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ON
PROJECT REPORT ON
BUSINESS RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT
OVER DATA COLLECTION
MASTERS OF COMMERCE DEGREE
SEMESTER- 3
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2015-16
SUBMITTED BY
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD
OF MASTER DEGREE OF COMMERCE
MR: ODIYAR SUMANRAJ
ROLL NO: 32
INTERNAL EXAMINER:
EXTERNAL EXAMINER:
Principal
DECLARATION
ROLL NO: 32
Signature:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I owe a great many thanks to great many people who helped and
supported me doing the writing of this book.
My deepest thanks to lecturer, DR SHAUKAT ALI of the project for
guiding and correcting various documents of mine with attention and care. He
has taken pains to go through my project and make necessary corrections as and
when needed.
I extend my thanks to the principal of NES Ratnam College of Arts
Science and Commerce, Bhandup (w), for extending her support.
My deep sense of gratitude to Principal Mrs. Rina Saha of NES Ratnam
College of Art, Science and Commerce for support and guidance. Thanks and
appreciation to the helpful people at NES Ratnam College of Arts, Science and
Commerce , for their support.
I would also thank my institution and faculty members without whom this
project would have been a distant reality. I also extend my heartfelt thanks to
my family and well-wishers.
Candidate Name:
ODIYAR SUMANRAJ
INDEX
SR.
NO.
DESCRIPTION
PRIMARY DATA
CHAPTER:1
PRIMARY DATA:
Primary data are those data which are collected fresh and
first time, and thus happen to be original in character. The key
point here is that the data you collect is unique to you
and your research and, until you publish, no one else has
access to it.
METHOD OF PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION:
There are several method of Primary data collection, they are
OBSERVATION METHOD
INTERVIEW METHOD
THROUGH QUESTIONNARIRES
THROUGH SCHEDULES
OTHER METHOD
OBSERVATION METHOD:
Observation method is the mostly commonly used method.
Observationmethod becomes a scientific tool and method of
data collection for the researcher, when itserves a formulate
research purpose and systematically planned.
Under the observationmethod the information is sort by way
of investigators own direct observation without asking from
respondent.
For instance, in a study relating to consumer behavior, the
investigatorinstead of asking the brand of wrist watch used by
the respondent, may himself look at the
watch. While using this method the researcher should keep in
mind things like what shouldbe observed? How the
observation should be recorded? How the accuracy of
observation canbe ensured?
Advantage:
Disadvantage:
The lower rate of return of duly filled in questionnaires
It can be used only when respondent are educated and cooperating
The control over the questionnaire may lost once it sent
This method is likely slowest of all the methods
Collection of data through schedules
This method of data collection is very much likely the
collectiondata through the questionnaires, with the little
difference which lies in the fact that schedules are
being filled in by the enumerators who are specially appointed
for this purpose. Theseenumerators along with schedules go to
respondent, put them the questions from the proforma in
the order the questions are listed and records replies in the
space meant for the same in the proforma.
This method requires selection of enumerators for filling up
schedules or assisting respondent tofill up schedules and as
such enumerators should be carefully selected. Enumerators
should be intelligent and must possess the capacity of cross
examinations in order to find the truth. This method of data
collection is very useful in the extensive enquiries and can
lead to fairly reliable result.
It is however very expensive and usually adopted in the
investigation conducted bygovernment agencies or by some
big organization.
For eg. Population censes done by govt.
Advantage:
It can be adopted in those cases where informants are
illiterate.
non-participant or participant
Structured or unstructured
Structured
In structured observation, the researcher specifies in detail
what is to be observed and how themeasurements are to be
recorded. It is appropriate when the problem is clearly defined
and theinformation needed is specified.
Unstructured:
In unstructured observation, the researcher monitors all
aspects of the phenomenon that seem relevant. It is
appropriate when the problem has yet to be formulated
precisely and flexibility is needed in observation to identify
key components of the problem and to develop hypotheses.
The potential for bias is high. Observation findings should be
treated as hypotheses to be tested rather than as conclusive
findings.
Disguised or undisguised
Disguised:
In disguised observation, respondents are unaware they are
being observed and thus behavenaturally. Disguise is
achieved, for example, by hiding, or using hidden equipment
or people disguised as shoppers.
Undisguised
In undisguised observation, respondents are aware they are
being observed..
Natural or contrived
Natural:
CHAPTER:2
SECONDARY DATA:
due to anonymity.
High accuracy may not be possible.
Poorly designed questionnaire will result in ambiguous or
false conclusions.
CHAPTER:3
The conditions for a successful interview are as follows:
Given the current global economic conditions, many of you
are suddenly finding yourselves in a position where you have
to compete for limited resources.
