CHAPTER- 1

INTRODUCTION
When India became independent its overall installed capacity was hardly1900MW.During
first five year plan (1951-1956) the capacity was 2300MW.The contribution of Rajasthan
state was negligible. Rajasthan state electricity board came into existence in July1957.
In India electrical power is generated at a voltage of 11 KV to 33 KV.This is taken stepped up
to the transmission level in the range of 66 KV to 200 KV.
Member of transmission and switching have to be created. These are known as SUB
STATION.
A Sub Station is an assembly of apparatus, which transform the characteristics of electrical
energy from one form to another say from one voltage level to another level. Hence a
substation is an intermediate link between the generating station and consumer.
Electricity boards are set up in all states of India which are responsible for
1. Generation
2. Transmission
3.Distribution
They also construct, install and maintain all the station made for these purpose. In Rajasthan
R.R.V.P.N.L is responsible for transmission and distribution of electrical power all over
Rajasthan
Any substation has many types of civil and electrical works. Main components are:1. Bus bar
2. Power Transformers
3. Isolators
4. Circuit Breaker
5. Lightening Arrester
1

1.1 Introduction Of R.S.E.B.

Electrical energy occupies the top grade in energy hierarchy. It find innumerable used in
home, industry, Agriculture etc and even in the transport.Rajasthan state electric board started
functioning from 1st July 1957. But it has been divided into 5 companies namely.
1. RAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDYUT PRASARAN NIGAM LTD (RRVPNL)
2. RAJASTHAN VIDYUT PRASARAN NIGAM LTD (RVPNL)
3. JAIPUR VIDYUT VITRAN NIGAM LTD (JVVNL)
4. AJMER VIDYUT VITRAN NIGAM LTD (AVVNL)
5. JODHPUR VIDYUT VITRAN NIGAM LTD (JVVNL)
R.S.E.B. is the big public organization, which is responsible for the supply of electricity to
whole of the state. It is a organization of public having a business of unique quality the
electricity must be use at the instant of its generation because electricity cannot be stored at
large amount.

CHAPTER- 2

TRANSMISSION LINES
In this category the EHV lines viz. Extra high voltage lines of , 220 kV, 132 kV and 66 kV
are considered/are used voltage from one grid sub-station to other sub-station through six
various types conductors.
2.1 The Conductors Used For:i. For 220 KV line: Zebra conductor is used composite of aluminums strands

and

steel

and

steel

wires.
ii. For 132 KV line: Panther conductor is used composite of aluminum strands
wires.
2.2 Substation:A sub-station is a intermediate link between the generating station and consumer. It may be
defined as the assemblies of apparatus which transfer the characteristic of electrical energy
from one form to another for example one voltage to another.
The electrical energy is generated at low voltage link 6.6 or 11 KV, through higher voltage to
33 KV are also possible due to economic considerations, low voltage is converted to high
voltage like 66 KV, 132 KV, 220 KV, , 765 KV for transmission purpose. This can be done
with the help of the transformer.
2.2.1 Grid:Grid is a technical word use for the term for interconnection of power received from more
than one place. It is network of main power lines for distribution of electricity.
Now Grid sub-station (G.S.S.) means a sub-station where power from more than one place is
interconnected through equipment.

2.2.2 Aspects Of A Grid Sub-Station:-

The sub-station may compared of the following.

a. A switch yard for locating various equipment and instruments protective CT & PT and
Lighting arrester etc. if the substation is near to load center it will have L.T. distribution &
sub transmission equipment and if the load is far from switch yard, will have transformers
breakers and other H.T. control equipment.
b. Transmission lines, towers, poles etc.
c. Sub- Station (distribution) from where the feeders are run for consumers.
d. Workshop for the repairs and maintains every sub-station is designed keeping in of the
following aspects.
1. Reliability 2. Minimum capital cost and operating cost.
3. Maximum demand of consumers groups.
Total No. Of the Towers are:a. Transmission Towers
b. Dead end towers
c. Tangent towers
d. Angle towers
e. Extension towers
f. Spiral towers
g. Section towers
h. Narrow base towers (used in 33 KV lines)

Figure 2.1- View of Transmission Line

CHAPTER 3.

SUBSTATION
3.1 INTRODUCTION
A substation is a part of an electrical generation,transmission, and distribution system.
Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several
other important functions. Electric power may flow through several substations between
generating plant and consumer, and its voltage may change in several steps.
Substations may be owned and operated by a transmission or generation electrical utility, or
may be owned by a large industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are unattended, relying on SCADA for remote supervision and control.
A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission
voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different
transmission voltages. The word substation comes from the days before the distribution
system became a grid. As central generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants
were converted to distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a larger plant
instead of using their own generators. The first substations were connected to only one power
station, where the generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station.

Fig: 3.1 Grid sub station

200kv heendon

Fig;-3.2 sub-

station

3.2

feature

Depending
feature,

on

the

of

Substation

the

constructional

high

voltage

stations may be further subdivided:

(a) Out door substation.
(b) Indoor substation
(c) Basement or Underground substation
6

sub-

Fig: 3.3Substation

The electrical work in a substation comprises of

(1) Choice of bus bar arrangement layout.
(2) Selection of rating of isolator.
(3) Selection of rating of instrument transformer.
(4) Selection of rating of circuit breaker.
(5) Selection of lightning arrestor [LA].
(6) Selection of rating of power transformer.
(7) Selection of protective relaying scheme, control and relay boards.
(8) Selection of voltage regulator equipment.
(9) Design a layout of earthling grids and protection against lightening strokes.

3.3 Various incoming and outgoing lines

1. 400 KV incoming lines

Agra Bhivari Line

7

2. 220 KV outgoing lines

Dausa
Kunda Ki dhani
IG.Nagar
Amer

3. Battery room D.C. distribution system

D.C. lead acid battery, and charging equipments.

D.C. distribution system.

4. Mechanical, Electrical and other auxiliary

Fire extinguishers.

