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AnthonyLiangandRafidAhmed

ReviewTheNervousSystem
TextbookReading:BiologyLifeonEarth.Chapter34(Page666698)
StructuresandFunctionsofNeurons
neuronsandtheirfourfunctions
dendrites,cellbody,axon,synapticterminals,nerves,glialcells,nodes
actionpotentialandconditionstoformone
neurotransmittersandsynapses

NeuralActivity
restingpotentialvsactionpotentialandthechargesateachstage
threshold
synapse,synapticterminal,thegap,membraneofthepostsynapticneuronwithreceptors
presynapticneuronvspostsynapticneuron
bindingofneurotransmitterstoreceptorproteinsopeningofionchannels(NA+,K+)
postsynapticpotential,excitatorypostsynapticpotentials(EPSP)andinhibitorypostsynaptic
potentials(IPSP),processofsummation

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FeaturesoftheNervousSystem
thefouroperationsthatthenervoussystemcanperform
memorizeimportantneurotransmitterssuchasdopamineandGABA
abilitytoidentifythestimulus
intensityofastimulus
convergence:neuronsfunnelingsignalstofewerneurons
divergence:electricalsignalsgofromsmallnumbertolargenumberofneurons
sensory,association,andmotorneurons,andeffectors
reflexes:involuntarymovementrespondingtoastimulus
diffuse(cnidarians)vscentralized(complexorganisms)nervoussystem
nervenets,ganglionsubstituteasbrains
cephalization:localizationofsenseorgansinthehead,evolvingintothebrain
OrganizationofHumanNervousSystem

graymattervswhitematter,centralcanal,dorsalroot,ventralroot
hypothalamus
protectionofthebrainandspinalcordskull,vertebralcolumn,threelayerofconnectivetissues
calledmeninges,cerebrospinalfluidbetweeneachlayer,bloodbrainbarrier
thepainwithdrawalreflex
hindbrain:medulla,pons,andcerebellum
midbrain:auditoryrelaycenter,reticularformation
forebrainorcerebrum:thalamus,limbicsystemandcerebralcortex
TheMindandtheBrain

leftandrightbrainhavedifferentfunctions
workingmemoryandlongtermmemory
temporallobesimportantinretrievalofmemory
HowisSoundSensed?
theouter,middleandinnerear
memorizethechartonreceptortypes

tracethepathofsoundthroughtheear
thecochleaandthevestibularsystemforbalance
auditorynerve,haircells
volumeandpitch
HowisLightSensed?
useofphotoreceptors
compoundeyesofarthropods,createsamosaicimage
loudsoundscandamagehaircells!

tracethepathoflightthroughtheeyes
nearsightedvsfarsighted
photoreceptorscalledrods(sensitivetolightanddark)andcones(distinguishcolor),ganglion
cells,opticnerve

HowAreChemicalsSensed?
smell(olfaction)andtaste(gustation)

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