prayersareofferedespeciallyforthedeceasedperson.
ThefifthTakbirmarkstheendoftheprayer.
Theshortestmethodofofferingthisprayerisasfollows:
Niyyat:IpraySalaateMayyitforthiscorpseWajibKurbatanIlallah.ALLAHUAKBER
ASHHADUALLAAILAHAILLALLAHU(WAHDAHUULASHARIKALAH)
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WAANNAMUHAMMADURRASOOLULLAH
ALLAHUAKBER
ALLAHUMMASWALLI'ALAMUHAMMADINWAAALIMUHAMMAD
ALLAHUAKBER
ALLAHUMMAGHFIRLILMU'MINEENAWALMU'MINAAT
ALLAHUAKBER
ALLAHUMMAGHFIRLIHAAZALMAYYIT
(Incasethedeceasedisafemalesay:,
ALLAHUMMAGHFIRLIHAAZIHILMAYYIT
ALLAHUAKBER
Afterthecompletionoftheprayerrecite:
RABBANAAATINAFIDDUNYAHASANATANWWAFILAKHIRATIHASANATANWWAQINAAZABANNAAR.
TheTakbirsmustbesaidinaconsecutiveorderwithoutanintervalmaywhichdistorttheformoftheprayer(Tarteeb).In
congregationofSalaateMayyit,everyonehastorecitethewholeprayer(unlikeinotherJamaatSalaat).Itisnotcorrect
justtosay"ALLAHUAKBER",andremainsilentbetweentheTakbirs.SuchaprayerisBatil(void).
ThefollowingactionsareMustahab.Ifpossible,theprayershouldbesaidwithWudhu,GhuslorTayammumas
necessary.
Inthecaseofamaledeceased,thepersonprayingalone(Furada)orasanImam,shouldstandinfronttothemiddle
partofthebody,ifthedeceasedisafemale,thepersonprayingshouldstandinfrontofherchest.
Thepersonprayingshouldbebarefooted.
WhensayingaTakbir,oneshouldraisehishands.
Theprayershouldbesaidincongregation.
Thepersonleadingtheprayer(ImameJamaat)shouldsayalltheTakbirsandDua'sloudly,andothersshouldsaythem
inalowtone.
Beforetheprayer,"ASSALAH"shouldbesaidaloudthreetimes.
Burial(LastFarewell)
BeforethefaceofthedeadpersonisfinallycoveredupbytheKafanandtiedup,thenearestrelativesarecalledtohave
alastglimpseoftheface.Atthistime,itisessentialtobearinmindthatonlyMAHRAM(thosepeoplewhowerenot
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allowedtomarrythatpersonbyIslamicSharia)shouldcomeforwardtoseetheface.
BURIAL
ItisWajibeKifaitoburythedeadbodyofaMuslim.Thevariousstagesoftheprocedureofburialaredescribednext.The
carryingofthedeadbody(Janaza)
ItisMustahabthatfourpeopleplacethefourcornersoftheJanazaontheirshoulderswhilecarryingittowardsthegrave
yard.ItisalsoMustahabtostartbearingtheJanazafromthesidewherethrighthandshoulderofthecorpselies,andto
continueinananticlockwisedirection.ThebearersshouldnotmoveacrossthefrontoftheJanazaorunderneathit.The
followingactionsareWajib.
Thebodymustbeburiedinawaythatnosmellwouldspreadandnobeastcantakeitout.
Thebodymustbeplacedinthegravesuchthatitsrightsidetouchesthegroundandthewholefrontportionofthebody
isfacingQiblah.Inplaceswherecoffinshavetobeused,thensimilarrulesapply.
ItisnotallowedtoburyaMusliminanonMuslimgraveyardandviceversa.ThefollowingactionsareMustahab.
Thedepthofthegraveshouldbeequaltotheheightofapersonofamediumsize.
Justbeforeburial,thebodyshouldbeplacedonthegroundsomefeetawayfromthegrave.TheJanazashouldthenbe
raisedandplacedonthegroundagain.Theprocedureisrepeatedthreetimes,eachtimebringingitclosertothegrave
beforefinallyrestingitinthegrave.
