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User Manual
IPM
TUTORIAL
October 2009
Copyright Notice
The copyright in this manual and the associated computer program are the property of Petroleum Experts
Ltd. All rights reserved. Both, this manual and the computer program have been provided pursuant to a
Licence Agreement containing restriction of use.
No part of this manual may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or
translated into any language, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical or
otherwise, or disclose to third parties without prior written consent from Petroleum Experts Ltd., Petex
House, 10 Logie Mill, Edinburgh, EH7 4HG, Scotland, UK.
Petroleum Experts Ltd. All rights reserved.
IPM Suite, GAP, PROSPER, MBAL, PVTP, REVEAL, RESOLVE, IFM, ModelCatalogue and OpenServer
are trademarks of Petroleum Experts Ltd.
Microsoft (Windows), Windows (2000) and Windows (XP) are registered trademarks of the Microsoft
Corporation
The software described in this manual is furnished under a licence agreement. The software may be used
or copied only in accordance with the terms of the agreement. It is against the law to copy the software on
any medium except as specifically allowed in the license agreement. No part of this documentation may be
reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, or information storage and retrieval systems for any purpose other than the purchaser's personal
use, unless express written consent has been given by Petroleum Experts Limited.
Address:
Petroleum Experts Limited
Petex House
10 Logie Mill
Edinburgh, Scotland
EH7 4HG
Tel : (44 131) 474 7030
Fax : (44 131) 474 7031
email: edinburgh@petex.com
Internet: www.petex.com
Contents
Table of Contents
0
Chapter 1
Introduction
Chapter 2
Dexterity Examples
5
6
6
6
8
10
11
13
17
18
19
24
2 PROSPER Gas
...................................................................................................................................
Well Example
31
Objectives ..........................................................................................................................................................
Learning topics
.........................................................................................................................................................
Executive.........................................................................................................................................................
Summary
STEP 1 : Initialise
..........................................................................................................................................................
PROSPER
STEP 2 : Define
..........................................................................................................................................................
PROSPER Method/Options
STEP 3 : Define
..........................................................................................................................................................
fluid PVT Data
STEP 4 : Define
..........................................................................................................................................................
Well Inflow and Equipment data
32
32
32
32
34
34
35
44
44
44
44
47
48
49
4 GAP Gas-Lifted
...................................................................................................................................
System Example
50
Objectives ..........................................................................................................................................................
Learning topics
.........................................................................................................................................................
Executive.........................................................................................................................................................
summary
STEP 1 : System
..........................................................................................................................................................
Setup
Starting a.........................................................................................................................................................
New File
GAP options
.........................................................................................................................................................
setup
Units setup
.........................................................................................................................................................
Injection fluid
.........................................................................................................................................................
setup
STEP 2 : System
..........................................................................................................................................................
schematics
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51
51
52
52
52
54
55
56
IPM Tutorials
II
Adding Wells
.........................................................................................................................................................
Tie-backs.........................................................................................................................................................
The Platform
.........................................................................................................................................................
Pipes/Links
.........................................................................................................................................................
Other Drawing
.........................................................................................................................................................
Options
STEP 3 : Describing
..........................................................................................................................................................
the wells
Well models
.........................................................................................................................................................
Generating
.........................................................................................................................................................
IPRs From Existing PROSPER Well Models
Importing.........................................................................................................................................................
Existing Vertical Lift tables to the Well Models
STEP 4 : Describing
..........................................................................................................................................................
the Pipeline network
Riser Description
.........................................................................................................................................................
'Tie One' .........................................................................................................................................................
Pipeline description
TieTwo Pipeline
.........................................................................................................................................................
description
STEP 5 : Calculate
..........................................................................................................................................................
Production given total lift gas available
STEP 6 : Results
..........................................................................................................................................................
analysis
56
57
58
58
60
61
62
63
65
67
67
69
70
70
73
5 Associated Water
...................................................................................................................................
/ Gas Injection Model Example
77
Objectives ..........................................................................................................................................................
Learning topics
.........................................................................................................................................................
Executive.........................................................................................................................................................
summary
STEP 1 : Set the
..........................................................................................................................................................
Production Model
STEP 2 : Create
..........................................................................................................................................................
the Water Injection Model
STEP 3 : Link..........................................................................................................................................................
the Production and the Injection System
STEP 4 : Performing
..........................................................................................................................................................
the Material Balance Prediction
Associated Gas
..........................................................................................................................................................
Injection Model
Chapter 3
Physics Examples
77
78
78
78
81
84
87
92
95
1 PROSPER Gas
...................................................................................................................................
Lift Example
95
Objectives .......................................................................................................................................................... 95
Learning topics
......................................................................................................................................................... 96
Executive.........................................................................................................................................................
summary
97
STEP 1 : Model
..........................................................................................................................................................
Setup
97
STEP 2 : Well
..........................................................................................................................................................
Model Validation and Data Quality Check
110
STEP 3 : Gas..........................................................................................................................................................
Lift Design
122
STEP 4 : Use..........................................................................................................................................................
of QuickLook Diagnostic tool for gas lift performance validation
127
2 PROSPER ESP
...................................................................................................................................
Example
131
Objectives ..........................................................................................................................................................
Learning.........................................................................................................................................................
topics
Executive
.........................................................................................................................................................
summary
STEP 1 : Model
..........................................................................................................................................................
Setup
STEP 2 : Well
..........................................................................................................................................................
Model Validation and Data Quality Check
STEP 3 : ESP
..........................................................................................................................................................
Design
STEP 4 : Use..........................................................................................................................................................
of QuickLook Diagnostic tool for ESP lift performance validation
131
132
133
133
142
146
153
162
162
162
163
163
165
166
172
Contents
III
Objectives ..........................................................................................................................................................
Learning.........................................................................................................................................................
topics
Executive
.........................................................................................................................................................
Summary
STEP 1 : Model
..........................................................................................................................................................
Setup
STEP 2 : Matching
..........................................................................................................................................................
to Production History data in MBAL
STEP 3 : Sensitivity
..........................................................................................................................................................
Analysis
STEP 4 : History
..........................................................................................................................................................
Match Quality Check
179
180
180
180
188
195
197
5 MBAL Production
...................................................................................................................................
Prediction Example
198
Objectives ..........................................................................................................................................................
Learning.........................................................................................................................................................
topics
Executive
.........................................................................................................................................................
Summary
STEP 1 : Production
..........................................................................................................................................................
Prediction Setup
STEP 2 : Boundary
..........................................................................................................................................................
conditions
STEP 3 : Well
..........................................................................................................................................................
Type Definition
STEP 4 : Inflow
..........................................................................................................................................................
Performance
STEP 5 : Outflow
..........................................................................................................................................................
Performance
STEP 6 : Well
..........................................................................................................................................................
Schedule
STEP 7 : Reporting
..........................................................................................................................................................
frequency
STEP 8 : Production
..........................................................................................................................................................
prediction
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199
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201
203
207
209
210
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IPM Tutorials
III
Chapter
Introduction
Introduction
This document contains tutorials for the Petroleum Experts software: PROSPER,
MBAL and GAP. The tutorials are designed to guide the user through a number of
program examples. As a new user, the tutorials provide a good overview of the
programs' functionalities and will assist in developing proficiency in use of the tools.
The tutorials are split into two sections. The first set of tutorials is designed for new
users and it focuses on the dexterity required to use the programs. The second set
of tutorials provides more depth and knowledge on use of the tools in achieving
various modeling objectives and the physical and engineering concepts related to
these.
1.1
1.2
Users proficient in Petroleum Experts IPM software may find the tutorials in Chapter 3
useful.
1.2.1
Used to highlight
information.
certain
points
of
Keycap
Menu
Command
7
8
IPM Tutorials
October, 2009
Chapter
Dexterity Examples
This section contains the following tutorials:
GAP Gas Network Example:
This example builds a simple onshore gas network integrated model and calculates
production from the system in time (production prediction). The well model
associated with the integrated model is designed in PROSPER (PROSPER gas well
example) and the reservoir model associated with the integrated model is designed
in MBAL (MBAL Gas reservoir example).
PROSPER Gas Well Example:
An example that illustrates gas well modeling in PROSPER. The PROSPER well model
is used within the GAP Gas Network example. It can also be run in isolation.
MBAL Gas Reservoir Example:
An example that illustrates gas reservoir modeling in MBAL . The MBAL reservoir
model is used within the GAP Gas Network example. It can also be run in isolation.
GAP Gas Lift Example:
This example illustrates the design and optimization of an oil production system
using gas lift.
All the example files are located in:
C:\Program Files\Petroleum Experts\IPM 7.x\Worked Examples\Dexterity Examples
2.1
2.1.1
Objectives
The system to be modeled is described below:
An onshore gas field is depleted by a well and producing through a pipeline to a
separator (pressure of 1300psig).
Pipeline is 10,000ft in length with an internal diameter of 6inches.
IPM Tutorials
October, 2009
Dexterity Examples
Learning topics
2.1.1.2
Executive summary
2.1.2
The command options (File, Options etc.) on the GAP main menu are laid out in a
logical order (left to right; top to bottom fashion) that reflects the order in which
operations will usually be performed. Click on File | Directories and check that
PROSPER and MBAL Executables point to the current versions of PROSPER and
MBAL respectively. The PROSPER and MBAL applications can also be found in the
Petroleum Experts directory.
Please note that files saved with these versions of GAP, PROSPER and MBAL will
not be readable by previous versions. It is recommended, therefore, that the File |
Directory | GAP and MBAL Data Directory options are set to point to directories
that are exclusively used to store data files created with the current software
versions.
When GAP is started a new file is created (unless otherwise specified in the
preferences). Create a new file by selecting File | New or using the toolbar icon
to start a new file.
It is important to ensure that consistent units are used throughout the integrated
model, particularly when data generated by PROSPER and MBAL are incorporated
into a GAP model. Oilfield units will be used for this example. Select Options | Units
to view the units used by GAP for input and output, the data validation ranges, and
IPM Tutorials
October, 2009
Dexterity Examples
output precision. Near the top of the screen within the tabular heading select Oilfield
for both input and output units (as shown in Figure 3), and then select OK.
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October, 2009
Dexterity Examples
2.1.4
10
The elements shall be linked together with the Add Link icon
by dragging the lefthand mouse button between two components. The connections are made in the
direction of fluid flow. Connect the Tank to its Well, and the Well to its wellhead
(Manifold 1). Connect manifold 1 to 2 for the pipe and finally connect Manifold 2 to
the Separator. Note that a pipe component has been inserted between the two
Manifolds. No pipe components are defined between the Tank, Well, and Manifold 2
since any piping between these components is assumed to be implicitly defined by
the Well.
Deselect the Link icon to prevent adding more links.
11
The basic model layout has been defined: additional components can easily be
added or deleted as the model is refined later. The GAP integrated model schematic
is shown below
Save the GAP file (using File | Save As) as Gasres.gap in a directory of choice.
2.1.5
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October, 2009
Dexterity Examples
12
used are selected. All elements contained in the model are listed on the right and
data entry for any component can be made by selecting the required component with
a left mouse click. A red cross besides the equipment indicates that insufficient data
has been entered. Within the Well data entry screen change the Well Type to Gas
Producer (this will change the well colour on the main display screen from green to
red). Set the well model as VLP / IPR Intersection. Set the rate model as 'Use
volumes'. Rates (for the VLPs) can be defined using volumes or mass More
information is available under 'Well summary screen' section of GAP manual.
