Operation

Simplified animation of how a water rocket works. 1) compressed air is added which creates a
bubble that floats up through the water and then pressurizes the air volume in the top of the
bottle. 2) The bottle is released from the pump. 3) The water is pushed out the nozzle by the
compressed air. 4) The bottle moves away from the water because it follows Newton's Third
Law.
The bottle is partly filled with water and sealed. The bottle is then pressurized with a gas,
usually air compressed from a bicycle pump, air compressor, or cylinder up to 125 psi, but
sometimes CO2 or nitrogen from a cylinder.

Students test a water rocket.

Water and gas are used in combination, with the gas providing a means to store potential
energy, as it is compressible, and the water increasing the mass fraction and providing greater
momentum when ejected from the rocket's nozzle. Sometimes additives are combined with
the water to enhance performance in different ways. For example: salt can be added to
increase the density of the reaction mass resulting in a higher specific impulse. Soap is also
sometimes used to create a dense foam in the rocket which lowers the density of the expelled
reaction mass but increases the duration of thrust. It is speculated that foam acts as a
compressible liquid and enhances the thrust when used with De Laval nozzles.
The seal on the nozzle of the rocket is then released and rapid expulsion of water occurs at
high speeds until the propellant has been used up and the air pressure inside the rocket drops
to atmospheric pressure. There is a net force created on the rocket in accordance with
Newton's third law. The expulsion of the water thus can cause the rocket to leap a
considerable distance into the air.
In addition to aerodynamic considerations, altitude and flight duration are dependent upon the
volume of water, the initial pressure, the rocket nozzle's size, and the unloaded weight of the
rocket. The relationship between these factors is complex and several simulators have been
written by enthusiasts to explore these and other factors.[1][2][3]
Often the pressure vessel is built from one or more used plastic soft drink bottles, but
polycarbonate fluorescent tube covers, plastic pipes, and other light-weight pressure-resistant
cylindrical vessels have also been used.
Typically launch pressures vary from 75 to 150 psi (500 to 1000 kPa). The higher the
pressure, the larger the stored energy.
[edit] Multi-bottle rockets and multi-stage rockets

Two multi-bottle rockets with a cat for scale.

A larger multi bottle rocket with cylindrical fins.