Lighting system.

Oil purification system.

Cooling water system.

Telephone system.

Workshop, store etc.

5. Protection system

Current transformer and potential transformer.

Protection cables.

Protective relays.

Circuit breaker.

Lightening arrestors.

3.4 Elements of a substation

A:Primary power lines' side
B:Secondary power lines' side
1.Primary power lines
2.Ground wire
3.Overhead lines
4.Transformer for measurement of electric voltage
8

5.Disconnect switch
6.Circuit breaker
7.Current transformer
8.Lightning arrester
9.Main transformer
10.Control building
11.Security fence
12.Secondary power lines
Substations generally have switching, protection and control equipment, and transformers. In
a large substation, circuit breakers are used to interrupt any short circuitsor overload currents
that may occur on the network. Smaller distribution stations may use recloser circuit breakers
or fuses for protection of distribution circuits. Substations themselves do not usually have
generators, although a power plant may have a substation nearby. Other devices such as
capacitorsand voltage regulatorsmay also be located at a substation.
Substations may be on the surface in fenced enclosures, underground, or located in specialpurpose buildings. High-rise buildings may have several indoor substations. Indoor
substations are usually found in urban areas to reduce the noise from the transformers, for
reasons of appearance, or to protect switchgear from extreme climate or pollution conditions.
Where a substation has a metallic fence, it must be properly grounded (UK: earthed) to
protect people from high voltages that may occur during a fault in the network. Earth faults at
a substation can cause a ground potential rise. Currents flowing in the Earth's surface during a
fault can cause metal objects to have a significantly different voltage than the ground under a
person's feet; this touch potential presents a hazard of electrocution

3.5 Design
The main issues facing a power engineerare reliability and cost. A good design attempts to
strike a balance between these two, to achieve sufficient reliability without excessive cost.
The design should also allow expansion of the station, when required.

Selection of the location of a substation must consider many factors. Sufficient land area is
required for installation of equipment with necessary clearances for electrical safety, and for
access to maintain large apparatus such as transformers. Where land is costly, such as in
urban areas, gas insulated switchgear may save money overall. The site must have room for
expansion due to load growth or planned transmission additions. Environmental effects of the
substation must be considered, such as drainage, noise and road traffic effects. A grounding
(earthing) system must be designed. The totalgroundpotential rise , and the gradients in
potential during a fault (called "touch" and "step" potentials), must be calculated to protect
passers-by during a short-circuit in the transmission system. The substation site must be
reasonably central to the distribution area to be served. The site must be secure from intrusion
by passers-by, both to protect people from injury by electric shock or arcs, and to protect the
electrical system from misoperation due to vandalism.The first step in planning a substation
layout is the preparation of a one-line diagram which shows in simplified form the switching
and protection arrangement required, as well as the incoming supply lines and outgoing
feeders or transmission lines. It is a usual practice by many electrical utilities to prepare oneline diagrams with principal elements (lines, switches, circuit breakers, transformers)
arranged on the page similarly to the way the apparatus would be laid out in the actual
station.
In a common design, incoming lines have a disconnect switch and a circuit breaker. In some
cases, the lines will not have both, with either a switch or a circuit breaker being all that is
considered necessary. A disconnect switch is used to provide isolation, since it cannot
interrupt load current. A circuit breaker is used as a protection device to interrupt fault
currents automatically, and may be used to switch loads on and off, or to cut off a line when
power is flowing in the 'wrong' direction. When a large fault current flows through the circuit
breaker, this is detected through the use of current transformers. The magnitude of the current
transformer outputs may be used to trip the circuit breaker resulting in a disconnection of the
load supplied by the circuit break from the feeding point. This seeks to isolate the fault point
from the rest of the system, and allow the rest of the system to continue operating with
minimal impact. Both switches and circuit breakers may be operated locally (within the
substation) or remotely from a supervisory control center.
Once past the switching components, the lines of a given voltage connect to one or more
buses. These are sets of busbars, usually in multiples of three, since three-phase electrical
power distribution is largely universal around the world.
10

The arrangement of switches, circuit breakers and buses used affects the cost and reliability
of the substation. For important substations a ring bus, double bus, or so-called "breaker and
a half" setup can be used, so that the failure of any one circuit breaker does not interrupt
power to other circuits, and so that parts of the substation may be de-energized for
maintenance and repairs. Substations feeding only a single industrial load may have minimal
switching provisions, especially for small installations. Once having established buses for the
various voltage levels, transformers may be connected between the voltage levels. These will
again have a circuit breaker, much like transmission lines, in case a transformer has a fault
(commonly called a "short circuit").
Perhaps more important, a faultmay develop in a transmission line or any other component.
Some examples of this: a line is hit by lightning and develops an arc, or a tower is blown
down by high wind. The function of the substation is to isolate the faulted portion of the
system in the shortest possible time.
There are two main reasons: a fault tends to cause equipment damage; and it tends to
destabilize the whole system. For example, a transmission line left in a faulted condition will
eventually burn down; similarly, a transformer left in a faulted condition will eventually blow
up.

While

these

are

happening,

the

powerdrain

makes

the

system

more

unstable.Disconnecting the faulted component, quickly, tends to minimize both of these

problems.

CHAPTER-4
11

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

A Single Line Diagram (SLD) of an Electrical System is the Line Diagram of the concerned
Electrical which includes all the required ELECTRICALEQUIPMENT connection sequence
wise from the point of entrance of Power up to the end of the scope of the mentioned Work.
As in the case of 220 KV Substation, the SLD shall show Lightening Arrestor, State
Electricity Board's C.T/P.T Unit, Isolators, Protection and Metering P.T & C.T. Circuit
Breakers, again Isolators and circuit Breakers, Main Power Transformer, all protective
devices/relays and other special equipment like NGR, CVT, GUARD RINGS, SDR etc as per
design criteria.
As these feeders enter the station they are to pass through various instruments. The
instruments have their usual functioning. They are as follows in the single line diagram1. Lightening arrestors,
2. C V T
3. Wave trap
4. Current transformer
5. Isolators with earth switch
6. Circuit breaker
7. Line isolator
8. Bus Bar
9. Potential transformer in the bus with a bus isolator
10. Isolator
11. Lightening arrestors with earth switch
12. A capacitor bank attached to the bus.