Select the Run PROSPER button in bottom right hand corner and GAP
automatically launches a PROSPER file. Check that the correct version of PROSPER
is loaded, otherwise check File | Directory from within GAP. Go to the PROSPER
Gas Well Example to set up the PROSPER model.
Go to the PROSPER Gas Well Example now Initialise PROSPER.
With the PROSPER well modelling exercise completed, save the file and return to
GAP from PROSPER by selecting GAP from the main PROSPER menu. It is
recommended that any changes made to a PROSPER file are saved before returning
to GAP.
On returning to GAP after creating the PROSPER file the PROSPER.OUT file will
1990-2009 Petroleum Experts Limited
13
automatically be placed in the GAP well summary screen PROSPER file path
location. Alternatively, use the Browse button to locate the PROSPER.OUT file. The
*.out (e.g. Gasres.OUT) PROSPER file should be used in preference to the input
(Gasres.SIN) and analysis (Gasres.ANL) files.
With the well file path defined, the status becomes valid. To further check that the
PROSPER file is properly located select Run PROSPER and return to GAP by
selecting GAP on the PROSPER main menu.
Select OK to return to the GAP main window.
Save the GAP file by clicking on the save icon
the overwrite confirmation.
2.1.6
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Dexterity Examples
14
Click on All to select all the valid wells in the model (in this case only one).
Click OK and go back to the main screen. Double-click on the Well icon to bring up
the well summary screen then select IPR tab to display the fluid PVT properties,
layer pressures and temperatures obtained from PROSPER. Click on the More tab
(still in red).
1990-2009 Petroleum Experts Limited
15
GAP needs to know how water cut and GOR (case of oils) will evolve in future and
for this pseudo-relative permeability curves are required. For this example, fractional
flow rel perms shall be obtained "from tank model". Select this option and the IPR
becomes valid. Alternatively, selecting Validate will also remove the red invalid IPR
designation.
Generate Well VLP's from GAP
From the main GAP menu select Generate | Generate Well VLPs with PROSPER |
All | Data to specify the ranges of data for which the VLP curves should be
generated. PROSPER is called up to load the sensitivity values already stored within
it (if any). Enter the following sensitivity values:
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October, 2009
Dexterity Examples
16
Note that the Populate buttons can be used to create the tables rather than the
data being entered manually. Data required is as follows:
- Liquid rate: 1 - 150MMscf/day (Geometric spacing)
- Manifold pressure: 1300 - 10000 psig (Linear spacing)
- CGR: 0 and 0.1 stb/MMscf
- WGR: 0 - 100 (Linear spacing)
This table covers the range of possible gas production rates, manifold (well head)
pressures and water to gas ratios (WGR) that the well may encounter during a
prediction. Since the gas is dry with a CGR of zero, the CGR will always be at this
value. However a minimum value of 0.1stb/MMscf CGR (negligible) is required by
multiphase flow correlations for their calculations. Hence 0 - 0.1stb/MMscf CGR is
input for VLP curves generation.
Select OK and then Generate to perform the calculations using PROSPER: this may
take some time. Select OK | OK when the calculations have completed.
Go back to the main screen. Note that the well is now valid as the thick red circle
around the well has now disappeared. Double-click on the Well icon to bring up the
well summary screen. Notice also that the colour of the VLP and IPR buttons have
now turned green indicating a valid GAP well model.
17
2.1.7
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Dexterity Examples
18
2.1.8
19
The results can also be viewed by selecting Results | Detailed | All Items. The gas
production rate from the system is 72 MMscf/day. Select OK to return to the main
GAP window.
Save the GAP file by clicking on save icon
confirmation.
2.1.9
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October, 2009
Dexterity Examples
20
If MBAL has been accessed from GAP, upon returning to GAP from MBAL, the path
of the MBAL file will be displayed in the Tank Summary Screen of GAP. If the MBAL
file has been prepared by running MBAL standalone/independently, then the file
path can be specified by clicking on browse to locate the Gasres.mbi file. Note that
the Tank component on the right side of the Equipment Data Entry screen now has a
green tick beside its name.
On the GAP main screen, there shall be no red circles around the tank or the well.
This indicates that all the data is valid. The GAP main screen is as shown in the
following figure.
21
The material balance tank model is now in place and a prediction can be performed.
A simple prediction will be run first, with no constraints or events occurring during the
production.
This is essentially the same as the Solve Network calculation
performed previously, except that a material balance calculation is performed after
each time step to update the reservoir pressure and PVT properties.
Select Prediction | Run Prediction and set the following time control data.
Start Date
End Date
Step Size
01/01/2005
01/01/2020
1 Year(s)
Select Next | Next and input a Separator pressure of 1300 psig. Select Next | C
alculate and allow the Solve Network cycle to be performed for each of the 15 time
steps requested.
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Dexterity Examples
22
23
Click on Plot and a plot window will appear. Select Variables and plot the Gas rate
against time. Also plot Water rate, Reservoir pressure and Cum Gas Production
results.
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October, 2009
Dexterity Examples
24
The initial and peak gas rate should be 72 MMscf/day, and the peak water rate
should be 44 STB/day. This water is the vaporised and connate water produced as
the reservoir depressurises, water expands and formation rocks contract. Select M
ain to return the main GAP window.
No constraints have been entered in this system, and it is always recommended that
none is entered until the potential of the system has been established. At this point
the user should consider design options and sensitivity analyses.
Now save the GAP file by clicking on save icon
confirmation.
This concludes the first objective of the exercise: calculating the system production
in time.
25
The already defined well properties (VLPs, IPR, PVT etc) can be copied to the new
well by holding the Ctrl key down while selecting the first well with the left mouse
button, and dragging the mouse over the new well.
Add a link between the new well and the Manifold 2 using the link icon, and then
deselect the link icon.
Alternatively, right click on the first well and select Copy. Right click anywhere in the
model and select Paste to paste the copied well. Link the well to manifold 1.
Enter the Summary Data Entry screen for the second well by double-clicking on the
well's icon with the left-hand mouse button. Change its label to Well 2 in the top left
of the screen, and then click on the green tab labelled dP Control in the lower part
of the screen. These buttons are quick links to different screens of equipment input
data. Set the dP Control to Calculated. This will simulate the presence of a well
head choke that allows GAP to reduce the flow from the well and meet any
constraints imposed on the system.
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October, 2009
Dexterity Examples
26
Select OK. The potentially choked (controllable) well will have a thin red ring around
it.
27
Input the gas rate constraint at the separator by double-clicking using the left-hand
mouse button on the separator icon. Navigate to the Constraints data entry section
by clicking on the Constraints tab in the lower half of the Equipment Data Entry
screen. Enter a Max gas production of 100 MMscf/day, and then select OK.
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October, 2009
Dexterity Examples
28
The separator constraint is shown on the separator icon as two inward pointing
arrows. This is shown in the figure below.
29
Select Solve Network | Next and click on the Optimise with all Constraints
option:
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October, 2009
Dexterity Examples
30
Next Calculate to solve the system with the constraint applied. Click on Main to
access the main interface when the calculation is finished. Since there are two
wells: one fully open and the other with a wellhead choke (dP control), the optimiser
will choke back well 2 to achieve the constraint set at the Separator. To access the
results, go to Results | Detailed | All Wells. The Gas production for the two wells
can be checked. Use Next to move to Well 2 and note that the production has been
choked back to 29 MMscf/day to achieve the constraint at separator.
A green rhombus will be seen across the separator indicating that constraint of
100MMscf/day gas rate has been honoured. If this is not visible, the option can be
activated by selecting View | Highlight Limiting Constraints from the main menu.
31
2.2
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October, 2009
Dexterity Examples
32
2.2.1
Objectives
The system to be modeled is described below:
Objective:
Design a PROSPER well model for input into GAP gas integrated modeling
exercise.
Calculate production capacity of the well.
2.2.1.1
Learning topics
Executive Summary
2.2.2
33
version of PROSPER being used can be seen in bottom right hand side of main
PROSPER interface or by selecting Help | About Prosper.
The command options (File, Options etc.) at the top of the PROSPER window are
laid out in a logical order (left to right; top to bottom fashion) that reflects the order or
workflow required to design well models.
Select File | New to start a new file if required.
PROSPER has been launched from GAP.
Note that files saved with this version of PROSPER will not be readable by previous
versions.
Select File | Preferences followed by the File tab. It is recommended that the
Default Data Directory field is set (using the Browse button) to a directory that is
exclusively used to store data files created with the current software version. This is
as shown in the following figure.
Select the Units tab. It is also important to ensure that consistent units are used
throughout, particularly when data generated by PROSPER may be incorporated into
an MBAL or GAP model. Oilfield units will be used for this example. Ensure that
Input Units and Output Units box have Oilfield selected. Select Done to return to
the main PROSPER window.
IPM Tutorials
October, 2009
Dexterity Examples
2.2.3
34
2.2.4
35
Condensate gravity
Water to Gas ratio
Water salinity
Mole Percent H2S
Mole Percent CO2
Mole Percent N2
50 API
0 STB/MMscf
10000 ppm
0%
0%
0%
2.2.5
17350
17350
IPM Tutorials
October, 2009
Dexterity Examples
36
No surface equipment is required in this model. Note that all equipment between the
well head and manifold defined in GAP would in general have to be input here so
that the various pressure drops due to these equipments are accounted for in the
VLP. Select Cancel.
Enter the following tubing and casing data in the downhole equipment screen, and
then click Done.
Type
Measured depth
(ft)
Inside
diameter (in)
Roughness
(in)
Xmass
tree
Tubing
17250
2.992
0.0006
Casing
17350
0.0006
37
A temperature profile for the well is required. This is defined by a temperature model
selected under System Options. Please see section of PROSPER Userguide for
more information on temperature models.
This model is performing a pressure and temperature calculation, therefore the
temperature of the surrounding formations and a mean heat transfer coefficient are
required. Enter the following linear geothermal gradient and then select Done.
Measured Depth (ft) Formation temperature (
oF)
0
60
17350
230
Overall heat transfer coefficient 3 BTU/ft2/F/hr
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October, 2009
Dexterity Examples
38
The fluid average heat capacities shall be left at their default values. Click on Done
to accept the values.
Back on the main Equipment data entry screen. Select Summary | Draw Downhole
to view a schematic of the downhole equipment. Select Main to save the input data
and return to the main PROSPER window.
39
The equipment data defined will be used with a VLP correlation function for
estimation of pressure drops in the well (i.e. define the VLP). The next step is to
define the well inflow using an Inflow Performance model.
In PROSPER main screen, select System | Inflow Performance to call up the IPR
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October, 2009
Dexterity Examples
40
Input screen. Click on the Petroleum Experts Reservoir Model and Enter Skin By
Hand for the Mechanical/Geometrical Skin. Set the following data in the lower right
of the screen.
Reservoir Pressure
Reservoir Temperature
Water Gas Ratio
Condensate Gas Ratio
11500 psig
230 degrees F
0 STB/MMscf
0 STB/MMscf
Select the Input Data button at the top right of the interface and enter the following
data within the Reservoir Model section.
Reservoir Permeability
Reservoir Thickness
Drainage Area
Dietz Shape Factor
Wellbore Radius
Perforation Interval
Time
Reservoir Porosity
Swc
20 md
100 feet
2500 acres
31.6
0.354 feet
30 feet
100 days
0.2
0.2
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41
Select the Mech/Geom Skin tab and enter a skin value of 2. Select Calculate. An
IPR plot showing the inflow to the well as a function of the wells sandface pressure
will be shown. An AOF of 143 MMscf/day is shown as the maximum flow obtainable.
