c


 


 


 



History
Warfare
Arms race
Design
Testing
Effects
Delivery
Espionage
Proliferation
Arsenals
Terrorism
Civil defense
Anti-nuclear opposition
 


United States · Russia
United Kingdom · France
China · India · Israel
Pakistan · North Korea
South Africa (fmr.)
This box: view ‡ talk ‡ edit

Nations that are known or believed to possess nuclear weapons are sometimes referred to as the

  . There are currently nine states that have successfully detonated nuclear weapons.
Five are considered to be "
 



" (NWS), an internationally recognized status
conferred by the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). In order of acquisition of nuclear
weapons these are: the United States, Russia (successor state to the Soviet Union), the United
Kingdom, France, and China.

Since the NPT entered into force in 1970, three states that were not parties to the Treaty have
conducted nuclear tests, namely India, Pakistan, and North Korea. North Korea had been a party
to the NPT but withdrew in 2003. Israel is also widely believed to have nuclear weapons, though
it has refused to confirm or deny this.[1] The status of these nations is not formally recognized by
international bodies as none of them are currently parties to the NPT.
South Africa has the unique status of a nation that developed nuclear weapons but has since
disassembled its arsenal before joining the NPT.
O



O 1 Statistics
O 2 Five nuclear weapons states from the NPT
O 3 Other known nuclear powers
O · Undeclared nuclear states
O Î Nuclear weapons sharing
O å States formerly possessing nuclear weapons
| å.1 Former Soviet countries
| å.2 Former NATO nuclear weapons sharing countries
O 7 See also
O  References
O 9 External links


 


Map of nuclear weapons countries of the world. NPT Nuclear Weapon States (China, France,
Russia, UK, US) Non-NPT Nuclear Weapon States (India, North Korea, Pakistan) Undeclared
Nuclear Weapon States (Israel) States accused of having nuclear weapon programs (Iran, Syria)
NATO weapons sharing weapons recipients States formerly possessing nuclear weapons

The following is a list of states that have admitted the possession of nuclear weapons, the
approximate number of warheads under their control in 2009, and the year they tested their first
weapon. This list is informally known in global politics as the "Nuclear Club". With the
exception of Russia and the United States (which have subjected their nuclear forces to
independent verification under various treaties) these figures are estimates, in some cases quite
unreliable estimates. Also, these figures represent total warheads possessed, rather than
deployed. In particular, under the SORT treaty thousands of Russian and U.S. nuclear warheads
are in inactive stockpiles awaiting processing. The fissile material contained in the warheads can
then be recycled for use in nuclear reactors.
From a high of åÎ,000 active weapons in 19Î, there are now nearly ,000 active nuclear
warheads and more than 22,000 total nuclear warheads in the world in 2010. Many of the
"decommissioned" weapons were simply stored or partially dismantled, not destroyed.[2] As of
2009, the total number was expected to continue to decline by 30%±Î0% over the next decade.
[à

]

2

 



 




Biological
Chemical
Nuclear
Radiological




Albania Japan
Algeria Netherlands
Argentina North Korea
Australia Pakistan
Brazil Poland
Bulgaria Romania
Burma Russia
Canada Saudi Arabia
PR ChinaSouth Africa
France Sweden
Germany Syria
India Taiwan (ROC)
Iran Ukraine
Iraq United Kingdom
 Israel United States

c
 


2 

O
  

 O  


  
 
 



 
United States 2,·å / 9,å00[3] 19·Î ("i 
") Signatory
Russia (former Soviet
·,åÎ0 / 12,000[3] 19·9 ("
 ") Ratifier
Union)
United Kingdom <1å0 / 22Î[3] 19Î2 (" à") Ratifier
France ~300 / 300[3] 19å0 ("
 ") Ratifier
[3]
China ~10 / 2·0 19å· ("") Signatory

 
 

Non-
India n.a. / å0-0[3] 197· ("  ")
signatory
Non-
Pakistan n.a. / 70-90[3] 199 (" ")
signatory
Non-
North Korea n.a. / <10[3] 200å (200å test)
signatory
ë
 
 

possibly 1979 (See Vela
Israel n.a. / 0[3] Signatory
Incident)