CHAPTER- 5
12

TRANSFORMERS
A transformer is a static (or stationary) piece of apparatus by means of which electric power
of one circuit is transformed into electric power of same frequency in another circuit.
In brief, a transformer is a device that:
1. Transfer electric power from one circuit to another
2. It does so without change of frequency
3. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction
4. Where the two electric circuits are in mutual inductive influence of each other
There are single phase and three phase transformers which are used as requirement. The main
advantage of a 3-phase X-former is that 3-phase load tap changing mechanism could be used
further the installation of a single 3-phase transformer is simple than 3-phase transformers.
In 400kv GSS HEERAPURA, there are four power transformers.
ILT-1 ( 250MVA)
ILT-2 ( 250MVA)
ILT-3 ( 250MVA)
ILT-4 ( 315MVA)

5.1Power Transformer:The transformer is oil immersed with triple rating of 250 MVA auto under ON (natural
cooling) (oil immersed with natural air-cooling) or (oil immersed with forced oil cooling).
The tertiary is suitable for 11MVA continuous synchronous condenser loading.

When

the

tertiary is load the secondary load should be limited, such that no industrial individual
winding is over loaded and are also that total losses are not exceeds.
It is ensured that the tertiary winding will also operate satisfactory with each other. The
transformer is provided with separate tank of radiators, fans, pumps and associated control
equipment. The control equipment is housed in a tank mounted marshalling commercial. It is
provided with on load tap charge
13

A transformer double wound or auto wound has minimum of two voltage, one corresponding
to the supply and second to the load side. Many time a third winding is introduced in primary
and secondary, winding requires it because another voltage may be required at the place of
supply to load. In either core the third winding is connected to delta formation and is
generally known as "tertiary" winding in the case of star/star methods of connection three
phase shell type transformer is used which causes a serious problem of the third harmonic
components of the magnetic currents. The tertiary delta
The territory winding helps1. To reduce the unbalancing in the phase of the primary side due to unbalanced three

phase

loads.
2. To redistribute the flow of faults currents;
3. To supply an auxiliary load in addition to the main load. This could be consists of the
power factor improvement synchronous condensers or shunt capacitors. In such a case the
purchaser of a power X mer should always specify the voltage and power ratings of the
tertiary winding;
PARTS & FITTINGS OF THE TRANSFORMER:(1).CORE:It is used to provide closed magnetic coupling b/w L.V. & H.V. coils &to reduce
leakage flux & to provide low reluctance path. Core is made of laminated magnetic material.
The material is generally in the form of laminated Silicon alloy steel. Silicon risks the
permeability at low flux density, reduces hysteresis loss & eddy current loss. Each lamination
is coated with thin layer of insulation varnish.
(2). WINDING:Winding of a t/f that is L.V. & H.V. winding are attached on the limbs. They are
made up of copper. Cylindrical, concentric winding are used for core type t/f for L.V. & H.V.
( 3).TANK & TANK COVER:Inside the tank oil is filled & the core is placed. The tank cover is used to
prevent the entry of dust particles & external impurities.
(4).L.V. & H.V. BUSHINGS:Bushings comprises of a central conductor surrounded by graded insulation. A
bushing is necessary when a conductor is taken out through a metallic tank.
14

( 5). TAP CHANGER:Adjustment of voltage is done by changing the effective turns ratio of the
system transformer by proper selections of tapings on the winding. There are 2 types of tap
changing:

OFF LOAD TAP CHANGING

ON LOAD TAP CHANGING
In the first form as none implies it is essential to switch off the t/f before

changing the tap. On load tap changers are employed to regulate voltage while t/f is
delivering normal load.
Tap changers are provided on the outer winding or moreover the H.V. side has
number of turns. During transition two adjacent taps are momentarily connected & the short
circuit is limited by the automatic insertion of impedance b/w the corresponding tapping.
(6). CARRIAGE:It is used to move the t/f when it is to be installed or is to be taken to repair.

(7). JACKING OR LIFTING LUGS:They are used to lift the t/f.

(8).FITTINGS:8.1. RADIATOR:It is used for cooling purpose of the insulating oil.

8.2. PRESSURE RELIEF PIPE OR VENT PIPES:It is a cylindrical steel pipe whose one end is connected to the
main tank through the bolts & the other is connected to diaphragm (thin glass plate). It
prevents the tank from bursting when excessive gas gets collected in the tank.
8.3. BREATHER:If the moisture enters the t/f then the dielectric strength of the oil reduces. The
breather absorbs the moisture from the conservator. It is connected to the conservator. It
consists of crystals of silica gel. Dry cell gel is of blue color. Moist silica gel becomes pink.
8.4. ARCHING HORN:15

To prevent the t/f from lightening & excessive voltage & to send the current
obtained from this to earth, two rods of horn shape are fitted on the voltage bushing.
8..5. OIL GAUGE:It is used to note the oil level in the conservator tank.
8.6. PRESSURE GAUGE:It is used to note the pressure inside the tank.
8.7. OIL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR:It indicates the temperature of the oil inside the main tank of the t/f.
8.8. WINDING TEMPERATURE INDICATOR:It indicates the temperature of the windings of the t/f.
8.9. OIL LEVEL INDICATOR:It indicates level of oil in the conservator tank & also show the level of oil
according to temperature.
5.2. Auto Transformers:Basically auto-transformer comprises of only one winding per phase, part of which is used by
both primary and secondary winding. This arrangement results into an appreciable saving in
cost as well as higher operating efficiency is achieved, but their extensive use is not being
favored by power utilities due to certain inherent disadvantages which are as follows:
1. It has got low inherent reactance as such is subjected to severe short circuit conditions.
2. Since primary and secondary side uses same windings, there is always possibility
ofimposition of higher voltage on secondary in case of fault.
3. Both the windings make use of common neutral, as such neutral is required or isolated on
both sides.
5.3. Instrument Transformer:The transformer are used in A.C. system for the measurement of current , voltage, power and
energy, the actual measurements being done by measuring instruments. Transformer used in
16

conjunction with measuring instrument for measurement purposes are called as "instrument
transformer". The transformer used for the measurement of current is called "current
transformer". Transformer used for voltage measurement are called as "voltage transformer"
or" potential transformer".
5.3.1 Current Transformer:In electrical engineering, a current transformer (CT)is used for measurement of electric
currents.