Absolute open flow (AOF) for gases in PROSPER is limited to 150MMscf/day and oils
to 40,000stb/day by default. If AOF of the well being modelled exceeds these values
(i.e. pressure not at a value of zero), the IPR will be truncated. The limits can be
changed by going to File | Preferences | Limits and inserting higher values for the
AOF.
Model validation cannot be performed for this example since no production/
measured data exists for the well. The next step is to calculate the production of the
well (VLP+IPR intersection). Select Calculation | System (IPR+VLP) | 3 variables
and enter the following data.
IPM Tutorials
1500 psig
0 STB/MMscf
0 STB/MMscf
Petroleum Experts 2
Bottom Node
Automatic - Linear
October, 2009
Dexterity Examples
42
43
The X-axis shows the produced gas flow rate and the Y-axis shows the well
sandface pressure. The reservoir pressure has been set to 11500 psig and the well
head pressure to 1500 psig. For these pressures, the IPR (green curve) and VLP
(red curve) intersect at a well sandface pressure of 8644 psig and flow rate of 72
MMscf/day, these being the flow conditions that the well would actually achieve (i.e.
the unique flow pressure solution that lies on both the IPR and VLP curves). Move
the mouse cursor within the plot to display the X and Y coordinate values are
displayed at the top right of the screen.
The relatively steep gradient of the VLP curve compared with the IPR curve indicates
that a high percentage of the pressure drop from the reservoir to the well head is as
a result of high frictional resistance within the well.
Select Finish. Save the PROSPER file as Gasres.out in a suitable directory by
clicking File |Save As.
If PROSPER was being run from GAP, select GAP on the menu bar to return to the
GAP Gas Network Example documentation, otherwise select File | Exit.
This completes the PROSPER gas well modeling exercise - Click here to Return to
GAP
2.3
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Dexterity Examples
44
2.3.1
Objectives
The system to be modeled is described below:
A dry gas reservoir with no condensate or free water associated with it.
The reservoir volume is 600Bscf of dry gas at 11500psig and 230degF.
Objective:
Design a MBAL tank model for input into GAP gas integrated modeling exercise.
2.3.1.1
Learning topics
Executive Summary
45
From GAP the MBAL program can be started from the tank summary screen by
clicking on Run MBAL as shown in the following figure.
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October, 2009
Dexterity Examples
46
Check that the current version of MBAL has been loaded. The version number can
be checked by selecting Help | About MBAL Package.
From the main MBAL menu select Tool | Material Balance to start an MBAL
material balance session.
The command options (File, Tool, Options etc.) at the top of the MBAL window are
laid out in a logical order (left to right; top to bottom) that reflects the sequence of
operations required to build a valid tank model. Note that files saved with this version
of MBAL will not be readable by previous versions. It is therefore recommended that
the File | Data Directory option is set to a directory that is exclusively used to store
data files created with the current software version.
It is important to ensure that consistent units are used throughout, particularly when
data generated by MBAL may be incorporated into a GAP model. Oilfield units will
be used for this example. Select Units to view the units used by MBAL for both input
and output, as well as the expected data ranges. Select Oilfield for both input and
output units, and then select Done.
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2.3.3
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2.3.4
48
0.59
100 psig
0 STB/MMscf
50 API
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49
Water salinity
Mole percent H2S
Mole percent CO2
Mole percent N2
2.3.5
10000 ppm
0%
0%
0%
Gas
230 deg F
11500 psig
0.2 fraction
0.2 fraction
Use Corr (1/psi)
600000 MMscf
01/01/2005
None
Rock Properties
Check the From Correlation radio button
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Relative Permeability
Rel Perm from
Water Sweep Eff.
Hysteresis
50
Corey Functions
100%
No
Residual
Saturation
End Point
Exponent
Krw
0.2
0.8
Krg
0.01
0.9
1.5
Note that the residual saturation for water corresponds to the connate water
saturation.
There is no Pore Volume vs. Depth or Production History to be entered.
one when the data has been entered.
Select D
2.4
51
2.4.1
Objectives
This tutorial offers a guide to setting up of the example, and also an overview of
other GAP functionalities that can/will be used to achieve the modeling objective.
These points will be made in the body of the text.
It is encouraged to navigate through other GAP features as one proceeds through
the example as this is a useful way of learning about other features not described
here. For more details on a particular feature, please refer to the main GAP manual.
The system to be modeled is described below:
An oilfield has two gas lifted wells: well GL1 and well GL2.
Each well is tied back to the riser base via a 1500 ft flowline.
Each flowline has an ID of 5 inches.
The riser is 500 ft long and has an ID of 10 inches.
The platform is at 500 ft above the seabed. The seabed is assumed to be
flat.
The objectives of the exercise is to maximise production from a gas lifted oil
production system by re-allocating produced gas across the wells in the system
using the Solve Network calculation.
NOTE: The model will also include an MBAL tank that is not necessary to have
when using the Solve Network calcualtion, enabling
a prediction to be
performed if desired once the gas lift optimisation tutorial has been
completed
2.4.1.1
Learning topics
2.4.1.2
Executive summary
The steps required to build the integrated network model are listed below. These
generally are the standard steps required and may vary depending on modeling
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2.4.2
2.4.2.1
Select File New to start up a new file. This option clears the current screen display
and resets the program workspace to initial values.
2.4.2.2
To set-up the optimisation method and other GAP options, choose Options | M
ethod
Select the following input parameters:
System type: Production
Water and gas injection systems can also be modelled. When performing a
prediction run, these injection systems can be associated with a production
system to provide voidage replacement (for example) into the producing
reservoirs.
Optimisation Method: Production
Various optimisation methods (e.g. Reveue, heating value e.t.c) are available.
PVT Model: Black Oil
Please see Section 1.3 of the GAP User Guide for a detailed description of the
fluid modeling options.
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Prediction: None
One can run predictive models in GAP, either using a simple decline curve model
or by linking to Petroleum Experts MBAL program to perform Material Balance
calculations. Connectivity to Petroleum Experts REVEAL numerical simulator can
also be done.
Prediction Method: Pressure and temperature
This allows GAP to perform pressure and temperature drop calculations in
pipeline models.
Water Vapor: No Calculation or Calculate Condensed Water Vapor
This option is available for Dry and Wet Gas and Retrograde Condensate fluid
types. If the Calculate Condensed Water Vapor option has been set, then the
condensation of water vapor will be taken into account in the pressure drop
calculations.
Temperature Model: Rough Approximation
This is the default temperature model in GAP. GAP uses an Overall Heat Transfer
Coefficient specified by the user alongside enviromental temperature conditions
and fluid heat capacities, to determine the heat lost by the fluid to the
surroundings.
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Units setup
To set-up the input and output units, click on Options | Units and select the unit
system required.
Clicking on the cell below the Input or Output column header (defaulted to Oilfield)
will yield a selectable list of available units systems. Oilfield units shall be employed
throughout this example.
For more information on units systems in GAP, please refer to the units section of
the online help or the GAP manual.
55
If the integrated model contains gas injections sources (either gas lifted wells or gas
injection into a reservoir model) or any fluid injection source, the fluid characteristics
need to be defined.
GAP maintains a list of gas injection sources with different gas gravities and impurity
levels (and compositions if compositional tracking is enabled). These can be edited
by selecting Options | Injection fluids. When a new file is created, a default entry is
supplied with a specific gravity of 0.7 and no impurities. This entry can be edited or a
new entry created.
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When gas lifteed well models are set up, the gas source can be set to any gas PVT
type defined under Injection fluids.
The default gas fluid properties shall be used.
2.4.3
2.4.3.1
Adding Wells
57
toolbar and clicking on the element that needs to be deleted. If a piece of equipment
needs to be removed from the system temporarily, then it is preferable to Mask the
item select the Mask tool from the toolbar to achieve this.
The option of viewing a grid can be activated by View | Draw Grid.
See the GAP manual for more details on user interface functionality.
2.4.3.2
Tie-backs
Joints are needed to hook up the wells to the tiebacks. Joints (or manifolds) are used
as connection tools in GAP. They are also used to specify wellheads.
To create a joint icon, select the Add Joint option from the toolbar. Click on the
screen at desired location (above each well icon, for instance).
The joint to be connected to the well GL1 will be labelled WH1-GL1, and the second
joint will be labelled WH2-GL2.
A third joint called "Manifold" shall be used to gather production from the individual
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2.4.3.3
The Platform
2.4.3.4
Pipes/Links
TIP: Pipes are created using the Add Link tool from the
toolbar. The reason for this name is that this tool can
also be used to create logical connections (for example,
well to reservoir, or compressor to manifold): whether a
pipe or a connection is made depends on the equipment
being connected.
To connect the different equipment, the Add Link button is selected from the
toolbar. Connections in integrated models in GAP are made in the direction of fluid
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59
flow.
Link well GL1 to its wellhead WH1-GL1 by clicking on the well icon GL1, and drag a
connection to the WH1-GL1 joint.
Repeat the process with GL2 and WH2-GL2.
Repeat the process between WH1-GL1 and Manifold and between WH2-GL2 and
Manifold.
Link the Manifold to the Riser Top: this will become the Riser.
Finally, link the Riser top to the Platform.
Labeling
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The tieback between WH1-GL1 and the manifold will be labeled Tie One. The
tieback between WH2-GL2 and the manifold will be labeled Tie Two. the pipe
between manifold and riser will be labelled 'Riser'.
Pipe labelling can be achieved by double-clicking on the pipe and entering its label at
the top left hand corner of the summary interface.
2.4.3.5
61
Please consult the user manual or online help for more options.
The basic schematic is now set up, as shown above. The next step is to provide
information/models about the various equipment in the network.
2.4.4
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2.4.4.1
62
Well models
Well GL1
To describe the well model, double click on the Well GL1 icon. This calls up the Well
Data Entry - Summary screen for this well. Enter the following data:
Label: GL1
Mask: Include In System
Well Type: Oil Producer (Gas Lifted)
Well file: C:\Program Files\Petroleum Experts\IPM 7.x\Samples\Worked
Examples\Dexterity Examples\GL1.OUT
Wells can be modelled using Petroleum Experts PROSPER package, as done in this
example. Enter the above PROSPER well file in this field, either typing it directly
or using the Browse button to invoke a file browser.
Model: VLP/IPR intersection
Control: Gas Lift Control Mode - Calculated (it is not necessary to include a
Min and Max Gas Injection Rate)
Click Ok to complete this step, or go directly to the next well using the equipment list
on the right.
Well GL2
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2.4.4.2
With a PROSPER file associated to the GAP well model, an IPR import from prosper
can be made.
When IPR's are transferred, GAP receives three points that lie on the PROSPER IPR
along with PVT parameters and reservoir pressure. GAP then performs a match to
this data to obtain the PI.
To transfer the well IPRs from the existing PROSPER well models select Generate |
Generate well IPRs with PROSPER on the GAP main menu and then follow the onscreen instructions. The following screen will be displayed:
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Click on All to select all the wells. The screen as below will show the selected wells.
Click on Generate. This will launch PROSPER and import IPR information into GAP.
The IPR generation process begins and the IPRs are transferred in batch mode. No
user intervention is required.