*All numbers are estimates from the Natural Resources Defense Council, published in the 
 
 
 à
à 

, unless other references are given. The latest update was on May 2å, 2010. If differences between active
and total stockpile are known, they are given as two figures separated by a forward slash. If specifics are not
available (n.a.), only one figure is given. Stockpile number may not contain all intact warheads if a substantial
amount of warheads are scheduled for but have not yet gone through dismantlement; not all "active" warheads are
deployed at any given time. When a range of weapons is given (e.g., 0±10), it generally indicates that the estimate is
being made on the amount of fissile material that has likely been produced, and the amount of fissile material
needed per warhead depends on estimates of a country's proficiency at nuclear weapon design.

 
 



  
 
 à  
An early stage in the "Trinity" fireball, the first nuclear explosion, 19·Î.

U.S. and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 19·Î±200å.

A Trident missile launched from a Royal Navy   class ballistic missile submarine.
French nuclear-powered aircraft carrier     and the American nuclear-powered
carrier USS !
  (left), each of which carries nuclear-capable fighter aircraft

O ë


* 
à"à  
#




The United States developed the first atomic weapons during World War II in co-
operation with the United Kingdom and Canada as part of the Manhattan Project, out of
the fear that Nazi Germany would develop them first. It tested the first nuclear weapon in
19·Î ("Trinity"), and remains the only country to have used nuclear weapons against
another nation, during the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It was the first
nation to develop the hydrogen bomb, testing an experimental version in 19Î2 ("Ivy
Mike") and a deployable weapon in 19η ("Castle Bravo"). Throughout the Cold War it
continued to modernize and enlarge its nuclear arsenal, but from 1992 on has been
involved primarily in a program of Stockpile stewardship.[·][Î][å]
#


 
à
$"à  

O 



* 
à* 
  
 
% 
# $i& à  

   
à
$"à  

The Soviet Union tested its first nuclear weapon ("Joe-1") in 19·9, in a crash project
developed partially with espionage obtained during and after World War II (see: Soviet
atomic bomb project). The USSR was the second nation to have developed and tested a
nuclear weapon. The direct motivation for their weapons development was the
development of a balance of power during the Cold War. It tested its first megaton-range
hydrogen bomb ("RDS-37") in 19ÎÎ. The Soviet Union also tested the most powerful
explosive ever detonated by humans, ("Tsar Bomba"), with a theoretical yield of 100
megatons, intentionally reduced to Î0 when detonated. After its dissolution in 1991, the
Soviets' weapons entered officially into the possession of Russia.[7]

O ë



*  
à "à    
 #
 '   #
 '  
 
à


The United Kingdom tested its first nuclear weapon ("Hurricane") in 19Î2, drawing
largely on data gained while collaborating with the United States during the Manhattan
Project. The United Kingdom was the third country in the world after the USA and USSR
to develop and test a nuclear weapon. Its programme was motivated to have an
independent deterrent against the USSR, while also maintaining its status as a great
power. It tested its first hydrogen bomb in 19Î7, making it the third country to do so after
 the USA and USSR.[][9] The UK maintained a fleet of V-bomber strategic bombers and
ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) equipped with nuclear weapons during the Cold
War. It currently maintains a fleet of four 'Vanguard' class ballistic missile submarines
equipped with Trident II SLBMs. The British government announced a replacement to
the current system to take place between 2007-202·.

O 


* 
à( à 
à


France tested its first nuclear weapon in 19å0 ("Gerboise Bleue"), based mostly on its
own research. It was motivated by the Suez Crisis diplomatic tension % )%  both the
USSR and the Free World allies United States and United Kingdom. It was also relevant
to retain great power status, alongside the United Kingdom, during the post-colonial Cold
War (see: Force de frappe). France tested its first hydrogen bomb in 19å ("Opération
Canopus"). After the Cold War, France has disarmed 17Î warheads with the reduction
and modernization of its arsenal that has now evolved to a dual system based on
submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) and medium-range air-to-surface missiles
(Rafale fighter-bombers). However new nuclear weapons are in development and
reformed nuclear squadrons were trained during Enduring Freedom operations in
Afghanistan. In January 200å, President Jacques Chirac stated a terrorist act or the use of
weapons of mass destruction against France would result in a nuclear counterattack.[10]

