LECIA 1

TO BE(a fi):
afirmativ
I am
Im
You are Youre
He is
Hes
She is
Shes
It is
Its
We are
Were
You are Youre
They are Theyre
Expresii uzuale:

interogativ
Am I?
Are you?
Is he?
Is she?
Is it?
Are we?
Are you?
Are they?

negativ
I am not
Im not
You are not Youre not
He is not
Hes not
She is not
Shes not
It is not
Its not
We are not
Were not
You are not Youre not
They are not Theyre not

you arent
he isnt
she isnt
it isnt
we arent
you arent
they arent

Who are you?

I am Lavinia.
What are you?
I am a teacher.

ARTICOLUL NEHOTRT
SINGULAR: a(un, o) - naintea cuv. care ncep cu o cons.
ex: a doctor =un doctor
an(un, o) - naintea cuv. care ncep cu o vocal
ex: an engineer
PLURAL: se formeaz adugnd litera s
ex: doctors = doctori
n rom. se folos. sunt doctor i sunt un doctor iar n engl. doar sunt un doctor
(sunt doctor se traduce n engl. cu sunt un doctor)
(Sunt doctor = I am a doctor)
- aceast diferen ntre engl. i rom se ntlnete numai la singular.

ARTICOLUL HOTRT
SG.: the teacher = profesorul
(the se pronun cu naintea cons. i cu i naintea vocalelor)
PL: se adaug s
the teachers = profesorii
________________________________________________________________
Exprimarea vrstei se face n englez cu vb. a fi nu cu vb. a avea ca n romn.
She is 5 years old = Ea are 5 ani.
De asemenea culorile(Ce culoare au ochii ti? What colour are your eyes?)
________________________________________________________________________

LECIA 2
sg.

THIS = acesta, aceasta

THAT = acela, aceea

pl.

Expresii uzuale:
1

THESE = acetia, acestea

THOSE = aceia, acelea

This is
French
That is a
Russian
It is
Romanian
ex: What books are those?

arent I?

These are
Those are
Romanian
ONES.
They are
Those are English books.;They are English ones.

ONE.

NTREBRILE DISJUNCTIVE(nu-i aa?, aa-i?, nu?)

am I?

arent you?
are you?
(vezi can, may, must;
isnt he, she, it?
is he, she, it?
there is, there are)
arent we, you, they?
are we, you, they?
Ex.:
You are a teacher, arent you?
Suntei profesor, nu-i aa?
----------------------------------You arent a teacher, are you?
n englez nu se folosete dubla negaie
Nu eti profesor, nu-i aa?
ca n romn.

LECIA 3
TO HAVE( a avea)
I have (got)
You have (got)
He has (got)
She has (got)
It has (got)
We have (got)
You have (got)
They have (got)

Ive got
Youve got
Hes got
Shes got
Its got
Weve got
Youve got
Theyve got

GENITIVUL(POSESIA)
Pt. numele de fiine se folosete de obicei genitivul cu apostrof
s la singular:
Tony is Mr. Cliffords son.(Tony este fiul dl. Clifford)
la plural:
Tony is the Cliffords son (Tony este fiul Clifforzilor)

Genitivul cu of se poate folosi cu orice categorie de substantive, inclusiv cu numele de

fiine, ns n mod obinuit cu subs. care nu reprezint nume de fiine.
ex: The colour of my pullover(culoarea puloverului meu)
Mai rar:
n mod obinuit:

The name of this boy is Tony.

This boys name is Tony.

(Numele ac. biat este Tony.)

LECIA 4
CAN = a putea n sensul de:
- capacitate, a ti
- permisiunea pt. pers. 2 i 3 rar 1

Can your wife cook?

Can I see your father? No, you cannot(cant).
Can she take your tape-recorder?

MAY = a putea n sensul de:

-permisiunea pt. persoana 1
May I open the window?
-posibil, probabil
Why must we stay at home? ( De ce tb. s stm acas?)
Because Mr. Clifford may come.
(aciiune viitoare)
(Pt. c s-ar putea s vin dl. Clifford)
2

It may be difficult, but you must learn it.(O fi ea grea, dar tb. s o nvei.)
He may be your friend, but...

MUST =
trebuie
I must read this book.
probabil(n sensul de trebuie) He must be at school now.(Probabil c e la c. acum.)
(aciune nceput n trec. i contin. n prez. i posibil n viitor)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------STILL = nc ( n continuare)
Shes still very prety.(E nc f. drgu)
YET = nc (deja)
Can your baby walk yet? (Copilaul tu poate deja s mearg?)
He cant walk yet. (Nu poate s mearg nc.)
(aciune care nu a nceput dar poate ncepe oricnd)
(= totui
Ex.: And yet she was ready in time(i totui a fost gata la timp))
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ntrebrile disjunctive cu can, may, must se formeaz respectnd regula c n englez nu se
folos. dubla negaie ca n romn. You cannt sing this song, can you?
Nu ti s cni cntecul ac. nu-i aa?

LECIA 5
NTREBRILE CU DO I DOES(Prezentul Simplu)
Do you smoke?
Yes I do. No, I dont.

Fumezi?

I, you, we, they do

Does he learn Russian?

nva rusete?
He, she, it does
Yes, he learn Russian.
Yes, he does. No he doesnt.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LA
at se folosete cu verbele de stare pe loc
to se folosete cu verbele de micare

(Tony is at school.)
(Tony goes to school)

Particularitate: I am at home.

I go home.(la verbele de micare nu se mai

folosete to n expresii cu home).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------De regul dup in, with, under, before, after, at, to se folosete the i subs.:
- I like to read in the garden.
- I like to play with the boys.
Excepii: home, school, college...
After the lesson the pupil go home.
After school they want to go to the cinema.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------me = pe mine
my = meu, mea, mei, mele
you = pe tine
your = tu
him = pe el
his = lui
her = pe ea
her = ei
it = pe el
us = pe noi
our = nostru
you = pe voi
your = tu, ta, ti, tale, dtale, dvs
them = pe ei, ele
their= lor
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale:
3

to be right = a avea dreptate

to be wrong = a nu avea dreptate

ex.: Am I right? ( Am dreptate?)

You are wrong(N-ai dreptate)

LECIA 6
IMPORTANT prezentul simplu i continuu:
n general, n mod obinuit

n momentul de fa

(always, every day...)

I
speak French
You
play the violin
drink milk
He
speaks French
She
plays the violin
drinks milk
We
speak French
You
play the violin
They
drink milk

(now...)
I
am
You
are
He
is
She
We
You
They

speaking French.
playing the violin.
drinking milk.

are

Interogativ: Do I,you,we,they
Am I speaking French?
Does he,she,it
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lavinia is singing
Tony is reading
the garden
in
Theyre playing
the house
the sitting-room
Lavinia is going
into
Tony is coming
(deplasare,micare,direcie)
Theyre taking Spot
Expresii uzuale:
There is a bottle of whisky on the table, insnt there?
(Este o sticl de w. pe mas, nu-i aa?)
There are many cakes in the refrigerator, arent there?
(Sunt multe ...
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale:
neither...nor
sau
either...or
(cnd vb. e afirmativ)
(cnd vb. e negativ) - regula dublei negaii
Nu e nici din fier nici din aur.
Nu tb. nici s citeti prea mult i
nici s te odihneti prea mult.

It is neither iron nor gold.

It isnt either iron or gold.
You must neither read too much nor rest too much.
You musnt either read too much or rest too much.

LECIA 7
TO BE - past
I was

I was not(wasnt)

Was I?
4

Was I not?(wasnt I?)

You were You were not(werent)

He was
She was
It was
We were
You were
They were
-------------------------Ex: Were you at home last night?
They were glad to see us.

Were you?

Were you not?(werent you?)

Ai fost acas asear?

S-au bucurat(au fost bucuroi) cnd ne-au vzut.