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Click OK to go back to the main screen. Double-click on the Well icon to bring up the
well summary screen. Note that IPR tab is green indicating that IPR is now valid.
Save the GAP file by clicking on save icon
Example.gap.
2.4.4.3
A well is basically defined by an inflow and an outflow; the inflows (IPRs) have been
already transferred to the wells in the above procedure.
To import/assign the VLP to the well GL1, double-click on the GL1 well icon, click on
the VLP tab (should be red if not valid) and browse for VLP file located in C:\
Program Files \ Petroleum Experts \ IPM 7.x \ Samples \ Worked Examples \
Dexterity examples \ GAP\ GL1.VLP. Note that clicking on the VLP tab on the
summary screen is equivalent to selecting the Input button followed by the VLP tab.
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Repeat this process for the second well. Its VLP file is located in: C:\ Program Files \
Petroleum Experts \ IPM 7.x \ Samples \ Worked Examples \ Dexterity examples \
GAP\ GL2.VLP
Lift curves can be plotted or inspected by clicking on the Plot buttons of the VLP
screen.
Click on Ok to complete this step.
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2.4.5
2.4.5.1
Riser Description
To describe the riser, double click on the pipeline and this leads to the Pipe Data
Entry - Summary Screen.
Enter the following data:
Correlation: Petroleum Experts 4
Go to the input section (by clicking on the Input button) and enter the following
information:
Environment:
This can be used to set up special pipe environmental quantities such as
ambient temperature or heat capacities for pipeline temperature
calculations. The default entries are suitable for our requirements. Leave all
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69
The above process detailed for the riser is repeated for the other system pipes.
Correlation: Petroleum Experts 4
Environment: default
The pipeline description is:
Enter 500 ft for the downstream end (Manifold)
Select Line pipe in the first cell in the second row in the Segment Type
column.
Length: 1500 ft
TVD: 500 ft
ID: 5"
Roughness: 0.0006" (default)
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2.4.5.3
70
2.4.6
71
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Click on Next | Calculate. Make sure that the Optimise with all Constraints check
box is ticked before the calculation is started. GAP will allocate the available gas to
the wells to maximise the oil production since gas lift control on each well is set to
'calculated'. When the calculation is finished, click Main to go back to the main
screen.
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2.4.7
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The natural flow production of this production network system is about 4000 BOPD.
With 6 MMscf/day of gas injection, an optimal allocation would increase the
production to around 4794 BOPD.
We also see from these results that increasing the total gas injection beyond 10
MMscf/day does not increase the amount of production by a significant margin. The
maximum production available from this system is nearly 5000 BOPD.
A plot of oil production against lift gas injection can be displayed by clicking on Plot.
75
The optimal gas lift distribution between the wells can be viewed by clicking on
Results | Summary | All Wells. Select Gas Lift Injection Rate to display how the
amount of gas injection to each well varies with total amount available. Click on Plot
for a graphical view. Select the following as variables:
Gas available: 10 MMscft/d
Y axis variable: Oil Rate
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77
TIP: One can view and plot allocation results for any
node in the system by entering its data entry screen in
the usual manner and then clicking on the Results
button. The first tab displays the Allocation results.
Press Plot to obtain a plot of these results.
This completes the section on building and optimising a network of Gas Lifted wells.
Save the file as Tutorial Gas Lift example.gap.
2.5
2.5.1
Objectives
The system to be modeled is described below:
An integrated water injection system comprising of tank model, injection well, a
feed pipeline and an injection manifold
Vertical water injector, tubing down to 5500ft (3.5-in I.D.), casing down to 5630ft
(6-in I.D.)
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Learning topics
2.5.1.2
Executive summary
2.5.2
Couple MBAL tank model to the GAP gas lift production model.
Create a GAP water injection model and draw system schematics.
Associate an MBAL tank model to water injection model.
Design the injection well model in PROSPER.
Design the pipeline network.
Generating the inflow performance from well model.
Generating lift curves for the well.
Calculate injection capacity of the system.
Save the injection model and couple to production model.
Perform prediction run
Analyse results.
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The tank needs to be described in the production model. On the tank summary
screen select Browse and locate the MBAL file (TUTORIAL GAP EXAMPLE_TANK.
MBI).
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It can be seen that the fractional flow model under IPR | More tab is invalid. Set the
relative permeability option to From Tank Model as shown above to revalidate the
well models.
For more information on fractional flow and relative permeability please review the
MBAL User Guide.
In order to be able to run a material balance prediction, the model must be made
predictive. Ensure that the option to perform predictions in GAP is made active by
selecting Options | Method and set Prediction to On
81
Using File | Save As, save the file as Tutorial Gas Lift example.gap in a suitable
directory.
2.5.3
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The next step is to input the elements constituting the model : reservoir, water
injection wells, injection lines and injection manifold.
On the main GAP interface, click on the Add tank icon
Using the Add well icon
, add a well.
Using the Add separator/injection manifold icon , add a water injection manifold (a
injection temperature must be entered on the Input | Fluid Screen of the manifold).
Using the Add joint icon
and the well.
83
Using File | Save As, save the file as WaterInj.GAP in a suitable directory.
The physical properties of the different elements constituting the system shall now
be specified. The procedure has been explained in detail for each element when the
production network was created. The injection system should be completed using
the same work-flow/ approach. Design parameters are:
Water shall be injected into the same tank in the production model. Select Browse
to locate the MBAL file (TUTORIAL GAP EXAMPLE_TANK.MBI).
The water injection well is created using the same procedure described for the
production wells. IPR and VLPs must be generated as for any other type of well.
Generate VLP for a suitable range of liquid rates, manifold pressure and flowing well
head temperatures as may be encountered by the water injection well during a
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prediction run.
The injection flow line can be completed by using pipe data above for pipe length,
pipe inside diameter.
Set the well as 'controllable' i.e. wellhead choke can be controlled by the optimiser.
This is done either by right clicking on the well, or by selecting dP control as
'calculated on the well summary screen| Input data section.
The red circles around the tank and the well are not present anymore, confirming the
validity of the data input on each element of the system.
Save the file.
2.5.4
85
Click OK. Both the production and injection models now appear in the GAP main
window.
Both models can be visualised side by side in the main GAP window by selecting
Window | Tile Vertically.
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It is now possible to make modifications on each model in the same GAP session.
Save the project done so far. Click on File| Save as and each model will be saved
separately as shown by the following screen. Click Continue to save the production
and water injection models in the same directories chosen previously. If this is not
the case, simply alter the file path name on the interface.
87
2.5.5
Several options are available for water injection control (and/or gas injection).
- Tank target pressure: This option maintains the reservoir pressure at
specified value by voidage replacement with water.
- Voidage replacement: Water injection by voidage replacement, as specified
by a percentage input by the user.
- Water recycling : this option enables to inject a defined percentage of the
produced water
- Fixed Rate : this option enables to inject a defined rate of water.
These constraints will be honoured if selected because the injection well has has a
theoretical wellhead choke applied across it (i.e dP choke control).
Set a fixed water injection rate of 3000 STB / d.
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Click Next to go to the next prediction screen : It summarises the input data for the
tank chosen.
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NOTE: The water injection well VLP data set must have ben generated with
Manifold Pressure range that includes the 2000 psig.
Select Optimise with all Constraints and Calculate. This allows the Solve Network
cycle to be performed for each of the 16 time steps requested, while respecting the
constraints input.
91
GAP reports the limiting constraints in the system. In this case, these are the
maximum gas lift gas available and the fixed water injection rate.
Once the calculation is finished, select Main and return to the main GAP window.
To inspect the results, double click on the tank and select Results | Show MBAL
Results. This enables accessing the global prediction results for the tank. To check
that the constraint on the water injection rate as been respected, select Plot |
Variables and choose the variables you want to display on the plot, Average Water
Injection Rate Vs. Time.
Select Done and the plot is displayed. It is then noticeable that the constraints on the
water injection rate set previously as been fulfilled. The scales can be set by Scales
| Edit.
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2.5.6
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Chapter
95
Physics Examples
This section contains the following tutorials: PROSPER Gas Lift Example:
This example focuses on the design of a gas lifted oil well in PROSPER.
PROSPER ESP Example:
This example focuses on the design of a ESP (Electrical submersible pump)
lifted oil well in PROSPER.
MBAL Gas History Matching Example:
This example is a continuation of the MBAL gas example outlined in the
dexterity section. It focuses on matching the model to production history and
preparing the model for a prediction through fractional flow matching.
MBAL Oil History Matching Example:
This example focuses on the design of an MBAL oil reservoir model and shows
how to history match the model to production data.
All the example files can be found under:
C:\Program Files\Petroleum Experts\IPM 7.x\Worked Examples\Physics Examples
3.1
3.1.1
Objectives
The objectives of the exercise are:
1. Design a naturally flowing well in PROSPER.
2. Quality check the test / production data that is available. The well test data
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Data Set 2
Well head pressure = 264.0 psig
Water cut = 20.3 %
Liquid rate = 1100.0 stb/day
GOR = 500 scf/stb
Gas Lift = 1.0 MMscf/day
Injection depth = 8000.0 ft
Pressure @ 1500 ft = 500.0 psig
3.1.1.1
Learning topics
97
The single well model will be designed one step at a time and at each step any
available test / production data available will be used to validate the model. As new
test data becomes available, it will be checked with the model and any inconsistency
will be investigated from an engineering and physics point of view.
3.1.1.2
Executive summary
3.1.2
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Next a Black Oil fluid PVT model shall be input (The Black oil method was selected
for fluid PVT description under system options). Black oil correlations shall be
matched to laboratory data and the most suitable Black oil correlation which
reproduces fluid PVT behaviour will be selected.
Select | PVT | Input Data and enter the following fluid properties at standard
conditions:
Solution GOR
Oil gravity
Gas gravity
Water salinity
(No gas impurities)
500 scf/stb
39 API
0.798
100000 ppm
99
Click the Match Data button on the above dialog and enter the PVT match data
available at bubble point conditions of the fluid.
Temperature
250 degree F
Bubble point
2200 psig
GOR @ bubble point
500 scf/stb
Oil FVF @ bubble point
1.32 rb/stb
Oil viscosity @ bubble point
0.4 cp
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Click Done on the above dialog to go back to the PVT input dialog. Conduct the
matching procedure by clicking the Regression button and then the Match All
button.
Once the correlations have been matched to data, click the Parameters button to
view the statistics and select the best correlation that closely reproduces PVT
behaviour. Based on the regression parameters (parameter 1, a multiplier and
parameter 2, a shift factor) and standard deviation, select the best model. Ideally the
standard deviation should be very small, parameter 1 should equal 1 and parameter
2 should equal zero.
101
From the regression results, the Glaso correlation for Pb, Rs and Bo and Beggs et al
correlation for oil viscosity give the best match and are selected for the PVT model.
Click on | Done | Done to go back to the main PVT screen. Select the correlations to
use in the main PVT screen.
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1000
1000
2500
2405
6500
5322
15200
11500
103
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Roughness
(in)
Xmass
tree
Tubing
14500
3.96
0.0006
Casing
15200
6.00
0.0006
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104
Geothermal Gradient
The formation geothermal gradient is given below:
Measured depth
(ft)
Formation
temperature
(degree F)
50
15200
250
105
IPM Tutorials
Darcy
Enter by hand
3844 psig
250 degree F
20.3 %
500
No
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106
100 md
100 ft
100 acres
31.6
0.354 ft
107
Click on the tab labelled Mech/Geom Skin and input a skin value of zero i.e. no
feature in reservoir causes an additional pressure drop
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Next, the IPR is calculated to register the Absolute Open flow potential (AOF) of the
reservoir. Click on the Calculate button to get the following IPR plot:
109
Click on Main on the IPR plot menu to go back to the main PROSPER window.
