Anatomy and Physiology

Cells

2KPH
Group No: 6
28. Darianne Parinas
29. Elizabeth Ann Pimentel
30. Raymund Gerard Razon
31. Joshua Religioso
32. Kristine Loren Rojas
33. Hyvie Joyce Roldan
I. CELL STRUCTURE
A. NUCLEUS
Nucleus

1. Nuclear envelope

2. Nucleoli

Structure
its shape conforms the
shape of the cell
most often oval or
spherical
double membrane
barrier
selectively permeable

Small, dark-staining,
round bodies

Function
(nucle = kernal)
headquarters or
control center of cells

3. Chromatin

loose network of
bumpy threads
scattered throughout
the nucleus

between the two

membranes is fluidfilled moat or space
encloses a jellylike
fluid- nucleoplasm
where other nuclear
elements are
suspended
Sites where ribosomes
are assembled
Ribosome-site of
protein synthesis
in formation of
daughter cells, it coils
and condenses to form
chromosomes
chromosomes-dense,
rod-like bodies

Anatomy and Physiology

Cells

B. PLASMA MEMBRANE (cell membrane)

Structure
Plasma Membrane

Function

Made up of
phospholipids and
proteins
selectively permeable
makes up the cell
membrane
contains cholesterol
and carbohydrates

encloses the cytoplasm

and forms the
boundary between
materials inside
(intracellular) and
outside (extracellular)
the cell
outermost component
of a cell
acts as a selective
barrier that determines
what move in and out
of the cell

C. CYTOPLASM

CYTOPLASM

1. Mitochondria

Structure
thick solution that
fills each cell and is
enclosed by the cell
membrane
Composed of water,
salts, and proteins

outer membrane
have a smooth
contour
inner membrane
have numerous folds

Functions
Contains all
organelles and cell
parts
Responsible for
giving a cell its
shape and keeps the
organelles in place
major sites of
adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
production within
cells

Anatomy and Physiology

Cells

2. Ribosomes

3. Endoplasmic
Reticulum

called cristae
Small organelles
with inner and outer
membranes
separated by a space

Free ribosomes are

not attached to any
other organelles in
the cytoplasm
other ribosomes are
attached to a network
of membranes called
the endoplasmic
reticulum
series of membranes
forming sacs and
tubules that extends
from the outer
nuclear membrane
into the cytoplasm
2 Kinds of ER:
Rough ER

Carry out aerobic

respiration, a series
of chemical
reactions that require
oxygen to break
down food
molecules to
produce ATP (main
energy source for
most chemical
reactions within the
cell

Organelles where
proteins are
produces

ER with ribosomes
attached to it
a large number of
this indicates that it
is synthesizing large
amounts of protein
for export in the cell
ER without
ribosomes
modifies protein
structure and
packages proteins in
sensory vesicles
contain a variety of
enzymes that as
intracellular

Smooth ER

4. Golgi Apparatus

5. Lysosomes

consists of closely
packed stacks of
curved, membranebound sacs
membrane-bound
vesicles formed from
the Golgi apparatus

Anatomy and Physiology

Cells

6. Perixisomes

small, membranebound vesicles

containing enzymes

7. Vesicles

small, membranebound sac

8. Cytoskeleton

consists of proteins
that support the cell

- Microtubules

9. Centriole

II. CELL PHYSIOLOGY

A. PASSIVE PROCESS

Microfilaments

Intermediate
filaments

small organelle

spindle fibers extend

from the centromeres
to the centrioles
during mitosis

digestive systems
break down fatty
acids, amino acids,
and hydrogen
peroxide
containing material
to be transported
across the cell
membrane
hold organelles in
place
enable the cell to
change the shape
are hollow structures
formed from protein
sub-units
small fibrils formed
from protein
subunits that
structurally support
the cytoplasm
fibrils formed from
protein subunits that
are smaller in
diameter than
microtubules but
larger in diameter
than microfilaments
divides and migrates
to each pole of the
nucleus
for lipid synthesis
and participates in
detoxification of
chemicals within
cells

Anatomy and Physiology

Cells

is the cellular process of moving molecules and other substances across membranes.
Passive transport differs from active transport in that it does not involve any chemical
energy. Rather, passive transport relies on the innate permeability of the cell membrane
and its component proteins and lipids.

1. Diffusion
- solutes such as ions and molecules, tend to move from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration of that same solute in solution.
Simple Diffusion
- a substance passes through a membrane without the aid of an intermediary such as a
integral membrane protein. The force that drives the substance from one side of the
membrane to the other is the force of diffusion.
Osmosis
- the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable
membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to
equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.
Facilitated Diffusion
- is a carrier-mediated transport process that moves substances across the cell
membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
against a concentration of a gradient
2. Filtration
- operations that separate solids from fluids by adding a medium through which only
the fluid can pass.

B. ACTIVE PROCESS
Active Transport
is a carrier-mediated process that moves substances across the cell membrane from
regions of lower concentrations to those of higher concentration against a
concentration gradient.
it processes accumulate substances on one side of the cell membrane at
concentrations many times greater than those on the other side.
it requires energy, in the form of ATP, if ATP is not available, active transport stops.
The malfunction of active transport can lead to serious conditions:
Cystic Fibrosis a genetic disorder that affects the active transport of CI into
cells.
In some cases, the active transport mechanism can exchange one substance for
another. For example, the sodium-potassium pump

Anatomy and Physiology

Cells

Vesicular Transport
- Is a membrane protein which use vehicles to move to the contents of the cell.
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
- Large water-soluble molecules, small pieces of water, and even whole cells can be
transported across cell membranes in membrane-bound sacs called vesicles.
Endocytosis
Is the uptake of material through the cell membrane by the formation of a vesicle.
It usually exhibits specificity. The cell membrane contains specific receptor molecules
that bind specific substances.
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
When a specific substance binds to the receptor molecule, endocytosis is triggered,
and the substance is transported into the cell.
Phagocytosis (cell-eating)
- is often used in endocytosis, when solid particles are ingested.
- is an important means by which white blood cells take up and destroy harmful
substances that have entered the body.
Pinocytosis (cell-drinking)
- is distinguished from phagocytosis in that much smaller vesicles are formed,
and they contain liquid rather than particles.
Secretory Vesicles
- accumulate materials for the release from the cell.
Exocytosis
when the secretory vesicles move to the cell membrane, where the membrane of
the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane, and the material in the vesicle is
eliminated from the cells.
It allows the release of materials from cells.

III. CELL DIVISION

the division of a cell into two daughter cells with the same genetic material.
A. INTERPHASE

A non dividing phase, phase of the cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its
life. During this phase, the cell copies its DNA in preparation for mitosis.

B. MITOSIS

Anatomy and Physiology

Cells

is nuclear division and produces two identical daughter cells that obtains the same
number and type of chromosomes as parent cell during prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
and telophase

Prophase
- each chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at the centromere
Metaphase
- chromosomes align at the center of the cell
Anaphase
-chromatids separate at the centromere and migrate to opposite poles
Telophase
- the two new nuclei assume their normal structure, and cell division is completed,
producing two new daughter cells

C. CYTOKINESIS

is the physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into
two daughter cells. It occurs concurrently with two types of nuclear division called
mitosis and meiosis, which occur in animal cells.