Multi-bottle rockets are created by joining two or more bottles in any of several different
ways; bottles can be connected via their nozzles, by cutting them apart and sliding the
sections over each other, or by connecting them opening to bottom, making a chain to
increase volume. Increased volume leads to increased weight, but this should be offset by a
commensurate increase in the duration of the thrust of the rocket. Multi-bottle rockets can be
unreliable, as any failure in sealing the rocket can cause the different sections to separate. To
make sure the launch goes well, pressure tests are performed beforehand, as safety is a
concern. These are very good if you want to make the rocket go high however they are not
very accurate and may veer off course.
Multi-stage rockets are much more complicated. They involve two or more rockets stacked on
top of each other, designed to launch while in the air, much like the multi-stage rockets that
are used to send payloads into space. Methods to time the launches in correct order and at the
right time vary, but the crushing-sleeve method is quite popular.
[edit] Sources of gas
Several methods for pressurizing a rocket are used including:
• A standard bicycle/car tire pump, capable of reaching at least 75 psi (520 kPa).
• An air compressor, like those used in workshops to power pneumatic equipment and
tools. Modifying a high pressure (greater than 15 bar / 1500 kPa / 200 psi) compressor
to work as a water rocket power source can be dangerous, as can using high-pressure
gases in from cylinders.
• Compressed gases in bottles, like carbon dioxide (CO2), air, and nitrogen gas (N2).
Examples include CO2 in paintball cylinders and air in industrial and SCUBA
cylinders. Care must be taken with bottled gases: as the compressed gas expands, it
cools (see gas laws) and rocket components cool as well. Some materials, such as
PVC and ABS, can become brittle and weak when severely cooled. Long air hoses are
used to maintain a safe distance, and pressure gauges (known as manometers) and
safety valves are typically utilized on launcher installations to avoid over-pressurizing
rockets and having them explode before they can be launched. Highly pressurized
gases such as those in diving cylinders or vessels from industrial gas suppliers should
only be used by trained operators, and the gas should be delivered to the rocket via a
regulator device (e.g. a SCUBA first-stage). All compressed gas containers are subject
to local, state and national laws in most countries and must be safety tested
periodically by a certified test center.
• Ignition of a mixture of explosive gases above the water in the bottle; the explosion
creates the pressure to launch the rocket into the air.[4]
[edit] Fins
As the propellant level in the rocket goes down, it can be shown that the center of mass
initially moves backwards before finally moving forwards again as the propellant is depleted.
However this initial movement reduces stability and tends to cause water rockets to start
tumbling end over end, greatly decreasing the maximum speed and thus the length of glide
(time that the rocket is flying under its own momentum). To lower the center of pressure and
add stability, fins can be added which bring the center of drag further back, well behind the
center of mass at all times, ensuring stability.
However, stabilizing fins cause the rocket to fall with a significantly higher velocity, possibly
damaging the rocket or whatever it strikes upon landing. This is noteworthy if the rocket has
no parachute or other recovery system or it has one which malfunctions. This should be taken
into account when designing rockets. Rubber bumpers, Crumple zones, and safe launch
practices can be utilized to minimize damage or injury caused by a falling rocket.
In the case of custom-made rockets, where the rocket nozzle is not perfectly positioned, the
bent nozzle can cause the rocket to veer off the vertical axis. The rocket can be made to spin
by angling the fins, which reduces off course veering.
Another simple and effective stabilizer is a straight cylindrical section from another plastic
bottle. This section is placed behind the rocket nozzle with some wooden dowels or plastic
tubing. The water exiting the nozzle will still be able to pass through the section, but the
rocket will be stabilized.
Another possible recovery system involves using the rocket's fins to slow its descent. By
increasing fin size, more drag is generated. If the center of mass is placed forward of the fins,
the rocket will nose dive. In the case of super-roc or back-gliding rockets, the rocket is
designed such that the relationship between center of gravity and the center of pressure of the
empty rocket causes the fin-induced tendency of the rocket to tip nose down to be
counteracted by the air resistance of the long body which would cause it to fall tail down, and
resulting in the rocket falling sideways, slowly. The article cited above is a detailed
exploration of the phenomenon.
[edit] Nozzles
Water rocket nozzles differ from conventional combustion rocket nozzles in that they do not
have a divergent section such as in a De Laval nozzle. Because water is essentially
incompressible the divergent section does not contribute to efficiency and actually can make
performance worse.
There are two main classes of water rocket nozzles:
• Open also sometimes referred to as "standard" or "full-bore" having an inside
diameter of ~22mm which is the standard soda bottle neck opening.
• Restricted which is anything smaller than the "standard". A popular restricted nozzle
has an inside diameter of 9mm and is known as a "Gardena nozzle" named after a
common garden hose quick connector used to make them.
The size of the nozzle affects the thrust produced by the rocket. Larger diameter nozzles
provide faster acceleration with a shorter thrust phase, while smaller nozzles provide lower
acceleration with a longer thrust phase.
It can be shown that the equation for the instantaneous thrust of a nozzle is simply:[5]
F = 2PAt
where F is the thrust, P is the pressure and At is area of the nozzle.
Different nozzle types generally require different launcher arrangements.
[edit] Launch tubes
Some water rocket launchers use launch tubes. A launch tube fits inside the nozzle of the
rocket and extends upward toward the nose. The launch tube is anchored to the ground. As the
rocket begins accelerating upward, the launch tube blocks the nozzle, and very little water is
ejected until the rocket leaves the launch tube. This allows almost perfectly efficient
conversion of the potential energy in the compressed air to kinetic energy and gravitational
potential energy of the rocket and water. The high efficiency during the initial phase of the
launch is important, because rocket engines are least efficient at low speeds. A launch tube
therefore significantly increases the speed and height attained by the rocket. Launch tubes are
most effective when used with long rockets, which can accommodate long launch tubes.
[edit] Safety concerns
Water rockets employ considerable amounts of energy and can be dangerous if handled
improperly or in cases of faulty construction or material failure. Certain safety procedures are
observed by experienced water rocket enthusiasts:
• When a rocket is built, it is pressure tested. This is done by filling the rocket
completely with water, and then pressurizing it to at least 50% higher than anticipated
pressures. If the bottle ruptures, the amount of compressed air inside it (and thus the
potential energy) will be very small, and the bottle will not explode.
• Using metal parts on the pressurized portion of the rocket is strongly discouraged
because in the event of a rupture, they can become harmful projectiles. Metal parts can
also short out power lines.
• While pressurizing and launching the rocket, bystanders are kept at a safe distance.
Typically, mechanisms for releasing the rocket at a distance (with a piece of string, for
example) are used. This ensures that if the rocket veers off in an unexpected direction,
it is less likely to hit the operator or bystanders.
• Water rockets should only be launched in large open areas, away from structures or
other people, in order to prevent damage to property and people.
• The water jet from a water rocket is sufficiently fast that it can break fingers, thus
hands should not be near the rocket upon launch.
• As water rockets are capable of breaking bones upon impact, they should never be
fired at people, property, or animals.
• Safety goggles or a face shield are typically used.
• A typical two-liter soda bottle can generally reach the pressure of 100 psi (690 kPa)
safely, but preparations must be made for the eventuality that the bottle unexpectedly
ruptures.
• Glue used to put together parts of water rockets must be suitable to use on plastics, or
else the glue will chemically "eat" away the bottle, which may then fail
catastrophically and can harm bystanders when the rocket is launched.
[edit] Water rocket competitions
The Oscar Swigelhoffer Trophy is an Aquajet (Water Rocket) competition held at the Annual
International Rocket Week[6] in Largs, Scotland and organized by STAAR Research[7] through
John Bonsor. The competition goes back to the mid-1980s, organized by the Paisley
Rocketeers who have been active in amateur rocketry since the 1930s. The trophy is named
after the late founder of ASTRA,[8] Oscar Swiglehoffer, who was also a personal friend and
student of Hermann Oberth, one of the founding fathers of rocketry.
The competition involves team distance flying of water rockets under an agreed pressure and
angle of flight. Each team consists of six rockets, which are flown in two flights. The greater
distance for each rocket over the two flights is recorded, and the final team distances are
collated, with the winning team having the greatest distance. The winner in 2007 was
ASTRA. The competition has been regularly dominated over the last 20 years by the Paisley
Rocketeers.
The United Kingdom's largest water rocket competition is currently the National Physical
Laboratory's annual Water Rocket Challenge.[9] The competition was first opened to the
public in 2001 and is limited to around 60 teams. It has schools and open categories, and is
attended by a variety of "works" and private teams, some traveling from abroad. The rules and
goals of the competition vary from year to year.
The Water Rocket Achievement World Record Association 1000 Foot Challenge.[10] Teams
compete to be the first to fly a water rocket over 1000 feet (305 meters),
The oldest and most popular water rocket competition in Germany is the Freestyle-Physics
Water Rocket Competition.[11] The competition is one part of a larger part of a student physics
competition, where students are tasked to construct various machines and enter them in
competitive contests.