The next step is to define gas lift data: gas properties, injection depths and
pressures e.t.c.
Click on System | Gaslift Data menu and enter the gas lift data as follows.
Gaslift gas gravity
Mole percent H2S
Mole percent H2S
Mole percent H2S
GLR injected
Gas lift method
Maximum Depth of injection
Casing pressure
DP across valve
IPM Tutorials
0.7
0%
0%
0%
0 scf/stb
Optimum Depth of injection
13000 ft
1900 psig
100 psi
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As the gas lift data suggests, an optimum depth of injection has been chosen but the
injection depth is limited to 13000 feet (the packer depth). Thus with a casing
pressure of 1900psi and 100psi pressure loss across valve, prosper will determine
the optimum point of injection that corresponds to maximum liquid produced. The
0.7gravity gas will be injected at this depth depending on gas injection rates or GLR
injected specified. Various values of injection rates or GLR injected can be
sentisized on during a system calculation.
Click on Done to complete this and to go back to the main PROSPER screen.
Save the file using File | Save As as GLIFTG.OUT for a directory of choice.
3.1.3
264.0 psig
20.3 %
6161.0 stb/day
432 scf/stb
0 scf/stb
0 MMscf/day
111
Injection depth
Pressure @ 14800 ft
Correlations
13000. ft
3382.0 psig
Duns and Ros Modified
Hagedorn Brown
Fancher Brown
Petroleum Experts 2
Petroleum Experts 3
Click on Calculate | Calculate to perform the calculations. Plot to view the results.
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It can be seen at the bottom right hand corner of the plot that the test data point lies
to the left of the pressure traverse generated by the Fancher Brown correlation.
The Fancher Brown correlation is a non-slip correlation i.e. it assumes equal flow
velocities for liquid and gas. It thus predicts a no-slip holdup and a minimum
pressure drop. In reality however, there is always some slip between liquid and gas,
holdup is increased and the pressure drop in the pipe is increased. However, the plot
indicates that actual pressure at a point in the well (test point) is lower than the
Fancher Brown correlation which is not physically possible. This suggests some
inconsistent data in the PVT model and/or test data provided equipment data
description of the well is accurate.
From a review of the test data, a GOR of 432 scf/stb at a reservoir pressure of
3844psi was input. However the PVT model shows that the solution GOR at bubble
point pressure is 500 scf/stb. If the PVT model is assumed accurate, then the test
data input is inconsistent with this and should be reviewed. The test GOR is changed
to 500 scf/stb and the calculation is re-done.
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It can be seen that with consistency between the test data and PVT model, the test
data point plots to the right of the Fancher Brown correlation. This illustrates the
quality check procedure.
The next step involves matching a vertical lift correlation to the test data to
reproduce actual pressure drops in the well. The matched correlation shall be used
in the analysis. Well test Data set 2 shall be used for this purpose.
Again, going through the correlation comparison steps as done for Data set 1, the
data shall be quality checked by performing pressure gradient calculations with
different vertical flow correlations.
Data Set 2
Well head pressure = 264.0 psig
Water cut = 20.3 %
Liquid rate = 1100.0 stb/day
GOR = 500 scf/stb
Gas Lift = 1.0 MMscf/day
Injection depth = 8000.0 ft
Pressure @ 1500 ft = 500.0 psig
Performing the calculations and plotting the results, the following plot is obtained:
The test data point lies to the right of the Duns and Ross Modified (DRM) correlation.
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115
In like manner as the Fancher Brown (FB) correlation , the DRM correlation
represents the maximum pressure loss obtainable in a well if the flow regime is slug
flow. One can verify that the flow regime at the gauge depth (i.e. test point) is slug
flow by checking the gradient results as shown below. This indicates inconsistent
data between the PVT and test measurements assuming well configuration as input
under equipment data is accurate.
It can be further noticed that for the same well head pressure and IPR, the gas lift
well test (Data set 2) produces at lower flow rates than at naturally flowing conditions
(Data set 1). This indicates some inconsistency. If PVT model is assumed accurate,
then the well test data needs to be reviewed.
The other point to note is that for the same well head pressure and IPR, with gas lift
we are getting lower flow rates than without gas lift as indicated by data point one. It
could be that the data point is wrong or the PVT data are incorrect. However we
already know that our PVT data are correct, so the data point must be incorrect.
Since Data set 1 has been quality checked, the VLP correlations can be matched to
it. The matching process seeks to tune the correlations to reproduce the test data
point by matching the two main pressure drop components i.e. gravity and friction
using multipliers (parameter 1 and parameter 2) for each correlation. The correlation
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that best matches the test will be selected to model flow in the tubing.
Select Matching | Matching | IPR/VLP (Quality Check) and input test data point 1
in the VLP/IPR matching interface as shown below:
Well head pressure
Tubing head temperature
Water cut
Liquid rate
GOR
GOR free
Gas Lift gas rate
Injection depth
Pressure @ 14800 ft
264.0 psig
132.8 degree F
20.3 %
6161.0 stb/day
500 scf/stb
0 scf/stb
0 MMscf/day
13000. ft
3382.0 psig
Select the match data spreadsheet row number and click the Estimate U Value
button. This procedure validates the temperature model in PROSPER by back
calculating the right Overall Heat transfer co-efficient (OHTC or U-value) which
reproduces the actual temperature profile across the well using the Rough
approximation temperature model. Once this is calculated, it should be updated in
the Geothermal Gradient section of the downhole equipment data. Select Yes on
the pop up menu to update the U-value.
117
Since a correlation comparison has been conducted on the data, Hagedorn and
Brown, PE2 and PE3 correlations were closest to the test point. The next step is to
match these VLP to the measured data and the best correlation will be selected.
Click the Match VLP button and select the following correlations:
Hagerdorn Brown
Petroleum Experts 2
Petroleum Experts 3
With the match calculations performed, the match parameters (Parameters 1 and 2)
can be accessed by clicking on Statistics.
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Petroleum Experts 3 correlation gives the best match and will be selected as the vertical
lift correlation for the well.
With the VLP correlation matched to test data, the next step is to validate/match the
IPR model. Since the VLP reproduces the actual pressure drop in the well (i.e
passing through the test point); it can be extrapolated to the bottom of the well to
obtain the bottom hole pressure at the test conditions (Qliq, WC and GOR). The
flowing bottom hole pressure and Qliq will plot as a point on a VLP/IPR plot. The
matched VLP honours this point and from the concept of nodal analysis, the IPR
model can be tuned (depending on parameters of most uncertainty in the IPR
model) to pass through this test point; hence honouring the measured data.
This is achieved in the VLP/IPR matching section. From the correlation matched
parameters screen, click on | Done | Done. This leads to the VLP/IPR matching
interface.
Select VLP/IPR to perform the IPR match.
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The objective of this calculation is to obtain the flowing bottom hole pressure for the
test conditions using the matched VLP correlation. Using the matched PE3
correlation, click on Calculate. The results of the calculation and estimated flowing
bottom hole pressure are indicated.
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It can be seen that the Solution Rate and flowing/solution bottom hole pressure
(BHP) as obtained from the model do not correspond with the Test Rate and Test
BHP.
Select Plot and zoom using a left-click and mouse drag over the test point to
observe the VLP / IPR match.
121
The square box is the test point which corresponds to test rate and test BHP as
estimated form the matched VLP correlation. The cross indicates the solution rate
and pressure as calculated by the model. For the model to reproduce the measured
data, the VLP and IPR should intersect at the test point.
Rate and pressure errors are displayed on the right of the plot screen. The IPR
model can then be adjusted to minimise the errors.
There is no universal rule applicable to IPR adjustment. It is based on the IPR model
being used and knowledge of the system. For example, the reservoir pressure and/
or skin may be adjusted to achieve a match. It depends on the users judgement. For
this exercise, the reservoir pressure shall be changed.
Change the reservoir pressure from the VLP/IPR Matching dialogue to 3874psig.
Select VLP/IPR and Calculate and view the tabular results then Plot to view the
graphical solution.
Click on Finish to close the plot window.
Select the IPR button and change the reservoir pressure in the IPR main screen to
3874 psig to up-date the IPR pressure.
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3.1.4
123
IPM Tutorials
1900 psig
1900 psig
200 psi
13500 ft
50%
500 ft
0.45 psi/ft
25%
0 psi
500 scf/stb
Casing sensitive
20 psi
All valves Pvo = gas pressure
Yes
Normal
Yes
Petroleum Experts 3
Beggs and Brill
Yes
Calculated dP at orifice
Baker | B1 | Type_b
53/64-in
100% (no de-rating applied)
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124
Once the valve type has been selected, select Continue. The first step in the design
is to generate the gas lift performance curve by clicking the Get Rate button. Select
the Plot button at the top of the screen and the generated performance curve is as
shown:
The performance curve of a gas lift design plots the oil rate produced with increased
gas injection rates. As discussed earlier, a well is gas lifted to decrease the pressure
loss in the tubing string by decreasing the gravity component of pressure drop. The
greater the amount of gas injected; the lighter the fluid column will be.
However as the amount of gas injected increases, the other major pressure drop
component (friction) also increases. An injection stage is attained when any further
increase in gas injection increases the friction pressure loss more than the relative
decrease in gravity pressure loss. This causes the observed shape of the gaslift gas
perfomance plot.
A look at the performance curve shows that at a gas lift rate of 6 MMscf/day the oil
production is about 3400 stb/day. From this plot PROSPER determines the gas lift
required for maximum oil production. In cases where the Maximum Gas Available
value is higher than the Maximum Gas during Unloading, the program will only
inject the optimum gas into the well, based on the specified maximum gas during
unloading value which in this case is 6 MMscf/day. In cases where the available gas
is less than optimum gas, the actual available gas value will be used.
The next step is to proceed to the actual gas lift design which shall be conducted
with 6MMscf/day (maximum gas lift gas available). Click on Design to do this.
125
With the design completed, click on Plot to observe the design in terms of fluid
pressure gradients in the tubing and annulus.
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Click on Finish to exit the plot and return to the design interface. Here, a click on
Results brings up the calculated gas lift design parameters. Click on Calculate to
obtain the dome pressures and test rack opening pressure settings required.
127
specified and click on "Transfer | From Gas lift design" and the valve depth data
will be copied across.
Go back to the main screen, and save the file as GliftG2.out in a suitable directory.
3.1.5
STEP 4 : Use of QuickLook Diagnostic tool for gas lift performance validation
264 psig
160.7 degree F
6161 stb/day
20.3 %
6.555 MMscf/day
4.1 MMscf/day
1750 psig
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To enter the valve data, select the Valves button on the above interface. The
following screen appears:
The valve data from the just concluded design can be transferred by selecting
Transfer| From Gas Lift Design on the screen below.
129
Next click on Done | Calculate | Calculate | OK | Plot to get the following diagnostic
plot which shows the pressure traverses along the tubing and annulus of the well.
The QuickLook principle calculates well pressure traverses in two directions: one
beginning from the wellhead and going to the sand face, and the other going from
the sand-face up to the wellhead. This is done for both tubing and casing to a give
four pressure gradients.