O O


* 
à* +  
 à  
à


China tested its first nuclear weapon device ("Î9å") in 19å· at the Lop Nur test site. The
weapon was developed as a deterrent against both the United States and the Soviet
Union. China would manage to develop a fission bomb capable of being put onto a
nuclear missile only two years after its first detonation. It tested its first hydrogen bomb
("Test No. å") in 19å7, a mere 32 months after testing its first nuclear weapon (the
shortest fission-to-fusion development known in history).[11] The country is currently
thought to have had a stockpile of around 2·0 warheads, though because of the limited
information available, estimates range from 100 to ·00.[12][13][1·] China is the only nuclear
weapons state to give an unqualified negative security assurance to non-nuclear weapon
states and the only one to adopt a "no first use" policy.[1Î]

  


 

This section

   
    

     
!
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed. ð* à,--./

Parts of this article (those related to section) 

 
. Please update this
article to reflect recent events or newly available information, and remove this template when
 finished. Please see the talk page for more information. ð ,--/

Large stockpile with global range (dark blue), smaller stockpile with global range (medium
blue), small stockpile with regional range (pale blue).

O "
 

* 
à  
à


India is not a member of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. India tested what it called
a "peaceful nuclear explosive" in 197· (which became known as "Smiling Buddha"). The
test was the first test developed after the creation of the NPT, and created new questions
about how civilian nuclear technology could be diverted secretly to weapons purposes
(dual-use technology). India's secret development caused great concern and anger
particularly from nations, such as Canada, that had supplied it nuclear reactors for
peaceful and power generating needs. It appears to have been primarily motivated as a
general deterrent, as well as an attempt to project India as a regional power. India later
tested weaponized nuclear warheads in 199 ("Operation Shakti"), including a
thermonuclear device.[1å] In July 200Î, U.S. President George W. Bush and Indian Prime
Minister Manmohan Singh announced plans to conclude an Indo-US civilian nuclear
agreement.[17] This came to fruition through a series of steps that included India¶s
announced plan to separate its civil and military nuclear programs in March 200å,[1] the
passage of the United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act by the U.S.
Congress in December 200å, the conclusion of a U.S.-India nuclear cooperation
agreement in July 2007,[19] approval by the IAEA of an India-specific safeguards
agreement,[20] agreement by the Nuclear Suppliers Group to a waiver of export
restrictions for India,[21] approval by the U.S. Congress[22] and culminating in the
signature of U.S.-India agreement for civil nuclear cooperation[23] in October 200. The
U.S. State Department said it made it "very clear that we will not recognize India as a
nuclear-weapon state".[2·] The United States is bound by the Hyde Act with India and
may cease all cooperation with India if India detonates a nuclear explosive device. The
US had further said it is not its intention to assist India in the design, construction or
operation of sensitive nuclear technologies through the transfer of dual-use items.[2Î] In
establishing an exemption for India, the Nuclear Suppliers Group reserved the right to
consult on any future issues which might trouble it.[2å] As of September 2009, India was
estimated to have had a stockpile of around å0-0 warheads.[3]

O 


* 
à*0 
 
à


 Pakistan is not a member of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty either. Pakistan
covertly developed nuclear weapons over many decades, beginning in the late 1970s.
Pakistan first delved into nuclear power after the establishment of its first nuclear power
plant near Karachi with equipment and materials supplied mainly by western nations in
the early 1970s. Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto promised in 19åÎ that if
India can build nuclear weapons then Pakistan would too, "even if we have to eat grass."
The United States continued to certify that Pakistan did not possess nuclear weapons until
1990, when sanctions were imposed under the Pressler Amendment, requiring a cutoff of
U.S. economic and military assistance to Pakistan.[27] In 199, Pakistan conducted its first
six nuclear tests at the Chagai Hills, in response to the five tests conducted by India a few
weeks before. Over the years, Pakistan has developed into a crucial nuclear power. It's
also alleged that Pakistan is still drastically increasing its nuclear stockpile.