Current

transformers,

together

with voltage

transformers (VT)

(potential

transformers (PT)), are known as instrument transformers. When current in a circuit is too
high to directly apply to measuring instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced
current accurately proportional to the current in the circuit, which can be conveniently
connected to measuring and recording instruments. A current transformer also isolates the
measuring instruments from what may be very high voltage in the monitored circuit. Current
transformers are commonly used in metering and protective relays in the electrical power
industry.

Fig:-5.1current transformer

5.3.2 Voltage Transformers:-

17

Voltage transformers (VT) or potential transformers (PT) are another type of instrument
transformer, used for metering and protection in high-voltage circuits. They are designed to
present negligible load to the supply being measured and to have a precise voltage ratio to
accurately step down high voltages so that metering and protective relay equipment can be
operated at a lower potential. Typically the secondary of a voltage transformer is rated for 69
V or 120 V at rated primary voltage, to match the input ratings of protection relays.
The terminal identifications (H1, X1, Y1, etc.) are often referred to as polarity. This applies to
current transformers as well. At any instant terminals with the same suffix numeral have the
same polarity and phase. Correct identification of terminals and wiring is essential for proper
operation of metering and protection relays.
Some meters operate directly on the secondary service voltages at or below 600 V. VTs are
typically used for higher voltages (for example, 765 kV for power transmission), or where
isolation is desired between the meter and the measured circuit.

Figure- 5.3- Voltage Transformer

Voltage transformers which step-down systems voltages to sufficiently low values are
necessary on every system for:
a. Induction of the voltage conditions

18

b. Metering of the supply (or exchange of energy)

c. Relaying and
d. Synchronizing
On account of cost and voltage the indicating instruments meters and relays are designed for
the voltage as obtainable from the secondary sides of the voltage transformer. The calibration
of the indicating instruction and meters is however done accordingly to the primary voltage
of the V.Ts.
The voltage transformers are classified as under:
a. Capacitive voltage transformer or Capacitive type
b. Magnetic type

19

CHAPTER-6

ISOLATOR
6.1 Introduction:When carrying out inspection to disconnect reliably the unit or section on which the work to
be done from all other live parts on the in-station in order to ensure completely safety of the
working staff.
It may be defined as a device used to open (or use) a circuit either when negligible current is
interrupted (or established) or when no significant charge the voltage across the terminals of
each pole of the isolator will result from the operation.
Isolator may be classified as single pole and 3-pole isolator i.e. according to number of
poles. According to the service type these are:
i. Indoor type and
ii Outdoor type
6.2 Operation:The operation of an isolator may be manual i.e. by hand without using any other supply or
storage of energy meter power operated isolates during the cause of operation utilize energy
which is not supplied by the operator. The energy may be electrical pneumatic or the energy
previously stored in spring or counter weight.
6.3 Control:In case power operated isolators are purchased for any installation it may be worthwhile to
examine further weather control should be local in switchyard or remote in the control room.
It should therefore considered in detail whether any installation really instifies the
procurement of remote operated isolators keeping in view the past that the frequency of
operation of isolators is rather low.
6.4 Auxiliary Switch:This is an operating and important accessory and is designed as a switching device working
in conjunction with an isolator for controlling a circuit for auxiliary device such as trip coils

20

indicators or indicating lamps. The number of normally closed and normally open contacts
should be specially worked out particularly if electrical interlocking between breakers and
isolators is chosen.
6.4.1 Make Before And Break After Contacts:These are provided in series with the main contacts so that in case of load isolators, the arcing
is taken and whenever necessary only the arcing contacts are replaced.
6.5 Arcing Horns:These are provided on each stack of post Insulator for the purpose of insulation co-ordination
some time confusion is created in the function of these arcing horns vis a vis (make before
and break after contacts. These may be fixed or adjustable types).
The use of arcing horns is avoided where insulation strength between poles or phases and
between higher than that of earth. This is necessary for safety and security. Any travelling
wave meeting an isolator is the closed position should causes of it must a flash over to earth
rather than between phase or between terminal of the same pole where the design of the
isolator itself provides for this. It is necessary to use arcing hours on the insulator stacks.

Figure:-6.1- View of Arcing Horn

6.6 Interlocking:In correct operation of an isolating switch may be accidentally harmful effects and may cause
distribution of part of the plant as well as costly service interruption for preventing such
incorrect operation inter locks are used i.e. isolating switches.

21

CHAPTER-7

CIRCUIT BREAKER
7.1 Introduction:A circuit breaker is equipment, which can open or close circuit under all condition viz. No
load, full loads an fault conditions. It is so designed that it can be operated manually under
normal conditions and automatically under fault conditions, for the later operation, relay
circuit is used.
Circuit breaker can be defined as an electrical device, which protects the system from short
circuits or overloads with the help of relays. Installation of over rated circuit breakers or
extra sensitive and costly protective devices will mean un-warranted expenditure. It is
therefore necessary that calculations in respect of short circuit currents for the concerned
system be made before correctly rated circuit breakers are selected or steps are taken to
improve the existing system.

