A)

B)
C)
D)

1.At about eight months of age, people across the world start to ________ strangers; as
adults, they prefer the company of those whose attributes are ________ to their own.
fear; similar
enjoy; different
fear; different
enjoy; similar

A)
B)
C)
D)

2.The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on
behavior and personality traits is known as
molecular genetics.
evolutionary psychology.
behavior genetics.
gender typing.

A)
B)
C)
D)

3.A behavior geneticist would be most interested in studying hereditary influences on

skin color.
sexual anatomy.
physical attractiveness.
personality traits.

A)
B)
C)
D)

4.Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us, is
an aspect of our
temperament.
gender schema.
environment.
culture.

A)
B)
C)
D)

5.The impact of our cultural backgrounds on the development of our personal values best
illustrates the influence of
temperament.
individualism.
heritability.
the environment.

A)
B)
C)
D)

6.A human sperm cell contains

23 chromosomes.
23 genes.
46 chromosomes.
46 genes.

A)

7.Chromosomes are contained within

brain cells.
Page 1

B)
C)
D)

sperm cells.
blood cells.
all of these types of cells.

A)
B)
C)
D)

8.DNA is a complex
sex hormone.
gender schema.
molecule.
synapse.

A)
B)
C)
D)

9.The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes are called
genes.
schemas.
epigenetic molecules.
neurotransmitters.

A)
B)
C)
D)

10.A segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a specific protein is called a

gene.
gender schema.
chromosome.
neurotransmitter.

A)
B)
C)
D)

11.Depending on environmental conditions, specific genes can be either

norms or schemas.
active or inactive.
identical or fraternal.
X chromosomes or Y chromosomes.

A)
B)
C)
D)

12.The genome is the complete

collection of sexual characteristics regulated by the X and Y chromosomes.
range of traits that contribute to reproductive success.
set of genetic material in an organism's chromosomes.
set of interactions between genes and environments.

A)
B)
C)
D)

13.Identical twins originate from the fertilization of

a single egg cell by a single sperm cell.
two egg cells by a single sperm cell.
a single egg cell by two sperm cells.
two egg cells by two sperm cells.

Page 2

A)
B)
C)
D)

14.Beginning early in their prenatal developments, fraternal twins are

gender schematic.
dizygotic.
placental.
epigenetic.

A)
B)
C)
D)

15.Identical twins are most likely to share a similar prenatal environment if they share the
same
placenta.
reproductive capacity.
norms.
gender schemas.

A)
B)
C)
D)

16.Dante is healthier than his twin brother because he developed with a better placental
barrier against viruses. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on development.
temperament
gender schemas
prenatal environment
genetic predispositions

A)
B)
C)
D)

17.Twin studies suggest that Alzheimer's disease is influenced by

testosterone.
gender schemas.
heredity.
gender typing.

A)
B)
C)
D)

18.Compared with identical twins, fraternal twins are ________ similar in neuroticism and
________ similar in risk of divorcing.
more; less
less; more
more; more
less; less

A)
B)
C)
D)

19.Juan and Alonzo are fraternal twin brothers, whereas Jake and Alex are identical twin
brothers. The similarities between Jake and Alex with respect to ________ are likely to
be greater than the similarities between Juan and Alonzo.
extraversion
neuroticism
temperament
all of these characteristics

Page 3

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

A)
B)
C)
D)

20.Environmental influences on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing

identical twins raised together with fraternal twins raised apart.
identical twins raised together with fraternal twins raised together.
identical twins raised apart with fraternal twins raised together.
identical twins raised together with identical twins raised apart.
21.Although identical twins have been shown to have some amazing psychological
similarities, one should be cautious about attributing these similarities to genetic factors
because
the twins may have been raised in completely different environments.
genetic factors influence physical, not psychological, characteristics.
any two strangers are likely to share a string of coincidental similarities.
many fraternal twins have been shown to be psychologically different from each
other.
22.The personalities of adopted children
are very similar to the personalities of the other children in their adoptive families.
are very similar to the personalities of their biologically related siblings.
are not very similar to the personalities of their adoptive parents.
are more similar to the personalities of their caregiving adoptive parents than to the
personalities of their biological parents.

