20/07/2016

SoyuzMSSpacecraft&Satellites

Wednesday,July20,2016

Soyuz MS

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SoyuzMSisthelatestgenerationoftheRussiascrewedSoyuzspacecraftused
to transport crews to and from the International Space Station. The MS series
succeeds the Soyuz TMAM spacecraft generation and makes its debut in 2016

Crewed Spacecraft

as what is currently believed to be final upgrade on the Soyuz fleet prior to the
inaugurationofRussiasnextgenerationhumanspacecraft,Federation.
Soyuz made its debut in 1966 with an unmanned test flight, succeeding the
Voskhodspacecraftthatflewfivetimesin1964and65.Thefirstcrewedflightof
the Soyuz spacecraft occurred in 1967, but ended in tragedy when the sole
Cosmonaut on board, Vladimir Komarov, was killed when the spacecrafts

SoyuzTMAM
SoyuzMS
Shenzhou
Orion

parachutes failed to open. A string of systems failures had occurred while

Komarov was in orbit, sending the spacecraft back to the drawing board for
improvements.

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Soyuz
2 was
another

Cargo Spacecraft
ATV
Cygnus
Dragon
HTVSpacecraftInformation
ProgressM
ProgressMS

Photo:NASA/ESA
unmanned test flight ahead of the programs first successful crewed mission in
1968.TheonlyotherfatalaccidentinvolvingtheSoyuzoccurredontheSoyuz11
mission in 1971 when the spacecraft depressurized after the vehicles modules
separatedcausingthethreemancrewtoasphyxiate.
Despite these incidents early in the program, Soyuz is considered the worlds
safest and most costeffective human spaceflight vehicle, establishing an
unparalleledoperationalhistoryspanningoverfivedecades.
SoyuzspacecraftwereusedtotransportCosmonautstoandfromtheSalyutand
Mir space stations and are now in use for crew transport to and from the

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InternationalSpaceStation.AtleastoneSoyuzisdockedtoISSatanygiventime
toserveasanescapecraftforthecrewintheeventofanemergency.
The

Interplanetary Craft

Soyuz
Gaia
GRAIL
Hayabusa2
Juno
LADEE
MarsScienceLaboratory
MAVEN
NewHorizons

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Photo:NASA
spacecraftisdesignedandbuiltbyRSCEnergiaand,overitsoperationalhistory,

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underwentregularimprovementstokeepupwiththecurrentstateoftechnology.
ThepreviousgenerationofTMAMSpacecraftfirstflewin2010andintroduceda
new Digital Flight Control System making Soyuz more flexible and easier to
operate,alsopermittingthespacecrafttoswitchfromatwodayrendezvoustoa
muchquickerfourorbitflightprofilebringingcrewstoISSwithinsixhoursofliftoff.
SoyuzspacecraftutilizetheSoyuzFGlaunchvehicleoperatedfromtheBaikonur
Cosmodrome.SoyuzFGispartoftheolderSoyuzseriesrelyingonrobustanalog
GuidanceandControlSystemsinsteadofthemoderndigitalsystemsusedonthe
Soyuz 2 launch vehicle generation. However, Soyuz MS is compatible with the
Soyuz 21A launch vehicle which it may use at some point in the more distant
future.
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Spacecraft

NASASpaceFlight

Soyuz

TheSoyuzMSupgradedoesnotchangetheoverallappearanceofthespacecraft

SpaceX

ALOS2

and is largely focused on communications and navigation systems that are

ASNARO1

upgradedusingmodernelectronics.SoyuzMSintroducesanewKURSnavigation

Deimos2

system, a new radio, the use of GPS/Glonass for navigation, and the use of a
proximity communications link for relative navigation. These changes will not
significantlychangetheexternalappearanceoftheSoyuzexceptforthenumber
ofdeployableantennaspresentonthespacecraft.

