LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE CAMPUS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, COMPUTER STUDIES AND ARCHITECTURE

DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING

MODULATION

SUBMITTED BY:
GERONIMO, CHRISTINE ERICKA E.
BSECE-501

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. LEAH Q. SANTOS

DATE:
SEPTEMBER 19, 2016

MODULATION
1. Calculate the power in one of the side band in SSBSC modulation when the carrier power is 124W and
there is 80% modulation depth in the amplitude modulated signal. (Reference:
http://www.careerride.com /mcq-tag-wise.aspx?Key=Amplitude%20Modulation&Id=21)
Solution:
Modulation Index = 0.8
Pc = 124W
PSB = m2 Pc/4
= (0.8)2 x 124/4
Answer: 79.36 W
2. What is the carrier frequency in an AM wave when its highest frequency component is 850Hz and the
bandwidth of the signal is 50Hz? (Reference: http://www.careerride.com/mcq-tag-wise.aspx?Key=Ampl
itude%20Modulation&Id=21)
Solution:
Upper frequency = 850Hz
Bandwidth = 50Hz
Therefore lower Frequency = 850 - 50= 800 Hz
Carrier Frequency = (850-800)/2
Answer: 825 Hz
3. The output signal from an AM modulator is: s(t) = 5cos(1800t) + 20cos(2000t) + 5cos(2200t).
Determine the modulation index. (Reference: http://sysyu.weebly.com/uploads/4/9/3/9/4939044/solved
problems.pdf)
Solution:
s(t) = 5cos(1800t) + 20cos(2000t) + 5cos(2200t)
= 20[1 + .5cos(2000)]cos(2200t)
Answer: 0.5
4. The efficiency of a single-tone AM signal is defined as the percentage of the total power carried by the
sidebands. Find for AM if modulation index is 0.5. (Reference: http://sysyu.weebly.com/uploads/4/9/3/9/
4939044/solvedproblems.pdf)
Solution:
Ps = sideband power
Pt = total power
= Ps/Pt = m2/(2+m2)
= (0.52)/(2 + 9.52) x 100%
Answer: 11.11 %
5. A carrier wave with an RMS voltage of 2V and a frequency of 1.5 MHz is modulated by sine wave with a
frequency of 500 Hz and amplitude of 1V RMS. Write the equation for the resulting signal. (Reference:
https://www.scribd.com/doc/139516470/MODULATION-AM-FM)
Solution:
fc = 1.5MHz; fm = 500Hz
w = 2f = 2(500)
Ec = 2V/0.707 = 2.83V; Amplitude = 1V/0.707 = 1.4V
V(t) = [2.83 + 1.4sin(2500t)]sin(2500)
Answer: V(t) = [2.83 + 1.4sin(2500t)]sin(2500) Volts

6. Determine the power content of the carrier frequency of each of the sidebands for an AM signal having a
percent modulation of 80% and a total power of 2500W. (Reference: https://www.scribd.com/doc/1395
16470/MODULATION-AM-FM)
Solution:
Pt = Pc[1 + m2/2]
2500 = Pc[1 + 0.82/2]
Answer: 1893.94 W
7. In FM, assume a maximum frequency deviation of 5 kHz and a maximum deviation frequency of 2.5 kHz.
Find the bandwidth. (Reference: Frenzel, L. (1994). Communication Electronics, 2 nd ed.)
Solution:
BW = 2(fD max + fm max)
= 2(5kHz + 2.5kHz)
= 2(7.5 kHz)
Answer: 15 KHz
8. For an AM DSBFC transmitter with an unmodulated carrier power Pc = 100W that is modulated
simultaneously by three modulating signals with coefficients of modulation 0.2, 0.4 and 0.5. Determine total
transmitted power. (Reference: Tomasi, W. (2004). Electronics Communications Systems, 5 th ed.)
Solution:
2
2
2
mt = m1 +m2 + m3
=