TO HAVE - past
I, You, He, She, It, We, You, They
had
Ex: She had a pet when she was a little girl.(Ea a avut un animal favorit cnd era mic.)
---------------Have, had se mai folosesc n englez pt. :
- a se distra: had a good time
- a mnca, a bea : He had a lovely meal.; She had a glass of beer.; had dinner.
- doar HAD se mai folosete pt.: a trebuit, trebuia(vezi lecia 10) =trecutul lui must

CAN- past
could

I, You, He, She, It, We, You, They

Ex.: He couldnt go to school yesterday.

Se mai folosete n englez i cu vb. care arat o aptitudine.

- Could you ride well at that time? (Clreai bine pe vremea aceea?)
- Could he ski when he was young? (tia s schieze cnd era tnr?)
Yes, he could ski very well.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale:
MUCH = mult, mult
He never eats much.
MANY = muli, multe
He hasnt got many records.
A LOT (OF) = mult, mult,muli,multe
De obicei, se folosete a lot (of) n propoziiile afirmative n loc de much sau many:
- He likes to eat a lot.
- She has a lot of friends.
------------Se mai folosesc n expresii : ct, cte
- Ct cost? = How much is it?
- Cte fiice avea? = How many daughters had he?

LECIA 8
GRADELE DE COMPARAIE ALE ADJECTIVELOR
1. adjectivele de o silab formeaz comparativul adugnd ER i
superlativul adugnd EST:
high(nalt) tall(nalt) long(lung) -

higher(mai nalt)
taller(mai nalt)
longer

(the) highest(cel mai nalt)

(the)tallest(cel mai nalt)
(the)longest

:despre lucruri
:despre persoane

2.adjectivele de o silab terminate ntr-o singur consoan precedat de o

singur vocal dubleaz consoana final nainte de er i de est:
big
thin(subire)-

bigger
thinner

- (the)biggest
- (the)thinnest

3.adjectivele de o silab terminate n -e adaug numai -r ; -st:

nice(drgu, gustos)
fine

- nicer
- finer

- (the)nicest
- (the) finest

4.adjectivele terminate n y precedate de o consoan schimb y cu i i se

adaug er i est:
dry(uscat)
drier
- (the) driest
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CONJUNII I EXPRESII UZUALE
Tony is as young as me(John;I am)
la fel de...ca i
not so tall as
nu aa de...ca i
not as short as
nu la fel de...ca i
older than Mary(he is;them)
mai...dect
the younger of the two
mai...din ei doi(cteodat i cel mai din doi)
the tallest of the three
cel mai...din
(of us all;of you all;of all)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Adjectivele din mai multe silabe formeaz comparativul cu more i

superlativul cu the most. (R nu se pronun cnd more este rostit izolat sau este urmat
de un cuv. care ncepe cu o consoan; dar se pronun cnd cuv. urmtor ncepe cu o vocal
ex: more interesting)
confortable
more confortable
(the) most confortable
careless
more careless
(the) most careless
neatent(neglijent)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Unele adjective form. comparativul i superlativul n mod neregulat:

much(mult,mult)
more(mai mult) - (the)most(cel mai mult)
many(muli,multe)
good
better
(the) best
bad(ru,prost)
worse(mai ru)
(the) worst(cel mai ru)
ill(bolnav)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Folosirea prepoziiilor
from(de,din,de pe) se folosete doar n propoziiile care nu exprim ideea de existen
in, on, under, behind n celelalte propoziii
The dress in the wardrobe is blue.
Rochia din dulap este albastr.
She wants to take the dress from the wardrobe. Vrea s ia rochia din dulap.
The mouse on the cheese looks very clever. oarecele de pe cacaval pare f. detept.
My mother wants to take the mouse from the cheese.
Mama vrea s ia oarecele de pe
The elephant under the bad is a toy elephant. Elefantul de sub pat este un elefant de j.
My baby takes the elephant from under the bed.
ia elefantul de sub pat.
The cat behind the curtain is in fact a kitten. Pisica de dup perdea este de fapt o pisicu
The cat is coming out from behind the curtain.
Pisica iese de dup perdea.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6

Expresii uzuale:
Its too dear.
Its quite cheap.

E prea scump().
E destul de ieftin.

grow = a cultiva(legume), a crete(hair, oranges); grown-ups=aduli

LECIA 9
Expresii uzuale(din Viitorul Simplu):
Will you please open the window?
Vrei, te rog, s deschizi fereastra?
Will you please come with me?
Vrei, te rog, s vii cu mine?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

IMPORTANT:

PAST TENSE simple

Aciune terminat n trecut
La verbele regulate se formeaz prin adugarea terminaiei ed la forma de infinitiv(forma
gsit n dicionar; ex.:to like) ; la interogativ se folosete did; negativ: did not(didn).
Am cntat bine la pian?
A muncit dl. Clifford mult(din greu) ieri?
Did I play the piano well?
Did Mr. Clifford work hard yesterday?
Yes, you played it very well.
Yes, he worked very hard.
Yes, you did.
No, he did not work very hard.
No, you didnt play it very well.
La verbele neregulate se formeaz astfel: S+forma2 a vb.(lista cu vb. neregulate se nva pe
de rost Engl. fr prof./p.358)
n cazul condiionalelor(if clause) trecutul simplu se poate traduce cu condiionalul-optativ
romnesc a cnta iar T.P.S. cu a fi cntat(n principal se folosete
would(should)=a...sau would (should) have=a fi...(vezi lecia 18)).
ntrebrile disjunctive la past tense(cu did)
I played tennis well, didnt I?
Am jucat tenis bine, nu-i aa?
I didnt play tennis well, did I?
N-am jucat tenis bine, aa-i?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ATENIE(din Andrei Banta)

Pt. c PrezentulPerf.S. i Trecutul S. se traduc la fel tb. precizat:
Dac momentul(last months; three days ago) sau aciunea este localizat sau dac textul este
de domeniul unei relatri, reportaj se folosete Trecutul S. Deci, Past Tense arat un moment
determinat(terminat n trecut) al aciunii de cele mai multe ori precizat prin adverbe de timp
precis iar Present Perfect are ca funcie principal indicarea anterioritii(moment nceput n
trecut i continuat i n prezent sau termin. f. recent).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Expresii uzuale:
always
often = adesea
ever = vreodat
sometimes
never
seldom = (a)rareori
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

IMPORTANT:
7

PARTICIPIUL TRECUT
Participiul trecut al verbelor regulate se formeaz ntocmai ca i trecutul lor.
Part. trecut al vb. neregulate se nva din lista de vb. neregulate de la pg. 358.
Ex.: There are many learned men in our country.
Sunt muli oameni nvai n . ns.
Many appreciated writers took part in the conference.
Muli scriitori apreciai au luat parte la conferin.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ADVERBUL
Adverbul se formeaz de obicei prin adugarea terminaiei ly adjectivului din care provin dar
exist i adverbe care au aceeai form cu adjectivul crora le corespunde. n cazul adugrii
terminaiei ly intervine o schimbare de sens. Ex.: hard= din greu, intens
hardly= cu greu, de abia
Adjectiv
Adverb
She is nice
She writes nicely
careless
carelessly
beautiful
beautifully
Adverbe cu aceiai form ca adjectivul:fast, hard, etc.
The plaine is fast(Avionul este rapid)
It goes fast(El merge repede)

LECIA 10
IMPERATIVUL (FORMA NEGATIV)
Do not
ask that!
Dont
say it!
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------HAD se mai folosete n expresii pt.: TREBUIA, A TREBUIT (must = trebuie)
Trebuia neaprat s ajung acolo la timp. I really had to be there in time
A trebuit s fac baie n 10 min.
She had to bath in ten minutes.
A trebuit s te duci s-i vezi aa de trziu? Did you have to go and see them so late?
Nu trebuia s-i spui.
You didnt have to tell her.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII: LET
Lets go! S mergem!
Let her take her dog away!
S-i ia cinele de aici!
Let her bath quickly!
S fac baie repede!
Let him speak!
Las-l s vorbeasc!
Let me, him, her, it, us, them
come;stay; read

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII: HERE; THERE(iat,am ajuns,poftim)

Here he is.
Iat-l(aici).
Here is my friend Charlie.
Iat-l pe prietenul meu Charlie(aici)
Here he come. Uite-l c vine(aici).
There he is.
Iat-l(acolo).
There are my neighbours.
Iat-i pe vecinii notri.(acolo)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII: THERE MUST; THERE MAY

There must be a misunderstanding.
There may be trouble for you there.