Formales,theheadshouldfirstbeenteredintothegravefromtheendwherehisfeetwilleventuallylie.Finally,itislaid
downintheprescribedposition.
Forfemales,thebodyshouldfirstbeplacedatthesideofthegraveandthenthebodyshouldbecarriedsideways,the
wholebodyenteringthegraveatonce.Finally,itislaiddownintheprescribedposition.Whilelayingthebodyintothe
grave,itshouldbeshieldedfromtheviewofonlookerswithapieceofcloth.
Whenthebodyisplacedinthegrave,thetiesoftheshroudshouldbeopenedandtherightcheekshouldbeplacedon
theground.Theheadshouldbeplacedonapillowmadefromsomeearth.
Talqeenshouldberecited.(seeAppendix1)
Withtheexceptionoftherelativesofthedeceased,otherpresentshouldpourthesoilintothegravewiththebackoftheir
handsandsay:INNALILLAHIWAINNAILAIHIRAJI'OON
(WearefromGodandtoHimwewillreturn)
Afterburial,thesurfaceofthegraveshouldbeformedintoarectangularshapeanditshouldberaised4"(10cms)from
thegroundwithasignonittomakeitrecognizable.ItisMakruhtoraiseitmore.
Somewatershouldbepouredonthegrave.
Thepeoplepresentshouldthrusttheirfingersintothegravesothatfingermarksremaininit(Tanzeel),andreciteSurae
QadrseventimesandaskAllahtoforgivethedeceasedandsay:ALLAHUMMAJAAFILARDHAANJAMBAYHIWAS'ID
ILAIKAROOHAHUWALAKKIHIIMINKARIDHWANANWAASKINQABRAHUUMIRRAHMATIKAMATUGHNEEHI
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BIHAMINSIWAAK.
"Lord,maketheearthspaciousonbothhissidesandraisehissoultoYourself.Meethimwithamercifulwelcome.Fillup
hisgravewithmercytomakehimneedlessofthemercyofothersbesidesYourself".
Afterthepeopleleavethegrave,oneofthedeceased'srelatives(Waaris)oronewhoisauthorizedbytheguardianof
thedeceasedshouldreadTalqeenagainonthegrave.
Peopleshouldconsoletherelativesofthedeceased,andnotaggravatetheirgriefbyvaintalkingandjoking.Itisalso
recommendedthatforthreedaysafterthedeath,thepeopleofthehouseofthedeceasedshouldbeservedfooditis
Makroohtoeatintheirresidenceornearthem.
ItisWajibforthewifeofadeadpersontoobserveIddah(mourning).Duringthisperiodsheshouldnotadornherselfor
wearcolourfulclothes.
VisitingTheGraveyard
Thosewhoarealiveshouldnotforgettheirdeadrelatives,butshouldofferalms(Sadaqah),andperformgooddeedson
theirbehalffortheThawaaboftheirsouls(Rooh).Childrenwhoseparentsdisownedthem(Aaq)mayregainthe
pleasureoftheirparentsinthisway.
Thesoulsofthedeadarepleasedwhentheirgravesarevisited.
ItisMustahabformalestovisitthegravestoreciteFatihaonMondaysandSaturdaysandatthetimeof'Asron
ThursdaysandFridays.
WhileenteringthegraveyarditisMustahabtorecitethefollowingDu'a:BISMILLAHIRRAHMAANIRRAHIM
ASSALAMU'ALAAHLILAAILAHAILLALLAHUMINAHLILAAILAHAILLALLAH.
YAAAHLILAAILAHAILLALLAHUKAYFAWAJADTUMQAWLALAAILAHAILLALLAHMINLAAILAHAILLALLAH?
YAALAAILAHAILLALLAHU,BIHAQQILAAILAHAILLALLAHU,IGHFIRLIMANQAALALAAILAHAILLALLAH.