Fig 7.1Circuit breker

7.2 Operating Principle:-A circuit breaker consists of fixed and moving contacts under
normal operating conditions, these contacts remain closed.
In this condition, the emf in the secondary winding of current transformer (CT) in sufficient
to operate the trip coil of the breakers but the contacts can be opened by manual or automatic
control.
22

When a fault occurs on any part of the system the resulting over current in the C.T. primary
winding increases the secondary winding EMF and hence the current through the relay
operating coils. Therefore, the main problem in a circuit breaker is to extinguish the arc
within the shortest time so that heat generates by it may not reach a dangerous value.
7.3 Classification Of Circuit Breakers For Various Voltages:1. Bulk oil circuit breaker.

2. Air blast circuit breaker.

3. SF-6 circuit breaker.
4. Minimum oil circuit breaker.
5. Vacuums circuit breaker.
7.3.1 Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker :In such circuit breaker transformer oil is used for arc extinction. The contacts are opened
under oil, which absorbs the heat of arc, and decomposed into gases as hydrogen, which have
excellent cooling properties due to high heat conductivity.
Circuit breaker compresses of three-pole contact assembly housed in a circular welded steel
tank. The contacts are of but type the stationary portion comprises of two contacts pivoted at
the base of the explosion pot.When the breaker is tripped on load or on fault, the moving
contact breaks circuit with the stationary contacts and the resulting arc is drawn downward
through the throat hole. As the moving contacts descends, the flush of oil and gas sweeps
through the arc an passes out through nozzle outlets thereby producing powerful quenching
effect and causing disruption of the arc before the contact leaves the cross jet assembly.
The disadvantages of oil as an arc excitation medium for an arc: 1. It is inflammable and there is a risk of fire.
2. The quality of oil deteriorates, due to increase of carbon in oil with the excessive use of
breaker. This needs periodic checking and replacement of oil.
3. In B.O.C.B. the increase in carbonization weakness the dielectric strength of the oil of
breaking strength of oil.

23

Figure 7.2- Bulk Oil Circuit Breaker

7.3.2 Air Blast Circuit Breaker:In such circuit breaker, high-pressure air blast is used for arc extinction. The contacts are
opened in the flow of air blast. The air blast cools the arc and removes the arcing products
(mainly composed of carbon) to the atmosphere. This rapidly increases the dielectric strength
of the medium between contacts and prevents the arc restricting. Consequently the arc is
extinguished a flow of current is interrupted.

24

Figure:-7.3 View of Air Blast Circuit Breakers

7.3.3 SF6 Circuit Breaker:The arc excitation process in SF6 gas removes the heat from the arc by axial convention and
radial dissipation. As a result the arc diameter reduces during the decreasing made of the
current zero and arc is extinguished due to its Electromagnetic and low arc time constant, the
gas remains its dielectric strength rapidly after the final current zero. The rate of rise of
dielectric strength is very high and time constant is very small.

Fig 7.4 SF6 Circuit

Breaker

7.3.4 Minimum

Oil

Circuit
Breaker:Oil circuit breaker uses dielectric oil (transformer oil) for the purpose of arc extinction. In
bulk oil circuit breaker the arc extinction takes place in the tank where as in M.O.C.B. the
25

current interruption takes inside interruption. The enclosure of the interpreter is made of
insulating material like porcelain. Hence clearance between the live part and the enclosure
can reduce and layer quality requires of internal insulation.

Figure 7.5- Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker

CHAPTER-8

LIGHTNING ARRESTER
26

8.1 Introduction:Lightning Arresters are installed in power houses and sub-stations to safeguard the major
equipment like power-transformers, switch gear and to ensure the flow of power uninterruptedly. It is true that lightning arresters require minimum post-installation care, but
their importance as a critical equipment can hardly be disputed.
8.2 Lightning Strokes And Over-Voltages:The overhead transmission lines and connected electrical apparatus i.e. Power Transformers,
Switch gear etc. are subjected to over voltages on account of lightning discharges caused by
atmospheric disturbances and or by switching operations. Abnormal voltages are caused by
atmospheric disturbances as a result
8.3 Types Of Lightning Arresters:Lightning protective devices, which are in market, are of the following type:
8.3.1 Rod Gap or Sphere Gap:It is a very simple protective device i.e. gap is provided across the stack of insulators to
permit flash-over when undesirable voltages are impressed on the system. It does not fulfill
the function of ideal lightning arresters i.e. it does not cut off power voltage after it has
flashed over by a surge, in other words a short circuit will be caused on the system every time
a surge causes a flash-over. Flash over conditions are also affected by rain, pollution,
humidity temperature and polarity of the incident waves. In view of these disadvantages it
can be only used as "back up" protection in case main lightning arrester gets damaged.

Figure:-8.2 View of Rod Gap Type Lightening Arrester

27

8.3.2 Expulsion type Lightning arresters:Expulsion type lightning arresters are also called "expulsion protector tubes", "de-ion tubes"
and "line type expulsion arresters." Constructional details and salient features of expulsion
type lightning arresters are shown in fig.

Figure:- 8.3 View of Expulsion Type Lightning Arrester

8.3.3 Valve Type Lightning Arresters:Valve type Lightning arrester consists of number of spark gaps in series with non-linear
resistors, the whole assembly being rigidly housed inside a hermetically sealed bushing.
Under normal conditions, power frequency system voltage does not cause break down of
series spark gaps and thereby insulate the line from ground for the highest system voltage.
The valve type lightning arresters are generally classified as station type and line type.
Station type lightning arresters are very robust and efficient and are installed in sub-stations
and power houses

28

Figure:-8.4 View of Valve Type L.A.