A)
B)
C)
D)

23.The home environment most clearly has a greater influence on children's ________ than
on their ________.
temperament; political attitudes
extraversion; table manners
religious beliefs; personality traits
gender identity; gender schemas

A)
B)
C)
D)

24.We are likely to ________ the personality similarities among children in the same family,
and we are likely to ________ the personality similarities between parents and their
children.
overestimate; underestimate
underestimate; overestimate
underestimate; underestimate
overestimate; overestimate

25.An infant's temperament refers most directly to its

A)
ability to learn.

Page 4

B)
C)
D)

social connectedness.
emotional excitability.
physical health.

A)
B)
C)
D)

26.The labels easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up are used to refer to differences in
an infant's
gender schema.
epigenetics.
temperament.
gender typing.

A)
B)
C)
D)

27.Pat is normally very restless and fidgety, whereas Shelley is usually quiet and easygoing.
The two children most clearly differ in
sex chromosomes.
gender schemas.
temperament.
gender roles.

A)
B)
C)
D)

28.Difficult babies with an intense and highly reactive temperament tend to be

intelligent and imaginative.
irritable and unpredictable.
fearless and assertive.
extraverted and cheerful.

A)
B)
C)
D)

29.A child's temperament is likely to be

difficult to observe.
stable over time.
a product of parenting style.
a product of his or her gender schema.

A)
B)
C)
D)

30.One form of a gene that regulates the neurotransmitter serotonin contributes to the
development of
collectivism.
gender schemas.
a fearful temperament.
Alzheimer's disease.

A)
B)

31.Who are likely to show the greatest similarity in temperament?

Ruth and Ramona, identical twins
Philip and Paul, fraternal twins

Page 5

C)
D)

Larry and Laura, brother and sister

Vincent Sr. and Vincent Jr., father and son

A)
B)
C)
D)

32.Assessing possible links between specific chromosome segments and alcohol use
disorder would be of greatest interest to a(n)
evolutionary psychologist.
molecular geneticist.
collectivist.
social learning theorist.

A)
B)
C)
D)

33.Identifying specific DNA sequences associated with the traits of anger and anxiety best
illustrates a potential benefit of
plasticity.
a pruning process.
gender typing.
molecular behavior genetics.

A)
B)
C)
D)

34.The ability to provide would-be parents with information regarding their fetus' risk for a
specific learning disorder is a potential benefit of
gender typing.
evolutionary psychology.
molecular behavior genetics.
social learning theory.

A)
B)
C)
D)

35.To estimate trait heritability, researchers are most likely to make use of
a pruning process.
gender schemas.
gender typing.
twin studies.

A)
B)
C)
D)

36.Heritability refers to the extent to which

unrelated individuals share common genes.
genetic mutations can be transmitted to one's offspring.
trait differences among individuals are attributable to genetic variations.
adult personality is determined by infant temperament.

37.The heritability of a specific trait will be greatest among

A)
genetically similar individuals who have been raised in similar environments.
B)
genetically similar individuals who have been raised in dissimilar environments.
C)
genetically dissimilar individuals who have been raised in similar environments.

Page 6

D)

genetically dissimilar individuals who have been raised in dissimilar environments.

A)
B)
C)
D)

38.Gender differences in heritable personality traits cannot necessarily be attributed to malefemale genetic differences because
physical maturation proceeds at a different rate for males and females.
variations in temperament contribute to gender differences.
heritable traits can be influenced by social environments.
males and females are also affected by their different sex hormones.

A)
B)
C)
D)

39.An African butterfly that is green in the summer turns brown in the fall thanks to a
temperature-controlled genetic switch. This best illustrates that genes are
schemas.
self-regulating.
gender typed.
protein molecules.