DMC3
DMSPBlock5D3
Fengyun2
GPMCoreMission&
SpacecraftOverview
Himawari8and9
KazEOSat1
KazEOSat2
KOMPSAT3A
KOMPSat5
Kondor
LandsatLDCM
MetOpB
MSG4SatelliteMeteosat
SecondGeneration
OCO2OrbitingCarbon

Image:NASA

Observatory2
SPOT7

Type

SoyuzTMAM

Manufacturer

RKKEnergia

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The Soyuz Spacecraft consists of three

WorldView3

separable sections, the Instrumentation

Module, Entry Module and Orbital
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Length

7.48m

Module. In total, the spacecraft has a

Diameter

2.72m

launch mass of 7,080 Kilograms and is

LaunchMass

7,080kg

Span

10.7m

Soyuz Spacecraft in orbit has a span of

Modules

10.7meters.

HabitableVolume

8.5m

The three modules are equipped with

7.48 meters in length with a maximum

diameterof2.72meters.Afullydeployed

separationmechanismsasonlytheEntry
Module is outfitted with an ablative heat shield to survive reentry and bring the
crew back to Earth. While the Entry Module safely enters the atmosphere, the
othertwomodulesburnupduringentry.TheSoyuzSpacecraftiscertifiedtostay
in orbit for 215 days docked to the Space Station, limited due to the corrosive
nature of its propellants leading to degradation in tank and propellant systems
overanextendedperiodoftime.

Navigation
Beidou3
Galileo
GlonassM

Soyuz MS Modication
The

GlonassK1
GPSBlockIIF
IRNSS

Photo:Roscosmos
upgradefromSoyuzTMAMtotheMSversionofthespacecraftisnotsignificant
when looking at the external appearance of the spacecraft which has not
undergonesignificantchangessincethecraftsintroductioninthe1960s.though
internally,theMSversionfeaturesanumberofsignificantchanges.
InkeepinganoverallcommonalitybetweenthecrewedSoyuzspacecraftandthe
uncrewedProgresscargocraft,theRussianspaceprogramhastheuniqueability
of introducing new systems on the Progress spacecraft first, going through
extensive evaluation on the uncrewed craft before being implemented on the
Soyuz.
The same is true with the Progress MM to MS upgrade since Soyuz makes its
transitionfromtheTMAMtotheMSversionabouthalfayearaftertheProgress
providing an opportunity to identify and correct any deficiencies in the uncrewed
spacecraftforanoverallreductionofrisk.
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However,itshouldbenotedthatsomeofthechangesfromTMAMtoSoyuzMS
willnotbeintroducedatonce.Someupgradesareintroducedsequentiallyandin
somecasesnewandoldsystemsareflowntogethertobeabletousetheflight
provensystemasabackupincaseofissueswiththenewersystems.
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Major

Photo:Roscosmos
changesintroducedbytheMSupgradeofSoyuzincludethereplacementofthe
Ukrainianbuilt KvantV radio communications system with a Unified Command
Telemetry System, ending Russias reliance on the Ukraine for the production of
antennas, feeders and communication electronics. Furthermore, the new
telemetry and command system of Soyuz MS is capable of using the Luch
Geostationary Communications Satellites to relay telemetry to the ground and
receiverelayedcommandsduringtheportionofitsorbitnotinrangeofRussian
groundstations.
With the new communications system, Soyuz can remain in contact for around
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70% of its orbit, a major improvement over 10 to 20minute Ground Station

Passesonaroundhalfthedailyorbits.
Another communications upgrade of the MS series is the implementation of a
Proximity Communications Link established with the Space Station during
rendezvous to enable relative navigation as an additional source of navigation
data. Soyuz MS is outfitted with GPS and Glonass receivers for accurate time
determination, state vector calculation and orbit determination allowing a more
accurate targeting of burns, even by the spacecraft itself, no longer relying on
radartrackingthatisonlypossibleduringgroundstationpasses.
Soyuz MS also hosts an improved camera system and uses digital video
transmissiontodeliverabetterimagequalitytotheSpaceStationandtheground
tofollowtherendezvousprocess.InsteadoftheanalogTVsystemKlyost,theMS
spacecraftuseadigitalTVsystemthatenablesvideotobetransmittedaspartof
thedatastreamdeliveredviathespacetospacecommunicationslink.
The improvements made to the flight control system, onboard software and
communications systems will also permit the switch from analog to digital video
transmissionforimprovedvideoqualityduringproximityoperations.
The
KURS