WAHSHURNAFIZUMRATIMANQAALALAAILAHAILLALLAH,MUHAMMADURRASOOLULLAH,ALIYYUN
WALIYULLAH,WASIYYURASOOLULLAH.
ThemeaningofthisprayerisgivenonthenextpageIntheNameofAllah,TheMostKind,TheMostMerciful.
GreetingsonyouOthosewhohavefaithin"LaaIlahaIllallah"(i.e.ThereisnoGodbutAllah)fromthosewhohavefaith
in"LaaIlahaIllallah".
Oyouwhohavefaithin"LaaIlahaIllallah",howdidyoufindthepromiseof"LaaIlahaIllallah"from"LaaIlahaIllallah"
(i.e.fromAllah)?
OYouexceptWhomthereisnoneworthworshipping,forthesakeof"LaaIlahaIllallah",forgivehimwhosaid"LaaIlaha
Illallah".
Includeusalsoamongstthosewhosaid"LaaIlahaIllallah,MuhammadurRasoolullah,AliyyunWaliyullah,Wasiyyu
Rasoolullah."
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Appendix1:Talqeen
ThefollowingTalqeenisfromthebook"ZaatulMa'aad"byAllamaMajlisi(A.R.).Theslightvariationsincaseofafemale
bodyareinbrackets.
TRANSLITERATIONOFTALQEEN
Isma'Ifham,Isma'Ifham,Isma'Ifham(Isma'eeIfhami,Isma'eeIfhami,Isma'eeIfhami)Yaa___________Ibni(Binti)
__________.
HalAnta(Anti)'AlalAhdillazeeFaraktana(Faraktina)'AlayhiMinShahadati'AnLaaIlahaIllallahuWahdahuLaaSharika
Lah.
Wa'AnnaMuhammadanSallallahu'AlayhiWaAalihi'AbduhuWaRasooluhuSayyidunNabiyyenaWaKhatamul
Mursaleen.
Wa'Anna'AliyyinAmeerulMu'mineenaWaSayyidulWasiyyeenaWaImamunIftarazallahuTa'atahu'Alal'Alameen.
Wa'AnnalHasana,WalHusaina,Wa'AliyyabnalHusain,WaMuhammadAbna'Aliyyin,WaJa'farAbnaMuhammadin,
WaMoosaAbnaJa'farin,Wa'AliyAbnaMoosa,WaMuhammadAbna'Aliyyin,Wa'AliyAbnaMuhammadin,WalHasan
Abna'Aliyyin,WalQaaimalMuntazaralMahdiyyuSalawwatullahiAlayhim,AImmatulMu'mineenaWaHujajullahi'Alal
KhalqiAjmaeenWaAImmatuka(AImmatuki)AImmatuHudanAbraar.
Yaa____________Ibni(Binti)_____________,IzaAttakal(Attakil)MalakaanilMuqarrabaanirRasoolainiMinIndillahi
TabaarakaWaTa'alaWaSaalaka(SaAlaki)'AnRabbika(Rabbiki)Wa'AnNabiyyika(Nabiyyiki)Wa'AnDeenika
(Deeniki)Wa'AnKitaabika(Kitaabiki)Wa'AnQiblatika(Qiblatiki)Wa'AnAImmatika(AImmatiki),FalaaTakhaf(Takhafi)
WalaaTahzan(Tahzani)WaQul(Quli)FiJawaabihima:AllahuJallaJalaalahuRabbi,WaMuhammadunSallallahu
'AlayhiWaAalihiNabiyyi,WalIslaamuDeeni,WalQur'aanuKitaabi,WalKa'abatuQiblati,WaAmmerulMu'mineena
AliyyubnuAbiTaalibinImaami,WalHasanubnu'AliyyinalMujtabaImaami,WalHusainubnu'AliyyinishShaheeduBi
KarbalaImaami,WaAliyyunZainul'AbideenImaami,WaMuhammadunBaqiru'IlminNabiyyenaImaami,WaJa'farus
SaadiquImaami,WaMoosalKaazimuImaami,Wa'AliyyunirRizaaImaami,WaMuhammadunilJawaaduImaami,Wa
'AliyyunilHaadiyuImaami,WalHasanulAskariyyuImaami,WalHujjatulMuntazaruImaami.