Trebuie s fie o nenelegere.

S-ar putea s ai necazuri acolo.

EXPRESII:
May I introduce my son to you?
How do you do?
Ce mai faci?,Bun ziua
I am glad to meet you. mi pare bine s v cunosc.
It was nice meeting you. Mi-a fcut plcere s v cunosc.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRIMAREA I ORDINEA N PROPOZIIE PT. PRONUMELE:

mie, ie, lui, ei, nou, lor

to me, you, him, her, us, them

Give me that book, please.

Give it to me, not to my brother.
Did he lend you the newspaper?
Did he lend the newspaper to you?
No, he didnt. He lent it to my sister.

D-mi, te rog, cartea aceea.

D-mi-o mie, nu fratelui meu.
i-a mprumutat ziarul?
ie i-a mprumutat ziarul?
Nu. I l-a mprumutat surorii mele.

LECIA 11
IMPORTANT:

PAST TENSE continuous

S + to be(trecut) + vb+ing
Ex.: You were reading a magazine.
Citeai o revist.
Mrs. Clifford was sewing when Tony came.
D-na. C. cosea cnd Tony a venit.
I was sleeping when the rain started.
Dormeam cnd ploaia a nceput.
They were dancing while Lavinia was learning. Dansau n timp ce L. nva.
Was the sun shining when she looked out of the window?
NTREBRILE DISJUNCTIVE:
The sun was shining in the sky, wasnt it?
The sun was not(wasnt) shining in the sky, was it?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Expresii uzuale:

so.....that

att de.....nct

I was so tired last night that I slept like a log(butean).

It is so late that I cant call in at the butchers.(E att de trziu nct nu pot trece pe la mcelrie)
We are so busy that we cant go to the cinema with you.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii:
had(pt. trecut), must(pt. prez.) + past participle
I had my hair done yesterday.
M-am coafat ieri.
I had to meet an old friend.
Trebuia s m ntlnesc cu o veche prieten.
You had your shoes mended, hadnt you?
i-ai reparat pantofii, nu?
She had to have a new dress made. Trebuie s-i fac(s-i dea la fcut) o rochie nou.
You must have your nails manicured.
Trebie s v facei manichiura.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Numele unor magazine se formeaz prin adugarea s numelui profesiei:
barbers(hairdressers) = frizerie
grocers = bcnie(zahr, fin, cafea)
butchers = mcelrie
confectioners = cofetrie
chemists = farmacie
tailors = croitor

LECIA 12(SHALL and WILL)

VIITORUL SIMPLU(NEDEFINIT)

THE FUTURE INDEFINITE

Ex.: I shall begin now.

Voi ncepe acum
You will see him tomorow.
Ai s-l vezi mine.
He will write her a letter.
i va scrie o scrisoare.
There will be plenty of fruit, wont there? Vor fi fructe din belug, nu-i aa?
I
shall
go by train
We
ll
make a good impression
shall not
be late
shant
He
will
She
ll
It
will not
You
wont
They
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ATENIE: SHALL i WILL se pot inversa ntre persoanele I, II sau III pt. a exprima pt.
pers I ideea de voin, promisiune, hotrre iar pt. pers. II i III ideea de necesitate, ordin,
obligaie.
Ex.: I will do my best.
i promit s fac tot posibilul.
You shall drink that glass of milk, even if you dont like it. i poruncesc s bei p...
He shall tell her the truth.
El trebuie s-i spun adevrul.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Will poate avea sensul de a vrea, a voi, a binevoi

Ex.: Will you bring me that book?
Vrei s-mi aduci cartea aceea?
He wont go to school
Nu vrea s se duc la coal.
I wont explain him the rule again.
Nu vreau s-i explic regula din nou.
I wont see him again.
Nu vreau s-l mai vd.
(atenie: will nu shall)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TO BE GOING TO
a. se poate folosi n locul viitorului cu shall i will:
He is going to leave for London.
Va pleca la Londra.
It is going to rain.
Are s plou.
b. exprim intenia:
I am going to take one suit-case with me.(Am de gnd s iau un sg. geamantan cu mine)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CAN nu are viitor. La viitor se nlocuiete cu to be able to(a putea, a fi n stare)

Ex.: I shall be able to visit you next week(Voi putea s v fac o vizit sptmna viitoare)
MUST nu are viitor. La viitor se nlocuiete cu to have to(a trebui)
Ex.: He will have to go there on Monday(Va trebui s se duc luni acolo).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SHALL N NTREBRI se traduce adesea prin conjunctivul romnesc
Ex.: Shall I ring you up tomorrow? S-i telefonez mine?
Shall I bring you the book? S-i aduc cartea?

10

LECIA 13

PREZENTUL PERFECT SIMPLU

traducere: am citit
n propoziii
lucreaz;o are n fraze pt. exprimarea anterioritii
vezi crile de liceu cls. X selecii
S+have/has+vb.(III)
Ex.: Ai(ai) citit cartea aceasta?
Have you read this book?
N-au plecat nc, nu-i aa?
They havent gone yet, have they?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Atenie: Prez. Perf. Simplu pt. to be i to have
Forma III a vb. to be este been; a nu se confunda din acest motiv PPS cu alte timpuri.
Ex.: De cnd sunt prieteni?
How long have they been friends?
Sunt prieteni de ani de zile. They have been friends for years.(since 1960)
How long(since when) has she had that car?
De cnd are maina aceea?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Se folosete cu FOR i SINCE
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Atenie: folosirea n fraze e n fc. de timpul din romnete:
Trecutul simplu(ac. termin. n trecut)
She has had it since she graduated.
O are de cnd a absolvit facultatea.
She has had it since she has worked in this office. O are de cnd lucreaz n acest birou.
Prez.Perf.Simplu(ac. ncep. n trec. i cont. n prez.)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pt. diferena dintre PPS i TS vezi ex. 247/p.208 din Engl. fr prof.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PREZENTUL PERFECT CONTINUU

S+HAVE+BEEN+ VB+ing

Aciunea: nceput n trecut, continuat n prez. i posibil n viitor;

Atenie: se deosebete de PPS datorit verbelor cu aspect progresiv
continuu(a citi, a nva, a preda,a conduce(maina), etc.)
Ex.: What has he been doing since this morning?
Ce face de azi diminea?
He has been revising for his exam.
nva pt. examen.
How long have you been teaching in this school?
De cnd predai...
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Important: pt. a vedea diferena ntre PPS, PPC i TS (ex.249/p210):
1. De cnd nvei englezete?
PPC aciune trecut,prez.,~viitor i verb progresiv cont.
2. Ce-ai fcut ieri diminea?
TS(did) ac. trecut ncheiat i timpul precizat exact
3. Ce-ai fcut toat sptmna aceasta? PPS interval de timp nc nencheiat
etc.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale: big i large se refer la volum, capacitate sau cantitate iar
great la importan
This volume is very thick.It has many pages.
thick = gros
empty = gol(goal)
full = plin()
The engine of a car is heavy. It is not light.
greu; uor
This question is difficult. It is not easy.
greu: uor
11