0.22+ 0.42 +0.52

PT = 100

1+

0.672
2

= 0.67
Answer: 122.45 W

9. An AM modulator with carrier frequency of 100 kHz and a maximum modulating signal frequency f max =
5kHz has a frequency limit of: (Reference: Tomasi, W. (2004). Electronics Communications Systems, 5 th
ed.)
Solution:
For LSB and USB, f = [fc fmax] to fc
LSB = (100 5) kHz to 100 kHz
USB = 100 kHz to (100 + 5)
Answer: 95 kHz to 105 kHz
10. A carrier at 200 MHz is frequency modulated by a sine wave signal at a frequency of 15 kHz. The peak
carrier deviation is () 50 kHz. Approximately what total bandwidth is needed to transmit the signal?
(Reference: http://engineering.mq.edu.au/~cl/files_pdf/elec166/tut_10s.pdf)
Solution:
m = 50kHz/15kHz = 3.33
The approximate total Bandwidth is
2[m+1]fm Hz = 2 x (3.33+1) x 15kHz
Answer: 130 kHz
11. The costas receiver is used for: (Reference: http://www.careerride.com/mcq-tag-wise.aspx?Key=Amplit
ude%20Modulation&Id=21)
a. FM signal

b. DSB-SC signal
c. PCM signal
d. DM signal
12. The standard value for Intermediate frequency (IF) in AM receivers is: (Reference: http://www.caree
rride.com/mcq-tag-wise.aspx?Key=Amplitude%20Modulation&Id=21)
a. 455 KHz
b. 580 KHz
c. 10.7 MHz
d. 50 MHz
13. The ability of the receiver to select the wanted signals among the various incoming signals is termed
as: (Reference: http://www.careerride.com/mcq-tag-wise.aspx?Key=Amplitude%20Modulation&Id=21)
a. Sensitivity
b. Selectivity
c. Stability
d. None of the above
14. The process of recovering information signal from received carrier is known as: (Reference:
http://www.careerride.com/mcq-tag-wise.aspx?Key=Amplitude%20Modulation&Id=21)
a. Detection
b. Modulation
c. Demultiplexing
d. Sampling
15. In FM Transmission transmitor side the demodulator output is passed through: (Reference:
http://multiplechoicemcqs.blogspot.com/2016/01/frequency-modulation-multiple-choice.html)
a. High-Pass filter
b. Low pass filter
c. Pre-Emphasis filter
d. De-Emphasis filter
16. The amount of deviation in a frequency modulation (FM) signal is directly proportional to the modulating
signal's. (Reference: http://multiplechoicemcqs.blogspot.com/2016/01/frequency-modulation-multiple-choi
ce.html)
a. phase
b. amplitude
c. frequency
d. amplitude and frequency
17. A high Q tuned circuit will permit an amplifier to have high ___________. (Reference:
http://electronicspost.com/multiple-choice-questions-and-answers-on-modulation-and-demodulation/)

a. Fidelity
b. Frequency range
c. Sensitivity
d. Selectivity
18. Frequency Modulation Transmitters are more efficient because their power is increased by what type of
amplifier? (Reference: Frenzel, L. (1994). Communication Electronics, 2 nd ed.)
a. Class A
b. Class B
c. Class C
d. Class D
19. The phenomenon of a strong FM signal dominating a weaker signal on a common frequency is reffered
to as: (Reference: Frenzel, L. (1994). Communication Electronics, 2 nd ed.)
a. Capture Effect
b. Blot out
c. Quieting factor
d. Dominating Syndrome
20. The FM produced by PM is called: (Reference: Frenzel, L. (1994). Communication Electronics, 2 nd ed.)
a. FM
b. PM
c. Indirect FM
d. Indirect PM

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE CAMPUS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, COMPUTER STUDIES AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING

