Thermodynamics Lecture Series

Ideal Rankine Cycle The

Practical Cycle
Applied Sciences Education Research
Group (ASERG)
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Universiti Teknologi MARA
email: drjjlanita@hotmail.com
http://www5.uitm.edu.my/faculties/fsg/drjj1.html

Steam Power Plant

Example: A steam power cycle.
Combustion
Products

Steam
Turbine

Fuel
Air
Pump

Mechanical Energy
to Generator

Heat
Exchanger

Cooling Water

System
SystemBoundary
Boundary
for
forThermodynamic
Thermodynamic
Analysis
Analysis

Working fluid:
Water

Second Law
High T Res., TH
Furnace
qin = qH

Purpose:
Produce work,
Wout, out

Steam Power Plant

qout = qL
Low T Res., TL
Water from river

An Energy-Flow diagram for a SPP

net,out

Second Law Dream Engine

What is the maximum performance of real
engines if it can never achieve 100%??

Carnot Cycle

P - diagram for a Carnot (ideal) power plant

P, kPa
1

qin
2

net ,out
desired output
=
=
required input
q in

rev
4

q in q out
=
q in

3
qout

, m3/kg

rev

Second Law Will a Process Happen

Carnot Principles
For heat engines in contact with the same hot
and cold reservoir
P1: 1 = 2 = 3 (Equality)
real rev
P2: real < rev (Inequality)
Consequence
qL
TL (K)

=
;
q H rev TH (K)

rev

qL
= 1
qH

TL (K)
= 1
TH (K)
rev

Processes satisfying Carnot Principles obeys

the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Second Law Will a Process Happen

Clausius Inequality :
Sum of Q/T in a cyclic process must be zero
for reversible processes and negative for real
processes
kJ
q
Q
kJ
0,
0,
T
kg K
T
K
Q
= 0 , reversible
Q
T
< 0 , real
T
Q
> 0 , impossible
T

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Isolated systems
FIGURE 6-6
The entropy
change of an
isolated system
is the sum of
the entropy
changes of its
components,
and is never
less than zero.

6-3

Entropy Quantifying Disorder

Increase of Entropy Principle closed system
The entropy of an isolated (closed and
adiabatic) system undergoing any process, will
always increase.

Sisolated = Sheat + Sgen = Ssys + Ssurr 0

For pure
substance:
and
Then

Ssys = m( s2 s1 )
Ssurr =

Surrounding

(Qin Qout )surr

Tsurr

Sgen = m(s2 s1) +

( )

Qnet,in
T surr

System

Entropy Quantifying Disorder

Entropy Balance for any general system
For any system undergoing any process,
Energy must be conserved (Ein Eout = Esys)
Mass must be conserved (min mout = msys)
Entropy will always be generated except for
reversible processes
Entropy balance is (Sin Sout + Sgen = Ssys)

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Entropy Transfer
FIGURE 6-61
Mechanisms of
entropy transfer
for a general
system.

6-18

Entropy Quantifying Disorder

Entropy Balance Steady-flow device

Q in Q out + W

in

out

= m m , kW
in

out

S in S out + S gen = S sys = 0

Then:

S gen

S gen

= S heat + S mass

Q out
=
+
Tout

So , S gen = S out S in

S heat + S mass
out

Q in

m s

exit Tin

in

m s
inlet

Entropy Quantifying Disorder

Entropy Balance Steady-flow device
Turbine:

Q in Q out + W

in

out

= m (exit inlet ), kW

Assume adiabatic,
where m inlet = m exit = m

kemass = 0,
0
0
0
W

out = m (h4 h3 ), kW
pemass = 0

Q
Q
In,3
Entropy S gen = out in + m 4 s m 3 s , kW
4
3
K
T
T
out
in
Balance

S gen

kW
= 0 0 + m (s 4 s3 ),
K

Out

Entropy Quantifying Disorder

Entropy Balance Steady-flow device
Mixing Chamber:

Q in Q out + W

in

out

exit

, kW
m

inlet

Q in Q out + W in W out = m 3 h3 m 2 h2 m1 h1 , kW

S gen

Q out Q in
kW
=

+ m 3 s 3 m 2 s 2 m1 s1 ,
Tout
Tin
K

where m inlet = m exit

3
2

Vapor Cycle
Steam Power Plant
External combustion
Fuel (qH) from nuclear reactors, natural gas, charcoal
Working fluid is H2O
Cheap, easily available & high enthalpy of vaporization
hfg
Cycle is closed thermodynamic cycle
Alternates between liquid and gas phase
Can Carnot cycle be used for representing real SPP??
Aim: To decrease ratio of TL/TH