Prepoziii i expresii:
There is a piece of cheese on a plate on the kitchen table. (Este o bucat de brnz, pe o farfurie, pe masa din buctrie.)
There are several chairs round the kitchen table.(n jurul mesei din buctrie sunt mai multe scaune)
Below(sub) the kitchen floor there is a cellar(pivnia) and above(deasupra) the kitchen ceiling, there is the garret(podul).
The cupboard is against one of the kitchen walls and opposite the cupboard there is the clock.
(Dulapul se afl lipit de unul dintre pereii buctriei i fa n fa cu dulapul se afl ceasornicul.)

below the clock = sub ceas

under gas cooker = sub aragaz
a butterfly comes through the window = un fluture intr pe(prin) fereastr
it flies up to = zboar n sus
throws the butterfly out of the window = arunc fluturele pe fereastr

LECIA 14
alt, alt
ali, alte
cealalt
celelalte

Another
Other
The other

book
books
book
books

is
are
is
are

altul, alta
alii, altele
cellalt, cealalt
ceilali, celelalte
This old car is

is
Another
are
Other
is
The other
are
others
mine(a mea)
your
These French magazines are
his
hers
This fat little dog is
ours
This bad tape-recorder is
yours
theirs

on the table
in front of you

here
in the room
on the floor
It belongs to

me(mie)
you
They belong him
to
her
It belongs to
us
you
them

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale:
He cant hear. Hes deaf.
smell=miros; odour=miros (plcut sau neplcut)
He cant see. Hes blind.
fragrance = miros plcut(parfum)
Can you smell the smell of roast chicken?
No, I cant. I have a cold(guturai).

Exprimarea faptului de a fi mirat i impresionat

What a charming girl!
Ce fat fermectoare!
How pretty your house is! Ce drgu e casa voast!
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII UZUALE: which=pe care,care(din mai muli(multe)); what = care
Which of them shall I lend you?
Pe care vrei s i-o (i le) mprumut?
Which book did you like best?
Care carte i-a plcut mai mult?
My sons are twins. I dont always know which is which.
Nu i deosebesc ntotdeauna.
What is your name? What is the capital of France?
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Imperativul cu YOU exprim un ordin categoric sau precizeaz persoana:
You stop that noise at once!
ncetez imediat cu zgomotul!
You boil the eggs while I toast the bred! Tu fiebe oule n timp ce eu prjesc pinea.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII UZUALE: two of them= doi dintre ei
both= amndoi
12

I saw two of them in the street this morning.

The two of them(both of them) are very fat.

doi dintre ei
amndoi

LECIA 15
Compuii lui some, any, no + thing, where, body, one (+ else)
EXPRESII UZUALE:
some: se folosete n propoziiile afirmative i se traduce prin nite, ceva, civa, cteva,
puin(). Ex.: There is some tea left(A mai rmas nite(puin) ceai).
any: n prop. interogative i negative =nite, cteva, civa, puin(), vreo respectiv=nu, nici
un, nici o. Ex.: Is there any milk in that bottle?
E puin lapte n sticl?
any n prop. afirmative = oricare, orice Ex.:Take any record you like.
no se folosete n propoziiile negative, cu verbul la form afirmativ i se traduce prin nu,
nici un, nici o, ca i not any.
Ex.. He has no new people(s). N-are nici un elev nou.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII UZUALE:
somebody(someone) = cineva(prop. afirm.)
anybody(anyone) = cineva(prop. inter.),nimeni(prop. neg., vb. neg.), oricine(prop. afirm.)
nobody(no one)
something = ceva
somewhere = undeva
anything = ceva(prop. interog.),nimic(prop. neg.,vb. la forma neg.),orice(prop. afirm.)
anywhere = undeva,nicieri,oriunde
nothing = nimic
nowhere = nicieri
ATENIE:
CEVA: something n prop. afirm. i anything n cele interogative
NIMIC: nothing cnd vb. e afirmativ i anything cnd vb. e negativ
UNDEVA: somewhere n prop. afirm. i anywhere n prop. interog.
NICIERI: nowhere cnd vb. e afirmativ i anywhere cnd vb. e neg.
ORIUNDE: anywhere n prop. afirm.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Somebody, someone, something, somewhere ct i formele lor pt. interogativ i negativ
(anybody, nobody) pot fi nsoite de else = -alt
Ex.: I saw somebody(someone) else there (Am vzut pe altcineva acolo).
Pt. obinuirea dintre prop. afirm. i cele inter. i neg. ex. 306/247
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

nici unul (una)

any i none =dintre mai muli

either i neither = din doi

any=vreunul Ex.:Have you met any of my pupils?(I-ai cun. pe vreunii dintre elevii mei?)
any=nici unul Ex.: I dont know any of them. Nu cunosc pe nici unul. (vb. la f. neg.)
none=nici unul Ex.: I know none of them.
Nu cunosc pe nici unul. (vb. la f. afirm.)
either=vreunul Ex.: Have you met either ( vreuna ) of my two daughters?
either = nici unul Ex.. I havent met either of them. N-am cunoscut pe nici una.
neither = nici unul Ex.. Ive met neither of them. N-am cunoscut pe nici una.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

13

S-A NTMPLAT, DIN NTMPLARE, NTMPLAREA A FCUT S,

NTMPLTOR = It so happened that I
I happened
It so happened that we heard (didnt hear) the telephone bell. (S-a ntmplat s auzim tel.)
We happened to hear (not to hear) the telephone bell.
The girl happened to be very pretty.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII:
You are wicked = Eti ru ( n general )
You are being wicked = Eti ru (n cazul de fa cu implicaia c de obicei nu este)
Se folosete i cu : nasty(nesuferit), mean(urcios,meschin)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------POLISEMIA LUI JOIN:
- a uni
A bridje joins the two banks(Un pod unete cele dou maluri)
- a se ntlni
- a se nscrie
He is going to join our club.(Se va nscrie n clubul nostru)
- a se altura(la o petrecere, joc, conversaie)
- a se nrola (n armat)
He joined the army.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A ATEPTA
to wait for - implic ateptare activ
to expect - implic ateptare pasiv

LECIA 16
Cnd pronumele interogativ sau subs. precedat de un adjectiv interogativ este subiect,
predicatul din propoziia interogativ rmne la forma obiniut (cea din propoziiile
afirmative):What impressed you most?
Whose (al cui, a crui) horse came first?
Cnd sunt complemente directe, interogativul se formeaz cu do, does sau did:
What do you want?
Whom = who(n scris i n vorbirea ngrijit)
Whom did you meet?
= which
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The man(driver, girl) whom(that) I saw is mad(cousin).
Whom (that) se folosete cu persoane.
whom = pe care, pe cine, cruia
The picture (statue, painting) which (that) I noticed was very expensive.
Which (that) se folosete cu lucruri, animale.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

myself; yourself; himself; herself; itself; ourselves; yourselves; themselves

se folosete n diateza reflexiv n anumite expresii, i ca pronume de ntrire:
M privesc n oglind = I am looking myself in the mirror.
Vorbea singur = He was talking to himself.
Am fcut-o eu nsumi = I did it myself.
Pronumele de ntrire se poate plasa dup subiect(I myself read it)cnd accentuiaz sensul
sau la sfritul propoziiei(I read it myself)
EXPRESII UZUALE:
unul pe altul, unul pe cellalt = each other = one another
diateza pasiv S + to be + past participle
EXPRESII UZUALE:(neither(nor), either)
Nici mie nu-mi place piperul. I dont like pepper either. Neither do I like pepper.
(atenie se inverseaz)
14

Nici el nu poate comite astfel de erori. Neither (Nor) can he commit such errors.
He cant commit such errors either.
Nici el nu este un om gelos.
He isnt a jealous man either.
Neither (Nor) is he a jealous man.
EXPRESIA: LA FEL I
My parents bedroom is upstairs and so is mine.
I like this scent(parfum) and so does my sister.
I shall go to the library tomorrow and so will my friend.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESIA: DA, AA ESTE
A fost obraznic. Da, aa este.
He was cheeky. So, he was.

