VIII.

Analysis and Explanation

In experiments with the title "Test Phytochemistry at Rhizome Extract
Curcuma (Curcuma zanthorriza)" aims to identify the chemical components of plants
from the group of terpenoids, steroids, phenolic (anthraquinone, tannins and phenols),
flavonoids and alkaloids contained in the extract of ginger rhizome.
1. Ginger powder is weighed 5 grams using a balance Ohauss. Then 5 grams of ginger
rhizome that has weighed put in a 100 ml beaker glass then added with 15 ml of
methanol 60-80% of colorless produce a mixture with a solution of yellow and yellow
precipitate.

The function of Maceration is used to extract yielding crude drug

containing the active ingredient that is soluble in liquid extracts, does not contain
substances that easily expands in liquid extracts. Then decantation this solution. the
function of Decantation of separation between the solution and the solid simplest is to
pour the liquid-milking area so that sediment left behind at the base. Then heating the
mixture over a water bath, heating purpose is to speed up the extraction process.
Subsequently, the mixture is filtered using a glass funnel and filter paper produces
yellow residue which is the remainder of the ginger rhizome powder and filtrate was
yellow. Then, the filtrate was concentrated by filtering results heated over a water
bath. This process results in the sample solution is yellow.
2. The purpose of second experiment is to identify alcaloid using Culvenor- Fitzgerald
Method. First poured 1 mL of extract curcuma rhizome into test tube. It is yellow (+)
solution. Then, added 1 mL of chloroform and the color of solution is still yellow (+)
solution. The function of addition chlotoform is to break the bonds between tannin
acids and alkaloids bound ionic wherein the N atom of each stable alkaloid binds to
the hydroxyl genolic group of tannin acids. With the breaking of this bond will
alkaloid-free, while the tannin acid will be bound by chloroform. And then added 1
mL of ammonia and heated for several minutes on the steam bath. After heated, the
solution form 2 layers. In the upper layers is brownish red solution and the bottom
layer is orange solution. The upper layer solution (brownish res solution) inserted into
three different test tube with the same volume.
In the first test tube is added 3 drops of H 2SO4 2N and the solution still
brownish red soltuion. And then added 5 drops of Meyer reagent, the solution
become orange solution. It indicate that in the curcuma rhizonme contains alkaloid.
For compound that contains alkaloid ehen it reacted with Mayer reagent, estimated

nitrogen in the alkaloid will react with metal ions of potassium (K +) from potassium
tetraiodomercurate (II) complex form potassium-alkaloid precipitate. This is the
reaction :

In the second test tube, is added 3 drops of H 2SO4 2N, the solution form two
layers in the upper is brownish red solution and the bottom is yellow solution.
After that, added 5 drops of Wegner reagent (red solution). The solution
become brown solution. It indicate that curcuma rhizome contains of
alkaloids. When compound that contains alkaloids react with Wagner reagent,
metal ions potassium (K+) will form coordination covalent bonding with
alkaloid, so it will form potassium-alkaloid complex precipitate. This is the
reaction:

In the second test tube, is added 3 drops of H2SO4 2N, the solution
form two layers in the upper is brownish red solution and the bottom is yellow
(+)

solution. After that, added 5 drops of Dragendorf reagent (orange

solution). The solution become brownish red solution and white precipitate. It
shows that the curcuma rhizome contains of alkaloids. For compound that
contains alkaloids when reacted with Dragendorf reagent, When compound
that contains alkaloids react with Wagner reagent, metal ions potassium (K +)
will form coordination covalent bonding with alkaloid, so it will form
potassium-alkaloid complex precipitate.

3. In this experiments, aims to identify the presence of flavonoids in the sample. The
first step is to enter 1 ml sample yellow solution into a test tube. Then mixed with 3
ml of 70% ethanol solution is colorless produce yellow (+++). Then heated over a
water bath to produce a yellow solution of (+). Furthermore, the solution was added
with 0.1 grams of Mg metal gray yellow yield a solution and there is little
precipitate. Then, added with concentrated HCl colorless produce red coating on the
precipitate. The purpose of the addition of Mg metal and a separate concentrated
HCl is to reduce flavonoids. Flavonoids reduced by H2 which is a byproduct of the
reaction between Mg metal and concentrated HCl. Consequently flavanoid
changing light absorption wavelength toward larger and produces a color change.
The color of changing is red precipitate in layer of ethanol. The following reaction:

4. The fourth experiment has purposes to identify saponin in the curcume rhizome
sample. The firs, poured 1 mL of extract curcuma rhizome. Teh solution is yellow
(+). And then added 5 mL of aquades into the solution the solution become clear
yellow solution. After it, the solution is heated on the steam bath for several
minutes. After heated the solution stil clear yellow solution. And then shaked. after
shaked, it form foams in clear yellow solution.
the foam shows that there is glycosides in the ginger rhizome extract that has
ability to form foam in water that is hydrolyzed to glucose and other compounds.