KURSNAonProgressPhoto:NASA
Navigation System makesasignificantimprovementinthenewestgenerationof
RussianProgressandSoyuzspacecraft,steppingawayfromtheKURSAsystem
andimplementinganewdigitalKURSNAsystem.
TheKURSSystemoftheProgressandSoyuzSpacecraftisaradiobasedsystem
thatallowsthevehiclestoperformafullyautomatedRendezvous,FinalApproach
andDockingSequence.KURSusessignalssentfromthetargetvehiclethatcan
be received by several antennas on the chaser vehicle to determine its lineof
sight and pitch angles for the farrendezvous beginning at 200 Kilometers and
pitch,headingandlineofsightanglesaswellasrangeandrangerateduringthe
closerendezvous.
The KURSNA eliminates any Ukrainianbuilt components from the system and
provides an overall weight reduction while increasing the capabilities of the
system. KURSNA needs only one antenna and will deliver more accurate
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measurements to bring Progress and Soyuz craft to a fully automated docking

withtheSpaceStation.
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Soyuz
MS
also

Photo:Roscosmos
features a new Digital Backup Loop Control Unit BURK the replaces an older
systemthatisoutofproduction.NewRateSensorUnitsBDUS3Aareemployed
by the spacecrafts attitude control system and a new LED headlight delivers
illuminationduringthedockingsequence.
The Electrical Power System of the Soyuz MS is more efficient than its
predecessorwithhighefficiencysolarcellsandthethrustersontheexteriorofthe
vehicle are rearranged to make the system more robust, now capable of
toleratingthefailureoftwothrusters.Toincreasethereliabilityofthespacecraft,a
backupdrivemechanismisintroducedwithinthedockingmechanism.

Orbital Module

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Image:NASA
The Orbital Module is located on top

Length

2.98m

Diameter

2.26m

LaunchMass

1,300kg(TMAM)

diameter.Ithasatotalmassof1,300

HabitableVolume

5m

Kilograms and offers a habitable

AttitudeControl

4DPOThrusters

Rendezvous

KURS

of the two other sections of Soyuz. It

is2.98meterslongand2.26metersin

volume of 5m. During Ascent, the

Orbital module is sealed from the
Entry Module by closing and latching
the inner hatch. Once in Orbit, the

crewopensthehatchandcanusetheBO,astheOrbitalModuleisalsoknown,
ashabitablemodule.Itisusedtocarrycargoandequipmenttospaceandhouses
equipmentrequiredtoallowthecrewtoliveinspace.
BOcontainsatoiletandcommunicationequipment.Onthetopsideofthesection
is the docking assembly of the Spacecraft that features navigation antenna
systemsandtheactualdockingportwithdockingprobeandassociatedlightsand
sensors.TheDockingInterfacefeaturestheKURShardwarethatisusedforthe
automatic rendezvous procedure. Also, the docking interface includes electrical
and communications systems connectors for power transfer from ISS and
communicationrelay.
Asidehatchonthemoduleallowscrewstoenterthecapsuleatthelaunchpad
andduringpreflightoperations.TheLifeSupportSystemcansupportthecrewfor
30 person days providing Oxygen Generation and Carbon Dioxide Scrubbing
Capabilities. Also, the atmosphere aboard the Soyuz can be topped up with
Nitrogenfromstoragetankstokeepthecapsulepressurized.