Vapor Cycle Carnot Cycle

Efficiency of a Carnot Cycle SPP
rev
rev

TL
15 + 273
=1
=1
= 0 .55
TH
374 + 273
TL
15 + 273
=1
=1
= 0 .627
TH
500 + 273

Vapor Cycle Carnot Cycle

Impracticalities of Carnot Cycle
T, C

qin = qH

Tcrit
TH
TL
qout = qL
s1 = s2

s3 = s4

Isothermal expansion: TH
limited to only Tcrit for H2O.
High moisture at turbine exit
Not economical to design
pump to work in 2-phase (end
of Isothermal compression)
No assurance can get same x
for every cycle (end of
Isothermal compression)
s, kJ/kgK

Vapor Cycle Alternate Carnot Cycle

Impracticalities of Alternate Carnot Cycle
T, C

qin = qH

TH
Tcrit
TL

Still Problematic
Isothermal expansion but at
variable pressure
Pump to very high pressure
Can the boiler sustain the high P?

qout = qL
s1 = s2

s3 = s4

s, kJ/kgK

Vapor Cycle Ideal Rankine Cycle

Overcoming Impracticalities of Carnot Cycle
Superheat the H2O at a constant pressure (isobaric expansion)
9 Can easily achieve desired TH higher than Tcrit.
9 reduces moisture content at turbine exit
Remove all excess heat at condenser
9 Phase is sat. liquid at condenser exit, hence need only a
pump to increase pressure
9 Quality is zero for every cycle at condenser exit
(pump inlet)

Vapor Cycle Ideal Rankine Cycle

Working fluid:
Water

High T Res., TH
Furnace
qin = qH
Boiler

Pump

Turbine

in

out

Condenser
qin - qout = out - in

qout = qL
Low T Res., TL
Water from river

qin - qout = net,out

A Schematic diagram for a Steam Power Plant

Vapor Cycle Ideal Rankine Cycle

T- s diagram for an Ideal Rankine Cycle
T, C
3

TH
Tcrit q = q
in
H
Tsat@P2
TL= Tsat@P4
in
pump

boiler

PH

turbine
PL

out

2
1 q =q
out
L
s1 = s2

condenser s3 = s4

s, kJ/kgK

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

FIGURE 9-2
The simple
ideal Rankine
cycle.