LECIA 17

ATENIE
CONCORDANA TIMPURILOR N FRAZE
ROMNETE
1. T - P
2. T- T
3. T-V
4. V-V

ENGLEZ
TT
TT Perf. Simplu sau Cont.
T Simplu - Future in the Past
V- P. Simplu

1. A. mi spuneai c vrei s te odihneti un timp.

atenie
You told me that you wanted to rest for a while.
spuneai
se traduce cu T.S nu
B. Sperai c profesorul nu poate veni.
sperai
cu T.C.
You hoped that the theacher couldnt come.
C. Mi-a spus c sora ei e la coal.
He told me that her sister was at school.
n rom. se poate folosi trecut - prezent(i t.-t.) dar n englez numai trecut - trecut.
2. A. I thought that Lavinia had finished the book.
B.
Speram c a fcut o bun impresie acolo.
atenie speram se trad. cu T.S.
I hoped he had cut a good figure there.
C. Ne-a spus c btrnul a fost clcat de o main.
She told us that the old man had been run over by a car. atenie had been este TPS
D.
Le-am spus c-i vizitez pe prinii lor de muli ani.
I told them that I had been visiting their parents for many years.
TPCont.
Cnd n rom. se folosete trecut- trecut (sau trecut- prezent dar este o ac. trecut
anterioar unei alte ac. trecute i neterminat) n englez se folosete Trecut-Trecut
Perfect Simplu sau Cont.
Regula e uor de dedus pt. c prin astfel de fraze se exprim anterioritatea(pt. care se folos. TPS sau TPC)

3. A. Eram sigur c nu v va dezamgi.

I was sure that he wouldnt disapoint you.
B. Spunea c va trebui s se coafeze.
atenie spunea, eram se trad. cu TS
She said she would have to have her hair done.
C. Ai promis c nu-l vei certa.
15

You promised you wouldnt scold him.

n rom. se folosete trecut - viitor iar n engl. se folosete trecut - Future in the Past.
4. n englez, cnd n propoziia principal se folosete viitorul, n propoziia
subordonat temporal (introdus prin when, whenever, till, until, as soon as, as long as,
etc.) sau condiional(introdus prin if ) se folosete prezentul.
I shall see you when (if ) I have time (it is possible).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII:
for me, you, him, her, us, you, them
O sa-i cumprm un cadou.
Well buy a present for her.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FOLOSIREA LUI SEVERAL I MORE
Mi-a spus c are mai multe romane englezeti.
several se folosete cnd poate fi
She told me she had several English novels.
nlocuit i cu cteva, civa
Mi-a spus c are mai multe cri romneti dect englezeti.
She told me she had more Romanian books than English books.

LECIA 18
Exprimarea condiionalului optativ din rom. a mnca se face cu should i would.
n engleza contemporan would se poate folosi i la pers. I sg. i pl.
Ex.: I would like
a vrea s, mi-ar plcea s
We would be very glad
am fi foarte bucuroi s
El n-ar face una ca asta.
He wouldnt do such a thing.
(El) ar putea s citeasc ac. carte Engl.
He could read this English book. ATENIE
Ar putea s o piard.
He might lose it.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IF CLAUSE
Dac

ar cnta
ar fi cntat

PRINCIPALA

T.S.
T.P.S.(had+vb.3)

ar...(would, should+vb.)
(Future in the Past)
atenie: ar putea = could
Pt. a ine minte regula : n mod normal ambele ar trebui s se formeze cu F. in the Past dar are
prioritate principala.
Am face o excursie n Italia dac am economisi destui bani.
We should go on a trip to Italy if we saved enough money.
T.S.
Dac n-a fi vzut eu nsumi, nu mi-a face griji.
If I hadnt seen it myself I shouldnt worry.
T.P.S.
Se mai poate folosi urmtoarea form: vezi tabelul de la sfritul leciei

Atenie pt. c la la unele prop. sensul e clar de viitor dar se exprim prin trecut :
Ex.: Dac vremea ar fi frumoas ne-am duce la plimbare.
If the weather were fine we should go for a walk.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AR TREBUI = I, You, He, She, We, You, They should
(should not(shouldnt)
Ex.: You should go and see the film.
16

Ar trebui s te duci s vezi filmul.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A PUTEA, AI PUTEA
I could, You could
Ex.: N-am putea fi suprai pe ea.
We couldnt be angry with her.
Ai putea cumpra aceast cravat pentru tata?
Could you buy this tie for father.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AR PUTEA(n sensul de posibilitate)
It might rain in the afternoon.
S-ar putea s plou dup-amiaz.
They might come any minute now. Ar putea sosi din clip n clip.

AR FI PUTUT (MIGHT HAVE VB3)

He might have helped you.
Te-ar fi putut ajuta.
It might have snowed.
S-ar fi putut s ning.
They might have gone to the seaside.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EXPRIMAREA TIMPULUI a fi cumprat, ai fi cumprat...

should(would)+have+vb3
Ex.: Would you have bought that...?
Ai fi cumprat acel...
Yes, I should have bought it.
Da, l-a fi cumprat.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EXPRESIA: ar fi trebuit
S+should(la toate pers.)+have+vb3
Ex.: I should have given him a good thrashing, but I hadnt the heart.
(Ar fi trebuit s-i trag o btaie bun dar nu m-a lsat inima.)
He shouldnt have stolen them.
(N-ar fi trebuit s le fure.)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EXPRESIA: a fi putut, ai fi putut...

S+could+have+vb3
Ex.: I could have solved the problem.
A fi putut rezolva problema.
Could you have eaten all the cakes?
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

IF CLAUSE
IF CLAUSE
PRINCIPALA
TPS(had+vb3)
should(would)+have+vb3
dac a fi, ai fi...+vb.
a fi, ai fi...+vb.
atenie: ar fi trebuit = had had
ar fi putut = could have
If the mud hadnt been so deep, the wheels of the car wouldnt have got stuck in it.
Dac noroiul n-ar fi fost att de mare, roile mainii nu s-ar fi npotmolit n el.
We shouldnt have missed the train if we had hurried a bit.
N-am fi pierdut trenul dac ne-am fi grbit puin.
Se mai poate folosi urmtoarea form:
Had we hurried a bit, we shouldnt have missed the train.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ALT FORM A CONDIIONALEI

IF CLAUSE
Should(la toate pers.)+ vb.1

PRINCIPAL
S+should(pers. 1)+ vb. 1
would
17

Should they invite me to the party, I should refuse them.

Dac m-ar invita la petrecere i-a refuza.
Should you call on the Cliffords now you would meet Lavinia there.

LECIA 19
Diferite excepii:
1. Dup verbele to make i to let urmeaz infinitivul scurt (fr to):
Ex.: He made her come with him.
A pus-o s vin cu el.
He let her come with him.
A lsat-o s vin cu el.
2. Dup verbe ca to see, to hear, to watch, to feel urmez fie infinitivul scurt, fie forma n
ing:
Ex.: I heard her sing(ing).
Am auzit-o cntnd.
She watched him eat(ing) L-a privit cum mnnc.
3. Dup verbe ca to want, to wish, to expect, to like poate urma un acuzativ+infinitivul cu to.
Ex.: She wanted him to go.
Ea voia ca el s plece.
They expected Mary to answer.
Se ateptau ca Mary s rspund.
Aceast construcie se folosete atunci cnd aciunea celui de-al doilea verb este fcut de
alt persoan dect subiectul primului verb. Dac acuzativul se omite, se subnelege c
aciunea celui de-al doilea verb este nfptuit de subiect.
Ex.: She wanted him to go. Ea vroia ca el s plece.
She wanted to go.
Ea vroia s plece.
4. Dup verbe ca to belive, to consider, to think, to report se folosete aceeai construcie
(She belives him to be a good student) cu deosebirea c ideea poate fi exprimat i n felul
urmtor: She belives that he is a good student.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------He
is said
to sing very well
She
was heard
to speak English correctly
The student
happens
to have a good English pronunciation.
The girl
seems
is likely
is sure
prez.
They
are
given
some new book
trecut
The children
were
offered
some picture postcards
viitor
The Browns
will be
lent
pens
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Exprimarea unor lucruri generale (impersonale) diateza pasiv:
Valuable archaelogic discoveries are made in our country nowadays.
n zilele noastre se fac descoperiri arheologice preioase n ara noastr.
Valuable archaelogic discoveries are being made in our country nowadays.
n zilele noastre(chiar n momentul de fa) se fac descoperiri arh. preioase n . ns.
Many interesting opinions were put forward at the conference yesterday.
La conferina de ieri s-au expus multe preri interesante.
Modern blocks of flats have been built in Bucharest in the last few years.
n ultimii ani s-au construit n Bucureti blocuri moderne.