ALL ABOUT WATER ROCKETS

Water (or Bottle) Rockets

Bottle rockets or water rockets, what are they?
When someone mentions bottle rockets, do you
envision placing a firecracker attached to a stick into a
glass bottle and launching it?
Water rockets have been a source of entertainment and
education for many years. They are usually made with
an empty two-liter plastic soda bottle by adding water
and pressurizing it with air for launching (like the image
to the right).
Soda companies began using plastic bottles in 1970.
The Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) material used in
most plastic soda bottles today was introduced in 1973.
Water rockets are used in schools to help students
understand the principles of aeronautics. The Science
Olympiads provide challenges of bottle rocket design
and flight, including altitudes and distances reached.
Many interesting designs and additional information on
bottle rockets can be found with a simple Web search.
Teachers and students provide the following feedback to the Secondary Science
Education Department at the University of Nebraska:
"Two-Liter Pop Bottle Rockets may well be the GREATEST PHYSICAL SCIENCE TEACHING
TOOL EVER CREATED!!" Middle grades students can manipulate and control variables,
see their hypotheses verified or refuted, and graph their findings. High school students
experience the nature of science at its best. They can document their abilities with the
following concepts: inertia, gravity, air resistance, Newton's laws of motion, acceleration,
relationships between work and energy or impulse and momentum, projectile motion,
freefall calculations, internal and external ballistics, and the practice of true engineering.
How could something that sounds so simple be so complex? Open your mind to the
science and mathematics behind this educational "toy." Below are links to a brief history
timeline of rocketry, a comparison between water rockets and a NASA rocket, and
additional information on the parts of a water rocket

A complete bottle will be the fuel tank that will also hold the pressurised gas.