9-2

Vapor Cycle Ideal Rankine Cycle

Energy Analysis
qin = qH

In,2

Boiler

Out,3

Assume ke =0, pe =0 for

the moving mass, kJ/kg

qin qout+ in out = out in, kJ/kg

qin 0 + 0 0 = hexit hinlet, kJ/kg
qin = h3 h2, kJ/kg

Qin = m(h3 h2), kJ

Q in = m (h3 h2 ), kW

Vapor Cycle Ideal Rankine Cycle

Energy Analysis

Assume ke =0, pe =0 for

the moving mass, kJ/kg

qin qout+ in out = out in, kJ/kg

0 qout + 0 0 = hexit hinlet
Out,1

Condenser

- qout = h1 h4,
So, qout = h4 h1, kJ/kg

In,4

qout = qL

Qout = m(h4 h1), kJ

Q out = m (h4 h1 ), kW

Vapor Cycle Ideal Rankine Cycle

Energy Analysis

In,3
Turbine

qin qout+ in out = out in, kJ/kg

0 0 + 0 out = hexit hinlet, kJ/kg
- out = h4 h3, kJ/kg
Wout = m(h3 h4), kJ

W out = m (h3 h4 ), kW

out

Out,4

So, out = h3 h4, kJ/kg

Assume ke =0, pe =0 for
the moving mass, kJ/kg

Vapor Cycle Ideal Rankine Cycle

Energy Analysis
qin qout+ in out = out in, kJ/kg

Pump

Out,2
in

0 0 + in 0 = hexit hinlet, kJ/kg

in = h2 h1, kJ/kg
For
reversible
pumps

where

So, Win = m(h2 h1), kJ

2

In,1

pump ,in = Pd + dP = 0 + dP

pump ,in = (P2 P1 ) = h2 h1

2 1 = f @ P1

W in = m (h2 h1 ), kW

Vapor Cycle Ideal Rankine Cycle

Energy Analysis
Efficiency
=
=

q in q out
h3 h2 (h4 h1 )
=
=
q in
h3 h2

net ,out
q in
net ,out
q in

out in
h3 h4 (h2 h1 )
=
=
q in
h3 h2

h3 h4 h2 + h1
==
h3 h2

Vapor Cycle Ideal Rankine Cycle

T- s diagram for an Ideal Rankine Cycle
T, C

Note that P1 = P4

TH
Tcrit
Tsat@P2
TL= Tsat@P4
in
pump

s1 = sf@P1

boiler
qin = qH

PH

turbine

s3 = s@P3,T3
h3 = h@P3,T3

PL

out
2

s4 = [sf +xsfg]@P4 = s3

x=
1 q =q
out
L

s1 = s2

condenser

h2 = h1 +2(P2 P1); where

h1 = hf@P1

4
s3 = s4

2 1 = f @ P1

s3 sf @ P 4
s fg @ P4

h4 = [hf +xhfg]@P4

s, kJ/kgK

Vapor Cycle Ideal Rankine Cycle

Energy Analysis
Increasing Efficiency
Must increase net,out = qin qout
9Increase area under process cycle
Decrease condenser pressure; P1=P4
9Pmin > Psat@Tcooling+10 deg C
Superheat
9T3 limited to metullargical strength of boiler
Increase boiler pressure; P2=P3
9Will decrease quality (an increase in moisture).
Minimum x is 89.6%.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Lowering Condenser Pressure

FIGURE 9-6
The effect of
lowering the
condenser
pressure on the
ideal Rankine
cycle.

9-4

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Superheating Steam
FIGURE 9-7
The effect of
superheating the
steam to higher
temperatures on
the ideal
Rankine cycle.

9-5

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Increasing Boiler Pressure

FIGURE 9-8
The effect of
increasing the
boiler pressure on
the ideal Rankine
cycle.

9-6

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

FIGURE 9-10
T-s diagrams of
the three cycles
discussed in
Example 93.

9-8

Vapor Cycle Reheat Rankine Cycle

High T Reservoir, TH
qin = qH

in

Pump

qreheat

Condenser
qout = qL

Low T Reservoir, TL

out,2

Low
P
turbi
ne

out,1

High
P
turbi
ne

Boiler

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

FIGURE 9-11
The ideal reheat
Rankine cycle.

9-9

Vapor Cycle Reheat Rankine Cycle

Reheating increases and reduces moisture in turbine
T, C
TH
Tcrit

qprimary = h3-h2

Tsat@P3
Tsat@P4

in

out

out, II

P 6 = P1

2
TL= Tsat@P1

qreheat = h5-h4
3
5
P 4 = P5
P3

1
s1 = s2

qout = h6-h1

s3 = s4 s5 = s6

s, kJ/kgK

Vapor Cycle Reheat Rankine Cycle

Energy Analysis
q in = qprimary + qreheat = h3 - h2 + h5 - h4

qout = h6-h1

net,out = out,1 + out,2 - in = h3 - h4 + h5 - h6 h2 + h1

net ,out
q in

net ,out
qin

q in q out h3 h2 + h5 h4 (h6 h1 )
=
=
q in
h3 h2 + h5 h4

out 1 + out 2 in h3 h4 + h5 h6 h2 + h1
=
=
qin
h3 h2 + h5 h4

Vapor Cycle Reheat Rankine Cycle

Energy Analysis
where

s6 = [sf +xsfg]@P6. Use x = 0.896 and s5 = s6

h6 = [hf +xhfg]@P6

Knowing s5 and T5, P5 needs to be estimated

(usually approximately a quarter of P3 to ensure x
is around 89%. On the property table, choose P5 so
that the entropy is lower than s5 above. Then can
find h5 = h@P5,T5.

Vapor Cycle Reheat Rankine Cycle

Energy Analysis
where

s1 = sf@P1

h1 = hf@P1

s3 = s@P3,T3 = s4.

h3 = h@P3,T3

h2 = h1 +2(P2 P1); where 2 1 = f @ P1

P5 = P4.
From P4 and s4, lookup for h4 in the table. If not
found, then do interpolation.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Supercritical Rankine Cycle

FIGURE 9-9
A supercritical
Rankine cycle.

9-7