8.4 General Rating Recommendations Of Lightning Arresters:i.10 KV rated lightning arresters: Arresters of this rating are used in case of power
stations and E.H.V. sub-stations.
ii. 5 kA rated lightning arrests: Arresters of this capacity normally are used in case of high
voltage sub-stations having system voltage as 66 KV or less. These are also used in case
of small power houses.
iii. 2.5 kA rated lightning arresters: Arresters of these ratings are used in case of system
up to 11 KV.
iv. 1.5 KA rated lightning arresters: arresters of these ratings are normally used in case of
distribution system.
8.5 Location of Lightning Arresters:In order to ensure effective protection of the equipment lightning arresters should be located:
a. Very close to the equipment be protected and connected with shortest leads on both the line
and ground side to reduce the inductive effects of the leads while discharging large surge
currents.
b. In order to ensure the protection of transformer windings it is desirable to inter-connect the
ground lead of the arrester with the tank and also the neutral of secondary. This
interconnection reduces the stress imposed on the transformer windings by the surge currents
to the extent of the drop across the earth resistance and the inductive drop across the ground
lead.

29

CHAPTER-9

INSULATORS & RELAYS

In order to present the flow of current to the each earth from support the transmission line and
distribution lines are secured to the supporting tiers or pole with the help of insulators. Thus
the insulators play an important role in the successful operation of lines.
9.1 Requirements For Insulators:1. Mechanically Strong
2. High dielectric strength
3. High insulation resistance to the leakage current
4. Free from internal impurities
9.2 Types Of Insulators:-

30

9.2.1 Pin Type Insulators: -It is one of the earliest designs used for supporting lives
conductors. is used for low voltage up to 33 KV. The pin insulators are screwed on and firmly
attached to galvanized steel bolts.

Figure- 9.1- Pin Type Insulator

9.2.2 Suspension Type Insulators:For higher voltage up to 132 KV suspension insulators are used, a number of them are
connected in series by metallic links to form a chain and the line conductor is carried by the
bottom most insulator.

Figure- 9.2- Suspension Type Insulator

9.2.3 Shackle insulators:It is mostly used for low voltage distribution lines such insulators can either be used in a
horizontal position or in a vertical position. The conductor in the groove are fixed with the
help of soft binding wires.

31

Figure 9.3- Shackle Type Insulator

9.2.4 Strain Insulators:When there is a corner or a sharp curve or the lines crosses river etc., the line is to withstand
great strain.

Figure 9.4- Strain Type Insulator

9.3 Bus Bar

It is a incoming 220kv feeder BUS from which the line is taken to the transformer for further
step down. There are two bus systems.
32

9.3.1 Double Main Bus & Transfer Bus System

Merits:1. Most flexible in operation.
2. Highly reliable.
3. Breaker failure on bus side breaker removes only one circuit. From service.
4. All switching done with breakers.
5. Simple operation, no isolator switching required.
6. Either main bus can be taken out of service at any time for maintenance.
7. Bus fault does not remove any feeder from the service.
9.3.2 Mesh (Ring) Bus Bar System
Merits:1. Bus bars gave some operational flexibility.
Demerits:1. If fault occurs during bus maintenance, ring gets separated into two sections.
2. Auto-reclosing and protection complex.
3. Requires VTs on all circuits because there is no definite voltage reference point. These
VTs may be required in all cases for synchronizing live line or voltage indication.
4. Breaker failure during fault on one circuit causes loss of additional circuit because of
breaker failure.

9.4 Synchronoscope:A synchronoscope is used to determine the current instance of closing the switch, which
connects new supply to bus bar.
9.4.1 Basic Equipment Or Requirement Of Protective Relays:Basic requirements of protective relays are as follows
1. Speed
Protective relaying should do's connect a faulty element as quickly as possible.
33

2. Selectivity
The ability of the protective relay to determine the point of which have the fault occurs and
select the nearest circuit breaker tripping of which will lead the clearing of fault with min-or
so damage to the system.
3. Sensitivity
It is the capacity of the relaying to operate relay under the actual condition that produces the
last operating condition tendency.
Depending upon the method of element connected primary relay (series element connect
directly on the circuit of protective element) and secondary relay (sensing element connected
through a current and voltage transformer).

CHAPTER-

10

CONTROL ROOM & BATTERY ROOM

10.1 CONTROL ROOM:There is a Control Room in the HEERAPURA, JAIPUR in which Control Panel is
present. All the connections of the transformer &feeders are done here from Remote
Operation. is requiredfor affecting automatic controls. The cable system generally
operates at 110 V or 220 V. For layingthese cables generally, ducts run from Control
Roombasement to centrally located Junction Box from where the conduits are sendto the
required points. For providing D.C. voltage 55 dry cells connected in series. There is a
separate roomorBattery Room for having these batteries.

34

Fig 10.1 Control Room

10.2 Battery Room

10.2.1 Introduction:Storage battery is the most dependable source of supply of D.C. The voltage of the auxiliary
supply is maintained at 110/220 .The battery room should be ready in all respects by fulfilling
the following minimum requirements1. The walls and the ceiling of the battery room should be well black washed and should
remain clean and dry.
2. The flooring of the battery room shall be acid resistant tiles and material.
3. The battery room should be well lit. there should be no direct sun light on the cells.
4. Suitable exhaust fans shall be fixed to provide a minimum of six air charges per hour.
5. The exhaust fans shall be suitably distributed and placed on the wall, which open to
atmosphere.
35

Figure:-10.2 View of Battery Room

CHAPTER-11

BUS BAR SYSTEM

This bus bar arrangement is very useful for working purpose as every GSS. It is a conductor
to which a number of cut .Are connected in 220 KV GSS there are two bus running parallel
to the each other, one is main and another is auxiliary bus is only for stand by, in case of
failure of one we can keep the supply continues.
If more loads are coming at the GSS then we can disconnect any feeder through circuit
breaker which is connected to the bus bar. This remaining all the feeders will be in running
position .if we want to work with any human damage. In this case all the feeders will be on
conditions.
According to bus voltage the material is used .Al is used because of the property & features
and it is cheap.
36

With the help of bus bar arrangement we can connect all the incoming supply which is
coming from different higher order GSS.