The downward gradients are based on measured data (THP, liquid flow rates, WC,
GOR for tubing gradient; and CHP, gas injection rates for casing gradient), while the
upward gradients depend on the inflow (in the case of the tubing pressure) and on
the pressure drop across the orifice (as regards the casing pressure).
If the model reproduces observed conditions in the well (assuming accurate test
measurements), the pressure traverses in both directions should be identical for
tubing and annular flow. If this is not the case, likely cause of the deviations need to
be investigated.
From a review of the plot it can be seen that we see that the tubing traverse
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calculated starting from the flowing bottomhole pressure is higher than the measured
tubing traverse. This suggests that the inflow potential is too high. The likely cause of
this will depend on the IPR model being used and the engineers knowledge of the
project. For example, it may be as a result of reservoir pressure and/or skin. For the
purposes of this example, it will be assumed that the skin value is incorrect and is
5.5. To change this, exit from the Quick-Look dialogue and update the IPR skin
value. Return to the Quick-Look calculation and recalculate the gradient:
131
The results show a match between the tubing and annular gradients. This exercise
shows how the quick look diagnostic tool can be sued to investigate/troubleshoot
performance of gas lifted wells provided reliable flow and pressure measurements
are available.
Save the file as GliftG3.out in a suitable directory.
3.2
3.2.1
Objectives
The objectives of the exercise are:
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GOR
scf/stb
Oil FVF
rb/stb
1361.0
392
1.289
3215
392
1.25
Oil
Viscosity
cp
0.66
Gradient Data:
Data Set 1
Well head pressure = 334 psig
Tubing Head Temperature = 174 deg F
Water Cut = 6 %
Liq. Rate = 5200 stb/day
GOR = 392 scf/stb
GOR free = 0 scf/stb
Pressure @ 7677.2 ft = 2329.0 psig
3.2.1.1
Learning topics
The single well model will be designed in a step by step fashion and at each step
any available test / production data available will be used to validate the model.
133
3.2.1.2
Executive summary
3.2.2
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Physics Examples
134
Input the PVT match data available by clicking the Match Data button on the above
screen. This is shown below:
135
Click Done on the above dialog to go back to the PVT input dialog. Conduct the
matching procedure by clicking on the Regression button and then the Match All
button. The program performs a regression analysis on all the entered data with all
standard black oil correlations that are available in PROSPER.
To display the regression parameters and standard deviations for all the correlations,
click on Parameters.
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137
With the PVT match completed i.e. having a valid fluid PVT model which reproduces
fluid behaviour in reality, the next step is to input the well configuration/ equipment
data. To do this, go to the main interface, select System | Equipment (Tubing etc.)
from main menu and input the equipment data as follows:
Deviation Survey:
The deviation survey is as follows:
Measured depth True vertical depth
(ft)
(ft)
IPM Tutorials
463.3
463.3
2399.9
2368.4
3450.1
3256.6
4649.9
4100.1
5200.1
4467.5
6899.9
5673.9
7450.1
6079.7
8687.7
7280.2
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This survey is the reference for MD - TVD depth conversions. The deviation survey
should start from zero (i.e. a reference depth). Where this zero depth is refernced to
is up to the user. However, it is important that all other depth entries in teh model
should be consistent with this zero depth reference.
The next step is to define the equipments in the well itself. No surface data
equipment is available.
Down-hole equipment:
The following equipment data is available for the well. No tubing Outer Diameter
data is input at the moment. The data is input later when the ESP artificial lift option
1990-2009 Petroleum Experts Limited
139
is selected.
Type
MD (ft)
Tubing ID
(in)
Tubing OD
(in)
Casing ID
(in)
Xmas
tree
59.4
Tubing
689.0
3.96
4.5
8.68
SSSV
2.13
Tubing
7660.8
3.96
4.5
8.68
Restriction
2.31
Tubing
7677.2
3.96
4.5
8.68
Casing
7860.9
8.68
Casing
8169.3
6.18
Casing
8687.7
3.96
Next, geothermal gradient and OHTC (U-value) are specified as given below for
temperature calculations in the well.
Geothermal Gradient:
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Formation
temperature
(degree F)
59.4
60
8687.7
205
3 BTU/hr/ft2/F
PI Entry
2468 psig
205 degree F
6%
392
No
141
The PI IPR model based on test measurements is selected. Click on Input data tab
to input a PI of 7.19 stb/day/psi for the system.
Click the Calculate button to view the IPR and the Absolute Open flow potential
calculated.
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3.2.3
142
143
Perform the calculations (by clicking the Calculate | Calculate) and plot the results.
The above plot shows that the test data point lies on the right of the Pressure
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144
traverse generated by the Duns and Ros Modified (DRM) correlation. The DRM
correlation represents the maximum pressure loss obtainable in a well if the flow
regime is slug flow. One can verify that the flow regime at the gauge depth (i.e. test
point) is slug flow by checking the gradient calculation results on the previous
interface.
For the well conditions, the plot indicates tubing pressures greater than the DRM
correlation. This indicates inconsistency between the PVT model and test data
assuming equipment description is accurate.
Assuming accurate PVT model for this example, then the test data has to be
reviewed. A water cut of 6% was input at test conditions. This is a low value for a
naturally flowing well being considered for artificial lift. A re-check of test data now
indicates that actual water cut is 34% and not 6%. Changing this value on the Tubing
correlation comparison interface and re-calculating the gradients, the following plot is
obtained.
It can be seen that the test data point plots to the left of DRM correlation, and this
concludes the quality check process.
The next step involves matching a vertical lift correlation to the test data.
The matching process seeks to tune the correlations to reproduce the test data point
by matching the two components of pressure drop i.e. gravity and friction using
multipliers (parameter 1 and parameter 2) for each correlation. The correlation that
best matches the test will be selected to model flow in the tubing.
Select Matching | Matching | IPR/VLP (Quality Check) and input test data 1 on the
VLP/IPR matching interface as shown below (note that a 34% water cut value will be
used).
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Perform the correlation match by clicking the Match VLP button. Select the following
correlations from the list:
Hagedorn Brown
Petroleum Experts 2
Petroleum Experts 3
Click the Match button again to calculate the match parameters. Once completed,
the match parameters are reviewed by selecting the Statistics button:
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Petroleum Experts 2 gives the best match and will be selected later as the vertical lift
correlation. This concludes model validation and data quality check for the example.
Save the file as ESPG.out in a suitable directory.
3.2.4
147
Type
MD (ft)
Tubing ID
(in)
Tubing OD
(in)
Casing ID
(in)
Xmas
tree
59.4
Tubing
689.0
3.96
4.5
8.68
SSSV
2.13
Tubing
7660.8
3.96
4.5
8.68
Restriction
2.31
Tubing
7677.2
3.96
4.5
8.68
Casing
7860.9
8.68
Casing
8169.3
6.18
Casing
8687.7
3.96
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148
efficiency is zero).
Pump depth
Operating frequency
Maximum OD
Length of cable
Gas separator efficiency
Design rate
Water cut
Total GOR
Top node pressure
Motor power safety margin
Pump wear factor
Pipe correlation
Tubing correlation
7660 ft
60 Hz
6 in
7710 ft
0%
9000 stb/day
60 %
392 scf/stb
100 psig
0%
0
Beggs and Brill
Petroleum Experts 2
Click on Calculate on the above dialog and Calculate again to determine the pump
head, fluid power required and other design parameters:
149
With the calculations completed, the need for a gas separator at pump inlet can be
checked using an empirical correlation (Dunbar plot). Click on Sensitivity and the
plot appears.
The Dunbar plot is a plot of Intake pressure against gas entering the pump (i.e. GLR
at pump intake).
The different lines on the Dunbar plot are for different levels of gas separation
efficiency at pump intake. When the test point plots above the Dunbar factor, a gas
separator is not necessary at pump inlet (as in this case). If the point plots below the
Dunbar factor, then a gas separator with an efficiency corresponding to the line it
plots on is required at pump inlet. In such case, the separator efficiency is entered in
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the ESP design input dialog and pump calculations are repeated to ensure the point
plots above the Dunbar factor line.
The next step is to perform the design which involves selecting a pump, motor and
cable which meet design parameters. Exit the plot, click on Done and then Design.
PROSPER filters out pumps, motors and cable that meet the design parameters from
a database. The data base can be accessed through Design | ESP | Pump
database and the interface below is displayed.
151
On this screen use Import | Append to import a pump database. There are some
databases provided with the program in the \samples\PROSPER directory. One can
call up the motor and cable databases in a similar fashion.
Return to the ESP design interface to select equipment that meet design criteria.
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From the available list of pumps, select the REDA SN8500 model.
From the motors listed select the Reda 540_90-0_Int 400HP 2116V 113A motor..
Based on the selection available select #1 Copper cable. This stage completes the
ESP design and the results are displayed on the same interface in terms of current
required etc as shown below:
A click on Plot displays the pump performance curve which shows operational limits
for the pump.
153
The REDA SN8500 pump will require 136 stages (impellar - diffuser configurations)
in series for the required head to deliver the fluids at the target rate and well head
pressure.
The point on this plot shows the design operating point on the pump performance
plot.
This concludes the new ESP design
3.2.5
345 psig
6523 stb/day
60 %
392 scf/stb
2468 psig
7660 ft
60 Hz
7710 ft
0%
137
0 (fraction)
Downhole data:
Pump discharge pressure (MD = 7660 ft) = 2725 psig
Pump suction pressure (MD = 7660 ft) = 1025 psig
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To begin the calculation, select Calculate | Calculate and plot the pressure traverse
along the well.
155
The QuickLook principle calculates well pressure traverses for in two directions: one
beginning from the wellhead and going to the sand face, and the other going from
the sand-face up to the wellhead. If the model reproduced observed conditions in the
well (assuming accurate test measurements), the pressure traverses should be
identical.
the pump is a tie point for the system i.e. where the inflow up to the pump and the
lift above the pump are tied with each other. For a given wellhead pressure, the
pump discharge pressure depends only on the weight and frictional loss of the fluid
above the pump. It can be sen from the diagnostic plot that the pump discharge
pressure calculated from the downward traverse is slightly lower than the measured
test point (blue point).
This section of the well can be considered as a naturally flowing well with bottomhole
pressure equal to the pump discharge pressure.
Thus to match the downward discharge pressure point with the measured point, the
model can be switched back to natural flowing conditions and the flow correlations
tuned to reproduce the measured pressure profile from top of the well to pump
discharge point. The test data is given below.
Tubing Head Pressure:
Tubing Head Temperature:
Water Cut:
Liquid Rate:
Gauge Depth:
Gauge Pressure:
GOR:
IPM Tutorials
345 psig
174 deg F
60 %
6523 STB/day
7660 ft
2725 psig
392 scf/STB
October, 2009
Physics Examples
GOR free:
156
0 scf/STB
Perform a Correlation Comparison to quality check the test data. The test data point
is within the limits given by the Duns and Ros Modified and Fancher and Brown
correlations, as shown in the following plot:
After data quality check, the correlation which gives pressure profile closest to data
point can be selected and then matched to the data point.
The choice of the correlation and VLP match is done following the guidelines given
1990-2009 Petroleum Experts Limited
157
by the PROSPER manual and previous examples for natural flowing wells.
Back to the VLP/IPR screen, click on Match VLP and match the Petroleum Experts 2
correlation.
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With the well section above the pump matched to measured data, re-select the ESP
artificial lift method from Options interface and go to the Quicklook section.
