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Form 4
2|P age
Standard Answers
is the temperature at which the substance at its solid state
changes to liquid state at certain pressure.
are atoms with the same number of protons but different
numbers of neutrons (or with the same proton number but
different nucleon numbers).
Heat energy absorbed by the particles is used to overcome the
forces of attraction between the particles so that the solid can
turn into liquid.
The heat energy released by the particles is exactly balanced by
the heat loss to the surroundings as the particles attracted one
another to form solid.
An atom contains three types of subatomic particles; proton,
neutron arid electron.
Subatomic particle
Proton
Symbol
P
Relative mass
1
Relative charge
+1
Electron
1/1840
-1
Neutron
Neutral
Standard Answers
Standard Answers
3|P age
4|P age
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Standard Answers
12
16
electron arrangement, 2.8.
and oxygen atom, 8
A positive ion, Mg2+ is formed.
Oxygen atom has electron arrangement of 2.6
It receives 2 electrons from magnesium atom to achieve stable
octet electron arrangement, 2.8.
A negative ion, O2- is formed
Positive ion, Mg2+, and negative ion, O2-, are attracted together
by strong electrostatic forces to form an ionic compound with
the formula MgO.
Explain the formation of covalent
Carbon atom has electron arrangement of 2.4
12
bond between carbon atom, 6 and Chlorine atom has electron arrangement of 2.8.7
1 carbon atom contributes 4 valence electrons to 4 Cl atoms.
chlorine atom, 35
17 .
4 chlorine atoms, contribute 1 valence electron each to C atom.
1 C atom shares 4 pairs of electrons with 4 Cl atoms to form 4
single covalent bonds.
5|P age
Standard Answers
6|P age
Standard Answers
A strong acid is an acid that ionizes / dissociates completely in
water to form high concentration of hydrogen ions, H+
A weak alkali is an alkali that ionises / dissociates partially in
water to form low concentration of hydroxide ions, OH Neutralisation is a reaction between an acid and a base to
produce salt and water only
Glacial ethanoic acid, CH3COOH is a dry acid (without water)
which is consists of neutral molecules only. There is no
hydrogen ions, H+. Therefore, it does not show acidic property.
In dilute ethanoic acid, the molecules of ethanoic acid ionise to
produce hydrogen ions, H+.
The presence of hydrogen ions, H+ will cause the aqueous
solution of ethanoic acid, show its acidic property.
Dry ammonia gas (or ammonia gas) dissolved in
trichloromethane consists of neutral molecules, NH3 only.
There is no hydroxide ions, OH-. Therefore, it does not show
alkaline property.
In water, the NH3 molecules will ionise to produce hydroxide
ions, OH-.
The presence of hydroxide ions, OH- will cause the aqueous
ammonia solution to show alkaline properties.
Ethanoic acid is a weak acid.
It ionizes partially in water, to produce hydrogen ions with low
concentration.
Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid.
It ionizes completely in water to produce hydrogen ions with
high concentration.
Nitric acid, HNO3 is a monoprotic acid whereas sulphuric acid,
H2SO4 is a diprotic acid.
The concentration of hydrogen ions in sulphuric acid is double
than that in nitric acid.
As a result, the volume of sulphuric acid required (to neutralise
NaOH(aq)) is half compared to nitric acid.
Standard Answers
A salt is a compound formed when the hydrogen ion, H+ from an
acid is replaced by a metal ion or an ammonium ion, NH4+.
2 cm3 of the solution is poured into a test tube.
2 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid is added into the test tube
The gas liberated is immediately bubbled / flown through lime
water.
The lime water turns milky / cloudy / chalky.
7|P age
8|P age
NH4+ in a solution
Standard Answers
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