And then solution waited and stand for 15 minutes and the foam still contained in
the yellow solution. Saponin test shows a positive result after shaken and allowed to
stand where there is a stable foam / last for a few minutes. This is because saponin
glycosides have similar properties that have the characteristics of permissibility
frothy when shaken solvent solution. Saponin is a polar lipid components that are
ampifilik (having a hydrophilic group and a hydrophobic group). In the liquid
system, the liquid lipids spontaneously form micelles dispersed with phyllic tail that
intersect with the liquid medium. The micelles can contain thousands of lipid
molecules. Liquid lipid forming a layer with a thickness of one molecule is a single
layer. In such systems, the hydrocarbon tail is open, so avoid the water and a
hydrophilic coating that extends into the water is polar, the system is called foam.
From the observation result, curcuma rhizome contains saponin. This is the
reaction:

5. In this experiment, aimed to identify the presence of steroid compounds in the

samples. The first step is to enter orange 1 ml sample into a test tube. Then added
with 3 ml of 70% ethanol is colorless to the test tube to produce a yellow solution.
Then added with 2 ml of concentrated H2SO4 colorless solution through the tube

wall produces red layer on the top and black in the bottom. Then added with 2 ml of
acetic acid anhydride is colorless the result is red layer on the top and black in the
bottom. The purpose of the addition of acetic acid anhydride is to form the acetyl
derivative of the steroid. While the concentrated H2SO4 function is to reduce acetyl
formed. Change the color of the solution became red layer on the top and black in
the bottom indicates that a negative solution containing steroids. So it can explain in
other chapter This is reaction :

6. The sixth experiment has purposes to identify triterpenoid. First, 1 mL of sampel is

poured into test tube. It is yellow (+) solution. After that added, 2 mL of chloroform
and the solution still yellow (+) solution. The function of addition chloroform is to
dissolve the triterpenoids that are readily soluble in organic solvents. And then
added 3 mL of concentarted H2SO4 into test tube. The solution change becoem dark
brown solution. It shows that the curcuma rhizome contains triterpenoids. The
function of H2SO4 is to reduce terpenoids produce a brownish red color. This the
reaction:

7. In this experiment aims to identify the presence of tannin compounds in the

samples. The initial step is to enter orange 1 ml sample into a test tube. then added
with 20 ml of water to give a yellow solution. Then the solution was heated with a
water bath. At the end of the heating process to produce a yellow solution. Then
filtered using a glass funnel and filter paper produces yellow residue and the yellow
filtrate. Yellow filtrate was treated with 2-3 drops of 1% solution of FeCl3 yellow
brown to give a solution which indicates that the sample contains tannin. The
following reaction:

IX.

Discussion
In the our Experiment expesially in experiment 5 not same with theory because in our
experiment result the experiment 5 not contain steroid because it negative test not
formed green solution. its can be occure because the solution contain with other

X.

compound so it can negative test not positive test.

Answering Question
1. Write the reaction completely for each phytochemical test!
Answer:
`
Identify alkaloids using Culvenor-Filzgerald Method
Mayer :

Wagner :

Dragendorf :

Identify Flavonoid
Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) ---> MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Identify Saponin

Identify Steroid

Identify Triterpenoid

Identify Tanin

2. Write the basic structure of each group of steroid compounds, triterpenoids,

tannins, saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids!
Answer :
Steroids

Triterpenoids

Tannins

Saponin

Flavonoids

Alkaloids

3. Mention the flavonoid compounds what is contained in the curcuma rhizome is

based on existing literature!
Answer:
In the ginger rhizome are alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids,
and tannins.
4. Mention the function and benefits of ginger rhizome for human life!
Answer:
Functions and benefits of ginger rhizome for human life is to overcome liver
disorders, rheumatism and fatigue, as pain relievers, anti-bacterial / fungal, antidiabetic, anti-diarrhea, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, diuretic, depression. Some of the
properties of ginger by the Ministry of Health (2008), among others treat body
odor that is unpleasant, decrease cholesterol, liver, jaundice, hepatitis, flatulence,
loss of appetite due to lack of bile, fever, muscle pains, rheumatism, restoring
health after childbirth , constipation, high blood pressure, gallstones, menstrual
XI.

XII.

noncurrent, hemorrhoids, a little milk production, and maintain stamina.

Conclusion
After we doing experiment we can conclusion that :
1. Sample from powdered ginger with methanol is yellow extract
2. Sample contain alkanoid with positive test is reagent mayer is orange precipitate,
wegner reagent is brown precipitate, dragondraf is white precipitate.
3. Sample contain flavonoid with positive test is red pericipitate in the layer of
emthanol.
4. Sample contain saponin with positive test is formed foam
5. Sample not contain steroid because test not positive.
6. Ample contain titerpenoid with positive test is brownish.
7. Sample contain tatnin with positive test is brownish green.
References
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Harborne, J. B. 1987. Metode Fitokimia: Penuntun Cara Modern Menganalisis
Tumbuhan. Terjemahan: K. Padmawinata & I. Soediro. Bandung: ITB.

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Universitas Sriwijaya.
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Wijayakusuma, M. Hembing.2007. Penyembuhan dengan Temulawak I. Jakarta:
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