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Basic Considerations
Eduardo Alvarez, SalesTechnical Support
May, 2013
Agenda
Propagation
Terrain Profiles
Power Budget
Prediction Methods for terrestrial Line-of-Sight Systems
Error Performance Objetives
Summary
Propagation
Microwave in atmosphere
n o a tm o s p h e re
w it h a tm o s p h e re
s tr a i g h t ra y s
b e n t r a ys
It i s th e r a d io w a v e s in te r a c t io n w ith th e m o le c u le s in t h e
a tm o s p h e r e t h a t b e n d s t h e m .
A s f o r v is ib le lig h t , t h e r a d io w a v e s m a y b e tr e a te d w ith
r a y o p t ic s o n a la r g e s c a le .
K-value factor
K - v a l u e i s a c o m m o n u s e d v a l u e to i n d i c a t e r a y b e n d i n g
K=
re
=
a
1
1 dn .
( +
) a
a dn
dN
( 1+a .
.1 0-6 )
dh
F o r a n o rm a l a t m o s p h e r e d N / d h = - 4 0
K =
1
( 1 + 6 3 7 0 . ( -4 0 ) . 1 0 - 6 )
= 1.3 3
h ( km )
4/3 1
2 /3
K
- 2/ 3
4 /3
2
K = - 2/3
1
R
1
2 /3
30 0
N -U N I T S
E A R T H R A D IU S
a = 63 7 0 k m
1.33
Normal level
at the receiver
840
820
800
780
1.33
760
K=1.33
740
dN =-40
dh
720
700
1.33
680
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44.7
0.66
840
820
Diffraction fading
at the receiver
800
780
0.66
K=0.66
760
dN =+80
dh
740
720
700
0.66
680
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44.7
860
Overreach at the
receiver
840
820
800
100.00
780
760
K=100
dN =-155.4
dh
740
720
100.00
700
680
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44.7
d M >0
dh
T his r e gi o n is c oo le d
b y th e gr ou nd
D ay tim e
Convection
mixes the
atmosphere
dN Constant
dh
dM <0
dh
M o rn i n g
Calm night
No convection
Temperatureinversion
Ground based
duct rises to
become an
elevated duct
820
800
1.33
Normal level
at the
receiver
780
760
740
720
700
1.33
680
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44.7
Ducting Example
Up Normal Conditions (Layer build up)
Ducting fading
at the receiver
Atmospheric Multipath
K=0.35
860
-0.35
840
820
800
780
760
740
720
K=1.33
1.33
700
680
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Due to inversion layer in the atmosphere, more than one possible path for a radio
signal to reach from Transmitter to Receiver.
44.7
Flat Fading
Signal fade attenuating the complete channel bandwidth:
Flat Fading
Attenuation [dB]
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
Dispersive Fading
Signal fade attenuating parts channel bandwidth
Nominal Input level
Attenuation [dB]
-5
-15
-20
-25
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
Ground Reflections
860
1.33
Wanted signal
840
820
Reflected signal
with phase delay
800
780
1.33
760
740
720
Reflected signal
700
Reflection surface
1.33
680
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44.7
Terrain Surfaces
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
water
-0.2
cultivated fields
-0.1
Wanted Signal
Reflection Co-efficient
0.0
hills with
trees
Resultant signal =
-0.7
-0.8
-0.9
-1.0
0.1 mm
E
H
V Pol
3 dB
E
H pol
Fade mechanisms
Flat Fading
Atmospheric Multipath
Ground Reflections
Ducting
Precipitation
Diffraction loss
Selective Fading
Atmospheric Multipath
Ground Reflections
Probabilities of Flat and Selective fading follow each other as the same
multipath mechanisms result in both flat and selective fading.
Fresnel Zones
d1
d2
d3
F1
First Fresnel Zone
Depolarisation
Terrain Profiles
23
Trees
Buildings
24
Temperate climate
0.0 F1 if there is a
single isolated path
obstruction.