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Photo:NASA/Roscosmos

Entry Module

Image:NASA
The Entry Module is located

Length

2.24m

Diameter

2.17m

LaunchMass

2,950kg(TMAM)

meters in diameter. it has a total

HabitableVolume

3.5m

mass of 2,950 Kilograms and

ThermalProtection

AblativeHeatShield

AttitudeControl

8Thrusters

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between the two other sections

andis2.24meterslongand2.17

offers 3.5m of habitable volume.

TheEntrymodulehousesvehicle
control systems and crew seats.
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Propellant

HyydrogenPeroxide

The crew is isolated in the Entry

Landing

Parachutes

Moduleforlaunchandlanding.

PilotChute

4.5m

ThreecustommadeKazbekSeat

DrogueChute

16m

Liners are installed inside the

MainChute

518m

LandingEngines

A shock absorbing system is

LandingSpeed

24m/s

installed on the crews seats to

CargoDownmass

100kg

FlightComputer

KSO20M

Module that are specially made

for each individual crew member.

dampen the impact the Soyuz

experiencesduringlanding.
The TsVM101 computer aboard

theentrymoduleistheprimaryflightcomputeroftheSoyuz,replacingtheArgon
16 computer used prior to the introduction of the TMAM version. TsVM101
weighsonly8.3Kilogramsvs.themoremassive70kgArgonunit.Additionally,the
move of the flight computer from the Service Module to the Entry Module
eliminatestheneedforaseparatecomputerhandlingentryrelatedtasks.Itisalso
the prime computer for Launch and Ascent Aborts. The Entry Module has an
attitude control system consisting of 8 Hydrogen Peroxide Thrusters for making
maneuverspriorandduringentry.
Also, it is outfitted with the spacecrafts fully redundant parachute system
consisting of a pilot chute that is deployed first after computers issue the
parachuteopeningcommandduringentry.ThePilotchuteisfollowedbyaDrogue
Chute (16m) and the Main Chute (518m) to slow the vehicle down to a safe
landing speed. In the final moments before landing, the Entry Module separates
fromitsheatshieldthatisusedtoprotectthevehicleduringthereentryprocess.
ThisexposesthesixSolidFueledSoftLandingEnginesthatarefiredjustasplit
secondbeforelandingtoslowthevehicledowntoitsfinallandingspeed.Afast
opening parachute system is also installed on the module to support Launch
Aborts.
100KilogramsofcargocanbeloadedintotheentryModulefortransportbackto
Earth. The Entry Module of the Soyuz can also be used as an Airlock when the
hatch to the Orbital Module is closed. Spacewalkers would exit and ingress
throughthesidehatch.

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Photo:NASA

Instrumentation Module

Image:NASA
The instrumentation

Length

2.26m

Diameter

2.72m

LaunchMass

2,900kg(TMAM)

the

HabitableVolume

None

modules and houses

MainEngine

SKD(Redundant)

Trust

2,942N

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or Service Module is
located underneath
other

two

equipment
necessarytosupport
the vehicle during its
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AttitudeControl

28DPOThrusters

mission. It has a

Thrust

130N

liftoff mass of 2,900

Oxidizer

NitrogenTetroxide

Fuel

UnsymmetricalDimethylhydrazine

2.72

PropellantMass

800kg

diameter.