Bottle Preparation

1. Get a 1.25L bottle and wash it out with dishwashing detergent to get the
 sticky residue out. The shape of the bottle can play a role in the
aerodynamics, water flow within it and its center of gravity. For this
reason a bottle with straight walls, no ornate protrusions and a smoothly
tapered neck is a good choice. (Shaped Coke bottles are an example of
an unsuitable bottle)
2. Remove the label.
3. If the label leaves a sticky residue you can easily remove it by using a
little mineral turpentine on a cloth. You should then wash the turpentine
off with a soap and water.
4. Inspect the bottle for any kinks or scratches. The bottle may burst at
these places when pressurised to a higher pressures.
5. Measure the capacity of the bottle, don’t necessarily believe the label.
Knowing the capacity will help you determine how much water should be
put in.
That’s the end of the bottle preparation.
Storing the contents of the bottle in a plugged up sink with a note “will drink later” is
probably less than ideal. Make sure you buy bottles with contents you will drink. Because a
bottle looks aerodynamic in the store does not mean you will want to drink some cheap
imitation lemonade. While making rockets you will need plenty of bottles to make different
components. The best way get bottles is from your friends, that way they feel they have
contributed to the race for the lower atmosphere.

Back to Top
Ring Fins
We prefer to make ring fins for our small rockets.
Cut a plastic ring This is because they are easy to construct, are easily
from a bottle. aligned, are very aerodynamic, and fit in the
launcher nicely.
It is very important to align the fins as accurately as
possible so that the rocket flies straight. Before we
A can with an make the fins we will create a jig that will make the
appropriate whole process easier.
diameter and a Fin Alignment Jig
manila folder.
1. Get an empty washed-out bottle that is
the same diameter as the bottle
prepared earlier and with scissors cut
out a ring of material. You can
Mark the can
experiment with the width of the fin
and paper. ring, but around 50mm is a good
compromise. Making the ring
narrower, reduces the weight of the
whole rocket, but also is less effective.
2. Find another bottle with straight sides
or preferably a can of food whose
Roll the can
along the edge diameter is about 2mm less than the
ring you have just cut out. It does not
and then divide
matter if it is canned carrots or soup.
the length into
thirds. 3. Now get a manila folder and place the
can on top of it aligning the can’s edge
Roll the manila with the edge of the folder. Put a mark
on the can and the folder for
folder around
alignment.
the can tightly,
and tape when 4. Roll the can along the edge and place
finished. a second mark on the folder where the
original mark on the can was.
Finished fin jig. 5. Now divide this distance into thirds,
Make sure that and accurately make 3 parallel lines on
the can and the folder that are perpendicular to the
folder sit square bottom. These lines will be used for
on the table. aligning the fin struts.
6. Now roll the manila folder tightly
around the can making sure that the
Slip the ring lines are visible on the outside and
that the bottom edge of the folder is
over the fin jig.
flush with the can and sits upright
when standing. Use tape to hold the
folder on the can. Leave the can in the
Choose an folder as it ensures that proper shape
is maintained and provides a stable
appropriate strut
weighted base when assembling the
material. We will fin.
use slimline
Venetian blinds 7. The bottle ring should fit snugly on the
jig but not too tight.
cut to length.
The fin jig is now finished.
Align the strut Before dinner go down to the grocery store and
along the lines replace the can of food you used for the fin jig!
on the jig, and
Fin struts
tape the strut to
the ring. Repeat You will need to make some struts to hold the ring
for all struts. in place. These struts should be as stiff and as light
as possible. You will need three of them.
Some suggestions:
Slide the fin  Slim aluminium Venetian blinds: These
assembly off the are lightweight and relatively sturdy,
jig. they are very easily attached with a
stapler, however, they do have a
tendency to buckle on impact. If you
use these, you should consider
reinforcing them with something
lightweight like bamboo skewers.
Staple and or  Anti-static IC packaging: These are
tape the struts very strong, light weight and relatively
securely to the indestructible. Use the ones for DIP
ring. (Dual In Line) packages. You should be
able to pick some up from a local
electronics store, perhaps for free if it
Reinforcing of is waste.
the struts is
 Extruded plastic moulding: - This tends
recommended if to not be as stiff as the IC packaging
you are using and also tends to be a bit heavier. If
Venetian blinds. the moulding is relatively wide, you
may be able to just use 2 instead of 3.