A)
B)
C)
D)

40.When the effect of one factor depends on the presence of another factor, outcomes are
said to reflect
a selection effect.
an interaction.
a pruning process.
a syndrome.

A)
B)
C)
D)

41.The unique temperaments of children evoke predictable responses from their caregivers.
This best illustrates the ________ of nature and nurture.
evolution
interaction
heritability
independence

A)
B)
C)
D)

42.People have always responded so positively to Alyssa's good looks that she has
developed a socially confident and outgoing personality. This best illustrates
the impact of temperament on gender identity.
that gender schemas and social roles are complementary.
the interaction of nature and nurture.
the reciprocal influence of norms and roles.

A)
B)

43.Placing ourselves in environments well suited to our existing traits best illustrates
behavior genetics.
a pruning process.

Page 7

C)
D)

a selection effect.
collectivism.

A)
B)
C)
D)

44.The study of influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change is called
collectivism.
epigenetics.
behavior genetics.
evolutionary psychology.

A)
B)
C)
D)

45.An organic methyl molecule attached to part of a DNA strand has been identified as a(n)
X chromosome.
Y chromosome.
gender schema.
epigenetic mark.

A)
B)
C)
D)

46.Infant rats deprived of their mothers' normal licking had more ________ that block
access to the on switch for developing the brain's stress hormone receptors.
gender schemas
neurotransmitters
sex chromosomes
epigenetic molecules

A)
B)
C)
D)

47.Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles
of
social learning theory.
gender typing.
temperament.
natural selection.

A)
B)
C)
D)

48.The reproductive advantage enjoyed by organisms best suited to a particular environment

is known as
self-regulation.
behavior genetics.
natural selection.
collectivism.

49.The principle of natural selection was first advanced by

A)
Thomas Bouchard.
B)
Sigmund Freud.
C)
Charles Darwin.

Page 8

D)

Robert Plomin.

A)
B)
C)
D)

50.Dmitry Belyaev and Lyudmila Trut successfully domesticated wild foxes by means of
a pruning process.
selective mating.
epigenetics.
hormone injections.

A)
B)
C)
D)

51.Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to emphasize that human adaptiveness to a

variety of different environments has contributed to human
gender typing.
genetic mutations.
gender schemas.
reproductive success.

A)
B)
C)
D)

52.A random error in gene replication is known as a

gender schema.
genome.
mutation.
natural selection.

C)
D)

53.Our adaptive flexibility in responding to different environments contributes to our fitness,

which refers to
random errors in the replication of genes.
the extent to which variation among individuals can be attributed to their differing
genes.
our ability to survive and reproduce.
the interaction of our genes with the environment.

A)
B)
C)
D)

54.If a genetically based attraction to beautiful people contributes to survival, that trait will
likely be passed on to subsequent generations. This best illustrates
gender typing.
natural selection.
behavior genetics.
collectivism.

A)
B)

55.An evolutionary psychologist would suggest that people are genetically predisposed to
A)
fear dangerous animals.
B)
love their own children.
C)
seek healthy-looking mates.

Page 9

D)

do all of these things.

A)
B)
C)
D)

56.According to evolutionary psychologists, behaviors that promote reproductive success are

likely to be
socially prohibited.
genetically predisposed.
ecologically disruptive.
disease-producing.

A)
B)
C)
D)

57.A evolutionary psychologist has suggested that our typical negative reaction to the
prospect of directly harming another person is indicative of
culture shock.
a pruning process.
a reactive temperament.
a universal moral grammar.

A)
B)
C)
D)

58.According to evolutionary psychologists, our predisposition to overconsume fatty junk

foods illustrates that we are biologically prepared to behave in ways that promoted the
________ of our ancestors.
gender typing
brain plasticity
reproductive success
neuroticism

59.Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to predict that

more people are biologically predisposed to fear guns than to fear snakes.
children are more likely to be valued by their biological fathers than by their
stepfathers.
C)
people are the most romantically attracted to those who are the most genetically
dissimilar to themselves.
D)
genetic predispositions have little effect on our social relationships.
A)
B)

A)
B)
C)
D)

60.Gender refers to the ________ characteristics by which we define male and female.
genetic
hormonal
universal agreed-upon
biologically and socially influenced

61.Compared with women, men are more likely to

A)
initiate sexual activity.