HaaulaaiSalawaatullahi'AlayhimAjma'eenAImmatiWaSaadatiWaQaadatiWaShufa'Aai.
BihimAtawallaWaMinA'daaihimAttabarrauFidDunyaWalAakhira.
Thumma,I'lam(I'lami),Yaa___________Ibni(Binti)__________,'AnnallalaahuTabaarakaWaTa'alaNi'marRabbu,
Wa'AnnaMuhammadanSallallahu'AlayhiWaAalihiNi'marRasoolu,Wa'AnnaAmmeralMu'mineena'AliyyibnaAbi
TalibinWaAwlaadahulAImmataAhada'AsharaNi'malAImmatu,Wa'AnnaMaJaaaBihiMuhammadanSallallahu
'AlayhiWaAalihiHaqqun.Wa'AnnalMawtaHaqqun,WaSuaalaMunkarinWaNakeerinFilQabriHaqqun,WalBaasa
Haqqun,WanNushooraHaqqun,WasSiraataHaqqun,WalMeezanaHaqqun,WaTataIrulKutubiHaqqun,Wal
JannataHaqqun,WanNaaraHaqqun,WaAnnasSaaataAatiyatunLaaRaybaFeehaWa'AnnallahaYab'asuManFil
Quboor.
Afahimta(Afahimti)Yaa___________Ibni(Binti)__________,Sabbatakallahu(Sabbatakillahu)BilQawlisSaabitiWa
Hadaakallahu(Hadaakillahu)IlaSiraatinMustaqeem.
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'ArrafallahuBaynaka(Baynaki)WaBaynaAwliyaaika(Awliyaaiki)FiMustaqarrimMirRahamatih.
AllahummaJafilArdhaAnJambayhi(Jambayha),WaAsidBiRuhihi(Ruhiha)IlaykaWaLaqqihi(Laqqiha)Minka
Burhanan.
AllahummaAfwakaAfwak.
TranslationOfTalqeen
Listenandunderstand,listenandunderstand,listenandunderstand,O___________son(daughter)of___________.
Areyouonthesamecovenantonwhichyouwerewhenyoupartedfromus?
ThatcovenantisthetestimonyofthefactthattherethereisnoGodbutAllah,WhoisonlyOneandWhohasnopartner.
AndthetestimonyofthefactthatundoubtedlyMuhammad,maythePeaceofAllahbeonhimandhisprogeny,isthe
slaveandprophetofAllahandisthelordofalltheprophetsandisthelastofthem.
Andthat'AliisthechiefofthebelieversandtheleaderofallthesuccessorsandheissuchanImamwhoseobedience
hasbeenmadeobligatoryonthewholeworld.
AndthatHasanandHusainand'AlisonofHusain,andMuhammadsonof'Ali,andJa'farsonofMuhammad,andMoosa
sonofJa'far,and'AlisonofMoosa,andMuhammadsonof'Ali,and'AlisonofMuhammad,andHasansonof'Ali,and
Muhammad,theawaitedone,sonofHasanmaythePeaceofAllahbeonthemallaretheImamsofallthebelievers
andaretheauthoritiesonthewholeworld,andalltheseImamsareguidesforthepiouspersons.
O___________son(daughter)of___________,whenthetwofavouriteangelssentbyAllahapproachyouandinquire
ofyouaboutyourGod,yourProphet,yourreligion,yourbook,yourQiblahandyourImams,donotbeafraidorgrievedor
worried,butsayinreply:
"Allah,theGloriousandDignified,ismyLord,Muhammad,peaceofAllahbeuponhimandhisprogeny,ismyProphet,
Islamismyreliqion,theQur'anismybook,Ka'abaismyQiblah,AmeerulMu'mineen'AliibneAbiTalibismyImam,
HasaneMujtabaismyImam,Husain,themartyrofKerbala,ismyImam,'AliZaynul'AbideenismyImam,Muhammad
BaqirismyImam,Ja'farSaadiqismyImam,MoosaeKaazimismyImam,'AliRizaismyImam,MuhammadJawaadis
myImam,'AliHaadiismyImam,HasanAskariismyImamandHujjatulMuntazarismyImam.Allthesegreatpersons,
mayAllah'speacebeuponthem,aremyImams,myleaders,mychiefs,andmyintercessorsandIkeepfriendswiththem
andhavehatredfortheirenemiesinthisworldaswellasintheworldtocome."