0.3 F1 if the path
obstruction is
extended along a
portion of the path.
Tropical climate
0.6 F1 for path
lengths greater
than about 30 km.
0.9
0.8
ke
0.7
0.6
0.5
10
20
50
path length in km
100
25
Diffraction Losses
10
10
B
30
D
40
1.5
0.5
Normalized clearance
0.5
h/F 1
2
7
Earth Bulge
In order to draw the line of sight straight in a path profile, a ray bending due to
variations in K value is added to the terrain heights
d1 , d2 distanes in km
k - k value. Includes both earth and ray curvature
k= 0.6
k= 1.33
M
SITE A
d2
d1
SITE B
k=
740
720
700
Elevation (m)
680
660
640
620
600
580
560
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
FE028
Latitude
33 52 01.00 N
Longitude
005 17 36.00 W
Azimuth
266.59
Elevation
668 m ASL
Antenna CL 46.0 m AGL
Ground Reflections
860
1.33
840
Wanted signal
820
800
Reflected signal
With phase shift
780
1.33
760
740
Reflected signal
720
700
1.33
680
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44.7
-2
-4
-8
-6
- 10
- 12
- 14
- 16
- 18
5.0
10
1.33
860
25
800
30
35
Site 2 Antenna heig ht ( m)
1.33
780
760
40
740
45
720
50
55
700
1.33
60.0
680
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44.7
The distance difference between direct and reflected ray will cause different signal
strength at the receiver: Antennas located at different heights will receive
different signal strengths. This can be represented in a height - gain diagram.
Proprietary and Confidential
20
820
15
840
Height-Gain: k Effect
H1=30.0 m, K=1.33 F=5000.0 MHz, V
H1=30.0 m, K=0.60 F=5000.0 MHz, V
H1=30.0 m, K=1000.00 F=5000.0 MHz, V
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
-20
-22
-24
-26
5.0
10
15
20
25
30
35
Site 2 Antenna heig ht (m)
40
45
50
55
60.0
Height-Gain: k Effect
880
0.60
860
840
820
800
0.60
780
760
740
720
700
0.60
680
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44.7
Height-Gain: k Effect
880
860
1.33
840
820
800
1.33
780
760
740
720
700
1.33
680
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44.7
Height-Gain: k Effect
880
1000.00
860
840
820
800
1000.00
780
760
740
720
700
1000.00
680
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44.7
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
5.0
10
860
1.33
20
820
30
35
Site 2 Antenna heig ht (m)
780
25
/2
800
1.33
760
40
740
45
720
50
55
700
1.33
60.0
680
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44.7
15
840
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
-20
-22
-24
-26
5.0
10
15
20
25
30
35
Site 2 Antenna height (m)
40
45
50
55
60.0
Polarization Effect
H1=30.0 m, K=1.33 F=5000.0 MHz, V
H1=30.0 m, K=1.33 F=5000.0 MHz, H
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
-20
-22
5.0
10
15
20
25
30
35
Site 2 Antenna height (m)
40
45
50
55
60.0
-2
-4
-6
-8
Tilt 0.50
-10
-12
No Tilt
-14
-16
-18
-20
-22
-24
5.0
10
15
20
25
30
35
Site 2 Antenna height (m)
40
45
50
55
60.0
960
940
Antenna
height with
excessive
Clearance
920
900
880
860
1.33
840
820
800
780
1.33
760
740
720
700
1.33
680
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44.7
900
Ideal
antenna
height with
adequate
Clearance
880
860
1.33
840
820
800
1.33
780
760
740
720
700
1.33
680
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44.7
Performance Predictions
Link Budget
Antenna
Atmosphere
Feeder
TX
Antenna
Feeder
Transmitter
RX
+30dBm
-1dB
-3dB
+ Antenna gain
+38dB
-144.5dB
- Atmospheric attenuation
+ Antenna gain
0dB
+42dB
- Feeder loss (D to C)
= Rx Level ( B)
-3dB
-41.5dBm
- Rx threshold
= FADING MARGIN
-75dBm
33.5dBm
Receiver
(6.7GHz, 60km)
Receiver
Threshold
Reflections cause
multipath fading
Nominal
Level
Applies to all
frequencies
Receiver
Threshold
Percipitation
causes fading problems
Nominal
Level
Applies to high
frequencies
Receiver
threshold
h( x ) = a0x + a1
1.1
P = Kd 3.3 f 0.93 1 + E p
1.2 10 F 10
K = 10 5.4 PL1.5
m=
b=2
cos
h1av + h2av
d
1 m (1 + b2 )
1
3c
3m
+ Arc cos
3 3
2 ( m + 1)3
k=1
k=1
2
xk hk xk hk
a0 = k=1
xk
xk 2
k=1
n
a1 =
k=1
k =1
n
xk
hk a0
k =1
Prediction of
Link Performance / Availability
Other Models
Barnett and Vigant based methods (ITU-R rep 338).
