Seminar

On

Source of Energy

Submitted To:

Submitted

BY:
Mr. Kanwal Jagjeet Singh
(Assistant Professor. Management)

Name

Class

Univ. Roll No.:

PUNJABI UNIVERSITY CAMPUS

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a direct investment into production or business in a country by a
company in another country, either by buying a company in the target country or by expanding operations of an
existing business in that country. Foreign direct investment is in contrast to portfolio investment which is a passive
investment in the securities of another country such as stocks and bonds.

Definitions
Foreign direct investment has many forms. Broadly, foreign direct investment includes "mergers and acquisitions,
building new facilities, reinvesting profits earned from overseas operations and intracompany loans." [1] In a narrow
sense, foreign direct investment refers just to building new facilities. The numerical FDI figures based on varied
definitions are not easily comparable.
As a part of the national accounts of a country, and in regard to the national income equation Y=C+I+G+(X-M), I is
investment plus foreign investment, FDI is defined as the net inflows of investment (inflow minus outflow) to
acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting st ock) in an enterprise operating in an economy
other than that of the investor] FDI is the sum of equity capital, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as
shown the balance of payments. FDI usually involves participation in management, joint-venture, transfer of
technologyand expertise. There are two types of FDI: inward and outward, resulting in a net FDI inflow (positive or
negative) and "stock of foreign direct investment", which is the cumulative number for a given period. Direct
investment excludes investment through purchase of shares.[3] FDI is one example of international factor
movements.

Types
1. Horizon FDI arises when a firm duplicates its home country-based activities at the same value chain stage
in a host country through FDI.[4]
2. Platform FDI
3. Vertical FDI takes place when a firm through FDI moves upstream or downstream in different value
chains i.e., when firms perform value-adding activities stage by stage in a vertical fashion in a host
country.[4]
Horizontal FDI decreases international trade as the product of them is usually aimed at host country; the two other
types generally act as a stimulus for it.

Methods

The foreign direct investor may acquire voting power of an enterprise in an economy through any of the following
methods:

by incorporating a wholly owned subsidiary or company anywhere

by acquiring shares in an associated enterprise

through a merger or an acquisition of an unrelated enterprise

participating in an equity joint venture with another investor or enterprise

Foreign direct investment incentives may take the following forms:[citation dneede]

low corporate tax and individual income tax rates

tax holidays

other types of tax concessions

preferential tariffs

special economic zones

EPZ Export Processing Zones

Bonded Warehouses

Maquiladoras

investment financial subsidies

soft loan or loan guarantees

free land or land subsidies

relocation & expatriation

infrastructure subsidies

R&D support

derogation from regulations (usually for very large projects)

Importance and barriers to FDI

The rapid growth of world population since 1950 has occurred mostly in developing countries. This growth has not
been matched by similar increases in per-capita income and access to the basics of modern life, like education,
health care, or - for too many - even sanitary water and waste disposal.
FDI has proven when skillfully applied to be one of the fastest means of, with the highest impact on,
development. However, given its many benefits for both investing firms and hosting countries, and the large jumps
in development were best practices followed, eking out advances with even moderate long-term impacts often has
been a struggle. Recently, research and practice are finding ways to make FDI more assured and beneficial by
continually engaging with local realities, adjusting contracts and reconfiguring policies as blockages and openings
emerge.

Foreign direct investment and the developing world

A recent meta-analysis of the effects of foreign direct investment on local firms in developing and transition
countries suggests that foreign investment robustly increases local productivity growth. The Commitment to
Development Index ranks the "development-friendliness" of rich country investment policies.

Difficulties limiting FDI

Foreign direct investment may be politically controversial or difficult because it partly reverses previous policies
intended to protect the growth of local investment or of infant industries. When these kinds of barriers against
outside investment seem to have not worked sufficiently, it can be politically expedient for a host country to open a
small "tunnel" as focus for FDI.
The nature of the FDI tunnel depends on the country's or jurisdiction's needs and policies. FDI is not restricted to
developing countries. For example, lagging regions in the France, Germany, Ireland, and USA have for a half
century maintained offices to recruit and incentivize FDI primarily to create jobs. China, starting in 1979, promoted
FDI primarily to import modernizing technology, and also to leverage and uplift its huge pool of rural workers.
To secure greater benefits for lesser costs, this tunnel need be focused on a particular industry and on a closely
negotiated, specific terms. These terms define the trade offs of certain levels and types of investment by a firm, and
specified concessions by the host jurisdiction.
The investing firm needs sufficient cooperation and concessions to justify their business case in terms of lower labor
costs, and the opening of the country's or even regional markets at a distinct advantage over (global) competitors.
The hosting country needs sufficient contractual promises to politically sell uncertain benefitsversus the betterknown costs of concessions or damage to local interests. The benefits to the host may be: creation of a large number
of more stable and higher-paying jobs; establishing in lagging areas centers of new economic development that will