O___________son(daughter)of___________,knowthatAllah,theExalted,isundoubtedlythebestofProviders,and
Muhammad,maythepeaceofAllahbeuponhimandhisprogeny,isundoubtedlythebestoftheprophetsandthat
AmmeerulMu'mineen'AliibneAbiTalibandtheelevenImamswhoarehisdescendants,areundoubtedlythebest
Imamsandleaders.
WhatevermessageMuhammad,maythepeaceofAllahbeuponhimandhisprogeny,hasbroughtistrue.Undoubtedly
Deathistrue,thequestioningofMunkarandNakeerinthegraveafterdeathistrue,comingtolifeafterdeathistrue,the
scale[Meezan]istrue,thePath[Siraat]istrue,accountingofdeedsistrue,andundoubtedlytherewillbeaDayof
Judgement.
Allahwillundoubtedlybringtolifethosewhoareinthegraves.
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O___________son(daughter)of___________,mayAllahkeepyoufirmonthesebeliefsandmayHeguideyouonthe
rightpathandmayAllahintroduceyoutofriendsinthevicinityofHismercy.
OAllah,makethegroundspaciousforhim(her)onboththesidesandraisehis(her)soultowardsYouanddirectYour
Guidancetohim(her).OAllah,pardonus,pardonus.
Appendix2:SalaateWahshat
TheHolyProphet(S)hassaidthat:
"Adeadpersondoesnotbeargreaterhardshipsinthegraveatanytimethanthefirstnight."
HehasthereforeadvisedthatweshouldgiveSadaqahinthenameofthedeadpersontoinduceAllah'smercy.In
additionweshouldalsopray2Raka'atsSalaateWahshatwiththeintentionofpleasingAllahandseekingforgiveness
forthedeceased.
Wahshatmeanslonelinessandanxiety.Thisprayercanbesaidanytimeduringthefirstpartofthenightoftheburial,but
itisbettertoreciteitatthebeginningofthenightafterIshaSalaat.
Theformofthisprayerisasfollows:
Inthe1straka'at,afterSuraeAlHamd,AyatulKursi(verses255,256and257ofSuraeBaqarah)shouldberecited.
Inthe2ndrakaat,afterSuraeAlHamd,SuraeQadr(InnaAnzalnah)(suraNo.97)shouldberecited10times.
Aftertheprayerisfinished,SalawaatshouldbesaidfollowedbyDuatoAllahtosendtherewardoftheprayertothe
graveofthedeceased.
AllahsaysintheHolyQur'an:"OPeople,eatfromthelandwhatispermittedandgoodanddonotfollowinthefootsteps
ofShaitan,forheisanopenenemytoyou."(alBaqarah,2:168).
Sincefoodanddrinkareessentialforthesurvivalofhumanity,Allahhasgivenclearguidelinesonwhatcanandcannot
beconsumed.Inadditionwehavealsobeeninstructedinmannersandbehaviorofeating.Thuseatinganddrinking
becomesawaybywhichaMuslimremembersthebountiesofAllahandbyobservingtherulesofShariah,healso
showshiscommitmenttohisreligion.
Furthermore,Allahhasmadethehabitofeatinganimportantfactorinestablishingsocialunity.Hehasencouragedthe
sharingoffoodwitheachotherandstressedthemeritsofgivingfoodtothepoorandneedy.Thisbecomesobligatory
whencertainsinsarecommitted,forwhichtheKaffaraorpenaltyistofeedpoorMuslims.Thuswecanseethatthis
subjectcoversawideandimportantareaofIslamicShariah.