18

He told me that new data about outer space had been obtained.
Mi-a spus c s-au obinut date noi n legtur cu spaiul cosmic.
Rich crops will be obtained this year.
Anul acesta se vor obine recolte bogate.

Diat. pasiv se formeaz cu participiul trecut.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pt. accentuare se poate folosi do la imperativ i la indicativul prezent i trecut, n propoziiile afirmative:
Do come here!
Vino-ncoace (neaprat, te rog)!
I do want it.
O vreau (cu adevrat, neaprat).
She did know it.
O tia (cu siguran, fr ndoial).
atenie vb.1

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale:

A face mai bine s, ai face mai bine s...=I had better + vb.1
Ex.: He had better start learning.
Ar face mai bine s nceap s nvee.
---------------------

A prefera s, ai prefera s...=I had rather +vb.1

I would rather + vb.1
She had rather drink a glass of vermouth than one of lemonade.
Ar prefera s bea un pahar de vermut dect unul de limonad.
We would rather travel by plane than by train.
Am prefera s cltorim cu avionul dect cu trenul.
------------------------Expresia Having + vb.(2, 3)= dup ce...
deoarece...(se poate traduce i cu as)
pt. m.m.c.p. romnesc

Ex.:Having raised the tent, the two men congratulated one another.
Dup ce au ridicat cortul cei doi brbai s-au felicitat.
Having seen the film, I refused the invitation to go with them to the cinema.
(As I had seen the film, I refused their invitation to go with them to the cinema.)
Deoarece vzusem filmul, am refuzat invitaia lor de a m duce cu ei la cinema.

LECIA 20
(rar ntlnit) ADJECTIVUL POSESIV(my, your, his, her, our, their) CU VB.+ING
Ex.: Mother is proud of my speaking English so well.
Mama e mndr c eu vorbesc englezete att de bine.
I insisted on their staying a little longer.
Am insistat ca ei s stea un pic mai mult.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRIMAREA TIMPULUI I SPAIULUI
Its a ten minutes walk to their villa.
atenie: its nu there is
Sunt 10 minute de mers pn la vila lor.
Its ten miles to the next village.
Sunt 10 mile pn la satul urmtor.
Where shall we be in another twenty years?
19

Unde vom fi peste ali 20 de ani?

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------For me, you, him, her, us, them
(for-Infinitive construction)
It is important for me to buy a house.
She bought a magazine for me to read.
Biatului i este greu = Its difficult for the boy = E greu pt. biat
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pronumele relative whom, which(la acuzativ) se pot omite, prepoziia care le precede
plasndu-se la sfrit:
Ex.: The man youre talking about is a doctor.
(The man about whom youre talking is a doctor.)
The book hes looking for is here.
(The book for which hes looking is here.)
EXPRIMRILE CONCENTRATE sunt specifice limbii engleze; reprezint de obicei
condensarea a dou propoziii:
He shouted himself hoarse=He shouted until he became hoarse=A strigat pn a rguit.
She sang the baby to sleep. L-a adormit pe copil cntndu-i.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII UZUALE
to worth = a merita
is
doing it
atenie:
It
isnt
worth reading that book
- it isnt, wasnt i nu doesnt
wasnt
the trouble(osteneala)
-dup worth urmeaz vb.+ing
the money
i nu infinitiv(to read)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------You
You

ought to pay her a visit = S-ar cuveni s-i faci o vizit.

ought to have visited her from time to time = S-ar fi cuvenit s o vizitezi din cnd n cnd.

You shouldnt buy so many handkerchiefs = N-ar trebui s cumperi attea batiste.
Tom shouldnt have bought that tie = Tom, n-ar fi trebuit s cumpere cravata aceea.
You shouldnt have insisted = Nu trebuia s insiti.
The doctor must have been detained in the hospital = Dr. trebuie s
He has to learn his lesson = Trebuie s-i nvee leciile.

fi fost reinut la spital.

They will have to punish him = Vor trebui s-l pedepseasc.

He is to have a talk with the architect, isnt he? Urmeaz s stea de vorb cu arhitectul, nu?
They are to meet and have a talk about the plans for the house= Urmeaz s se ntlneasc i ...
He was to go to the mountain = Trebuia(urma) s plece la munte.
You dont need to persuade me he is a good architect=Nu trebuie(nu e nevoie) s m convingi c el e
un bun arhitect.
You neednt have driven me to the station = N-ar fi trebuit s m duci la gar cu maina.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SHALL, WILL + BE + vb.+ing

What will you be doing tomorrow at this time of the day?
Ce-o s facei mine la ora asta?
At eight oclock tomorow we shall be taking leave of our neighbours.
Mine la ora 8 o s ne lum rmas bun de la vecinii notri.
Today week they will be basking in the sun at the seaside.
20

De azi ntr-o sptmn vor face plaj la mare.

When she is away he will be thinking about her.
Cnd ea va fi plecat el se va gndi la ea.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Unii vorbitori de limba englez, n vorbirea familiar, omit pronumele cu funcie de subiect.
Ex.: Thought youd gone without me. Am crezut c ai plecat fr mine.
Seems rather tedious to me.
Mi se pare cam plicticos.

VOCABULAR
alluring = ademenitor, tentant
to admitt = a recunoate
asleep = adormit
awfully = ngrozitor(oare)
bacon = costi
to bake(a cake) = a coace(o prjitur)
to bask = a se nclzi(la soare);a face plaj
to bath = a se sclda, a face baie
beard = barb
besides = lng,pe deasupra, n afar de
to bind,bound,bound = a lega
boil = a fierbe
careless = neatent(neglijent)
ceiling = tavan
cheap = ieftin()
chips = cartofi pai
comb = pieptene
confectioners = cofetrie
cough = a tui
to count = a numra, SOCOTI
dear(car) = (main)scump()
cel mai drag = dearest
elbow = cot
at first = la nceput
fleas = purici
fragrance = miros plcut(parfum)
freckles = pistrui
fair, blond = blond
fizzy = acidulat()
gay = vesel
grapes = struguri
to greet = a saluta
grow = a cultiva(legume), a crete(hair,
oranges); grown-ups=aduli
Whom = pe care, pe cine, cruia
Which = pe care...

ham = unc
hen = gin
lend, lent = a mprumuta
lettuce = salat verde
(to speak) loud = (a vorbi) tare
to live = a locui
to mend = a repara
novel = roman
(to) pour = a turna, vrsa
purse = pung
quite(moderate) = ct se poate de (moderat)
to race = a ambala(motorul)
scold = a certa
sentence = propoziie
to shedd leaves = a scutura frunzele
sheet = cearaf
shelf = raft
ship = vapor
slices of bread = felii de pine
slipper = papuc
to stirr = a amesteca, a agita
stuffy = nchis(aer)
sum = adunare
swear = a njura
tall(tree) = (copac)nalt
thick(book) = (carte) groas
tipsy = ameit de butur
utter = a rosti(cuvinte)
waiter = chelner
warm = cald
wheel = volan
whom = pe care, pe cine = who=which
whose = al cui, a crui
weak = slbit
wrist-watch = ceas de mn
pt. persoane
se folosete cu lucruri, animale