NOISE

SUBMITTED BY:
GERONIMO, CHRISTINE ERICKA E.
BSECE-501

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. LEAH Q. SANTOS

DATE:
SEPTEMBER 19, 2016

NOISE
1. An antenna is pointed in a direction such that it has a noise temperature of 30K. It is connected via a
feeder cable to a preamplifier that has a noise figure of 1.6 dB and available gain of 30 dB over an effective
bandwidth of 10 MHz. Assume feeder line loss is negligible. Find the available noise power out of the
preamplifier. (Reference: http://soe.northumbria.ac.uk/ocr/teaching/mobile/tutorials/Tut/NF!.pdf)
Solution:
Te = (F 1) To = (100.16 1) x 290 = 129oK
Output noise power No = KTeBG
= (1.38 x 10-23)(30 + 129)(10 MHz)(103) = 2.2 x 10-11 W.
In dBm = 1o Log10(2.2 x 10-11 W/1 mW) =
Answer: -76.6 dBm
2. A system has an input noise power of 20 pW, output signal power of 0.4 mW and output noise power of 4
nW. If the gain of the system is 40, determine the noise contribution of the system. (Reference:
http://soe.northumbria.ac.uk/ocr/teaching/mobile/tutorials/Tut/NF!.pdf)
Solution:
The noise contribution at the receiver due to input noise = GNi
= 40 x 20 pW = 800 pW.
Therefore the noise contribution of the system = No Ni
= 4 nW 800 pW = 3.2 nW.
Answer: 3.2 nW
3. An antenna is connected to a receiver by a feeder cable, which has a loss of 3 dB and noise figure of
0.25 dB. A preamplifier with gain of 18 dB and noise figure of of 1 dB is to be connected prior to the
receiver. Assuming matched conditions, find the noise figure between feeder and receiver. (Reference:
http://soe.northumbria.ac.uk/ocr/teaching/mobile/tutorials/Tut/NF!.pdf)
Solution:
The noise figure Fn = F1 + (F2 1)/G2
= 1.059 + (1.259 1)/101.8
Answer: 0.266 dB
4. What level of input signal, Si, is required for an output S/N = 10 dB in a receiver with NF= 6 dB, and
B=0.1 MHz? (Reference: https://www.ieee.li/pdf/viewgraphs_mohr_noise.pdf)
Solution:
Ni(dBm) = NF(dB)+ KTO(dBm/MHz)+ 10 LogB(MHz) = 6 - 114 - 10 = -118 dBm
For a desired S/N of 10 dB, Si must be at least:
Si = -118 dBm + 10 dB
Answer: -108 dBm
5. Find optimum noise figure and required source impedance for amplifier with input voltage and current
noise sources for the amplifier specified as: e n2 = 1.6x10-18 V2/Hz and in2 = 4x10-23 A2/Hz (Reference:
https://www.ieee.li/pdf/viewgraphs_mohr_noise.pdf)
Solution:
F is minimum when Rs = end/ind
and is F = 1 + (e2nd/2kToRs)
1.6 x 1018
23
Therefore, Rs =
= 200
4 x 10

18

1.6 x 10
2 ( 1.38 x 1023 ) ( 290 ) (200)

F=1+

= 2; NF = 3dB

Answer: 3 dB

6. Determine Noise Figure for an equivalent noise temperature of 75K (use 290K for reference
temperature). (Reference: Tomasi, W. (2004). Electronics Communications Systems, 5 th ed.)
Solution:
Te
75
Calculating Noise Factor: F = 1 + T = 1 + 290 = 1.258
Noise Figure is: 10 logF = 10 log(1.258)

Answer: 1 dB

7. For three cascaded amplifier stages, each with noise figures of 3dB and power gains of 10 dB, determine
the total noise figure. (Reference: Tomasi, W. (2004). Electronics Communications Systems, 5 th ed.)
Solution:
F 21
F 31
Calculating Noise Factor: F = F1 +
+ G1 G2
G1
=2+

21
10

21
+ 100

Noise Figure is: 10 logF = 10 log(2.11)

= 2.11
Answer: 3.24 dB

8. For an electronic device operating at a temperature of 17C with a bandwidth of 10 kHz, determine the
rms noise voltage for a 100 internal resistance and a 100 load resistance. (Reference: Tomasi, W.
(2004). Electronics Communications Systems, 5th ed.)
Solution:
The rms voltage is found by: VN = 4 kTBR
=

4 ( 1.3 8 x 10

4 ( 100 ) ( 4 x 1017)

23

) ( 290 ) ( 10,000 ) (100)

Answer: 0.1265 uV

9. The shot noise current on a diode is 25 nA if 2.5 mA direct current is flowing thru it. What is the effective
noise bandwidth of the diode? (Cuervo, S. (2009). Electronics Systems & Technologies Question Bank)
Solution:
The shot noise is found by: IN = 2 BIQ
(25 x 10-9) =

2 B ( 2.5 x 10

) (1.6 x 1019 )

Answer: 781.25 kHz

10. In a microwave communication system, determine the noise power in dBm for an equivalent noise
bandwidth of 10MHz. (Cuervo, S. (2009). Electronics Systems & Technologies Question Bank)
Solution:
N = kTBW
23
= ( 1.3 8 x 10 ) (290)(10 x 106) = 4.002 x 10-14 W