Foodscanbeprimarilydividedintotwosections:Plants,fruits,vegetablesandgrains.
Allthesecanbeeatenaslongastheyarenotharmfultohumanbeings.Thismeansthattheymustnotcontain
poisonousornarcoticsubstances.
Livingcreatures
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Thesecanbedividedintothree:Thosethatliveinthesea.Thosethatliveontheland.Birds.
Seacreatures
Weareallowedtoeatanyfishaslongasithasscales.Allotherseacreaturessuchaswhales,sharks,turtles,lobsters
andcrabsareHaraam.Theonlyexceptionisforprawnsandshrimps,whichcanbeeaten.
InorderforthefishtobeHalaal,itmustberemovedalivefromthewater.Itdoesnotmatterwhohasdonethefishingor
whatmethodhasbeenusedtocatchthefish.
Landcreatures
Thistermcoversallanimalsthatliveonthefaceoftheearth.Allahhaspermittedtheeatingofsomeandforbidden
others.ThefirstfiveversesofSuratuMa'idah(Surahno.5)giveasummaryofthecommandsregardingwhatispermitted
toeat.
Amongstdomesticanimals,camels,cows,goatsandsheeparepermissibletoeat.Theyallpossessahooforcloven
hoof.Fromamongstwildanimals,whichmeananimalsthatarenotnormallykeptinenclosures,mountainsheep,wild
cowsandasses,gazellesanddeerarepermitted.
ItisMakruh(undesirable)toeatthemeatofahorse,donkeyormule.
Itisnotpermittedtoeatthemeatofanimalsthatpossesscanineteethorfangs.Examplesofsuchanimalsthatare
sometimeseatenbymanaredogs,rabbits,elephantsandmonkeys.TherearespecificversesintheHolyQur'an
forbiddingtheeatingofapig.
Itisnotpermittedtoeatreptilessuchassnakesandtortoises.Insectssuchasfleasandlicearealsoforbidden.However,
locustsarepermissible.
Birds
Birdsthatcomplywiththefollowingtwoconditionscanbeeaten.
Thebodyiscoveredwithfeathers.
Theyarenotclassesasbirdsofprey(possessingtalons).
Therearetwootherprinciplesbywhichonecandistinguishbetweenbirdsthatarepermittedandthosethatarenot.
Everybirdwhich,wheninflightglidesmorethantheflappingofitswingscannotbeeaten.
Ifaparticularbird'smovementisnotknown,thenbeforeeatingonemustcheckforthepresenceofoneofthefollowing:a
craw(wheregraincollectsinthethroat),agizzard(partofthestomach)oraprojection(aforklikeextensiononthebird's
footwhichperformsthefunctionofatalon).
Thuschickens,turkeys,pigeonsandallsmallbirdsarepermissibletoeat.Evenostrichesandpeacocksareallowed.
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Birdsofpreylikeeagles,hawksandvulturesareHaraamtoeat.Crows,rooksandravensshouldnotbeeateneither.
Otheranimals,whichflybutarenot,classified,asbirdssuchasbats,beesandotherflyinginsectsareHaraam.
Notethatincaseswhereoneisindangerofdyingthroughstarvation,anything,includingforbiddenthings,canbe
consumedtosavelife.However,thismustbedoneasalastresortandonlytheabsoluteminimummustbeeaten.
SlaughteringaccordingtoShariah
AllanimalsandbirdsthatarepermissibletoeatareneverthelessforbiddentoaMuslimunlesstheyhavebeencorrectly
slaughtered.ThelawsforhuntingdifferslightlyandcanbeobtainedfrombooksofIslamicLawsofvariousjurists.
Thecorrectmethodofslaughteringinvolvesthesimultaneouscuttingofthegullet,windpipe,carotidarteryandjugular
veinoftheanimalwithasharpknife.Theconditionsfortheslaughteringareasbelow:
TheonewhocarriesouttheslaughteringmustbeaMuslim.
Ifpossible,theinstrumentusedtoslaughtershouldbemadeofiron.