O  

* 
à"
'  
à


North Korea was a member of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, but announced a
withdrawal on January 10, 2003, after the United States accused it of having a secret
uranium enrichment program and cut off energy assistance under the 199· Agreed
Framework. In February 200Î the North Koreans claimed to possess functional nuclear
weapons, though their lack of a test at the time led many experts to doubt the claim.
However, in October 200å, North Korea stated that due to growing intimidation by the
USA, it would conduct a nuclear test to confirm its nuclear status. North Korea reported a
successful nuclear test on October 9, 200å (see 200å North Korean nuclear test). Most
U.S. intelligence officials believe that North Korea did, in fact, test a nuclear device due
to radioactive isotopes detected by U.S. aircraft; however, most agree that the test was
probably only partially successful.[2] The yield may have been less than a kiloton, which
is much smaller than the first successful tests of other powers; however, boosted fission
weapons may have an unboosted yield in this range, which is sufficient to start
deuterium-tritium fusion in the boost gas at the center; the fast neutrons from fusion then
ensure a full fission yield. North Korea conducted a second, higher yield test on May 2Î,
2009 (see 2009 North Korean nuclear test).

ë
 
 


On October Î, 19å, the British newspaper ii  ran Mordechai Vanunu's story on
its front page under the headline: "Revealed ± the secrets of Israel's nuclear arsenal."

O "


* 
à"à   

Israel is not a Party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and refuses to officially
confirm or deny having a nuclear arsenal, or having developed nuclear weapons, or even
having a nuclear weapons program. Israel has pledged not to be the first country to
introduce nuclear weapons into the region, but is also pursuing a policy of strategic
ambiguity with regard to their possession. In the late 19å0s, Israeli Ambassador to the US
Yitzhak Rabin informed the United States State Department, that its understanding of
"introducing" such weapons meant that they would be tested and publicly declared, while
merely possessing the weapons did not constitute "introducing" them.[29] Israel claims
that the Negev Nuclear Research Center near Dimona is a research center. However,
there is extensive evidence Israel has nuclear weapons or a near-ready nuclear weapons
capability. Extensive information about the program in Dimona was also disclosed by
technician Mordechai Vanunu in 19å.
According to the Natural Resources Defense Council and the Federation of American
Scientists, Israel possesses around 7α200 weapons.[30] Imagery analysts can identify
weapon bunkers, mobile missile launchers, and launch sites in satellite photographs.
Israel may have tested a nuclear weapon along with South Africa in 1979, but this has
never been confirmed (see Vela Incident).
Israel acknowledges a civilian nuclear program, but has never declared possession of
nuclear weapons. It is widely believed, however, to be the world¶s sixth largest nuclear
power.[31]
On 2· May 2010, The Guardian published what it alleged to be secret documents
showing an Israeli offer to sell nuclear weapons to South Africa's Apartheid regime.[32][33]
These documents provide what The Guardian says is the "first official documentary
evidence of the state's possession of nuclear weapons." Avner Cohen, authoir of  

 
and the forthcoming i & 
'
 à 
  +    



, said "Nothing in the documents suggests there was an actual offer by Israel to sell
nuclear weapons to the regime in Pretoria."[3·]

 




 Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones
Nuclear weapons states
Nuclear sharing
Neither, but NPT

O   , #
, " ,   

,   , and historically
O
, #

* 
à"à  

Under NATO nuclear weapons sharing, the United States has provided nuclear weapons for
Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Turkey to deploy and store.[3Î] This involves
pilots and other staff of the "non-nuclear" NATO states practicing, handling, and delivering the
U.S. nuclear bombs, and adapting non-U.S. warplanes to deliver U.S. nuclear bombs. Until 19·
Canada also received shared nuclear weapons, and until 2001, Greece.[3å] Members of the Non-
Aligned Movement have called on all countries to "refrain from nuclear sharing for military
purposes under any kind of security arrangements."[37] The Institute of Strategic Studies
Islamabad (ISSI) has criticized the arrangement for allegedly violating Articles I and II of the
NPT, arguing that "these Articles do not permit the NWS to delegate the control of their nuclear
weapons directly or indirectly to others."[3] NATO has argued that the weapons' sharing is
compliant with the NPT because "the U.S. nuclear weapons based in Europe are in the sole
possession and under constant and complete custody and control of the United States."[39]


 





 


Nuclear weapons have been present in many nations, often as staging grounds under control of
other powers. However, in only one instance has a nation given up nuclear weapons after being
in control of them; in most cases this has been because of special political circumstances. The
fall of the USSR, for example, left several former Soviet-bloc countries in possession of nuclear
weapons.