Local variances based on experience.
Multipath outage
Non-selective or flat fading
Selective fading
Outage due to clear-air cross-polarization for system co-channel
Pns + Ps + PXP
Ptot = 0.75 0.75 1.33
+ PXP
Pdns + Pds
if diversity is used
where
Pns
Pdns
Ps
Pds
PXP
Flat Fading
Signal fade attenuating the complete channel
bandwidth: Flat Fading
5
Attenuation [dB]
-5
-10
For multipath,
complete flat fade
is not possible
-15
-20
-25
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
Pns = P0 10
10
[%]
- Geo-climatic factor
- Frequency (GHz)
p =
h1 h2
d
Inland Paths
K
Continent
Latitude
Coastal Paths
Refractivity variations
Costal, medium
or large size of
water
Distance > 50 km
Terrain
Terrain height 100m
above mean sea level
Distance < 50 km
Path Altitude
Terrain height
less than 100m
above mean sea
level
Inland Paths
Inland
Medium size of water:
The Bay of Fundy (east
coast of Canada) and the
Strait of Georgia (west
coast of Canada), the
Gulf of Finland, and
other bodies of similar
size.
Continent
Distance > 0 km
Latitude
Inland
Refractivity variations
Entire path profile
above 100m altitude
Distance > 0 km
Coastal Paths
Inland paths
Terrain
Path Altitude
Inland Paths
K
Continent
Latitude
Coastal Paths
Refractivity variations
C Lat
- path latitude
C Lon
- path longitude
PL
Terrain coefficients
Type of terrain and lower antenna altitude
Inland plains - Low altitude:
Overland links in inland areas with lower antenna altitude less than 400 m
above mean sea level, located in largely plains areas
Inland hills - Low altitude:
Overland links in inland areas with lower antenna altitude less than 400 m
above mean sea level, located in largely hilly areas
Inland plains - Medium altitude:
Overland links in inland areas with lower antenna altitude in the range 400 700 m above mean sea level, located in largely plains areas
Inland hills - Medium altitude:
Overland links in inland areas with lower antenna altitude in the range 400 700 m above mean sea level, located in largely hilly areas
Inland plains - High altitude:
Overland links in inland areas with lower antenna altitude higher than 700 m
above mean sea level, located in largely plains areas
Inland hills - High altitude:
Overland links in inland areas with lower antenna altitude higher than 700 m
above mean sea level, located in largely hilly areas
Inland mountains - High altitude:
Overland links in inland areas with lower antenna altitude higher than 700 m
above mean sea level, located in largely mountainous areas
C0 [dB]
0
3.5
2.5
Terrain
6.0
Path Altitude
Inland Paths
K
Continent
5.5
Latitude
Refractivity variations
8.0
10.5
Coastal Paths
Geographical Coefficients
Terrain
Path Altitude
Inland Paths
K
Continent
Latitude
C Lat = 0 (dB)
CLat = 53 + (dB)
CLat = 7 (dB)
Refractivity variations