GUSTURI: dulce=sweet; amar=bitter; srat=salted,salt(y),saline; acru=sour,tart

PR:blond=blond,fair-haired; brunet=brunette,dark-haired ;aten=chestnut,brown-haired
21

HAINE: pantaloni=trousers; costum=suit; fust=skirt; rochie=dress; bluz=blouse;

cma=shirt; osete(brbteti)=socks; palton,hain=coat; canadian=sport coat
ORA: familiar
oficial
five (minutes) past twelve
12.05
twelve five
(a) quarter past five
5.15
five fifteen
half-past one
13.30
thirteen thirty
twenty-five (minutes) to seven
18.35
eighteen thirty-five
(a) quarter to ten
21.45
twenty-one forty-five
DATA: 2nd January 1971 The second of January, nineteen seventy-one
23(r)d April 1996
The twenty-third of April, nineteen ninety-six
Expresii:
to learn by heart = a nva pe dinafar
saving money = a strnge bani
look out of the window = a se uita pe fereastr
to cut a good figure = a face impresie bun
to pay a visit = a face o vizit
to sleep like a log = a dormi butean
to call in at the = a trece pe la
to take a taxi = a lua un taxi
the taxi will take us = taxiul ne va duce
to get on(into) the train = a se urca n tren
to give a lift = a duce cu maina
to ring up = a suna(la telefon)
to iron the trousers = a clca pantalonii
to be out of order = a fi stricat
at once = imediat
students in English = studeni la englez
which of all = care din toi(toate)
to let him alone = a-l lsa n pace
we shant(shall not) mind = nu ne suprm(n sensul de viitor)
serve me right = aa-mi trebuie
to be run over by a car = a fi clcat de o main
to have a hangover = a fi mahmur(beat)
bottle of scent = ap de colonie
to get in time to = a ajunge la timp
I cant grumble = nu pot s m plng
what film is on there = ce film ruleaz acolo
to pull my leg = a m pcli
It isnt worth the trouble = nu merit osteneala
They are to leave on Monday = Urmeaz s plece luni.
today three weeks = de azi n 3 sptmni; two months today; tomorrow three weeks
to take leave = a-i lua rmas bun
to leave for Italy = a pleca n Italia
to have my tooth filled(participiu trecut) = s-mi plombez mseaua
to have his hair cut = s se tund

proverbe:
Barking dogs seldom bite=Cinii care latr rar muc.
There is no rose without thorns (ghimpi).
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Out of sight, out of mind = Ochii care nu se vd se uit.

Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.
to put off = a amna
No man is born wise.
CONJUNCIE= parte de vorbire neflexibil care leag dou propoziii ntr-o fraz sau dou cuvinte cu acelai
rol sintactic ntr-o propoziie
PREPOZIIE= parte de vorbire neflexibil care exprim raporturi sinctactice de dependen ntre prile
diferite ale unei propoziii

de repetat ex.: 167/p.144; 169/147; 205/p.179;208/181; 247/208; 443/348

atenie: had = a trebuit, trebuia
trecut
(interog., neg. cu did have,didnt have)
must = trebuie
prezent
There must be a mistake. Trebuie s fie o greeal. expresie

CRILE DE LICEU(i completri din Andrei Banta)

CLS. X(1997)

The Present Participle(participiul prezent)

The Present Participle (ending in -ing) often corresponds to the Romanian gerunziu. It is
also used in the continuous form of verbs.
Ex.: Reading a long novel I fell asleep. (Citind...)
Walking about the park I was listening to the birds which were singing merrily.
The Present Participle is sometimes treated as a noun. In such cases it may be preceded by
the definite or the indefinite article or by an adjective.
Ex.: The learning of the grammar rules is absolutely necessary. (nvarea...)
Building of our school took several months.
The solid training of our team helped us win the match
We saw a meeting taking place in the market-square.
When it used after prepositions it corresponds to a sentence in Romanian:
Ex.: M-am gndit s m- duc la un muzeu=I have thought of going to a museum.
i mulumesc fiindc m ajui=Thank you for helping me.

The Present Perfect Tense Simple(traducere: am citit, merg)

indic anterioritatea fa de prezent
S+have/has+vb.(III)
Se folosete n urmtoarele cazuri:
1. cu adverbe care exprim un timp nedefinit sau o frecven ca: ever, never, always,
sometimes, often, seldom, rarely, usuallly, frequently, repeatedly
Ex.: L-am ntlnit adesea pe la expoziii. I have often met him at some exhibitions.
2.cnd aciunea nu este localizat d.p.d.v. al timpului sau locului
Ex.. Am citit cartea.
I have read the book.
3. cnd aciunea este nceput n trecut i se continu i n prezent(eventual i n viitor)
Ex.: De cnd l cunoti?
How long have you known him?
I have known him for five years/since 1970.
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Atenie: n cazul verbelor cu aspect progresiv continuu se folosete Present perfect

continuous(Ex.: De cnd nvei englezete? How long have you been studying English?
I have been learning English for four years/since 1971(since I entered this school).
4. cnd aciunea menionat s-a efectuat n cadrul unui interval de timp nc nencheiat, care
mai continu i n prezent(i eventual i n viitor); se folos. cu today, this week...
Ex.: L-am vzut de dou ori sptmna/luna/primvara asta.
I have seen/met him twice this week/month/spring
5. cnd aciunea s-a efectuat(i terminat) foarte de curnd; se folos. cu: lately, just, recently, in
the last few days/weeks, of late
Ex.. Abia a sosit.
He has just come/arrived
n ultima vreme nu l-am prea vzut.
I have not seen much of him lately.
6. cnd aciunea(neprecizat n timp, dar desigur de domeniul trecutului, deci ncheiat) are
rezultate, consecine, efecte vizibile n prezent:
Ex.: A plouat.
It has rained.
7. situaia atipic nlocuind viitorul II din romn n secundarele temporare, n cadrul
regulilor corespondenei timpurilor
i voi mprumuta/i mprumut cartea dup ce o voi fi citit/ o voi citi/ o citesc eu.
I shall/will lend you the the book after/when I have read it.
Evident, n vorbirea indirect prezent perfect se va transforma n past perfect dac principala va fi la un timp
trecut:
Mi-a spus c va pleca la plimbare dup ce va fi mncat/ dup ce mnnc/ dup ce va mnca.
He told me (that) he would go for a walk after/ when he had finished dinner.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS

S+HAVE+BEEN+ VB+ing
The P. P. C. shows an action which started in the past, is continuing in the present and is
likely to continue also in the future. Se folos. cu since i for
Ex.: My friends have been living in this town(since 1970; for 5 years).
Prietenii mei locuiesc n acest ora.