Spare bomb casings from South Africa's nuclear weapon program

O  $ 

* 
à
 à 
à


 South Africa produced six nuclear weapons in the 190s, but disassembled them in the
early 1990s. In 1979, there was a putative detection of a clandestine nuclear test in the
Indian Ocean, and it has long been speculated that it was possibly a test by South Africa,
perhaps in collaboration with Israel, though this has never been confirmed (see Vela
Incident). South Africa signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1991.[·0]

 
 


O  
had 1 single warhead missiles stationed on its territory after the Soviet
Union collapsed in 1991. They were all transferred to Russia by 199å. Belarus has signed
the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.[·1]
O %

inherited 1,·00 nuclear weapons from the Soviet Union, and transferred
them all to Russia by 199Î. Kazakhstan has signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Treaty.[·2]
O ë 
 has signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Ukraine inherited about
Î,000 nuclear weapons when it became independent from the USSR in 1991, making its
nuclear arsenal the third-largest in the world.[·3] By 199å, Ukraine had voluntarily
disposed of all nuclear weapons within its territory, transferring them to Russia.[··]

$  
 




 


O O
 Under NATO nuclear weapons sharing, Canada hosted nuclear weapons
until 19·.[·Î]
O # Under NATO nuclear weapons sharing, Greece hosted nuclear weapons until
2001.[·å]



O Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
O Nuclear disarmament
O Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
O Nuclear proliferation
O Nuclear war
O Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone
O Unsanctioned nuclear activity




1. Ë Harding, Luke (200å-12-12). "Calls for Olmert to resign after nuclear gaffe Israel and the
Middle East | Guardian Unlimited". London: Guardian.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,,1970å1å,00.html. Retrieved 2009-0Î-1Î.
2. Ë Webster, Paul (July/August 2003). "[1]," i  .
3. Ë p
       "Federation of American Scientists: Status of World Nuclear Forces". Fas.org.
http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/nukes/nuclearweapons/nukestatus.html. Retrieved 2010-0Î-0·.
·. Ë Hansen, Chuck (19). #11 à    i à 
  
 . Arlington, TX: Aerofax.
ISBN 0-Î17-Îå7·0-7.
Î. Ë Hansen, Chuck (199Î). i  #11à  % 
 à
2. Sunnyvale, CA: Chukelea Publications. http://www.uscoldwar.com/.
å. Ë Stephen I. Schwartz, ed., 
 à
i
3à#11"à & 
 à 2- (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 199).
7. Ë Holloway, David (199·). 
  


 i % 
 #   
 à  4 5
. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-0å0Îå-·.
. Ë Gowing, Margaret (197·).  à  
 à 
   
 à  4 2
,. London: Macmillan. ISBN 03331Î71.
9. Ë Arnold, Lorna (2001). 
 


. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 031223Î1å.
10. Ë France 'would use nuclear arms' (BBC, January 200å)
11. Ë John Wilson Lewis and Xue Litai,    
 
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford
University Press, 19). ISBN 00·71·Î2Î
12. Ë [2][3][·]
13. Ë Norris, Robert S. and Hans M. Kristensen. "Chinese nuclear forces, 200å," 
 


 àà 

 å2:3 (May/June 200å): å0-å3.
1·. Ë Lewis, Jeffery. "The ambiguous arsenal," 
 