ThecreaturetobeslaughteredmustbemadetofacetheHolyKa'aba.
ThepersonperformingtheslaughtermustmentionthenameofAllahasheslaughterstheanimal.
heremustbeanormalemissionofbloodfromtheanimalaftertheslaughter.
Theanimalmustshowsomesignofmovementafterbeingslaughtered,especiallyiftherewassomedoubtwhetherthe
animalwasalivebeforebeingslaughtered.
Alcohol
AllahsaysintheHolyQur'an:"Theyaskyouaboutwineandgambling.Say:inboththesethereisgreatsinandalso
(some)profitformenbuttheirsinisgreaterthantheirprofit..."
(alBaqarah,2:219)
"TheShaitanonlydesirestocauseenmityandhatredtospringinyourmidstbymeansofintoxicantsandgamesof
chance,andtokeepyouofffromtheremembranceofAllahandfromprayer.
(alMa'idah,5:90)
ImamAliarRidha(A)says:"Allahhasprohibitedliquoronaccountoftheevilsresultingfromitandbecauseitrenders
reasonandintellectofnoeffectanddestroys'Haya'modestyandsenseofshame."
ThefollowingsayingsarebyImamJa'farasSadiq(A)andalsorepeatedbyotherImams(A):"Donotassociatewith
drunkardsbecauseasandwhencalamitybefallsuponthem,itwillalsoengulftheirassociates(friends)"
"Onewhositsatadiningplaceatwhichothersdrinkliquoriscursed(byAllah)"
Inmodernsocietyalcoholisthemostdangerouslegaldrug.Underitsinfluence,manisnotonlyadangertohimself,but
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tothosearoundhimalso.
Whileitisaccepteduniversallythatexcessalcoholisharmful,itisthoughtthatinmoderateamountsitcanbebeneficial.
Islamtotallyforbidstheconsumptionofalcoholinanyamount.ItalsoforbidsMuslimsfromanyinvolvementinits
production,distributionorsale.
ThegreatestgiftofAllahtohumansistheirabilitytoreason.Thisdistinguishesusfromallothercreatures.Withoutour
abilitytoreason,webecomenodifferentfromtheanimals.Itisbecausealcoholdestroysthisfacultyofreasonthatitis
Haraam.
ImamJa'farasSadiq(A)says:"Alcoholistherootofallevilsandsins.Apersonwhodrinksalcoholloseshissanity.At
thattime,hedoesnotknowAllah,doesnotfearcommittinganysin,respectstherightsofnooneanddoesnotdesist
fromcommittingevilopenly.Thespiritofpietyandfaithdepartsfromhimandonlytheimpureandviciousspirit,whichis
farofffromtheMercyofAllah,remainsinhisbody.Allah,Hisangels,Hisprophetsandthetruebelieverscursesucha
man,andhisdailyprayersarenotacceptedforfortydays.OntheDayofJudgmenthisfacewillbedark,histonguewill
comeoutofhismouthandsalivawillfallonhischestandhewilldesperatelycomplainofthirst."
ToeatatatablewherealcoholisbeingservedisHaraam.
EatingManners
Therearecertainactsthatareencouragedwhentakingameal:
Washingofthehandsbeforeeating.
Washinghandsanddryingwithadryclothaftereating.
TorecitethenameofAllah(Bismillah)beforeeating.
Thehostshouldbegineatingfirstandendlast.
Toeatwiththerighthand.
Totakesmallbitsoffoodandchewthoroughly.
Tocollectandeatthebitsoffoodscatteredonthediningcloth.
Totakesaltbeforeandafterthemeal.
Therearecertainactsthatarediscouragedwhentakingameal:
Toeatwhennothungry.
Toovereat.
Togazeatotherswhileeating.
Toeatfoodwhileitisveryhot.
Toblowonfoodordrinktocoolit.
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Tothrowafruitbeforeonehasfullyeatenit.
Toscrapeoffmeatfromaboneinsuchamannerthatnothingremainonit.
Topeelthosefruitswhicharenormallyeatenwiththeirskins.
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