DIATEZELE
DIATEZA ACTIV: aciunea verbului este ndeplinit chiar de subiectul
gramatical(indiferent dac ea se rsfrnge asupra unui complement direct sau nu)
Ex.: The boy is reading (a book).
DIATEZA PASIV(THE PASSIVE VOICE): subiectul gramatical sufer aciunea
unui verb tranzitiv, ndeplinit de altcineva(subiectul logic)
Se formeaz cu vb to be i participiul trecut.
Ex.: A letter was written by the boy yesterday.
DIATEZA REFLEXIV: rsfrngerea aciunii ndeplinite de subiect chiar asupra
lui(verbe reflexive)
Ex.: The boy washed and combed himself properly for his sisters wedding.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PAST PERFECT (se poate traduce cu mai-mult-ca-perfectul romnesc(mncase))

anterioritatea unei aciuni trecute fa de o alt aciune trecut
1. simplu
S + had + vb.(III)
indicarea unei aciuni sau stri trecute ncepute i terminate naintea unei alte aciuni trecute
ori a unui moment din trecut; se folos cu: hardly, scarcely, no sooner, before, when...
Ex.: After he had eaten he went for a walk
Dup ce mncase/a mncat a plecat la plimbare.
Hardly had the teacher come into the room when the pupils surrounded him.
S
vb.(n constrruciile cu hardly, scarcely, no sooner se schimb ordinea)
Atenie: TPS se traduce i cu a fi, ai fi...+vb. n condiionale(n if clause)

2. continu(se poate traduce cu imperfectul romnesc(nva) sau chiar prezent(locuiesc))

S + had + been + vb.+ing
indicarea unei aciuni ncepute naintea unei alte aciuni trecute i nc neterminat
continund pn n momentul acela
Ex.. When I arrived at Sinaia, it had been raining for three days.
Cnd am ajuns la Sinaia ploua de 3 zile.
He had been learning Bulgarian for two years when he went to specialize to Sofia.
nva bulgara de 2 ani cnd s-a dus s se specializeze la Sofia.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

THE SEQUENCES OF TENSES

Future-in-the-Past

A Past Tense is followed by a

(should, would) to express
a future action. Indic posterioritatea(ulterioritatea) fa de un moment trecut.
Ex.: This made Harold think that the Normans would not come any longer that year.
He had to swear that he would help William. (A trebuit s jure c l va ajuta pe W.)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Formarea substantivelor din verbe: the suffix added to the verb to form the noun is sometimes
-er, as in climber, sometimes -or, as in editor

Viitorul simplu(The future indefinite)

Ex.: I shall begin now.
Voi ncepe acum
You will see him tomorow.
Ai s-l vezi mine.
He will write her a letter.
i va scrie o scrisoare.
I
shall
go by train
We
ll
make a good impression
shall not
be late
shant
He
will
She
ll
It
will not
You
wont
They
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Viitorul continuu(Future Tense Continuous)

S + shall(will) + be + vb.+ing
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Puin important
The Nominative with the Infinitive(to go)(Indefinite or Perfect)
is a construction in which the subject of a certain verb which is used in the Passive Voice is
also the subject of a second verb which is in that case in the infinitive and which immediately
follows the first verb. This construction is used:
1. with verbs denoting sense perception, such as: to see, to hear, etc. and verbs denoting
mental activity, such as: to think, to consider, to know, to expect, to believe, to suppose...
Ex.: The car was seen to disappear in the distance.
Who is said to have lived
2. with the verbs: to say, to report and to make
Ex.: The sword was said to have magic powers.
3. with the phrases to be sure and to be certain
Ex.: The news is certain to please everybody.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TO WISH + SUBJUNCTIVE
ROM.: CONJUNCTIVUL

PREZ.: S MERG
PERF.: S FI MERS
When the verb to wish is followed by an objective clause the verb in such a clause has to
be in the Past Tense:
Ex.: I wish I found a larger dictionary.
A dori s gsesc un
If that verb is To Be we have to use Past Subjunctive of the verb which is were for all
persons singular and plural(I, he, she, it, we, you, they, were).
Ex.: I wish I were a student sooner.
A dori s fiu student mai repede.
She wishes she were in the mountains now.

If
I.

Pr. S.
Pr. C.
II. Past Tense
III. Past P. T. Simple

Main
Future. T. S.
Future. T. C.
Would(should) + VB.
Future in the Past
Would(should) + had + vb.(III)

NOUN CLAUSES : alternatives with WHETHER = dac (ns nu condiional)

(atenie:weather =vreme)
Ex.: He doubted whether formal visits would be of much help.
wondered the little girl told the truth.
worried
discussed
FAIRLY (destul de, ct se poate de) - is used with a pleasant or positive idea
Ex.: Your composition was fairly good.
RATHER(mai degrab, de fapt) - unpleasant or negative idea
Ex.: This exercise will be rather difficult.
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Since poate avea nelesul cteodat de because

Ex.: Since he did not get along very well with his brother, he set out to make his own way in
the world.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
1. adjective + noun + -ed or -d
Ex.: gentle-faced
2. noun + Past Participle
middle-aged; man-made
3. adverb + Past Participle
well meant(bine intenionat); far-fetched(exagerat)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IF + WOULD
If you would like me to try = Dac dorii s ncerc.
Wed be very happy if you would come to us next Sunday.
Would is used after if when we are interested in the listeners wish or will
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------When wish is followed by a sentence the verb of the subordinate sentence is either in the
Past Tense or the Past Perfect Tense:
Ex.. I wish I could help them = A vrea s o pot ajuta.
I wish I had helped them = A vrea s o fi ajutat.
I wish I knew what is happening = A vrea s tiu ce s-a ntmplat.
They wished they had stayed at home = Ar fi vrut s fi stat acas.
When wish is followed by the verb to be in the subordinate clause to be is used in the Past
Subjunctive, which is were in all persons:
Ex.: I wish I were in the mountains.
She wished she were a pianist.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Past Perfect Passive

S+had been(past perfect(simple) of to be)+Past participle
Ex.:
he had been killed by ...
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Subjunctive Mood

I, He, She, We, You, They + Should + vb.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------POSIBILITY
Present
She may be at home.
She might be at home now(stronger doubt).
Past
She may have had an accident.
Ar putea s aib un accident.
She might have had an accident. Ar fi putut...
PROBABILITY
Present
She must be at home now.
Past
She must have had an accident.

Trebuie s fi avut un accident.

IMPOSIBILITY
Present
She cant be at home now.
Nu poate fi acas acum.
He couldnt be at a snack-bar now. Nu ar putea fi la bar acum.
Past
She couldnt have had any engine trouble.
Nu ar fi putut s aib ...

VOCABULAR(ncepnd cu cls. X, lecia 10)

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above = deasupra
account = istorisire
to advertise = a face reclam
apprentice = a da la ucenicie
astonish = uimit
augment = a spori
avenue = alee, bulevard
aware = contient
beam = raz
beyond = dup
beware = a se pzi, a se feri
bind, bound = a lega
bounce = a ricoa
bound = limit, hotar; a sri, legat
broad = ntins, larg, lat
to cease = a nceta
core = nucleu, miez
defiant = sfidtor
deputy = reprezentant
descend = a cobor
despise = a dispreui
development = dezvoltare, perfecionare
dot = punct
dumb = mut
earnest = serios
emphasis = accent
fatigue = oboseala
feebly = slab
former = cel dinti
fulfill = a executa, a ndeplini
furthermore = n plus
glance = privire fugar
hasty = grbit
hence = de aceea, de acum ncolo, de aici
inexhaustible = inepuizabil
kite = zmeu de hrtie
ladder = scar
leak = sprtur
lest = ca s nu, ca nu cumva
(eye)lids = pleoape
loaves of breds = pini ntregi
lobby = hol

manage = a administra, a reui

mere = simplu
merely = numai, doar, cu totul
merry = fericit
mock = a ridiculiza
nay = ba mai mult
occure = a avea loc, a se petrece
occure to = a trece prin minte
outstrip = a ntrece
pearl = pictur
presently = imediat
proper = cum se cuvine, respectabil
rather = mai degrab
remote = ndeprtat, de la distan
retort = replic
roar = vuiet
rob = a fura, a jefui
scorn = dispre, batjocor
skull = craniu
skyscrapers = zgrie-nori
slang = argou, jargon
to slice = a tia(felii)
slightly = puin
snow-flakes = fulgi de zpad
squared = la ptrat
stove = sob
stretch out = a ntinde (mna)
to stun = a ului
swift = grabnic, repede
threaten = a amenina
thus = astfel
trend = direcia
to twinkle = a licri, a clipi
to urge = a ndemna
to utter = a rosti
valiant = brav, curajos
to vanish = a disprea
vengeful = rzbuntor
to weld = a suda
welfare = bunstare
wheel = roata
wide = lat, larg
wit = isteime
within = cuprins n, n interior

EXPRESII:
to get along = a se mpca(cu cineva)
strong-willed = hotrt
on the verge = pe punctul

28