53 S 53 N
o
53 N or S < < 60 N or S
o
60 N or S
o
CLon = 3 (dB)
CLon = 3 (dB)
C Lon = 0 (dB)
Coastal Paths
PL Contour Maps
Terrain
Path Altitude
Inland Paths
K
Continent
Latitude
Coastal Paths
Refractivity variations
Coastal Paths
Terrain
Inland Paths
Path Altitude
Continent
Latitude
Coastal Paths
Refractivity variations
Large water:
for K cm K i
for Kcl Ki
K = Ki
K = 10
K = Ki
K cm = 10 0.5(log K i + log K cl )
1.33
+ PXP
Pns = P0 10
10
[%]
p =
- Geo-climatic factor
- Frequency (GHz)
h1 h2
d
K
Sa
K = 10 4.2 0.0029dN1
Quick Planning
dN1 is the point refractivity gradient in the lowest 65 m of the atmosphere not exceeded for 1% of
an average year
Sa is the area terrain roughness.
dN1 factor
dN1: The refractivity gradient not exceeded for 1% of the average year in the lowest 65 m of
the atmosphere.
World wide maps provided by ITU-R P.453-n
Attenuation [dB]
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
m2
Ps = 430 sf
0
[%]
where 0 = 6.3 ns
3/ 4
P0
= 1 exp 0.2
100
d
m = 0.7
50
1.5
Signature factor
Notch depth dB
0
60
65
70
1
sf = WM 10 BM / 20 +WNM 10 BNM / 20
2
75Minimum
80
phase
10
B
20
WM :
BM :
WNM :
BNM :
30
40
30
Notch depth dB
0
60
20
65
70
75
10
10
Nonminimum
20
received
spectrum
phase
0
60
65
70
75
80
30
Frequency MHz
28/30/40 MHz
V
H
10
XPD g + 5
=
XPD 0
40
for XPD g 35
for XPD g > 35
= 1 e 0.2 (P0 )
C = XPD0 + Q
0 . 75
2
3
k xp
Q = 10 log
P0
Pxp = P0 10
k xp
M XPD
10
where
XPD
where
0.7
2
=
6 st
1 0.3 exp 4 10
C0
C I
=
C C 0 + XPIF
without XP IC
with XPIC
Diversity
Fading margin
Input level
channel 2
Receiver threshold
Fade depth (dB)
time
Space diversity
Number of
samples
10000000
1000000
100000
10000
1000
100
10
Space diversity
I sd
1.04
4
0.87
0.12
0.48
0
10 (F V ) 10
= 1 exp 3.34 10 S f
d
100
V = Gs1 Gs 2
d
F
f
Gs1, Gs2 P0
S
-
Frequency diversity
1
Combined
Combined
channels
channels
Frequency diversity
=
fd
f
f
d
F
80
f d
10
10
{I
fd
5}
Performance Parameters
Errored Second, ES
A one-second period with one or more errored blocks or at least one defect (path alarm).
Availability
Example
50 sec.
Time
10 sec.
10 sec.
Unavailability detected
Unavailable period
5 sec.
10 sec.
10 sec.
Availability detected
Available period
G.826
High grade
Medium grade
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
Local grade
International portion
Terminating country
Intermediate country
National portion
Long haul section
Short haul section
Access section
National Portion
Summary
Summary
Propagation
Rays are bended in the troposphere and curvatures changes with
medium density
Multipath can be done and a reduction of signal may occur
Terrain Profiles
In normal conditions 0.6F1 is needed for Ke and 1F1 for K=1.33
Terrain reflexion has to be studied
Power Budget
Fading Margin for variation
Prediction Methods
P = Pf + Ps + Pxp
92
Thank You