Page 10

B)
C)
D)

think about sex.

make sacrifices to gain sex.
behave in all of these ways.

A)
B)
C)
D)

62.Compared with women, men are ________ likely to feel comfortable about having casual
sex with different partners and ________ likely to cite affection as a reason for their first
sexual intercourse.
less; more
more; less
less; less
more; more

A)
B)
C)
D)

63.Compared with men, women are ________ likely to desire more frequent sex and
________ likely to perceive simple friendliness as a sexual come-on.
more; less
more; more
less; more
less; less

A)
B)
C)
D)

64.Gay men report ________ interest in uncommitted sex and ________ interest in their
partner's physical attractiveness than do lesbian women.
more; less
less; more
more; more
less; less

A)
B)
C)
D)

65.Professor Assad suggested that a cautious attitude toward sexual encounters has proven to
be more reproductively advantageous to women than to men because the birth process is
more time-consuming for women than for men. This suggestion best illustrates the logic
of a(n) ________ theory of sexual behavior.
evolutionary
social learning
Freudian
epigenetic

A)
B)
C)
D)

66.Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to attribute gender differences in

attitudes toward casual sex to the fact that men have ________ than do women.
more gender schemas
stronger gender identity
less individualism
greater reproductive potential

Page 11

A)
B)
C)
D)

67.Men in their ________ are most likely to be sexually attracted to women who are several
years older rather than several years younger than themselves.
teens
twenties
thirties
forties

A)
B)
C)
D)

68.Women are most likely to be sexually attracted to men who seem

shy.
emotionally reactive and intense.
interested in casual, uncommitted sex.
mature and affluent.

A)
B)
C)
D)

69.In a study of Welsh pedestrians, women rated a man as ________ if he was pictured at the
wheel of an expensive rather than an inexpensive car. Men rated a woman as ________ if
she was pictured at the wheel of an expensive rather than an inexpensive car.
less attractive; more attractive
more attractive; no more attractive
no more attractive; more attractive
less attractive; no more attractive

A)
B)
C)
D)

70.Brittla spends a lot of money on cosmetics and expensive clothing to attract a desirable
mate. According to evolutionary psychologists, Brittla's behavior is a product of
individualism.
collectivism.
gender schemas.
genetic predispositions.

A)
B)
C)
D)

71.Critics of evolutionary psychology are most likely to suggest that it underestimates the
impact of genetic predispositions on human sexual behavior.
impact of cultural expectations on human sexual behavior.
variety of traits that contribute to reproductively successful behaviors.
extent to which certain gender differences in sexual behavior are common to all
cultures.

72.Those who defend evolutionary psychology against criticism are most likely to suggest
that evolutionary principles
A)
generate testable predictions.
B)
are intended to be descriptive but not explanatory.

Page 12

C)
D)

are more applicable to men than to women.

are more applicable to humans than to nonhuman animal species.

A)
B)
C)
D)

73.Compared with environmentally impoverished rats, those rats housed in enriched

environments experienced a dramatic increase in the number of their
genomes.
schemas.
synapses.
sex hormones.

A)
B)
C)
D)

74.Premature infants who are regularly touched and massaged are more likely than their
unstimulated counterparts to show signs of
reduced brain plasticity.
an inhibited temperament.
an epigenetic mark.
rapid weight gain.

A)
B)
C)
D)

75.Lacking any exposure to language before adolescence, a person will never master any
language due to the ________ of unemployed neural connections.
natural selection
mutation
pruning
temperament

A)
B)
C)
D)

76.For children from impoverished environments, stimulating educational experiences

during early childhood are most likely to
facilitate the development of collectivism.
decrease their emotional attachment to their own parents.
have no discernable effect on subsequent academic performance.
prevent the degeneration of activated connections between neurons.