NdBm

4.002 x 1014
= 10 log (
)
1 x 103

Answer: -103.98 dBm

11. Which noise is produced by lighting discharges in thunderstorms? (Reference: http://www.pinoybix.

org/2014/10/answers-in-noise-part1.html)
a. White noise
b. Extraterrestrial noise
c. Industrial noise
d. Atmospheric noise
12. Form of interference caused by rain or dust storms. (Reference: http://www.pinoybix.org/2014/10/
answers-in-noise-part1.html)
a. Precipitation static
b. Shot-noise
c. Galactic noise
d. Impulse noise
13. Which of the following is not an example of external noise? (Reference: Miller, G. (2005). Modern
Electronic Communication, 9th ed.)
a. Fluorescent light
b. Solar emission
c. Resistor noise
d. Lightning
14. ________ is an electric noise produced by thermal agitation of electrons in conductor and
semiconductor. (Reference: http://www.pinoybix.org/2014/10/answers-in-noise-part1.html)
a. External noise
b. Internal noise
c. Thermal noise
d. Flicker
15. Is the interference coming from other communications channels? (Reference: http://www.pinoybix.org /
2014/10/answers-in-noise-part1.html)
a. Jitter
b. Crosstalk
c. RFI
d. EMI
16. Which of the following is the most reliable measurement for comparing amplifier noise characteristics?
(Reference: Kennedy, G. (1999). Electronic Communication Systems, 4th ed.)

a. S/N ratio
b. Noise Factor
c. Shot Noise
d. Thermal Noise Configuration
17. One of the following types of noise becomes of great importance at high frequencies. (Reference:
Kennedy, G. (1999). Electronic Communication Systems, 4th ed.)
a. Shot Noise
b. Random Noise
c. Impulse Nosie
d. Transit-Time Noise
18. Considered as the main source of an internal noise. ? (Reference: http://www.pinoybix.org/2014/10/ans
wers-in-noise-part1.html)
a. Flicker
b. Thermal agitation
c. Device imperfection
d. Temperature change
19. Noise Figure is a measure of: (Reference: Blake, R. (2002). Electronic Communication Systems, 2 nd
ed.)
a. how much noise is in a communications system
b. how much noise is in the channel
c. how much noise an amplifier adds to a signal
d. signal-to-noise ratio in dB
20. So called "1/f" noise is also called: (Reference: Blake, R. (2002). Electronic Communication Systems,
2nd ed.)
a. random noise
b. pink noise
c. white noise
d. partition noise

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE CAMPUS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, COMPUTER STUDIES AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

SUBMITTED BY:
GERONIMO, CHRISTINE ERICKA E.
BSECE-501

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. LEAH Q. SANTOS

DATE:
SEPTEMBER 19, 2016

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

1. Determine the output voltage of a -law compander with a maximum voltage range of 1V and an input of
0.25 V. (Cuervo, S. (2009). Electronics Systems & Technologies Question Bank)
Solution:
Vin
ln 1+
Vmax
Vout = Vmax
ln (1+255)

.25
1
ln( 1+ 255)

ln 1+255
= Vmax

Answer: 0.25 V

2. For Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation with a carrier frequency of 80 MHz and an input bit
rate of 10 Mbps, determine the minimum Nyquist bandwidth. (Cuervo, S. (2009). Electronics Systems &
Technologies Question Bank)
Solution:
For BPSK,
fN = fb
Therefore, the min Nyquist is same as fN
Answer: 10 MHz
3. In PCM, assuming uniform quantization, what is the signal-to-noise ratio in dB for an 8-bit code word?
(Cuervo, S. (2009). Electronics Systems & Technologies Question Bank)
Solution:
S/N = 6n + 1.8
= 6(8) + 1.8
Answer: 49.8 dB
4. What is the Shannon limit for information capacity for a standard voice band communications channel
with a signal to noise ratio of 1000 (30dB) and a bandwidth of 1.7 kHz? (Cuervo, S. (2009). Electronics
Systems & Technologies Question Bank)
Solution:
Channel capacity: C = BW log2 (1 + S/N)
= (2700) log2 (1 + 1000)
The reflector coupling factor is:
Answer: 0.91
5. 12 voice channels are sampled at 8000 sampling rate and encoded into 8-bit PCM word. Determine the
rate of the data stream. (Cuervo, S. (2009). Electronics Systems & Technologies Question Bank)
Solution:
Transmission rate: fb = (bps)
= 8 bits/channel x 12 channels x 8000 samples
The rate of the data stream is:
Answer: 768 kbps

6. For Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation with a carrier frequency of 80 MHz and an input bit
rate of 10 Mbps, determine the minimum Nyquist bandwidth. (Cuervo, S. (2009). Electronics Systems &
Technologies Question Bank)
Solution:
For BPSK,
fN = fb
Therefore, the min Nyquist is same as fN
Answer: 10 MHz
7. Determine the output voltage of a -law compander with a maximum voltage range of 1V and an input of
0.25 V. (Cuervo, S. (2009). Electronics Systems & Technologies Question Bank)
Solution:
Vin
ln 1+
Vmax
Vout = Vmax
ln (1+255)