Place the ring  Various plastic tubing or thin fibreglass

assembly back rods are also suitable alternatives.
on the fin jig and  Bamboo skewers ( see the D.Y. or
leave an overlap Clifford rockets )
at the top. In this example we will use the Venetian blinds as
they are quite common, light weight and provide
extra surface area for the fins.
Place the main
bottle body into Procedure
the jig. This
1. Cut three 300mm lengths of the strut
helps align the
material.
body with the
fins. 2. If you are using other materials you
may want to consider tapering the
leading edge of the strut with a knife
Tape the struts or scissors for better aerodynamics.
to the body and 3. Place the ring on the jig and hold in
then just slide place with a small piece of tape.
the whole thing
4. Place one strut along the line drawn on
off.
the manila folder and hold it at the top
with a clothes peg or a piece of tape.
5. Now tape the bottom of the strut to
the ring. This is only temporary while
everything is aligned.
6. Repeat the steps above for the
remaining two struts.
7. Now remove the fin assembly from the
jig. This now gives you a well aligned
ring fin with parallel struts.

Design Note: We found that tape was

insufficient to survive more that a
couple of impacts when using IC
packaging fin strut material so we
 wired the struts to the rings. An easy
way to make small holes in the plastic
is to heat a needle over a flame such
as the stove and then simply push the
needle through where you want the
hole. Use a pair of pliers to hold the
needle … well for obvious reasons.
Also do not try to use a sewing
machine to make things go faster as
getting the flame to sewing machine
needle it is a little tricky.

Burning the hole through as opposed

to drilling it, makes sure that the
material does not develop tiny cracks
around the edge of the hole that could
make it fail on impact.

After you have made all the holes, use

some wire to hold it together. This
gives a very strong bond. You can now
remove the tape that was used when
aligning everything.
8. Now staple or tape the struts to the
ring for a secure bond.
9. You can reinforce each strut with a
bamboo skewer simply by taping it on.
We were surprised at how well this
works without adding too much
weight. We have never had a buckled
strut since.
10.Place the ring assembly back on the fin
jig but leave the ends of the struts
showing over the top.
11.Put the rocket body (bottle) upside
down into the jig. This allows you to
align and hold the bottle in place while
you are attaching the struts.
12.Tape the struts to the body of the
rocket and then simply slide the rocket
off.
And you are done with the fins.

Back to Top
Flat Fins
 For larger rockets, ring fins are not always practical
and so the more conventional flat fins should be
A cardboard fin
used.
template
Here we are making the fins from Corriflute (Correx)
corrugated plastic that signs are commonly made from.
These are durable, lightweight, water proof, nice and flat and
above all inexpensive.
One of the most common problems with Corriflute is that it
Corriflute cutis made from polypropylene and so is very difficult to glue
out to shape with any great amount of strength. Most glues will not stick
to it well . The procedure described below will ensure a good
strong bond to the bottle. In this procedure we attach the fins
to a section of a bottle that can slide over the top of another
Small holes
bottle which allows it to be reused on other rockets, but the
fins can be glued directly to the rocket body. Fins need to be
drilled along
attached well because large G-forces and drag could brake
the edge to bethem off or if the rocket lands on them during descent.
joined.
Procedure

1. Make a cardboard template of the fin shape

you would like to use. Make sure that it
Trim the left
contours the bottle as closely as possible. As
over plastic far as the fin shape goes that is up to you. The
after drilling. main thing to remember about fins is that
they need to be stiff, as far back as possible
and lightweight. Always remember that fins
are there to add rocket stability and so
ultimately the surface area of the fins is
Lightly sand important.
the area to be
glued. 2. Trace this template onto the Corriflute
material so that the channels run as close to
perpendicular to the bottle as possible. On
curved surfaces an approximation to
Lightly sand perpendicular is good enough.
the bottle
3. Cut the fins out with a sharp craft knife.
where the fins
are to be 4. Now using a 2mm drill bit, drill a hole all the
attached. way through the fin in each channel. The holes
should be 3 to 5 mm from the joining edge. If
you are using thinner Corriflute, adjust the
spacing accordingly. (See photo)
Fin alignment
jig sitting on 5. Clean up the holes with a sharp knife, cutting
top of the off any bits left over after the drilling.
rocket. 6. Clean the surfaces around the holes and
lightly sand them.
7. Now lightly sand the bottle where you are
going to glue the fins. The number of fins you
use is again up to you but anything above 4 is
Run a bead of
PL Premium of little benefit. 3 or 4 fins are the most
common. A good way to measure the
along the edge
distances around the bottle is to wrap it with a
making sure it piece of paper and then use a ruler to divide it
penetrates up up into thirds or quarters and mark the
to the holes. positions. Put the paper back on the bottle
and transfer the marks to the bottle.
8. For the next step we use a simple alignment
jig to keep the fins pointing in the correct
Place the fin on
direction. You can use a length of plastic,
the bottle. wood or aluminium angle and simply rest it on
top of the rocket. It will naturally align itself
with the axis of the rocket. We then attach a
pair of smaller angle brackets to it in order to
Run a bead of support the fin from either side. This also
glue on the allows the aligning jig to keep clear of the glue
outside to fillets. You can tape the jig to the bottle to
cover the holes secure it further. We wedge the rocket
between stacks of heavy books to keep the
and create
rocket steady on the table.
fillet.
9. Run a bead of PL premium into each of
channels so that it penetrates all the way up
Completed fin
to the holes.
set that can be NOTE: Anytime you use PL premium you
fitted to should use gloves and always work in a well
different ventilated area.
rockets.
10.Place the fin onto the bottle and align using
the jig.
11.Now run a bead of PL on the outside between
the bottle and the fin. You can use a gloved
finger to make a nice fillet between the bottle
and fin but make sure a healthy thickness of
glue remains over the holes. Do this from both
sides.
12.Let the glue cure overnight before doing the
next fin.
You now have a strong bond between the fin and the bottle.
The holes allow the glue on the inside and outside to merge
creating little fingers that keep the Corriflute in place
mechanically even if the adhesion fails in parts.
 Back to Top

