Bibit Purnomowati

K2213013/A
Clause as Exchange
4.1 The Nature of Dialogue

Types of speech role: giving and demanding. The purpose: speaker is giving

something to the listeners or demanding something from him.

Giving: inviting to receive, demanding: inviting to give. Speaker is not only doing

something himself, but they are requiring something of the listeners.

Act of speaking called an interact (exchange) giving: receiving, demanding: giving

in response.
Giving and demanding equally fundamental, relates to the nature of commodity being
exchanged.
a. Goods & service: the speakers aim is to get the listener to do something or to give
the speaker some object. Exchange: non-verbal, what is being demand is an
object/ action. Language is brought to help the process.
b. Information: the speakers aim is to get the listener tells something. Exchange:
answer in verbal, what is being demand is information. Language is end as well as

the means.
Exchanging information is more complicated than exchanging good & services.
Reason: the listener is being asked not merely to listen and do something but also to
act out a verbal role.
Clause in the form of proposition if we use language to exchange information, but we
can not use proposition if the clause in the form of interactive event. (interactive

event?)
It is useful for us to look at the proposition when we are considering the clause as

exchange because proposition have a clearly defined grammar.

Semantic function of a clause in the exchange of information is proposition, while in
the exchange of good & services is a proposal.

4.2 The Mood Element

Mood (?)
Mood consist of two parts:
(i)
subject (nominal group)
(ii)
finite (part of verbal group), for example: it, has, and modality (can, must)
In some instances, finite and lexical verb are fused to single word, if the verb is in
simple past and simple present tense.

Subject in declarative clause is element which is picked up by the pronoun in the tag.
In classical definition, subject is noun or pronoun which is in the nominative case.
The way to recognize the subject: the nominal group that is repeated in pronoun form

in the tag.
Mood: the subject and finite are linked together, and combine to one constituent.
Mood or modal element is the element that realizes the selection of mood in the

clause (?)
Residue or proposition is the remainder of the clause.
Indicative: grammatical category that is characteristically used to exchange

information. (Subject+Finite)
Indicative: a. declarative (expression of statement) Subject before Finite
b. interrogative (expression of question) Finite before Subject
Interrogative: a. yes/no (polar question) Finite before Subject
b. WH (content question) Subject before Finite if the element is
Subject; Finite before Subject if the element is otherwise.
Finite element has the function of making the proposition finite and it is something
that can be argued about. It can be done by reference to the time of speaking (primary

tense) and reference to judgement of the speaker (modality)

Subject supplies the rest of what it takes to form preposition (something by refrence to
which the proposition can be affirmed or denied)

4.3 Structure of Residue

Residue consist of predicator, complement, and adjunct.

Predicator present in all non-elliptical major clause (be and have). It realized by a

verbal group minus the temporal or modal operator.

The function of predicator:
(i)
specify time reference other than refrence to the time of the speech event
(ii)
specify various other aspects and phases
(iii)
specify the voice
(iv)
specify the process
Complement is element within the residue that has potential of being subject, but it

not subject. It can be realized by nominal group.

Adjunct (circumstancial) is an element that has no potential of being subject. It can be

realized by adverbial group or prepositional phrase.

In Modern English the complement of any preposition has the potential of being a

subject.
Typical order of elements in residue:
Predicator-complement-adjunct
Types of adjunct:

(i)

Conjunctive adjunct (textual function): clause initial, clause final, between

theme and rheme, between mood and residue.
If the conjuntion adjunct are outside of the mood and residue it has no function

(ii)

in clause as exchange.
Modal adjunct (interpersonal function):
a. Mood adjunct, it relates specifically to the meaning of the finite verbal
operators, expressing probbility, usuality, obligation, inclination or time.
(It occurs next to finite, before finite, and after finite). Minor variation
(time adjunct yet occurs at the end)thematic function (before Subject)
b. Comment adjuncts, the position is like in conjunctive adjunct, and
typically associated with boundary between information unit if they are
medial.

4.4 WH- interrogative, exclamative and imperative clauses

WH- interrogatives is a distinct in the interpersonal structure of the clause. The

function is to specify the entity that the quesioner wishes to have supplied.
WH- element is always conflated with one or another functions (subject, element,
adjunct). If WH- is conflated with Subjectpart of the mood (Mood element =
Subject-Finite). If WH- is conflated with complement or adjunct part of residue

(InterrogativeMood element reassert itself, Finite-Subject)

Predicators (verb) action, event, mental process or relation
Exclamatives: these clauses have the WH- element what or how, in nominal or

adverbial group. (?)

Exclamatives order: Subject-Finite
Imperatives may have mood element of Finite+Subject, Finite only, Subject only, and

no mood element at all.

Imperative have mood tag, wheather it has mood element or not and whatever its
structure.

4.5 Polarity and Modality (?)

Polarity is the choice between positive and negative. It is expressed in finite element.
Modality is intermediate degrees, between the positive and negative poles (sometimes
or maybe)
Proposition, the meaning of positive and negative is asseerting and denying.
Kinds of intermediate possibilities in proposition:
(i)
Degrees of probability
(ii)
Degrees of usuality

Both can be expressed by: (a) finite modal operator in verbal group, (b) modal adjunct
of probability and usuality, (c) both together

Proposals, the meaning of the positive and negative poles is prescribing and
proscribing.
Kinds of intermediate possibilities in proposal:
(i)
In a command, it represent degrees of obligation
(ii)
In an offer, it represent degrees of inclination.
Modulation is the scales of obligation and inclination.
Modulation can be expressed by: (a) by a finite modal operator, and (b) by an
expansion of the Predicator: (i) typically by a passive verb, and (ii) typically by an

adjective.
Proposal which are clearly positive and negative (good & service exchange between
speaker and hearer): (i) speaker offering something, (ii) speaker wants the hearer to do

something, (iii) suggesting that they both to do something.

4.6 Absence of elements of the modal structure
Exchange centring on the validity of an ssertion-the identity of the subject (choice and
degree polarity), realized by clauses of the Mood ONLY, the residue being

established at the start and then pressuposed by ellipsis, or by subtitution with do. (?)
ELLIPSIS (?)
Exchange involving yes/no variable but WH- element (just one element is under
discussion), lead to a different from of ellipsis in which everything is omitted
except that element and the function is pressuposed from the preceding

discourse. (?)
Independent clause requires a Subject because subject has the function to express the

mood of the clause.

Other element besides Subject and Finite is Intonation. We can signal mood by

intonation. In declarative: go down the pitch in the end, yes/ no: go up.
4.7 Clause as Subject (?)
In real discourse, there is vastly greater scope and variation in the choice of Subject
in a clause. It depends on the register.