PowerGeneration

2SolarArrys

Span

10.6m

container

Area

10m

Power
FlightComputer

Kilograms, is 2.26
meters in length and
meters

in

pressurized
includes

systems for thermal

control,

electric

1000W

power

supply,

TsVM101

communications,
telemetry

and

navigation.TheunpressurizedportionoftheInstrumentationModulescontainsthe
Main Engine and the liquidfueled propulsion system. The Propulsion System is
used for attitude control maneuvers, Rendezvous and Orbit Adjustments as well
asthedeorbitburn.
SKD, the Soyuz Main Engine, provides a thrust of 2,942 Newtons. The entire
SoyuzAttitudeControlSystemiscomprisedof28DPOThrusters.Twogroupsof
14DPOThrusteraremountedonthespacecraftproviding130Newtonsofthrust.
Thethrustersystem,upgradedonSoyuzMSforaddedredundancyfeaturestwo
independentmanifoldsandthrustersareinstalledinpairssothatoneoperatesin
primarymodeandtheotherisavailableasahotbackup.
The Propulsion System uses Nitrogen Tetroxide as Oxidizer and Unsymmetrical
Dimethylydrazine as Fuel. A total of 800 Kilograms of propellants are carried
aboard the SM Tanks. Tank Pressurization is accomplished with highpressure
helium.
TheServiceModulealsoincludesthepowergenerationsystemconsistingoftwo
deployablesolararraysandbatteries.

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Photo:NASA

Launch Abort System

Soyuz
FG

Photo:RSCEnergia
featuresLaunchandAscentAbortCapabilitiesduringthecompleteascentphase.
IntheearlyportionofthemissionandwhilesittingontheLaunchPad,thecrew
canbe evacuated bytheuseoftheSASLaunchEscapeSystem.Ontopofthe
SoyuzRocketisaLaunchEscapeTowerthatisusedforLaunchAbortspriorto
liftoffandduringthefirst157secondsoftheflight.
Theabortcanbetriggeredbyonboardcomputersandmanuallyviaradiosignals.
Events that cause an immediate launch abort include loss of control, premature
booster stage separation, loss of pressure in the combustion chambers, lack of
velocity and loss of thrust. When the abort command is issued, three struts
engageinthelowerstructuralringoftheSoyuzEntryModule(TheCrewisinthe
Entry Module for Launch and Landing with hatches to the Orbital Module closed
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andlatched).ThesestrutsprovideastableinterfacewiththePayloadFairing.At

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that point, the two Upper modules of the Soyuz are separated from the
InstrumentationModulethatremainsattachedtotheLauncher.
At

the

same

time, the abort

motors mounted
on the Launch
Escape

Tower

ignite and the

spacecraft under
the

Payload

Fairing is carried
away from the
launch

vehicle.

The burn has a

duration of up to
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sixseconds.The
abort

motors

provide

723

Kilonewtons
thrust.

of

After

burnout of the
escape motors,
the

descent

module
separates
the

from
Orbital

Module and the

Shroud

before

firing engines to
drop out of the
Fairing.

The

Entry

Module

deploys

fast

opening
parachutes and
the

Modules

heat shield is
jettisoned

to

expose the Soft

Landing
Engines.
Photo:NASA

The

capsule
executes

nominallanding.
Should the abort occur while the vehicle is still at the pad, the SAS can lift the
capsuletoanaltitudeof1.5kilometerscausingittoland3to4kilometersaway
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from the rocket. A minimun altitude of 850 meters is required to achieve full

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parachutedeploymentforanominallanding.Theminimunlandingdistancefrom
thelauncheris110meters.Duringtheabortscenario,crewmembersexperience
upto10Gs.
AtT+157seconds,theSASandPayloadFairingisjettisoned.Afterthat,avariety
of abort modes are available for the Soyuz Spacecraft. Depending on the abort
scenario,differentmechanismsareusedtoseparatetheSoyuzCapsulefromthe
Rocket. After separation from the Launcher, the Soyuz conducts a commanded
ModuleSeparationandtheEntryModuleusesitsattitudecontrolsystemtoplace
thevehicleinthecorrectentryattitude.
The abort trajectory that takes the Soyuz to a landing point somewhere
downrangethegroundtrack,largelydependsonthetimingofthefailure.Thelater
an abort occurs in the ascent, the higher the G load the crew and vehicle
experiences.Foranabort400secondsintheflight,upto21Gsoccurontheway
backtoEarth.AfterEntry,theSoyuzperformsnominallandingoperationstobring
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thecrewbacktoEarth.Allabortscenariosareconsideredtobesurvivablebythe
crew.