Nozzle
Now for the business end ... the nozzle. We
A typical tap have chosen to use a restricted nozzle for
garden hose three reasons:
attachment.
1. Acceleration is lower and the overall
top speed is also lower and hence less
drag on the rocket. There is also less
Make sure it is stress on rocket components during
of reasonable takeoff.
quality with a 2. Burn time is increased which makes for
good o-ring. nicer video.
3. The nozzle being a standard garden
hose fitting makes it easy to construct
the launcher.
Remove the
The nozzle's internal diameter is ~9mm. This type of
thread leaving nozzle is generally referred to as a "Gardena"
a shoulder. nozzle.
The following video tutorials show you how to make
the nozzle. Some manufacturers have recently
stopped making bottle caps with removable seals,
and the video shows an alternate source for caps
suitable for nozzles. The second video shows how to
 solve a common problem where the nozzle does not
Remove the lock properly into the launcher.
plastic seal
Video tutorial: Making a water rocket nozzle
from the cap.
Video Tutorial: How to fix a Gardena launcher
where the nozzle does not lock in properly.
Procedure
Cut a hole in
1. Get a standard garden hose tap fitting
the cap and
as shown in the pictures on left.
the seal.
2. Remove the threaded section with a
hack saw. Be careful not to damage
the inside of the fitting where the
The garden bottle will sit. Trim just enough plastic
hose so that the nozzle shoulder fits snugly
attachment in the cap.
should fit
3. File or sand the edges of the shoulder
snugly in the so it is smooth and no pieces of plastic
cap. are left hanging.
4. Put one sheet of very fine sand paper
on a flat board and lightly sand the top
Place the seal of the nozzle until it is completely flat.
against the Depending on the hose fitting
hose fitting. manufacturer there sometimes is a lip
that needs to be sanded off.
5. Remove the cap from the bottle and
A completed wash it out with some detergent so it is
nozzle. Notice not sticky from the contents.
the tight fit 6. Remove the seal from the inside of the
between the cap and set it aside, you will need it in
hose fitting and a minute.
cap.
7. Now drill a hole in the cap, and widen it
with a round or half-round file. When
filing the hole, it is a good idea to hold
it in a vice
Nozzle fitted to 8. Keep enlarging the hole until the
the bottle. nozzle snugly fits in.
9. Remove any plastic burrs with fine
sand paper or Stanley knife.
10.Place the nozzle inside the cap.
11.With a Stanley knife, cut a hole in the
seal that you had earlier removed from
the cap.
12.Place the seal on top of the nozzle. It
 should hold in place by it self.
13.Make sure that the o-ring on the nozzle
is not split and is clean from dirt.
14.Put the new nozzle on a bottle and
tighten it and make sure it sits square.
15.You should be able to blow into the
bottle through the nozzle to make sure
it is sealed properly. If the seal is not
sitting properly, you may hear air
escaping around the nozzle. If it is
leaking, check for debris under the
seal. You should also be able to see if
the top of the bottle is contacting the
seal properly by cleaning the seal and
then screwing the nozzle onto the
bottle. Removing the nozzle again
should leave an imprint in the seal.
Check to make sure that the imprint
goes all the way around.