.25
1
ln( 1+ 255)

ln 1+255
= Vmax

Answer: 0.25 V

8. A receiver has a sensitivity of 0.6 uV and a blocking dynamic range of 60 dB. What is the strongest signal
that can be present along with a 0.6 uV signal without blocking taking place? (Cuervo, S. (2009).
Electronics Systems & Technologies Question Bank)
Solution:
V1 = strongest signal; V2 = weakest signal
Blocking dynamic range:
20log V1/V2
60 dB = 20 log (V1/0.6 uV)
The strongest signal is:
Answer: 600 uV
9. Determine the bandwidth efficiency for QPSK modulation scheme at a transmission rate of 10Mbps.
(Cuervo, S. (2009). Electronics Systems & Technologies Question Bank)
Solution:
BW efficiency: fb/fN
For QPSK,
fN = fb/2
fb
BW eff. = f b /2 = 2 bits
Answer: 2 bits/cycle
10. What is the Shannon limit for information capacity for a standard voice band communications channel
with a signal to noise ratio of 1000 (30dB) and a bandwidth of 1.7 kHz? (Cuervo, S. (2009). Electronics
Systems & Technologies Question Bank)
Solution:
Channel capacity: C = BW log2 (1 + S/N)
= (2700) log2 (1 + 1000)
The reflector coupling factor is:
Answer: 0.91

11. In a S/H circuit, the time that it must hold the sampled voltage is________. (Reference: Miller, G.
(2005). Modern Electronic Communication, 9th ed.)
a. Aperture time
b. Acquisition time
c. Flat-top time
d. Dmin
12. When the message and the BCC are transmitted as separate parts within the same transmitted code, it
is called a(n)__________. (Reference: Miller, G. (2005). Modern Electronic Communication, 9th ed.)
a. Systematic code
b. CRC
c. (n,k) cyclic code
d. Interleaved code
13. Error-correcting techniques that allow for correction at the receiver are called _____. (Reference: Miller,
G. (2005). Modern Electronic Communication, 9th ed.)
a. Cyclic redundancy checks (CRC)
b. Block-check characters (BCC)
c. Forward error correcting (FEC)
d. Parity
14. The data transmission rate of a modem is measured in ___________. (Reference: Kennedy, G. (1999).
Electronic Communication Systems, 4th ed.)
a. bytes per second
b. baud rate
c. bits per second
d. megahertz
15. The first digital code was_____. (Reference: Blake, R. (2002). Electronic Communication Systems, 2 nd
ed.)
a. ASCII code
b. Baudot code
c. Morse code
d. none of the above
16. In North America, companding uses_______. (Reference: Blake, R. (2002). Electronic Communication
Systems, 2nd ed.)
a. the Logarithmic Law
b. the A Law
c. the Law (alpha law)

d. the Law (mu law)

17. In Europe, companding uses_____. (Reference: Blake, R. (2002). Electronic Communication Systems,
2nd ed.)
a. the Logarithmic Law
b. the A Law
c. the Law (alpha law)
d. the Law (mu law)
18. It is the basic building block of FDM hierarchy. (Reference: http://www.pinoybix.org/2014/12/mcqs-indigital-communication-networks-part6.html)
a. Character channel
b. Broadband channel
c. Message channel
d. Information capacity
19. It is the next higher level in the FDM hierarchy above the basic message channel and consequently is
the first multiplexing step for combining message channels. (Reference: http://www.pinoybix.org/2014/12/
mcqs-in-digital-communication-networks-part6.html)
a. Supergroup
b. Group
c. Mastergroup
d. Jumbogroup
20. It is the modulating signal in a communications system. (Reference: http://www.pinoybix.org/2014/12/
mcqs-in-digital-communication-networks-part6.html)
a. Broadband
b. Baseband
c. Carrier
d. Any of these

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE CAMPUS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, COMPUTER STUDIES AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING

TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS

SUBMITTED BY:
GERONIMO, CHRISTINE ERICKA E.
BSECE-501

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. LEAH Q. SANTOS

DATE:
SEPTEMBER 19, 2016

TRANSMISSION FUNDAMENTALS
1. A transmission line operating at 125 MHz has Z 0 = 40 , = 0.02 (Np/m), and = 0.75 rad/m. Find the
line parameters L'. (Reference: http://em.groups.et.byu.net/embook/ch2/s2.09.pdf)
Solution:
L' = Z0/w
0.75 x 40
= 2 x 125 x 106
Answer: 38.2 nH/m
2. A 300- lossless air transmission line is connected to a complex load composed of a resistor in series
with an inductor, as shown in Fig. P2.20. At 5 MHz, determine SWR. (Reference: http://www2.engr.arizona.
edu/~ece381/SECURE/HW_Solutions/Spring_2016/Spring_2016_HW_3_Solns.pdf)
Solution:
ZL = R + jwL
= 600 + j2 x 5x106 x 2x10-5 = (600 + j728)
= Z L - Z0 / Z L + Z 0
= (600 + j728) - 300 / (600 + j728) + 300 = 0.63
SWR = 1+0.63 / 1-0.63
Answer: 4.405
3. A TDR equipment receives the signal 250ns after the test signal has been transmitted. If the discontinuity
of the line id found 35 m from the test point, what is the velocity factor? (Cuervo, S. (2009). Electronics
Systems & Technologies Question Bank)
Solution:
Distance from test point: d = Vpt/2 where Vp is Vfc
2 x 35
8
Vf = 2d/ct = ( 3 x 10 ) (250 x 109)
Answer: 0.933
4. The line has 97% velocity factor. If the two minima are located 30cm apart, determine the frequency.
(Cuervo, S. (2009). Electronics Systems & Technologies Question Bank)
Solution:
Wavelength: = 2(30) = 60cm
f = Vp/
8
0.97(3 x 10 )
f=
Answer: 485 MHz
0.60
5. A two-wire copper transmission line is embedded in a dielectric material with r = 2.6 and = 2 106
S/m. Its wires are separated by 3 cm and their radii are 1 mm each. Calculate R (Reference: http://www.
eng.buffalo.edu/~etemadi/ee324/Homework/Fall%202012/HW2_solution.pdf)
Solution:
Rs = f c /c
= [ 2109 4 107/5.8107]1/2
= 1.17102 ,

R = 2Rs/d = 21.17102 / 2 103

= 3.71 /m

Answer: 3.71 /m

6. Polyethylene with r = 2.25 is used as the insulating material in a lossless coaxial line with characteristic
impedance of 50 . The radius of the inner conductor is 1.2 mm. What is the radius of the outer conductor?
(Reference: http://www.eng.buffalo.edu/~etemadi/ee324/Homework/Fall%202012/HW2_solutio n.pdf)
Solution:
Z0 = (60/r)ln(b/a) which can be rearranged to give
b = aeZ0r/60 = (1.2 mm)e502.25/60 =
Answer: 4.2 mm
7. The line has 97% velocity factor. If the two minima are located 30cm apart, determine the frequency.
(Cuervo, S. (2009). Electronics Systems & Technologies Question Bank)
Solution:
Wavelength: = 2(30) = 60cm
f = Vp/
0.97(3 x 108 )
f=
Answer: 485 MHz
0.60
8. Polyethylene with r = 2.25 is used as the insulating material in a lossless coaxial line with characteristic
impedance of 50 . The radius of the inner conductor is 1.2 mm. Given also the radius of the outer
conductor as 4.2mm, what is the phase velocity of the line? (Reference: http://www.eng.buffalo.edu/
~etemadi/ee324/Homework/Fall%202012/HW2_solution.pdf)
Solution:
up = cr = 3108 m/s2.25 = 2.0108 m/s.
Answer: 2 x 108 m/s
9. What is the characteristic impedance of a coaxial cable using a solid polythene dielectric having a
relative permeability of 2.3, an inner conductor diameter of 1 mm and an outer conductor of diameter 5mm?
(Cuervo, S. (2009). Electronics Systems & Technologies Question Bank)
Solution:
138
Zo = r log D/d
=

138
2.3

log 5/1

Answer: 63.6

10. An open wire transmission line with a 2 mm diameter each separated by 12mm. Calculate the
characteristic impedance. (Cuervo, S. (2009). Electronics Systems & Technologies Question Bank)
Solution:
276
Zo = r log 2D/d
=