A)
B)
C)
D)

77.Children raised in the same family are not especially likely to have similar personalities.
This most clearly implies that we should be cautious about attributing personality to
gender schemas.
parental influences.
temperament.
peer influences.
78.An awareness that children's temperaments influence parents' child-rearing practices
should inhibit our tendency to

Page 13

A)
B)
C)
D)

emphasize the interaction of nature and nurture.

assess the stability of personality traits.
blame parents for our own dysfunctional characteristics.
identify cultural differences in child-rearing practices.

A)
B)
C)
D)

79.It has been suggested that our sensitivity to peer influence is genetically predisposed
because it has facilitated the process of human mating. This suggestion best illustrates
gender schemas.
collectivism.
gender typing.
an evolutionary perspective.

A)
B)
C)
D)

80.Kids choose peers who share their own attitudes and interests as their friends. This best
illustrates
collectivism.
a selection effect.
a pruning process.
temperament.

A)
B)
C)
D)

81.Although Adam didn't care for the taste of fried green tomatoes, he began eating them
when he saw that his classmates were doing so. His behavior best illustrates the
importance of
the male answer syndrome.
an epigenetic mark.
a pruning process.
peer influence.

A)
B)
C)
D)

82.In comparison to parental influence, peer influence is

more likely to affect a child's educational success.
less likely to affect whether a teen smokes.
more likely to affect a child's language accent.
less likely to influence whether a preschooler will reject a certain food.

A)
B)
C)
D)

83.Cultural diversity best illustrates our

human temperaments.
genetic variations.
gender identities.
adaptive capacities.
84.The invention and transmission of dating and courtship customs best illustrate

Page 14

A)
B)
C)
D)

epigenetics.
cultural influence.
a pruning process.
the male answer syndrome.

A)
B)
C)
D)

85.The preservation of innovation best illustrates the survival value of

culture.
gender schemas.
individualism.
epigenetics.

A)
B)
C)
D)

86.The many professional specialties by which people support themselves and their societies
best illustrate that culture enables
temperament.
natural selection.
division of labor.
brain plasticity.

A)
B)
C)
D)

87.People are most likely to notice the impact of environmental influences on behavior when
confronted by
identical twins.
gender schemas.
cultural diversity.
human temperaments.

A)
B)
C)
D)

88.Norms are best described as

the biochemical units of heredity.
a person's characteristic emotional reactivity.
rules for socially acceptable behavior.
a universally shared moral grammar.

A)
B)
C)
D)

89.Frans avoids talking with food in his mouth because other people think it is crude and
inappropriate. This best illustrates the impact of
individualism.
schemas.
stereotypes.
norms.
90.Failing to understand the norms of the community into which we have recently moved is
most likely to contribute to

Page 15

A)
B)
C)
D)

heritability.
culture shock.
a selection effect.
a pruning process.

A)
B)
C)
D)

91.Since 1960, most Western cultures have changed with remarkable speed. The LEAST
likely explanation for these variations involves changes in
communication systems.
the human gene pool.
scientific knowledge.
social norms.

A)
B)
C)
D)

92.Since 1960, Americans have experienced a(n)

increase in the incidence of depression and a decrease in work hours.
decrease in the incidence of depression and an increase in work hours.
increase in the incidence of depression and an increase in work hours.
decrease in the incidence of depression and a decrease in work hours.

A)
B)
C)
D)

93.A willingness to switch jobs and move from one part of the country to another best
illustrates one of the consequences of
collectivism.
gender typing.
individualism.
gender schemas.

A)
B)
C)
D)

94.A collectivist culture is especially likely to emphasize the importance of

social harmony.
personal privacy.
innovation and creativity.
racial diversity.