Photo:RSCEnergia

Soyuz Flight Prole

After
being

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Photo:GagarinCosmonautTrainingCenter
delivered to Low Earth Orbit by the Soyuz FG Launch Vehicle, the Spacecraft
deploysitssolararraysandcommunicationantennastobeginonorbitoperations.
Afterorbitalinsertion,theSpacecraftstartstwodaysofRendezvousOperationsto
link up with the Space Station including several main engine burns to raise its
orbitalaltitudeandmodifyitstrajectory.
Once reaching the vicinity of the Space Station, the KURS automated docking
system takes over. The Vehicle makes a flyaround of ISS to align itself with its
dockingport.Flyarounddistanceisabout100meters.Oncebeingaligndwiththe
dockingport,theSoyuzinitiatesaperiodofStationkeepingtogivemissioncontrol
a chance to asses alignment and vehicle systems before final approach is
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initiated.
All
aspects
of the

Photo:GagarinCosmonautTrainingCenter
Rendezvous and Docking are controlled in automated mode, however the
commander of the Soyuz Spacecraft is ready to assume manual control and
conductamanualapproachanddockingshouldtherebeanyproblemsduringthe
automated docking sequence. After initial contact and capture, a hard mate
betweenthetwodockinginterfacesisformedanda1hourleakcheckoperation
kicksoff.HatchesareopenedandthecrewsandSoyuzStayaboardtheStation
begins.
During the docked phase, most of the onboard systems of the spacecraft are
deactivated.Duringthelongdurationmission,theSoyuzistestedperiodicallyand
thecrewcheckstheirKazbekCouchesandperformsregularlandingsimulations.
SoyuzcanstaydockedtotheStationforuptosixmonths,howevermodifications

areunderdevelopmenttoincreasedockedtimetooneyear.Whenthecrewgets
ready to depart the station, the Soyuz is activated and hatches are closed. The
leak check operation is repeated while the crew also closes the Entry Module
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hatchandingressestheSokolLaunchandEntrySuitsbeforegettingstrappedinto

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theirseats.

Photos:NASA

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Photo:NASA

Photo:NASA
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Undockingisaccomplishedbyopeninghooksandlatchesthatwereusedtoform

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thehardmatebetweenISSandSoyuzandinitiatingspringsthatpushthevehicles
away from each other. At a distance of 20 meters, the Soyuz performs a 15
second separation burn to leave the vicinity of the Station. A period of several
hours of free flight follows during which the vehicle retreats to a distance of 12
KilometersbehindISS.Atthatpoint,theDeorbitBurnisconductedbyignitingthe
SKDMainEnginetoslowthevehicledownbyabout115meterspersecond,just
enoughtoplaceitonareentrytrajectory.
Minutes from Entry Interface, the three Soyuz Modules are pyrotechnically
separated and the Entry Module maneuvers to its ReEntry Attitude. During the
entryprocess,thevehicleisprotectedbyitsablativeheatshield.Atanaltitudeof
about 9 Kilometers, the Pilot Chute opens and deploys the Drogue Chute that
slows the vehicle from 240 meters per second to 90m/s. At an altitude of 7.5
Kilometers,theMainChuteisopenedandslowsthevehicledownto6metersper
second. While flying under the main chute, the Soyuz transitions from a nearly
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horizontalflighttoaverticaldescent.
Also, the heat shield is jettisoned and the propellant tanks are vented. Dropping
theheatshiedexposesthesoftlandingenginesandthelandingradartoprovide
navigationdata.
Just a split second before landing, the Soyuz ignites its six solidfueled Soft
landing Engines to dampen the impact. Landing speed is 3 meters per second.
Insidethevehicle,theKazbekSeatLinershaveabuiltinshockabsorbingsystem
todampentheimpactload.Afterlanding,recoveryforcesopentheEntryModule
HatchandextracttheCrew.LandingoccursintheKazakhSteppe.

Image:NASA

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