276
1

log 1(12)/2

Answer: 298

11. An example of an unbalanced line is_____. (Reference: Blake, R. (2002). Electronic Communication
Systems, 2nd ed.)
a. a coaxial cable
b. 300-ohm twin-lead TV cable
c. an open-wire-line cable
d. all of the above
12. When analyzing a transmission line, its inductance and capacitance are considered to be _____.
(Reference: Blake, R. (2002). Electronic Communication Systems, 2nd ed.)
a. lumped
b. distributed
c. equal reactances
d. ideal elements
13. The effect of frequency on the resistance of a wire is called_____. (Reference: Blake, R. (2002).
Electronic Communication Systems, 2nd ed.)
a. IR loss
b. the Ohmic effect
c. the skin effect
d. there is no such effect
14. The center of the Smith Chart always represents _____. (Reference: Blake, R. (2002). Electronic
Communication Systems, 2nd ed.)
a. zero
b. one
c. the characteristic impedance
d. none of the above
15. Indicate the false statement. The SWR on a transmission line is infinity; the line is terminated in _____.
(Reference: Kennedy, G. (1999). Electronic Communication Systems, 4th ed.)
a. short circuit
b. complex circuit
c. open circuit
d. pure reactance
16. Impedance inversion may be obtained with_____. (Reference: Kennedy, G. (1999). Electronic
Communication Systems, 4th ed.)
a. short-circuited stub
b. open-circuited stub

c. quarter-wave line
d. half-wave line
17. For a transmission line load matching over a range of frequencies, it is best to use a ____. (Reference:
Kennedy, G. (1999). Electronic Communication Systems, 4th ed.)
a. balun
b. broadband directional coupler
c. double stub
d. single stub of adjustanble position
18. To couple a coaxial line to a parallel-wire line, it is best to use a _____. (Reference: Kennedy, G. (1999).
Electronic Communication Systems, 4th ed.)
a. slotted line
b. balun
c. directional coupler
d. quarter-wave transformer
19. The energy that neither radiated into space nor completely transmitted. (Reference: http://www.pinoy
bix.org/2014/10/mcqs-in-transmission-fundamentals-part1.html)
a. Reflected waves
b. Captured waves
c. Incident waves
d. Standing waves
20. A technology used to increase the capacity of a mobile phone system. (Reference: http://www.pinoybix.
org/2014/10/mcqs-in-transmission-fundamentals-part1.html)
a. Frequency re-use
b. Cell splitting
c. TDM
d. FDM

LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE CAMPUS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, COMPUTER STUDIES AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING

MULTIPLEXING

SUBMITTED BY:
GERONIMO, CHRISTINE ERICKA E.
BSECE-501

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. LEAH Q. SANTOS

DATE:
SEPTEMBER 19, 2016

MULTIPLEXING
1. Two channels , one with a bit rate of 190kbps and another with a bit rate 180 kbps are to be multiplexed
using g pulse stuffing TDM with no synchronization bits. What is the size of a frame in bits? (Reference:
https://static.aminer.org/pdf/PDF/000/274/977/simultaneous_transmission_of_data_fdm_signals.pdf)
Solution:
The frame carries 1 bit from each source.
Frame size = 1 + 1 = 2 bits
Answer: 2 bits
2. Two channels , one with a bit rate of 190kbps and another with a bit rate 180 kbps are to be multiplexed
using g pulse stuffing TDM with no synchronization bits. What is the frame rate? (Reference: https://static.
aminer.org/pdf/PDF/000/274/977/simultaneous_transmission_of_data_fdm_signals.pdf)
Solution:
Each frame carries 1 bit from each 190-kbps source.
Frame rate = 190,000 frames/s.
Answer: 190,000 frames/s
3. Two channels , one with a bit rate of 190kbps and another with a bit rate 180 kbps are to be multiplexed
using g pulse stuffing TDM with no synchronization bits. What is the duration of a frame? (Reference:
https://static. aminer.org/pdf/PDF/000/274/977/simultaneous_transmission_of_data_fdm_signals.pdf)
Solution:
Frame duration = 1 /(frame rate)
= 1 /190,000 = 5.3 s
Answer: 5.3 us
4. Find the frequency to which a 400 Hz baseband frequency will be translated, for channel 8 of a group.
(Cuervo, S. (2009). Electronics Systems & Technologies Question Bank)
Solution:
For channel 8: fc = 112 4n = 112 4(8) = 80 kHz
fout = fc 400 Hz
fout = 80 kHz 400 Hz
Answer: 79.6 kHz
5. For an FDM system with 75% speech loading and 25% data loading, determine the rms power level
required as recommended by most manufacturers for 600 voice band channels. (Cuervo, S. (2009).
Electronics Systems & Technologies Question Bank)
Solution:
Prms = -11 + 10 log N
Prms = -11 + 10 log (600)
Answer: 16.78 dB
6. Four channels, two with a bit rate of 200kbps and two with a bit rate 150 kbps are to be multiplexed using
multiple slots TDM with no synchronization bits. Answer the following questions: assume 4 bits from the first
2 sources and 3 bits from the second 2 sources. What is the frame rate? (Reference: https://static.
aminer.org/pdf/PDF/000/274/977/simultaneous_transmission_of_data_fdm_signals.pdf)
Solution:
Each frame carries 4 bit from each 200-kbps source or 3 bits from each 150 kbps.
Frame rate = 200,000 / 4 = 150,000 /3 = 50,000 frames/s.
Answer: 50,000 frames/s