 
 à à 

 å1:3 (May/June
200Î): Î2-Î9.
1Î. Ë http://nuclearthreatinitiative.org/db/china/nfuorg.htm
1å. Ë "India's Nuclear Weapons Program: Operation Shakti". 199.
http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaShakti.html. Retrieved 200å-10-10.
17. Ë "Joint Statement Between President George W. Bush and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh".
Whitehouse.gov. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/200Î/07/200Î071-
å.html. Retrieved 2009-0Î-1Î.
1. Ë Implementation of the India-United States Joint Statement of July 1, 200Î: India¶s Separation
Plan
19. Ë U.S.- India Civil Nuclear Cooperation Initiative ± Bilateral Agreement on Peaceful Nuclear
Cooperation
20. Ë "IAEA Board Approves India-Safeguards Agreement". Iaea.org.
http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/News/200/board0100.html. Retrieved 2009-0Î-1Î.
21. Ë Statement on Civil Nuclear Cooperation with India
22. Ë Congressional Approval of the U.S.-India Agreement for Cooperation Concerning Peaceful
Uses of Nuclear Energy (123 Agreement)
23. Ë Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Indian Minister of External Affairs Pranab Mukherjee
At the Signing of the U.S.-India Civilian Nuclear Cooperation Agreement
2·. Ë Interview With Undersecretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Robert
Joseph,  
i, May 200å.
2Î. Ë Was India misled by America on nuclear deal?,  !6 .
2å. Ë ACA: Final NSG Statement
27. Ë "Case Studies in Sanctions and Terrorism: Pakistan". Iie.com.
http://www.iie.com/research/topics/sanctions/pakistan.cfm. Retrieved 2009-0Î-1Î.
2. Ë "CIA's Hayden: North Korea Nuke Test 'Was a Failure'". Newsmax.com. 2007-03-2.
http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2007/3/2/323·.shtml. Retrieved 2009-0Î-1Î.
29. Ë Avner Cohen and William Burr, "The Untold Story of Israel's Bomb," & 
*
, April
30, 200å; B01.
30. Ë Israel's Nuclear Weapons, Federation of American Scientists (August 17, 2000)
31. Ë By JERUSALEM POST STAFF 1·/0·/2010
"http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=17309å"
32. Ë Revealed: how Israel offered to sell South Africa nuclear weapons. The Guardian, 2· May 2010
33. Ë The memos and minutes that confirm Israel's nuclear stockpile. The Guardian, 2· May 2010
3·. Ë Avner Cohen on Israel and South Africa, posted on Arms Control Wonk by Joshua Pollack,
May 2·, 2010.
 3Î. Ë "Berlin Information-center for Transatlantic Security: NATO Nuclear Sharing and the N.PT -
Questions to be Answered". Bits.de. http://www.bits.de/public/researchnote/rn97-3.htm.
Retrieved 2009-0Î-1Î.
3å. Ë Hans M. Kristensen (February 200Î), #11 "à  &   !  , Natural Resources
Defense Council, http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/euro/euro.pdf, retrieved 200å-0Î-23
37. Ë Statement on behalf of the non-aligned state parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of
Nuclear Weapons, 2 May 200Î
3. Ë ISSI - NPT in 2000: Challenges ahead, Zafar Nawaz Jaspal, The Institute of Strategic Studies,
Islamabad
39. Ë NATO's Positions Regarding Nuclear Non-Proliferation, Arms Control and Disarmament and
Related Issues, NATO, June 200Î
·0. Ë Nuclear Weapons Program (South Africa), Federation of American Scientists (May 29, 2000).
·1. Ë Belarus Special Weapons, Federation of American Scientists
·2. Ë Kazakhstan Special Weapons, Federation of American Scientists
·3. Ë Ukraine Special Weapons, GlobalSecurity.org
··. Ë Ukraine Special Weapons, Federation of American Scientists
·Î. Ë John Clearwater (199),  "à & i#

 +& 
 , Dundurn Press Ltd, ISBN 1ÎÎ0022997, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Î-
R7EJ0rå0C, retrieved 200-11-10
·å. Ë NRDC: U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe ‡ Hans M. Kristensen / Natural Resources Defense
Council, 200Î. Page 2å.

— 
 


O Archive of Nuclear Data - List of warheads by country
O Nuclear Threat Initiative
O Globalsecurity.org ± World Special Weapons Guide
O The Nuclear Weapon Archive
O Nuclear Notebook, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
O U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe: A review of post-Cold War policy, force levels, and
war planning NRDC, February 200Î
O Pakistani Nuclear Development
O Online NewsHour with Jim Lehrer:Tracking Nuclear Proliferation.