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CHAPTER II
FRAME OF THEORIES
2.1. The definition of Vocabulary mastery
Vocabulary is one of the language aspects which should be learnt. Learning vocab
ulary is important because we are able to speak, write, and listen nicely we hav
e to know vocabulary first. A person said to ‘know ‘ a word if they can recogniz
e its meaning when they see it (Cameron, 2001: 75). It means that in learning vo
cabulary we have to know the meaning of it and also understand and can use it in
sentence context.
According to Red John (2000: 16) vocabulary is knowledge involves knowing the me
anings of words and therefore the purpose of a vocabulary test in to find out wh
ether the learners can match each word with a synonym, a dictionary – tape defin
ition, or an equivalent word in their own language.
In learning vocabulary automatically we have to know the meaning of words it sel
f and can use it in sentences. Wilkins (1972: 130) states that vocabulary learni
ng is learning to discriminate progressing the meaning of words in the target la
nguage from the meanings of their nearest ‘equivalent’ in the mother tongue. It
is also learning to make the most appropriate lexical choices for particular lin
guistic and situational context.
8
2.1.1. Kinds of Vocabulary
Surely, there are some words in a sentence and those collections of words includ
e to the vocabulary because vocabulary is a list or collections of words arrange
d in alphabetical order and explained. Those words could be Noun which is usuall
y used as subject or object, Verb or it is usually used as predicate in a senten
ce, Adverbs etc.
The sentence may be further divided according to the functions of each word has
in the subject – predicate relationship – each of these functions is classified
as a different part of speech. They are :
1. Noun
It is one of most important part of speech. It is arrangement with the verb help
s to form the sentence core which is essential to every complete sentence. It co
uld be the name of person, place, thing or idea. Example :
a. It is am agazine
b. There is anumb rel la
2. Verb
It is the word which expresses an action or a help to make a statement.
Example :
a. Mr. Herman isteaching mathematic.
b. The students areplaying football
9
3. Adjective
It is the word used to qualify noun or pronoun.
Example :
a. Mr. Herman isclever
b. This magazine isexpensive
5.Adverb
It is a word used for qualifying the meaning of verb, adjective, or
another adverb.
Example :
a. Mrs. Nurul is teaching in the classroom.
b. I go to campus at nine o’clock
6.Conjunction
It is a word used to relate one word to another one, or one sentence to
another one.
Example :
a. I have to called himbef o re I go.
b. Irmaand I are student at untirta.
7.Pronoun
It is the word which can take the place of a noun.
Example :
a.They are my lecture.
b.He goes to office.
10
8.Interje ction
It is a word put into a sentence to express a sudden feeling of mind or
emotion.
Example :
a.Hurrah! I am the winner.
b. Oh my god, I can’t believe it’s real.
(Frank, 1972: 1)
2.1.2. Material of vocabulary
In learning vocabulary, there are some materials that relate with vocabulary lik
e word family, word classes, synonyms, antonyms that can help learners in compre
hending vocabulary deeper.
1. Word Family
Word family is a word is constructed by adding prefix and suffix in base word or
root. In word family, we discuss about affixes. There are two affixes. They are
prefix and suffix. Here is the explanation and example both of them.
1.1 Prefix
Prefix is a syllable added at the beginning of words to change their meaning. Th
e words of prefixes are un-, in-, dis-, mis-, re-, pre-, etc. the prefix un- and
in-, are the most common negative prefix which both mean not. Prefix mis-, mean
s wrong, pre-, means before, re-, means again, etc. the example words of prefixe
s are :
11
Words
Added prefix
Meaning
Popular
Unpopular
not popular
Active
Inactive
not active
Consistent
Inconsistent
not consistent
Writing
Prewriting
before writing
Build
Rebuild
build again
For example in sentence :
He is not popular artist (without Prefix)
He is unpopular artist. (adding by Prefix Un-)
From the example, we can see both of them have similar meaning, but the differen
ce only in the “popular” word. In the first sentence, the popular word does not
use prefix but it used to be + Not to express negative meaning. While in the sec
ond sentence, the popular word is added by prefix un-to express negative meaning
too, the word become unpopular.
1.2 Suffix
Suffix is syllable added at the end of words to change their meaning or their pa
rt of speech. The words of suffix are -ment, -ion, -ness, -less, -er/-or, -ist,
etc. the suffix –ment, -er /-or, and –ist are changed verb form becomes noun. Th
e example is act (Verb) added suffix or becomes actor (Noun), etc. while the suf
fixness is used to change adjective form becomes noun. The example is weak
12
(Adj) added suffix ness becomes weakness (Noun). While the suffix less means
without. The example words of suffix are :
Word
Added suffix
Art
artist
Direct
director
Use
useless
Kind
kindness
Agree
agreement
For example in sentence :
They plays football in the yard. (As a Verb)
They are a good football player. (As a Noun)
From the example, we can see both of them have differences in the word classes.
In the first sentence, the word of play without added by suffix and the word cla
ss is verb. It describes about what the noun does. While in the second sentence,
the word play is added by suffix –er. So, the word class changes from verb (pla
y) become noun (player). It indicates noun in the sentence.
2. Synonyms and Antonyms
Learning Vocabulary, it means that we learn about meaning. Many words in English
sometimes have more that one meaning. So there are many words although differen
t but has similar meaning called synonyms. Beside similar,
13
sometimes we must know the opposite meaning of the word called antonym. To
appropriate in using synonyms we must consider with the context.
2.1 Synonyms
Synonyms are words that share a similar meaning. For example, old, ancient, anti
que, elderly are all synonyms in that they share the common meaning of not young
/new. However, there the similarity ends. Synonyms are similar, but seldom the
same. Even between words that seem interchangeable, such as taxi and cab or aube
rgine and eggplant, one will be preferred over the other in certain context and
by particular speakers.
For example :
Words
Synonyms
Look
See
Use
Wear
Good
Excellent
For example in sentence :
Andi uses bicycle to go to school.
He is wear blue t-shirt.
From the example, we can see that the uses of use, and wear, in the sentence hav
e same meaning or synonyms but it s used in different context. Use can be used t
o describe for everything in general, while for wear is used to describe for som
ething that will be used in the body.
14
Vocabulary Mastery
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