Fig 11.1:-Bus Bar System

CHAPTER-12

WAVE TRAP
It is used to trap the communication signals & send PLCC room through CVT.
Rejection filters are known as the line traps consisting of a parallel resonant circuit ( L and C
in parallel) tuned to the carrier frequency are connected in series at each and of the protected
line such a circuit offer high impedance to the flow of carrier frequency current thus
preventing the dissipation. The carrier current used for PLC Communication have to be
prevented from entering the power equipments such as attenuation or even complete loss of
communication signals. For this purpose wave trap or line trap are used between transmission
line and power station equipment to-

37

avoid carrier power dissipation in the power plant reduce cross talks with other PLC
Circuits connected to the same power station.
Ensure proper operating conditions and signal levels at the PLC transmit receive
equipment irrespective of switching conditions of the power circuit and equipments in
the stations.

Fig:12.1- wave trap

CHAPTER-13

Power Line Carrier Communication

Introduction
Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) provides for signal transmission down
transmission line conductors or insulated ground wires. Protection signaling, speech and data
transmission for system operation and control, management information systems etc. are the
main needs which are met by PLCC.
High frequency signals in the range of 50 KHZ to 400 KHZ commonly known as the carrier
signal and to result it with the protected section of line suitable coupling apparatus and line
traps are employed at both ends of the protected section. Here in Sanganer and also in other
38

sub-station this system is used. The main application of power line carrier has been from the
purpose of supervisory control telephone communication, telemetering and relaying.

Fig 13.1-Plcc

Power line carrier communication

PLCC Equipment
The essential units of power line carrier equipment consists of :-

Wave trap
Coupling Capacitor
LMU and protective equipments.

MERITS AND DEMRITS OF PLCC

39

Merits
I.

II.
III.
IV.
V.

The severity that a power line can withstand is much more than that odd
communication line due to higher mechanical strength of transmission line power
lines generally provide the shortest route between the Power Station and the
Receiving Stations.
The carrier signals suffer less attenuation, owing to large cross sectional area of power
line.
Larger spacing between conductors reduces the capacitances which results in lesser
attenuation of higher frequencies.
Large spacing also reduces the cross talk to a certain extent.
The construction of a separate communication line is avoided.

Demerits
i.
ii.
iii.

Utmost care is required to safeguard the carrier equipment and persons using them
against high voltage and currents on the line.
Noise introduced by power line is far more than in the case of communication line.
This is due to the discharge across insulators and corona etc.
Induced voltage surges in the power line may affect the connected carrier equipment.

CHAPTER-14

EARTHING
Earthing is the provision of a surface under the substation, which has a uniform potential as
nearly as zero or equal to Absolute Earth potential. The provision of an earthing system for an
electric system is necessary by the following reason.
1. In the event of over voltage on the system due to lighting discharge or other system fault.
These parts of equipment which are normally dead as for as voltage, are concerned do not
attain dangerously high potential.

40

2. In a three phase, circuit the neutral of the system is earthed in order to stabilize the
potential of circuit with respect to earth.
The earthing is of two principal types :

Neutral Earthing.
Equipment Body Earthing.

Neutral Earthing:Neutral Earthing also known as System Neutral Earthing (or Grounding) means connecting the neutral
point i.e. the star point of generator,transformer etc. to earth. In rotating machines, generator,
transformer circuit etc., the neutral point is always connected to earth either directly or through a
reactance. Such a transformer has no secondary. Since the fluxes are opposite, the transformer takes
very small magnetizing current under normal conditions.
During fault, the circuit is primary side,which provides very less impedance to the current. The
grounding transformers are short time rating. Their size is almost one tenth as compared to power
transformer.

Electrical Earthing:Electrical Earthing is different from neutral earthing. During fault condition, the metallic
parts of an electrical installation which do not carry current under normal conditions, may
attain high potential with respect to ground. As human body can tolerate only I=0.165A/T
current for a given time t so to ensure safety we connect such metallic parts to earth by
means of Earthing system ,which comprises of electrical conductor to send fault current to
earth.
Earthing system ensures safety in following ways :

The potential of earthen body does not reach dangerously high value about earth,
since it is connected to earth.
Earth fault current flows through earthing and readily causes the operation of fuse or
an earth relay.

41

Fig: 14.1:-Eatrhing system

Earthing of the Sub Station shall be done as per the earth mat design provided by the Design
Wing and in accordance with the latest editions of Indian Electricity Rules, relevant Indian
Standards & Codes of Practice and Regulations except where specifically increased /
enhanced in the design.
a) IS 3043: Indian Standard Code of Practice for Earthing.
b) Indian Electricity Rules, 1956 with latest amendments.
c) National Electricity Safety Code, IEEE 80.
The details of the earthing material generally used in a sub station are given below:

42

All equipments and structures are required to be earthed by two separate and distinct
connections with earth as per Rule 61 of the Indian Electricity Rules, 1956. The neutrals of
all voltage levels of transformers / reactors shall be earthed through independent earthing. All
these earthing points should be interconnected with the sub station earth mat. Each earthing
lead from the neutral of the power transformer / reactor shall be directly connected to two
earth electrodes separately which, in turn, shall be connected to the earth mesh. The
transformer / reactor tanks as well as associated accessories like separate cooler banks shall
also be connected to the earth mat at two points.
Capacitor Voltage Transformers & Lightning Arresters shall be earthed through two
independent risers directly connected to earth electrodes which should in turn be connected to
the sub station earth mat. The distance between the electrodes should not be less than 4.0
metres.
All other equipments such as Circuit Breakers, CTs, Isolators, Post Insulators, etc. shall also
be earthed at two points. Bus Bar structures and equipment structures shall be earthed at two
points. Marshalling boxes, cubicles, C & R Panels and all other metallic enclosures, which
are normally not carrying any current, shall also be earthed.

43

All the earthing connections to the earth mat shall be by 2 nos. direct earthing risers free from
kinks and of the shortest length. The two earthing connections / risers should be connected to
the different sides of the earth mat enclosing the structure / equipment to be earthed.
For equipment earthing (including isolators), the earthing risers should be connected to the
earthing terminal / pad of equipment and brought down along the leg / main member of
structure and connected to the earth mat. The structure shall not be used as a part of the
earthing.