A)
B)
C)
D)

95.People living in a culture that promotes collectivism are more likely than those in
individualist cultures to report experiencing
happiness.
family loyalty.
personal freedom.
marital romance.
96.Professor Shankar believes that her students' most important personal characteristics are
those that distinguish them as uniquely different from most other people. Her attitude best

Page 16

A)
B)
C)
D)

illustrates one of the consequences of

individualism.
gender typing.
collectivism.
temperament.

A)
B)
C)
D)

97.When Mr. Thompson lived overseas for a year, he was very surprised at how much
respect he received from people simply because he was an older person. His sense of
surprise suggests that he had NOT previously lived in a culture characterized by
social diversity.
collectivism.
extraversion.
individualism.

A)
B)
C)
D)

98.Compared with people in individualist cultures, those in collectivist cultures are

less likely to display signs of humility and more likely to defer to others' wishes.
more likely to display signs of humility and less likely to defer to others' wishes.
less likely to display signs of humility and less likely to defer to others' wishes.
more likely to display signs of humility and more likely to defer to others' wishes.

A)
B)
C)
D)

99.Religious and ethnic diversity are most likely to be appreciated in a culture characterized
by
gender schemas.
individualism.
gender typing.
collectivism.

100.In recent years, the percentage of American boys and girls given one of the 10 most
common names for their birth year has plunged. This best reflects Americans' increasing
A)
gender typing.
B)
individualism.
C)
heritability.
D)
divorce rates.

A)
B)
C)
D)

101.Individualism is to collectivism as ________ is to ________.

norm; role
nature; nurture
independence; interdependence
identical twin; fraternal twin

Page 17

102.The importance of romance in marriage relationships is most strongly emphasized in

cultures characterized by
A)
gender schemas.
B)
collectivism.
C)
gender typing.
D)
individualism.
103.Voluntary migration, a sparsely populated environment, and shift to a capitalist economy
have most clearly fostered
A)
extraversion.
B)
neuroticism.
C)
individualism.
D)
gender typing.
104.Compared with many Asian and African parents, today's Westernized parents are more
likely to teach their children to value
A)
civil obedience.
B)
emotional closeness.
C)
personal independence.
D)
family traditions.
105.Parents in Asian cultures are more likely than parents in Westernized cultures to
encourage children to
A)
pick out and purchase their own clothes.
B)
participate in household activities.
C)
publicly protest repressive government policies.
D)
establish close friendships with ethnically diverse groups of people.
106.Cross-cultural research on human development indicates that
person-to-person differences within cultural groups are larger than differences
between groups.
B)
differences among cultural groups largely reflect genetic differences among racial
groups.
C)
gender differences in behavior result from differences in biology rather than from
differences in life experiences.
D)
developmental processes differ greatly among individuals raised in different
cultures.
A)

A)
B)

107.In considering gender differences, you should remember that

no gender difference is common to all human cultures.
gender similarities are much greater than gender differences.

Page 18

C)
D)

genetic differences between the genders do not contribute to gender differences in

behavior.
all of these answers are true.

A)
B)
C)
D)

108.Compared with men, women experience a greater risk of

autism spectrum disorder.
color blindness.
eating disorders.
antisocial personality disorders.

A)
B)
C)
D)

109.Aggression is defined in psychology as

physical behavior intended to hurt someone.
any behavior that harms someone whether it is intentional or unintentional.
physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.
verbally insulting someone, whether intentional or unintentional.

A)
B)
C)
D)

110.Men and women are most likely to differ in their

happiness.
intelligence.
self-esteem.
aggressiveness.

A)
B)
C)
D)

111.The gender gap in aggression is LEAST likely to involve hurting others by

delivering electric shocks.
excluding them.
expressing support for war.
spanking them.

112.Which of the following would you MOST likely observe on extended visits to foreign
countries?
A)
men and women earning approximately the same salaries
B)
more women than men holding elected offices
C)
more men than women involved in fistfights
D)
men and women sharing equally in the duties of child rearing

A)
B)
C)
D)

113.In everyday behavior, men are LESS likely than women to

smile at others.
stare at others.
interrupt others.
initiate touching others.