support attracting or strengthening of many other firms without so costly concessions; hastening the transfer of
premium-paying skills to the host country's work force; and encouraging technology transfer to local suppliers.
Concessions to the investor commonly offered include: tax exemptions or reductions; construction or cheap leaseback of site improvements or of new building facilities; and large local infrastructures such as roads or rail lines;
More politically difficult (certainly for less-developed regions) are concessions which change policies for: reduced
taxes and tariffs; curbing protections for smaller-business from the large or global; and laxer administration of
regulations on labor safety and environmental preservation. Often these un-politick "cooperations" are covert and
subject to corruption.
The lead-up for a big FDI can be risky, fraught with reverses, and subject to unexplained delays for years.
Completion of the first phase remains unpredictable even after the contract ceremonies are over and construction
has started. So, lenders and investors expect high risk premiums similar to those of junk bonds. These costs and
frustration have been major barriers for FDI in many countries.
On the implicit "marriage" market for matching investors with recipients, the value of FDI with some industries,
some companies, and some countries varies greatly: in resources, management capacity, and in reputation. Since, as
common in such markets, valuations can be mostly perceptual, then negotiations and follow-up are often rife with
threats, manipulation and chicanery. For example, the interest of both investors and recipients may be served by
dissembling the value of deals to their constituents. One result is that the market on what's hot and what's not has
frequent bubbles and crashes.
Because 'market' valuations can shift dramatically in short times, and because both local circumstances and the
global economy can vary so rapidly, negotiating and planning FDI is often quite irrational. All these factors add to
the risk premiums, and remorses, that block the realization of FDI potential.

Foreign direct investment by country

There are multiple factors determining host country attractiveness in the eyes of large foreign direct institutional
investors, notably pension funds and sovereign wealth funds. Research conducted by the World Pensions Council
(WPC) suggests that perceived legal/political stability over time and medium-term economic growth dynamics
constitute the two main determinants[7]
Some development economists believe that a sizeable part of Western Europe has now fallen behind the most
dynamic amongst Asias emerging nations, notably because the latter adopted policies more propitious to long-term
investments: Successful countries such as Singapore, Indonesia and South Korea still remember the harsh
adjustment mechanisms imposed abruptly upon them by the IMF and World Bank during the 1997-1998 Asian
Crisis What they have achieved in the past 10 years is all the more remarkable: they have quietly abandoned the
Washington consensus [the dominant Neoclassical perspective] by investing massively in infrastructure projects
this pragmatic approach proved to be very successful.

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development said that there was no significant growth of global FDI
in 2010. In 2011 was $1,524 billion, in 2010 was $1,309 billion and in 2009 was $1,114 billion. The figure was 25
percent below the pre-crisis average between 2005 and 2007.

Foreign direct investment in the United States

Broadly speaking, the U.S. has a fundamentally open economy and very small barriers to foreign direct investment.
The United States is the worlds largest recipient of FDI. U.S. FDI totaled $194 billion in 2010. 84% of FDI in the
U.S. in 2010 came from or through eight countries: Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Germany,
Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Canada. Research indicates that foreigners hold greater shares of their investment
portfolios in the United States if their own countries have less developed financial markets, an effect whose
magnitude decreases with income per capita. Countries with fewer capital controls and greater trade with the United
States also invest more in U.S. equity and bond markets.
White House data reported in June 2011 found that a total of 5.7 million workers were employed at facilities highly
dependent on foreign direct investors. Thus, about 13% of the American manufacturing workforce depended on such
investments. The average pay of said jobs was found as around $70,000 per worker, over 30% higher than the
average pay across the entire U.S. workforce.
President Barack Obama has said, "In a global economy, the United States faces increasing competition for the jobs
and industries of the future. Taking steps to ensure that we remain the destination of choice for investors around the
world will help us win that competition and bring prosperity to our people."
SelectUSA (http://.s was created at the federal level to showcase the United States as the worlds premier business
location and to provide easy access to federal-level programs and services related to business investment. Select
USA provides the following services: business solutions for investors, advocacy, single location promotions,
facilitated investment missions, economic development organization counseling, and Ombudsman to help resolve
issues involving federal regulations, programs, or activities related to existing, pending and potential investments.

Foreign direct investment in China

FDI in China, also known as RFDI (renminbi foreign direct investment), has increased considerably in the last
decade, reaching $59.1 billion in the first six months of 2012, making China the largest recipient of foreign direct
investment and topping the United States which had $57.4 billion of FDI.
During the global financial crisis FDI fell by over one-third in 2009 but rebounded in 2010.

Foreign direct investment in India

Foreign investment was introduced in 1991 as Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), driven by
minister Manmohan Singh. As Singh subsequently became a prime minister, this has been one of his top political
problems, even in the current (2012) election. India disallowed overseas corporate bodies (OCB) to invest in India.

Starting from a baseline of less than $1 billion in 1990, a recent UNCTAD survey projected India as the second most
important FDI destination (after China) for transnational corporations during 20102012. As per the data, the sectors
that attracted higher inflows were services, telecommunication, construction activities and computer software and
hardware. Mauritius, Singapore, US and UK were among the leading sources of FDI. Based on UNCTAD data FDI
flows were $10.4 billion, a drop of 43% from the first half of the last year.

2012 FDI reforms

On 14 September 2012, Government of India allowed FDI in aviation up to 49%, in the broadcast sector up to 74%,
in multi-brand retail up to 51%, in single-brand retail up to 100%.The choice of allowing FDI in multi-brand retail
up to 51% has been left to each state. But the Government of India does not allow foreign e-commerce companies to
pick-up 51% stake in multi-brand retail sector in business-to-consumer space citing regulatory issues, problems in
checking inter-state transactions in e-commerce activities. In its supply chain sector, the government of India had
already approved 100% FDI for developing cold chain.