Click on CalculateCalculate, then Plot. The following QuickLook plot is displayed:
159
As can be seen, the measured and calculated discharge pressures are matched.
The next step is to obtain a match on the inlet conditions of the pump.
The above plot shows that the DP across the pump calculated in the downward
gradient is greater than the measured pump DP (as indicated by the distance
between the two blue squares). The likely cause of the deviation could be due to
pump wear, which decreases the pump performance.
If a pump wear factor of 18% (0.18) is input on the Quicklook main interface and the
calculations re-performed, the following diagnostic plot is obtained.
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161
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A match is now obtained for both downward and upward pressure traverses. This
exercise shows how the quick look diagnostic tool can be sued to investigate/
troubleshoot performance of ESP lifted wells provided reliable flow and pressure
measurements are available.
Save this file as ESPG1.out in a suitable directory.
3.3
3.3.1
Objectives
The focus of the example is to match a gas reservoir model in MBAL to production
history. The history match process will provide more information about original
volumes of gas in place and drive mechanisms acting.
Knowledge of the drive mechanisms acting will increase one's understanding of the
reservoirs potential production. Relative permeabilities for gas and water will be
estimated by matching historical fractional water production to simulated water
production (from the model) and this shall be tested by performing a prediction
calculation.
Input data required is production and pressure history data. This is contained in
GASRES2.xls located in C:\Program Files\Petroleum Experts\IPM 7.x\Samples
\Worked Examples\Physics Examples\Gas history matching.
3.3.1.1
Learning topics
3.3.1.2
Executive summary
163
3.3.2
3.3.3
IPM Tutorials
Cum.
Water
Injected
MMSTB
11500
0.000
10866
23.109
0.0145645
10381
44.684
0.0285966
9967
65.298
0.0424057
9598
84.849
0.0559903
0
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Physics Examples
9
01/04/199
9
01/07/199
9
01/10/199
9
01/01/200
0
01/04/200
0
01/07/200
0
01/10/200
0
01/01/200
1
01/04/200
1
01/07/200
1
01/10/200
1
01/01/200
2
01/04/200
2
01/07/200
2
01/10/200
2
01/01/200
3
9267
103.049 0.0692967
8955
120.618 0.0830781
8659
137.575 0.0976719
8380
153.762
0.113271
8121
168.873
0.129811
7874
183.494
0.148142
7636
197.644
0.168577
7410
211.188
0.191149
7200
223.875
0.215463
6998
236.155
0.242381
6805
248.039
0.272059
6621
259.401
0.304208
6449
270.151
0.338412
6285
280.445
0.37498
6127
290.419
0.414325
5977
299.974
0.455474
164
165
NOTE: It is very important to check that the units for the input data are consistent
with those on the input screen of MBAL. The units can be changed in MBAL from the
main menu by clicking on UNITS or by clicking on the unit itself on the production
data interface.
As seen from the table, the Cummulative gas producted is in units of Bscf and this
unit is changed on the parameter tab before the data is pasted.
3.3.4
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Physics Examples
3.3.5
166
The material balance model is defined by the correlations and parameters entered in
the Input | Tank Data screens. All of these may be altered at any time to improve
the fit, but only the OGIP and the aquifer model parameters may be modified by nonlinear regression. This reflects the observation that these are generally the least well
known variables.
It is very important that a systematic methodology is followed, based on an
understanding of the material balance model, rather than a series of regressions. It
should be understood that the regression solutions are not necessarily unique and
work better if their values prior to regression are not too far from a solution.
Therefore the interpretation of the graphical representations of the material balance
model must be used to refine the model before a regression is performed.
167
Currently an aquifer model has not been included in the model as characteristic plots
obtained by re-arranging the material balance equation (graphical methods) which
may indicate the presence of an aquifer shall first be checked. Highlight the
Graphical Method window by clicking the left mouse button within its title bar, and
select Method | Cole ((F-We)/Et). Recall the material balance equation can be
written as (F-We)/Et = N. (when We = 0, F/Et = N). If the material balance model
was well fitted to the production data then the Cole plot should be a horizontal line
with an intercept equal to N (OGIP).
The plot shows an initial rise which indicates an increasing apparent value for N.
This means the expansion (Et) of the reservoir fluids/formation alone is not sufficient
to maintain the reservoir pressure. In other words, there is more energy in the
reservoir than currently predicted by the material balance model. These equivalent
statements imply the reservoir pressure is being maintained by another mechanism,
which most likely is an aquifer.
Also note the shape of the Cole plot. There is an initial rise, a stabilization and a later
decline. This can be interpreted as the aquifer inflow slowing at around data point 5
and stopping near data point 10. This means that around this time the outer
boundary of the aquifer has been felt.
At early times, the well will not feel the influence of the aquifer. Therefore the early
values on the Cole curve indicate minimum values for N. Select Display | Scales
and set the Y-axis bottom value to 600 Bscf (which is the OGIP entered in the tank
input screen) and select Done. An extrapolation of the Cole curve towards the Y
axis is difficult, emphasizing the importance of early data recording. However, as an
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initial assumption an extrapolation to the Y-axis would suggest a value for N larger
than 600 Bscf, perhaps nearer 750 Bscf.
The original volumes of gas in place shall be updated to 750 Bscf and an aquifer
model input.
The following data for the aquifer can be used as a starting point:
Model
Hurst-van Everdingen Modified
System
Radial Aquifer
Reservoir thickness
100 ft
Reservoir radius
5000 ft
Outer / Inner radius ratio
5
Encroachment angle
360 degrees
Aquifer permeability
20 md
Conducting the history match again, the following plots are obtained.
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From the Graphical Method (Cole plot) screen shown above it is clear that the
aquifer that has been added is too strong, it is providing too much energy to the
system (i.e. the trend line goes below the horizontal). The extrapolation of the Cole
curve to the Y-axis suggests a reduced OGIP (N).
The WD function Plot screen (top left screen) shall be reviewed. This shows a
dimensionless time (tD) and dimensionless aquifer inflow volume (Q). The elbow of
this curve occurs at the point where the aquifer cannot supply additional water; the
boundary of the aquifer has been felt. Recall that the initial Cole curve suggested
this occurred between data points 5 and 10.
Move the cursor within the WD function Plot screen and double click using the left
mouse button. This alters the Outer/Inner Radius parameter of the aquifer model,
altering the displays in the other Method screens. In particular, notice that the
Analytical Method gas production/pressure curve moves. By double left clicking in
the WD function plot screen, try to select an aquifer Outer/Inner Radius parameter
that shows a reasonable fit to the production displayed in the Analytical Method
screen. An Outer/Inner Radius of approximately 2.1 works quite well, but the elbow
on the WD function Plot is not between data points 5 and 10.
Highlight the Analytical Method window and select Regression from the toolbar. Set
the Outer/Inner Radius to 2.1 in the start (left) column and select Done to view the
results.
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The data points at very early times may only be reflecting responses from regions in
the vicinity of the well and dont necessarily show responses of the entire reservoir,
therefore the material balance would not be expected to show the complete OGIP
until the pressure signal from the producing well has had time to permeate the entire
reservoir
It is possible that the Graphical Method screen is showing this effect at early times.
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The signal time to permeate the reservoir can be estimated from the diffusivity and
reservoir dimensions. The diffusivity, D=k/jmc (ft2s-1) relates the radial pressure
response at a distance r and time t from the well source by the equation Pexp(-r2
/4Dt).
For this example the first data point shown (point 2) is one year after the start of
production and can probably be expected to reflect the whole reservoirs response,
suggesting that the aquifer model still requires some fine tuning. Note also that the
elbow of the WD Function Plot is not reflecting correctly the time at which the
aquifer energy is exhausted.
However, recognizing the points noted above, the material balance model is now not
too far from being consistent with the production data and non-linear regression may
be used to refine the model parameters.
Highlight the Analytical Method window and click on Regression. Check the Gas in
Place, Outer/Inner Radius, Encroachment Angle and Aquifer Permeability boxes to
regress on.
Select Calc to start the regression. When it finishes, copy the Best Fit values to the
Start values by clicking the left pointing arrows in the above screen shot or simply
Accept all fits. Select Done to view the changes.
It is important not to regress on combinations of parameters that are simply
multiplied by each other in the aquifer model. For example, the Hurst-van
Everdingen aquifer constant contains the product of porosity, reservoir thickness,
encroachment angle and the square of the original reservoir radius. If a regression
is performed on pairs of these parameters, then the regression will not converge
easily, particularly if the initial values are not close to a solution.
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As seen from above, a good match is obtained, the aquifer model and OGIP are
consistent with the production history. Please note that although the actual values
calculated for the aquifer model describe the aquifer fairly well, the individual
parameter values do not in themselves necessarily correspond to reality. These
parameters are not a unique set that characterize the aquifer. They are simply used
used to describe the aquifer response.
Select Finish | File | Save to save the file.
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Plot the simulation and history tank pressures by selecting Plot | History.
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With a good match obtained between the historical and simulated tank pressures,
fractional flow matching can now be conducted.
Return to the main MBAL display by clicking Done. Next, select History Matching |
Fw Matching to display the matching screen.
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Within this screen, the fractional water flow is plotted as a function of water
saturation. The water breakthrough point can be set by a double left click at an
appropriate saturation (a dashed green line is shown at the new breakthrough
saturation). Note that a breakthrough point below the connate water saturation
(indicated by a grey line) is not possible. Additionally parameter values can be
entered by selecting Parameters. Leave the water breakthrough saturation at the
connate water saturation (0.2).
A region of the display can be enlarged by holding down the left mouse button and
dragging it across the desired region. The original display can be redrawn by
selecting Redraw from the plot menu. Production history data points may be
selected by holding down the right mouse button and dragging it to select the desired
points. The weighting of the selected points may be altered, or excluded from use in
the regression.
Select Regress, then Parameters to display the matched parameters. Select F
inish | Yes to save the matched Corey coefficients.
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For this example, the history, simulation and prediction (history re-simulated using
fractional flows) give a good match and this gives some confidence in future
predictions with the model. If the prediction does not model the fractional
productions well, then the fractional flow can be re-matched using different data
point weighting's or Corey parameters altered by hand.
Select Finish | Done | File | Save to complete this tutorial example.
3.4
3.4.1
Objectives
The focus of the example is to model an oil reservoir using material balance
techniques in MBAL, provide representative estimates of original volumes in place
and drive mechanisms acting by history matching the model to pressure and
production data.
Knowledge of the drive mechanisms acting will increase one's understanding of the
reservoirs potential production. Relative permeabilities for gas and water will be
estimated by matching historical fractional water production to simulated water
production (from the model) and this shall be tested by performing a prediction
calculation.
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Input data required is production and pressure history data. This is contained in
GASRES2.xls located in C:\Program Files\Petroleum Experts\IPM 7.x\Samples
\Worked Examples\Physics Examples\Oil history matching.
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Learning topics
3.4.1.2
Executive Summary
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From this interface, a single tank model has been chosen with oil defined as the
main fluid and production history will be provided as a cummulative for the entire
reservoir.
Next on the main menu, click on PVT | Fluid Properties and input the following PVT
properties of the reservoir fluid expressed at standard conditions and match Black oil
correlations to the bubble point conditions of the fluid.