The resources to which I am referring are jobs. Companies all
over the world are laying offemployees in record numbers and
this situation doesn't appear to show any signs improvement
inthe near future. Whether you are going on your first
interview or interviewing after being employed for a very
long time, following the ten steps outlined below will help to
ensure that you put your best foot forward and leave a
favorable impression with interviewers.
The interview process is like a dance. There is a time and a
purpose for each movement that you make and each word that
you speak, so let's review the basic steps that you need to take
in order to ensure success.
The Resume:
Your resume is the tool that will provide your potential
employer with key information about your skills and
qualifications. This is the tool that they will use to determine
whether or not you are selected for an interview. Make sure
that your resume is current, accurate and contains no spelling
errors.
Practice
Prior to the interview make sure that you read your resume
aloud to yourself as many times as necessary to ensure that
you can accurately communicate all of the information
verbally during the interview process. These practice sessions
will also help to put you more at ease during the
actual interview.
The field workers who collect the data typically have little
research background or training. Knowing the vital
importance of the data collected in the field, the research
administrator must concentrate on carefully selecting
fieldworkers.
Some of the general qualifications fieldworkers need are;
Healthy Fieldworkers can be strenuous and they must the
stamina required
to do the job.
Outgoing- they must be able to establish good rapport with
the respondents.
Communicative- effective speaking and listening skills are
greatly required.
Pleasant appearance- they should be neatly dressed.
Educated- they must have good reading and writing skills.
ASKING THE QUESTIONS
Asking questions is an art. Even a slight change in the
wording or sequence or the manner can distort its meaning
and bias the response .These are the following guidelines for
asking questions.
Read each question slowly
Repeat the questions that are not understood.
Be thoroughly familiar with the questionnaire.
Use the exact wording used in the questionnaire.
1. PROBINGit is a motivational technique used when
asking survey questions to
induce the respondents to enlarge on , clarify , or explain their
answers and to
help the respondents to focus on the specific content of the
interview.
Example; if the respondent hesitates, the interviewer should
reassure the respondents
CHAPTER:4
PRINCIPLES OF GOOD INTERVIEWING
The principles of interviewing represent the essence of sound
data collection for business research purposes. For clarity they
have been divided into two categories:
The basics ---The interviewing point of view and
Required practice---The standard enquiry premises and
procedures.
The basics:
The interviewer observes the following basic principles
Have integrity and be honest- this is cornerstone of all
professional inquiry
Have patience and tact-this is very important while
interviewing
Pay attention to accuracy and detail- never assume you
know what a respondent is thinking or jump to any
conclusion.
Keep the inquiry and respondents responses confidentialDo not discuss the studies with any one .never violate the
privacy rule.
The required practices:
1) Complete the number of interviews according to the
sampling plan assigned to you.
2) Follow the directions provided- lack of uniformity in the
procedure can create wrong
analysis. Hence follow the directions carefully.
3) Complete the questionnaire meticulously- Follow exactly
all the rules and regulations of the questionnaire pattern.
4) Compare your sample execution and assigned quota with
the total number of questionnaires you have completed- Do
not consider your assignments done until you finished this.
5) Clear up any questions with the research agency- call the
agency to get the matter clarified if any.
Human Observation:
Surveys emphasize verbal responses, while observation
studies emphasize and allow for the systematic recording of
nonverbal behaviour. A French researcher, who regularly
visited his wifes office in the early evening, observed a
typical pattern:
The married men and women wereworking overtime, and
nearly all of the single men and married women had gone
home. This led to the hypothesis that marriage helps men in
their careers and hinders women, because the husband
receives family support for job advancement while the
married woman does not. Thisinformal observation led to
more rigorous quantitative studies.
Toy manufacturers use the observation technique because
children often cannot verbally express their reactions to a
product. By observing children at play with a proposed toy,
doll, or game, business researchers may be able to identify the
elements of a potentially successful product.
Researchers might observe play with toys to answer the
following questions: How long does the childs attention stay
with the toy? Does the child put the toy down after 2 minutes
or 20 minutes? Are the childs peers equally interested in the
product? Behavioural scientists have recognized that
nonverbal behaviour can be a communication process by
which meanings are exchanged between individuals. Head
nods, smiles, raised eyebrows, and other facial expressions or
body movements have been recognized as communication
symbols.
BIBILIOGRAPHY:
Zikmund William G, Business Research
Methods,
Malhotra Naresh, Marketing Research,
http:/training.gbdirect.co.etc/courses/manage
ment_and_personal_development.
Kothari C. R, Research & Methodology, II
edition, Wishwa Prakashan
Aswathappa. K, Production & operations
management, Himalaya Publishing House