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10/14/2016

HydraulicDesignManual:SelectionoftheAppropriateMethodforCalculatingRunoff

Section7:SelectionoftheAppropriateMethodforCalculating
Runoff
Thedesignerisexpectedtoselectanappropriatehydrologicanalysismethodforeachproject,seeking
assistancefromtheDHEorDESHYDandotherresources,asneeded.TxDOThasnostandardmethod,
realizingthatmethodsusedmustsatisfytherequirementsofindividualstudies.
Toselecttheappropriatemethod,theTxDOTdesignershouldconsider,ataminimum,thefollowing:
Informationrequiredfordesignorevaluationandwherethatinformationisneeded.Forexample,if
theTxDOTprojectrequiresdesigningaculvert,therationalmethod,whichcomputespeakonly,may
beadequate.However,iftheTxDOTprojectisaffectedbyorwillaffectbehaviorofadetentionor
retentionpond,arunoffhydrographwillberequiredfortheevaluation.
Dataavailabletodeveloptherequiredhydrologicinformation.Forexample,thedesignermust
determineifflowrecordsareavailablefromastreamgaugeatornearthelocationofinterest.Ifnot,
frequencyanalysistofindthedesignflowisnotpossible,norispropercalibrationofaconceptual
modelthatwillcomputeahydrograph.
Conditionsinthewatershedthatmaylimitapplicabilityofalternativemodels.Forexample,
regressionequationsforTexaswereestimatedforwatershedswithlessthan10percentimpervious
cover.Ifthewatershedupstreamofthepointofinteresthasmoreimperviouscover,theequationsare
notapplicable.Similarly,ifponds,lakes,anddepressionsinthewatershedwillaffectrunoffby
storingwater,therationalequationwillnotbeappropriate,asitdoesnotsimulatebehaviorofthese
features.
MethodsacceptableforestimatingpeakdischargesandrunoffhydrographsforTxDOTdesignandevaluation
include,butarenotlimitedtothefollowing:
StatisticalAnalysisofStreamGaugeData.Thisempiricalmethodcalibratesaprobabilitymodelwith
peakannualdischargeobservations.Theprobabilitymodelrelatesdesignflowmagnitudeto
frequencydirectly,withoutexplicitconsiderationofrainfallorwatershedpropertiesorprocesses.
Themethodisparticularlyusefulwhererecordsinexcessof20yearsofstreamgaugedataare
availableatoronthesamestreamnearthedrainagefacilitysite.
OmegaEMRegressionEquations.Thisempiricalmethodreliesonapplicationofequations,
previouslydevelopedthroughextensivestatisticalanalysis,topredictthepeakdischargefora
specifiedfrequency(TxDOT055211).Theequationsrelatethepeaktowatershedproperties,
includingwatershedarea,meanannualprecipitation,andmainchannelslope.Thismethodisuseful
ifstreamflowdataarenotavailableatorneartheprojectsite,orothermethodsarejudged
inappropriate.TxDOTdesignersmayuseOmegaEMregressionequationsforvalidationand
verificationofresultsfromothermethods,orforcomputationofflowsforlimiteddetailevaluationof
impactsofTxDOTdesignsonoffsystemfacilities.OmegaEMregressionequationsarereliable
beyondabout10sq.mi.drainagearea.Acomparisonmethodshouldbeusedfordrainageareas
below10sq.mi.,andmustbeusedfordrainageareasbelowabout5sq.mi.Thismethodshouldnot
beusedfordrainageareaslessthan1sq.mi.Discretionmaybeusedonoffsystembridgesand
culverts.Asthedesignofthesecrossingsistypically"hydraulicallysameorslightlybetter,"the
importanceofhavinganexactflowrateisoflesserimportancethanonsystemcrossings.Atthe
engineer'sdiscretion,theuseofacomparisonmethodmaybedisregarded.
RationalMethod.Thissimpleconceptualmethodestimatespeakrunoffrateforaselectedfrequency.
Itisappropriateforurbanandruralwatershedslessthan200acres(80hectares)inwhichnaturalor
manmadestorageisminor.Itreliesonanassumptionthatthedesignflowofaspecifiedfrequencyis
causedbyrainfallofthesamefrequency.Thismethodisbestsuitedtothedesignofurbanstorm
drainsystems,smallsideditchesandmedianditches,anddrivewaypipes.
HydrographMethod.Thisconceptualmethod(actually,asetofmethodsandmodels)reliesona
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HydraulicDesignManual:SelectionoftheAppropriateMethodforCalculatingRunoff

HydrographMethod.Thisconceptualmethod(actually,asetofmethodsandmodels)reliesona
mathematicalrepresentationofthecriticalprocessesbywhichrainfallonawatershedistransformed
torunofffromthewatershed.Themethodisusedwithadesignrainfallhyetograph,whichspecifies
thetimedistributionofrainfalloverawatershed.Themethodcomputesarunoffhydrograph,which
showshowrunoffvarieswithtimefromthat,thepeakflow,timeofpeak,andcorrespondingvolume
canbefound.
Figure42isaflowcharttoaidthedesignerinselectinganappropriatehydrologicmethodfromamongthese.
Thedesignermustensurethattheconditionsinthewatershedconformtothelimitationsoftheselected
hydrologicmethod,asdescribedindetailinthesectionsthatfollow.
TheTxDOTdesignerisnotlimitedtousingonlythemethodsshownhere.Ifnoneofthemethodsisjudged
appropriate,thedesignermayuseanalternativemethod,withtheapprovaloftheDHEorDES.Ineverycase,
therationaleforselectingthemethodmustbepresentedasacomponentofthedesignreport.
TheTxDOTdesignershould:
Identifyandapplyalternativemethods,recognizingthatthesewillyielddifferentresults.
Comparetheresultsfromseveralmethodsandthehistoricalperformanceofthesite.
Usethedischargethatbestreflectslocalprojectconditions.Averagingofresultsofseveralmethods
isnotrecommended.
Documentthereasonsforselectionofthemethodsandthehistoricalperformanceofthesite.

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HydraulicDesignManual:SelectionoftheAppropriateMethodforCalculatingRunoff

Figure42.Hydrologicmethodselectionchart

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