(@ 250 deg F)
Bubble point (Pb)
2200 psig
Solution GOR
Oil FVF @ Pb
Oil Viscosity @ Pb
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Gas gravity
Water Salinity
No Impurities
500 SCF/STB
1.32 RB/STB
0.4 cP
39 API
0.798
100,000 PPM
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In the PVT section, any set of black oil correlations can be used to define the PVT
properties of the fluid. With laboratory measurements available, the black oil
correlations will be matched to them and the best correlation which reproduces the
PVT behaviour of the fluid will be selected.
PVT matching is conducted by selecting the Match button and the following screen
appears and we can enter measured data at bubble point as indicated in the
following screen:
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With the data entered, click on Match to proceed to the regression interface. Select
Match All on the bottom and then Calc. This matches all the correlations available
to measured data.
With the matching concluded, click on Match Param where the regression match
parameters 1 and 2; and standard deviation are reported for each correlation. For
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this example, Glaso correlation gives the best match for Pb, Rs and Bo while Beggs
correlation will be used for viscosity calculations.
This step completes teh reservoir fluid PVT description. The next step is to define
reservoir parameters for the tank model.
On the main menu bar click on Input | Tank Data, where the following information
about the reservoir is entered.
Tank type
Tank name
Temperature
Initial pressure
Porosity
Connate water saturation
Water compressibility
Initial gas cap
Original oil in place
Start of production
Oil
Tank01
250 degree F
4000 psig
0.23
0.25
Use Corr
0
206 MMSTB
01/01/1998
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On the tank parameters interface, the reeservoir fluid volumes and initial pressure
and temperature conditions are defined.
The reservoir is initially undersaturated as indicated by an initial gas cap of zero (i.e.
OGIP/OOIP ratio). In addition, from the fluid PVT model, bubble point pressure is
2200psi which indicates that reservoir is initially undersaturated and no free gas
exists at initial conditions. Based on fluid PVT model, the program determines the
initial state of the reservoir. In case the reservoir is saturated, an initial estimate of
the gas cap size is required. Also, an initial estimate of volumes of oil in place as
obtained from geological surveys is required and a production start date.
Next, information about aquifer support for the reservoir is required. As there is yet
no evidence to suggest the presence of an aquifer, this will be left as None.
The next information required is about the formation rock compressibility to
determine energy contribution due to Hydrocarbon pore volume reduction. This can
be user-specified, obtained from a porosity correlation or variable in terms of
pressure. For this example, it shall be determined from porosity correlations.
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The next data required is the relative permeability data. Relative permeability data is
used in prediction calculations only. It is used to determine the fractional flow of
water and/or gas which depend on the water and gas saturation in the tank. This
defines the evolution of WC and/or GOR. If an initial gas cap exists and it is being
produced from, the total reservoir volume including the gas cap should be used to
obtain tank saturation (i.e. connate and irreducible saturations should be entered
relative to the entire reservoir system). Relative permeability can be entered in form
of tables or Corey functions. The following data based on Corey functions is input.
Phas
e
Residual
Saturation
(fraction)
End
Exponen
Point
t
(fraction)
Wate
r
0.25
0.7
1.5
Oil
0.15
0.8
1.3
Gas
0.02
0.9
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Water and gas sweep efficiency sections available on the Rel perms interface can
be used to estimate speeds at which water and gas contacts move when monitor
contacts option is selected on the Tank Parameters Interface.
The production and pressure history data available are entered on the production
history tab. This data is contained in the Microsoft Excel file OILRES1.XLS located in
C:\Program Files\Petroleum Experts\IPM 6\Samples\Worked Examples\Physics
Examples\Oil history matching.
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The data is copied from the file and pasted in this section using a right-click on the
parameters tab (Top) of the interface and selecting 'Paste'. Alternatively, any of the
row serial numbers can be right-clicked upon and the option to paste the data is
available.
This concludes model setup. Save the file as OilRes1.mbi in a directory of choice.
Next step is to perform history match.
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189
By scrolling down across the data, it can be seen that the reservoir is undersaturated
throughout the history i.e pressure is always above the bubble point of 2200 psig.
There is no free gas in the tank and hence the producing GOR equals solution GOR.
Indeed in this case the gas rates coverted into GOR values give approximately 500
SCF/STB. This shows that the data is consistent with the PVT.
In cases where the cumulative GOR is not consistent with PVT data, both should be
reviewed.
With consistent production history and PVT data, the history match can be
conducted. It is important to note that a model which closely reproduces historical
behaviour of the reservoir when different history match techniques are employed is
what is sought after. Select History Matching | All. This produces the following
plots.
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The first plot is the Energy Plot which shows the contribution of various drive
mechanisms towards production with time.
The second plot is the Campbell Plot which is a graphical (diagnostic) plot. Campbell
analysis re-arranges the material balance equation such that a plot of the ratio of net
produced volumes (Prod - Aquifer Influx and/or injection) divided by expansion terms
yields a horizontal line with an intercept equal to initial volumes in place.
The Campbell plot is the default plot in MBAL. There are other graphical methods
that can be selected by clicking on Method on the menu of the graphical plot
The third plot is the Analytical Plot. This is a plot of tank pressure against
cummulative primary phase produced (in this case oil). The data points are the
historical pressure and cummulative rate data. The blue line indicates the response
of the MBAL model according to the data entered in the Tank Data screen.
The Campbell plot shows some form of energy acting (initial increase and then a
stabilisation). This is most likely due to an aquifer acting and thus an aquifer model
will be input into the model. The following aquifer properties are input as shown
below and performing the history match again gives the following profiles.
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A look at the analytical plot, indicates that with the current aquifer model, the tank
model predicts production rates higher than those actually observed. This means
that the aquifer is weaker in reality than the aquifer model being used. The strength
of the aquifer model can be decreased by reducing the aquifer inner/outer radius
ratio (rD) on the tank aquifer model interface. We can decrease the strength of the
aquifer either by accessing on the tool bar of the previous screen Input | Tank data
and decreasing the aquifer inner to outer radius ratio (rD).
This same objective can be achieved in the Q(tD) versus tD - Radial Aquifer plot.
Double click on the plot to change the to change the profile to a smaller rD value of
4.0 such that on the analytical plot, the actual history points and the model response
fairly match as shown below.
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From the analytical plot, it can be seen that a fairly good match is obtained between
the model and historical data. However from the Campbell plot (graphical method) a
horizontal profile was not obtained. It is thus recommended to perform history match
while viewing all the different history match techniques at thesame time (i.e. History
match| All) so that a model which reproduces reality across all the techniques is
selected.
With a close match between model and measured data as seen on the analytical
plot, a regression can be performed on other parameters in the model to produce a
match across all the techniques (graphical and analytical). Click on Regression on
the analytical plot menu bar. Select the following parameters to be regressed upon.
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Parameters of least uncertainty are chosen for the regression (i.e fluids in place and
aquifer parameters). It is important not to regress on combinations of parameters
that are simply multiplied by each other in the aquifer model. For example, the
Hurst-van Everdingen aquifer constant contains the product of porosity, reservoir
thickness, encroachment angle and the square of the original reservoir radius. If a
regression is performed on pairs of these parameters, then the regression will not
converge easily, particularly if the initial values are not close to a solution.
Once the regression is complete, select the parameters by clicking on Accept all fits
| Done.
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A satisfactory match is now obtained across the graphical and analytical history
match methods.
Save the file as Oilres.mbi in a directory of choice.
3.4.4
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On the x-axis is the OIP and on the y-axis is the standard deviation in terms of
predicted production rates over the history. The presence of a minimum shows the
uniqueness of the solution.
Similarly, a sensitivity analyses on other parameters of drive mechanism acting like
the aquifer parameters for this case can be performed.
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3.4.5
A plot of tank pressure with time shows a good match between model and historical
data.
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3.5
3.5.1
Objectives
Statement of the problem
An MBAL model for a gas reservoir with production history obtained for 3 wells has
been created and history match performed with the cummulative production history
for the tank. A production prediction is to be performed on the model considering two
development scenarios.
Case 1: Following the historical/current production pattern i.e. with a FWHP of 800
psig
Case 2: Reduce the well head pressure to 100 psig as from 01/01/2004
Input Data
Well Inflow Data
For this example, each wells Inflow performance is represented by the C & n model.
Any analytical gas IPR model can be equated to the C & n method. For more details
on Inflow models, please refer to the PROSPER manual.
Well Name
C- factor (Mscf/d/
psi2)
n-Exponent
Producer#1
0.027
0.85
Producer#2
0.002
0.95
Producer#3
0.005
0.9
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It will be assumed that all wells in this example have the same lift tables.
Lift tables can be generated in PROSPER and then imported in MBAL. These have
already been prepared and can be found in:
C:\Program Files\Petroleum Experts\IPM 7.0\Samples\Worked Example\Physics
Examples\Production and Prediction\GasTank Well Lift Tables.TPD
3.5.1.1
Learning topics
3.5.1.2
Executive Summary
3.5.2
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3.5.3
201
The manifold pressure corresponds to the furthest downstream node pressure which
the well produces against. In this example, the manifold pressure is the well head
pressure.
Select Done.
3.5.4
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Clicking the button to add a well. The well name can be changed to
Producer#1P as shown below.
The well type is also set as Dry Gas Producer.
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Since a well model is being used to predict main fluid phase, the eveolution of other
fluid phases are obtained from the pseudo-rel perms. The pseudo-rel perms have
been matched individually for each well since production history was obtained on a
well basis. Details on how to match historical fractional flow by well is provided later.
To assign the pseudo relative permeabilities matched for the wells during the
fractional flow matching, select Use Rel perm 1 | Edit | Copy. A list of all the
permeability tables available in the MBAL model is displayed:
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Here select Material balance - Well Producer#1 and then select Copy and then the
Corey parameters are assigned to the well.
Now click on Done. MBAL asks if the water breakthrough saturation is to be copied;
select Yes:
From the menu toolbar of the plot screen, select Well, and then the well whose
fractional flow is to be matched.
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By default, the breakthrough saturation (green line) is at the value entered under the
Rel perm data section of Tank data. This value can be changed by double-clicking
on the plot area to the point corresponding to the desired breakthrough water
saturation.
Click on Regress, so that the program can perform a regression to match the
fractional flow as computed from pseudo-rel perms entered under tank data (blue
line) to the historical fractional flow (data points) by varying corey function
parameters.
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3.5.6
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On this interface, click on the Edit button and then select Import. Browse for the lift
curve file (*.tpd file) provided in C:\Program Files\Petroleum Experts\IPM 7.0
\Samples\Worked Example\Physics Examples\Production and Prediction\GasTank
Well Lift Tables.TPD.
TPD files are lift tables in Ascii format for Petroleum Experts applications (GAP,
REVEAL, MBAL) and have been made from the respective PROSPER well models.
Select Done | Done and this completes the setup of this well.
Repeat the same process for two other wells using the data given in above sections.
Please note that the same .tpd file will be used for all the wells.
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With the data for all the prediction three wells entered, click on Done to go back to
the main interface.
The main screen now shows three history wells and three prediction wells. Please
note that there are only three wells in reality. These have only been split into history
and prediction wells. Note the difference between the wells. It is further advisable to
differentiate between history and prediction wells in terms of nomenclature e.g. An
additional "P" for prediction wells.
3.5.7
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The Keep History button allows to have the full history stream along with the
prediction stream for comparison purposes. Click on Done to exit the screen.
3.5.9
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Both development options can now be compared in terms of average gas rate and
cummulative gas production by clicking on Plot |Variables on the Run production
prediction interface and selecting Case 1 and 2.
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