7. Determine the carrier frequency of channel five in frequency division multiplexing. (Reference: https://
static.aminer.org/pdf/PDF/000/274/977/simultaneous_transmission_of_data_fdm_signals.pdf)
Solution:
fc = 112 4n
= 112 4(5) = 92 kHz
Answer: 92 kHz
8. Assuming a UHF frequency range of 405.0125 MHz to 405.0875 MHz at 25 kHz channeling plan, how
many channels can you produce? (Reference: https://static.aminer.org/pdf/PDF/000/274/977/simultaneous
_transmission_of_data_fdm_signals.pdf)
Solution:
N = (fu fL)/BW
405.0875405.0125
=
Answer: 3 channels
25 kHz
9. At what height is the satellite from the earths surface if its sidereal period is 18 hours? (Reference:
https://static.aminer.org/pdf/PDF/000/274/977/simultaneous_transmission_of_data_fdm_signals.pdf)
Solution:
64800

2 2
3 gT R
2(6371)2
h=
R =
- 6371
4 2
( 9.81 )

Answer: 28,486 km
10. Two low-pass signals of equal bandwidth are sampled and time division multiplexed using PAM. The
TDM signal is passed through a Low-pass filter & then transmitted over a channel with a bandwidth of
10KHz. What is maximum Sampling rate for each Channel? (Reference: https://www.google.com.ph/
search?
q=multiplexing+problems+with+solution&oq=multiplexing+problems+with+solution&aqs=chrome..69i57.904
5j0j9&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#)
Solution:
Channel Bandwidth = 10 KHz.
Number of samples that can be transmitted through the channel = 20K
Maximum Sampling rate for each channel:
Answer: 10,000 samples/s
11. Moving signals from one line to another is called____. (Reference: Blake, R. (2002). Electronic
Communication Systems, 2nd ed.)
a. time switching
b. space switching
c. line switching
d. cross-point switching

12. Moving PCM samples from one time-slot to another is called _____. (Reference: Blake, R. (2002).
Electronic Communication Systems, 2nd ed.)
a. time switching
b. space switching
c. signal switching
d. crosspoint switching
13. A digital space switch is a _____. (Reference: Blake, R. (2002). Electronic Communication Systems,
2nd ed.)
a. multiplexer
b. TDM switch
c. computerized Strowger switch
d. crosspoint switch
14. Which combinational circuit is renowned for selecting a single input from multiple inputs & directing the
binary information to output line? (Reference: http://www.careerride.com/view.aspx?id=22502)
a. Data Selector
b. Data Distributer
c. Both a & b
d. None of the above
15. It is possible for an enable or strobe input to undergo an expansion of two or more mux ICs to the digital
multiplexer with the proficiency of large number of _____. (Reference: http://www.careerride.com
/view.aspx?id=22502)
a. inputs
b. outputs
c. selection lines
d. all of the above
16. Which method of combination circuit implementation is widely adopted with maximum output functions
and minimum requirement of ICs? (Reference: http://www.careerride.com/view.aspx?id=22503)
a. Multiplexer Method
b. Decoder Method
c. Encoder Method
d. Parity Generator Method
17. Which sequential circuits generate the feedback path due to the cross-coupled connection from output
of one gate to the input of another gate? (Reference: http://www.careerride.com/view.aspx?id=22504)
a. Synchronous
b. Asynchronous
c. Both

d. None of the above

18. A scheme in which several channels are interleaved and then transmitted together is known as _____.
(Reference: Kennedy, G. (1999). Electronic Communication Systems, 4th ed.)
a. Frequency-Division Multiplex
b. Time-Division Multiplex
c. Group
d. Supergroup
19. Quantizing noise occurs in _____. (Reference: Kennedy, G. (1999). Electronic Communication
Systems, 4th ed.)
a. Frequency-Division Multiplex
b. Time-Division Multiplex
c. Pulse-code Modulation
d. Pulse-Width Modulation
20. Which is the major functioning responsibility of the multiplexing combinational circuit? (Reference:
http://www.careerride.com/view.aspx?id=22502)
a. Decoding the binary information
b. Generation of all minterms in an output function with OR-gate
c. Generation of selected path between multiple sources and a single destination
d. All of the above