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LESSON 56
URINARY SYSTEM
VOCABULARY
bladder ['blxdq]
capsule ['kxpsju:l] ,
ureter [juq'rItq]
fat pad [pxd]
carry ['kxrI] ,
fascia ['feISq]
urethra [juq'rI:Trq] ,
cortex ['kO:teks]
excretion [eks'krI:S(q)n]
medulla [me'dAlq]
bean [bI:n]
hilum [haIlqm], hilus ,
fist [fIst]
calyx (pl. calyces) ['keIlIks]
renal [rI:n(q)l]
narrow ['nxrqu]
urine [juqrIn]
urination ["juqrI'neIS(q)n]
WORD-BUILDING
Ex. 1. Form new words adding the term-element vaso :
Constriction; depressor; dilatation; thrombin; stimulant; hypertonic; puncture.
GRAMMAR:
Ex. 2. Familiarize yourself with the following grammar material:
OBJECTIVE PARTICIPLE CONSTRUCTION
-,
, : to
feel ; to hear ; to see ; to watch , ; to want
:
NOUN
or
PRONOUN
PARTICIPLE
(Common Case)
(Objective Case)
Doctor(s)
me
Participle I (Active):
him
Ving
her
(working, writing)
it
us
Participle I (Passive):
you
being + V3
Student(s)
them
(being worked, being written)
Participle II (Passive):
V3
(worked, written)
The Objective Participle Construction
: I saw them walking along the street. , .
Ex. 3. Read and translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:
1. He saw the patient going up the stairs. 2. We saw the patient being carried to the operating
theatre. 3. He feels the operation being successful. 3. They watched him approaching the
hospital. 4. The students watched the patients being examined. 5. He heard the air passing the
trachea.
READING AND DEVELOPING SPEAKING SKILLS
Ex. 4. Read VOCABULARY and memorize new words.
Ex. 5. Compose 2-3- sentences using the words of VOCABULARY.
Ex. 6. Insert the missing letters:
Urin_tion; ex_retion; ur_ter; urethr_; blad_er; caly_; r_nal; me_ulla; fas_ia.
Ex. 7. Translate the following words and word-combinations into Ukrainian:
Narrow; fat pad; urethra; bladder; cortex; carry; hilum; capsule; fist; medulla; ureter.
Ex. 8. Read the following words and word-combinations:
Kidney; urine; excess; pressure; either; slightly; renal fascia; relatively; nerves; exit; hilum;
sinus; channel; minor; muscular.
Ex. 9. Read the following text:
URINARY SYSTEM
The urinary system consists of two kidneys, urinary bladder, two ureters, which carry
urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, and urethra, which carries urine from the bladder
to the outside of the body. The primary function of the urinary system is to remove the excess
fluid and waste material from the blood. In addition, the kidneys function as glands producing
hormones that are important in the production of red blood cells, in the regulation of blood
pressure, and in the formation of bone.
The kidneys are the most important organs for fluid excretion. The kidneys, a pair of beanshaped organs, are located against the back of the abdominal wall on either side of the spine at
the level of the lowest ribs. Each kidney is generally about the size of the person's fist. The right
kidney is slightly lower than the left. The kidney is surrounded by a renal capsule and a renal fat
pad and is held in place by the renal fascia. The two layers of the kidney are the cortex and the
medulla.
On the medial side of each kidney there is a relatively small area called the hilum where the
renal artery and the nerves enter and the renal vein and ureter exit.
The hilum opens into a cavity called the renal sinus, which is filled with fat and
connective tissue. In the center of the renal sinus the urinary channel is enlarged to form the renal
pelvis.
Ex. 10. Translate the following words and word-combinations into English:
; , ; , ; ; ; ; ,
; ; ; ; ; ;
.
Ex. 11. Translate the text Urinary System into Ukrainian.
Ex. 12. Insert the missing words:
1. The main function of the _ system is removal of excess fluid and waste material from the
blood. 2. The urinary system consists of two _, urinary bladder, ureters, and _. 3. The kidneys are
_ against the back of the abdominal wall. 4. Each kidney is generally about the size of the
person's _. 5. Kidneys are the most important organs for fluid _. 6. Ureters are _ tubes. 7. They
propel the urine to the _. 8. The bladder is a muscular bag that stores the _. 9. The _ is the narrow
tube through which the urine leaves the bladder during urination.
Ex. 13. Answer the following questions:
1. What does the urinary system consist of? 2. What is the major function of the urinary system?
3. What are the layers of kidneys? 4. What is hilum? 5. What are ureters? 6. What are their
functions? 7. What is the function of the urethra?
Ex. 14. Match the following words with their definitions:
1. Kidney
A. Tube conducting urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
2. Urethra
B. One of the two organs that excrete urine. They are bean-shaped organs
approximately 11 cm long, 5 cm wide, and 3 cm thick.
3. Ureter
C. Urogenital canal; canal leading from the bladder, discharging the urine
externally.
The two kidneys together receive between 20% and 25% of the total cardiac output. Each
kidney receives its blood supply from the renal artery, two of wich branch from the abdominal
aorta. Upon entering the hilum of the kidney, the renal artery divides into smaller interlobar
arteries situated between the renal papillae. At the outer medulla, the interlobar arteries branch
into arcuate arteries, which course along the border between the renal medulla and cortex, giving
off still smaller branches, the cortical radial arteries. Branching of these cortical arteries are the
afferent arterioles supplying the glomerular capillaries, which drain into efferent arterioles.
Efferent arterioles divide into peritubular cappilaries that provide an extensive blood supply to
the cortex. Blood from these capillaries collects in renal venules and leaves the kidney via the
renal vein. Efferent arterioles of glomeruli closest to the medulla send branches into the medulla,
forming the vasa recta (intestinal artery). Blood supply is intimately linked to blood pressure.
Ex. 25. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the major role of the kidneys? 2. Are the kidneys important regulators of blood
pressure, glucose metabolism, and erythropoeisis? 3. Why is the right kidney slightly lower than
the left one? 4. How do the kidneys receive blood supply?
Ex. 26. Describe the structure of kidney using the following figure:
P
arts of Kidney
Ex. 27 Describe kidneys functions. The following expressions may be helpful:
1. The function of kidneys is to maintain the homeostatic balances. Or: Kidneys maintain the
homeostatic balances. 2. The kidneys remove waste products. Or: The function of kidneys is to
remove waste products. Or: The primary role of kidneys is removal of waste products. Or:
Kidneys function to remove waste products.
Ex. 28. Write the summary of the text "Kidneys".
Ex. 29. Translate the following sentences into English:
1. ,
(, , ). 2. ,
, 120-200 . 3. ,
. 4. 1 1,5 . 5.
, 30-35 , 4-7 . 6.
. 7. . 8.
. 9. . 10.
. 11.
.
OVERVIEW
The main function of the urinary system is removal of excess fluid and waste material from the
blood. The urinary system consists of two kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra. The
kidneys are located against the back of the abdominal wall. Each kidney is generally about the
size of the person's fist. Kidneys are the most important organs for fluid excretion. Ureters are
muscular tubes. They propel the urine to the bladder. The bladder is a muscular bag that stores
the urine. The urethra is the narrow tube through which the urine leaves the bladder during
urination.