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114.People expect men to be ________ hungry for political power than women. When men
and women are both perceived to be politically power hungry, men are ________ likely
than women to suffer voter backlash.
A)
more; more
B)
less; less
C)
more; less
D)
less; more
115.During the course of a conversation between Lola, Martha, and Gus, which of the
following events is most likely to occur?
A)
Gus interrupts Lola.
B)
Lola interrupts Martha.
C)
Martha interrupts Gus.
D)
All of these events are equally likely to occur.
116.Girls typically play in ________ groups than do boys and, during their teens, girls spend
________ time with friends than do boys.
A)
larger; more
B)
smaller; less
C)
larger; less
D)
smaller; more
117.The male answer syndrome suggests that men are less likely than women to demonstrate
A)
individualism.
B)
gender typing.
C)
social modesty.
D)
reactive temperament.

A)
B)
C)
D)

118.Compared with females, males use conversation to

explore relationships.
communicate solutions.
obtain feedback on their views.
offer support.

119.When looking for someone to whom they can confide their personal worries, women
usually turn to ________ and men usually turn to ________.
A)
men; men
B)
women; men
C)
women; women

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D)

men; women

A)
B)
C)
D)

120.Women are more likely than men to

stare at people who make them angry.
interrupt others while they are talking.
misperceive simple friendliness as a sexual come-on.
tend and befriend.

A)
B)
C)
D)

121.As people progress through adulthood, women become

less assertive and men become less empathic.
less assertive and men become more empathic.
more assertive and men become more empathic.
more assertive and men become less empathic.

122.A human egg contains ________ chromosome and a human sperm contains ________
chromosome.
A)
a Y; either an X or a Y
B)
either an X or a Y; an X
C)
an X; either an X or a Y
D)
either an X or a Y; a Y

A)
B)
C)
D)

123.Prenatal testosterone secretions exert one of their earliest influences on

genes.
natural selection.
gender schemas.
brain organization.

A)
B)
C)
D)

124.Gender differences in verbal fluency are consistent with evidence that part of the
frontal lobes is thicker in men than in women.
parietal lobes is thicker in men than in women.
frontal lobes is thicker in women than in men.
parietal lobes is thicker in women than in men.

125.Female children are more likely to be labeled tomboys if they were exposed to excess
________ during their prenatal development.
A)
DNA
B)
testosterone
C)
serotonin
D)
ovarian hormones

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126.Hormone injections exposing a female embryo to excess testosterone sometimes cause

female infants to be born with
A)
a Y chromosome.
B)
masculine appearing genitals.
C)
an extra X chromosome.
D)
a lack of adrenal glands.
127.An infant boy was raised as a girl following a botched circumcision. During adolescence,
the child ________ boys and ________ the assigned female identity.
A)
wanted to kiss; accepted
B)
wanted to kiss; did not accept
C)
wanted no part of kissing; accepted
D)
wanted no part of kissing; did not accept

A)
B)
C)
D)

128.Behaviors expected of those who occupy a particular social position define a

norm.
role.
schema.
temperament.

129.A gender role refers to

A)
one's biological sex.
B)
a sense of being male or female.
C)
a set of expected behaviors for males or for females.
D)
a sense of being homosexual or heterosexual.
130.When teased by his older sister, 9-year-old Waldo does not cry because he has learned
that boys are not supposed to cry. Waldo's behavior best illustrates the importance of
A)
temperament.
B)
gender roles.
C)
testosterone.
D)
natural selection.
131.In agricultural societies, children typically socialize into more distinct gender roles than
do children in nomadic societies. This best illustrates that gender-role differences
between social groups result from
A)
cultural influence.
B)
a pruning process.
C)
natural selection.
D)
individualism.

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132.The social roles assigned to women and men

A)
are virtually the same in all cultures.
B)
have been virtually the same in all historical periods.
C)
differ widely across cultures.
D)
differ widely across historical time periods but not across cultures.
133.Gender identity refers to
A)
one's biological sex.
B)
the sense of being male or female.
C)
the set of expected behaviors for males or for females.
D)
how masculine a boy is or how feminine a girl is.
134.Social learning theorists emphasize that
observation and imitation play a crucial role in the development of gender identity.
children will exhibit only those gender-linked behaviors for which they themselves
have been directly rewarded.
C)
children will not develop a clear gender identity if the same-sex parent is absent
from the home.
D)
all of these statements are true.
A)
B)

135.A boy who consistently exhibits traditionally masculine interests and behavior patterns
demonstrates
A)
neuroticism.
B)
collectivism.
C)
heritability.
D)
gender typing.
136.Migdalia insists on wearing very feminine-looking outfits because she wants to be treated
like a woman. This best illustrates the impact of
A)
individualism.
B)
epigenetics.
C)
culture shock.
D)
gender typing.
137.Mr. Eskenazi frowns when his son cries but hugs his daughter when she cries. Mr.
Eskenazi's contribution to the gender typing of his children would most likely be
highlighted by
A)
Freudian psychologists.
B)
social learning theorists.

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C)
D)

cultural neuroscientists.
evolutionary psychologists.

138.The belief that boys are more independent than girls is a

A)
gender role.
B)
gender identity.
C)
gender schema.
D)
gender type.
139.Children tend to organize their worlds into male and female categories. This best
illustrates their use of
A)
a pruning process.
B)
behavior genetics.
C)
gender schemas.
D)
the male answer syndrome.
140.When his mother offered to play leapfrog with him, Jorge protested, I'm not going to
play a girl's game! Jorge's reaction best illustrates the impact of
A)
behavior genetics.
B)
gender schemas.
C)
a pruning process.
D)
collectivism.
141.People whose gender identity feels mismatched with their biological sex are
A)
transgender.
B)
bisexual.
C)
heterosexual.
D)
lesbian.
142.Sex reassignment surgery today would most likely be recommended for individuals who
are
A)
gay.
B)
lesbian.
C)
bisexual.
D)
transgender.
143.Professor Smith emphasizes that gender similarities and differences are products of a
continuous interplay among genetically predisposed traits, culturally shaped roles, and
personally constructed expectations and assumptions. The professor's emphasis best
illustrates

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A)
B)
C)
D)

collectivism.
individualism.
natural selection.
a biopsychosocial approach.

144.Those who suggest that choices we make today determine what our future will be like are
emphasizing the importance of
A)
behavior genetics.
B)
human responsibility.
C)
natural selection.
D)
collectivism.

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Answer Key
1.A
2.C
3.D
4.C
5.D
6.A
7.D
8.C
9.A
10.A
11.B
12.C
13.A
14.B
15.A
16.C
17.C
18.D
19.D
20.D
21.C
22.C
23.C
24.D
25.C
26.C
27.C
28.B
29.B
30.C
31.A
32.B
33.D
34.C
35.D
36.C
37.C
38.C
39.B
40.B
41.B
42.C
43.C
44.B

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45.D
46.D
47.D
48.C
49.C
50.B
51.D
52.C
53.C
54.B
55.D
56.B
57.D
58.C
59.B
60.D
61.D
62.B
63.D
64.C
65.A
66.D
67.A
68.D
69.B
70.D
71.B
72.A
73.C
74.D
75.C
76.D
77.B
78.C
79.D
80.B
81.D
82.C
83.D
84.B
85.A
86.C
87.C
88.C
89.D
90.B

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91.B
92.C
93.C
94.A
95.B
96.A
97.B
98.D
99.B
100.B
101.C
102.D
103.C
104.C
105.B
106.A
107.B
108.C
109.C
110.D
111.B
112.C
113.A
114.C
115.A
116.D
117.C
118.B
119.C
120.D
121.C
122.C
123.D
124.C
125.B
126.B
127.D
128.B
129.C
130.B
131.A
132.C
133.B
134.A
135.D
136.D

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137.B
138.C
139.C
140.B
141.A
142.D
143.D
144.B

Page 29