Burial of Earthing Conductor

The alignment of the earth mat conductor can be changed by forming U loops in case it
fouls with equipment / structure foundations. The average spacing for East - West rows
andfor North - South rows of the earth mat shall, however, be kept as near as possible to
thespacing indicated in the earth mat design.
Earthing conductors in the switchyard area shall be buried at least 600 mm below
finishedground level unless stated otherwise.Earthing conductor around any building shall be
buried in earth at a minimum distance of 1500 mm from the outer boundary of the building.In
case high temperature is encountered at any location, the earthing conductor shall be laid at a
minimum distance of 1500 mm away from such location.Earthing conductors, if embedded in
the concrete, shall have approximately 50 mm concrete cover.
Earthing conductors laid in cable trenches, ladder columns, beams, walls, etc. shall
besupported by suitable welding / cleating at intervals of 750 mm.Wherever earthing
conductors pass through walls, floors, etc., galvanized iron sleeves shall be provided for the
passage of the conductor and both ends of the sleeve shall be sealed toprevent the passage of
water through the sleeves.The earthing conductors shall be clamped with the equipment
support structures at 1000mm interval.Transformer / Railway tracks within the switchyard
area shall be earthed at a spacing of 30 meters and also at both ends.Flexible earthing
connectors shall be provided for the moving parts of equipments such asearthing switches
and operating handles of isolators, etc.All lighting panels, lighting fixtures, junction boxes,
receptacles, conduits, etc. shall beearthed.
Earthing risers shall be run from the peaks of structures to the main earth mesh. Theearthing
bonds of the earth wire tension hardware shall be connected at the top of thisearthing riser
with bolts and nuts.Bending of earthing rod and flat shall preferably be done by gas heating.
44

Fencing should be separately earthed. Independent earthing conductor for earthing offencing,
buried at a depth of 600 mm, shall be provided 2 metres outside the switchyardfence. All the
gates and every alternate post of the fence shall be connected to this earthing conductor at the
corners and at every 20 metres.

14.1Earth Electrodes
The length of earth electrodes shall not be less than 3250 mm and shall be of one
piece.Except where rock is encountered, rods shall be driven to a depth of at least 3000
mm.Where rock is encountered at a depth of less than 3600 mm, the electrodes can be
buriedinclined to the vertical at an angle not more than 30 from the vertical. In all other
cases,drilling shall be done for providing the pit for the electrode.To reduce the depth of
burial of an electrode in case of rocky soil without increasing theresistance, a number of rods
can be connected together in parallel. The resistance in thiscase is practically proportional to
the reciprocal of the number of electrodes used so long aseach is situated outside the
resistance area of the other. The distance between two electrodesin such a case shall
preferably be not less than twice the length of the electrode.

14.2 Joints
Minimum joints shall be made in the earth mat conductor as well as in preparing the risers.
All joints in the steel earthing system, except those where earth mat may have to beseparated
from equipment, etc. for testing, shall be made by electric arc welding. Weldedsurfaces
should be painted with bitumen compound and afterwards coated with bitumentape to protect
them from rusting and corrosion.Joints in the earthing conductor between the switchgear
units and such other points which may be required to be subsequently opened for testing
should be bolted type. The boltedconnections, after being checked and tested, shall be painted
with anticorrosive paint /compound. These joints should be accessible and frequently
supervised.Earthing connections with equipment earthing pads shall be bolted type. Contact
surfaces shall be free from scale, paint, enamel, grease, rust or dirt.Steel to copper
connections shall be first bolted, then brazed and shall be coated withbitumen tape to
moisture ingression.
All

welded

joints

shall

be

allowed

to cool

down

gradually to

atmospheric

temperature.Artificial cooling should not be used.The entire surface of the earth mat is to be
covered with 100 mm layer gravel extended one meter beyond the periphery of earth mat.
45

The layer of the gravel may be protected byproviding suitable brick / stone lining, wherever
required.

14.3 Placing of earth electrode

Fig: 14.2Earth Electrode

Cut M. S. Rod of the applicable diameter to approximate lengths of 3.25 meters (or more
iffull length of rod is more) and, if required, prepare one end as spike for placing / drivinginto
the ground.

Earth Electrode in Loose / Sandy Soil

Excavate a pit approximately1 M. x 1 M up to 0.6 metre depth.Place the earth electrode in the
excavated pit and drive it in the ground with asledgehammer such that the top of the electrode
is 0.55 meter below the foundation toplevel. This will leave 0.25 metres of the electrode
above the ground for connecting it to theearth mat rod.

Earth Electrode in Hard Soil

Excavate a pit approximately1 M. x 1 M. up to 0.6 metre depth.Augur a hole in the ground to

a depth of 3 metres. Place the electrode in the augured hole such that the top of the electrode
is 0.55 metre below the foundation top level. Backfill the excavation and compact the soil
after completion of the work.

Earth Electrode in Rocky Soil

46

Where rock is encountered at a depth of less than 3600 mm below the foundation
level,excavate a trench which is inclined to the vertical at an angle not more than 30 from
thevertical.In all other cases, carry out drilling of the rocky soil for providing the pit for the
electrode.To reduce the depth of excavation and burial of an electrode in case of rocky soil
withoutincreasing the resistance, a number of rods are connected together in parallel. The
resistancein this case is practically proportional to the reciprocal of the number of electrodes
used.
Hence, the total length of such electrodes should be equal to 3.00 metres plus 0.25 metresfor
each length. For example, if the depth of excavation is reduced to 1350 mm (600 mmbelow
ground level + 750 mm electrode depth), then 4 nos. electrodes, each of length 1000mm
(3000 4 = 750 mm + 250 mm), shall be welded together. The distance between
twoelectrodes in such a case shall preferably be not less than twice the length of the
electrode.
The distance between any two electrodes in the example above shall not be less than
2000mm. A sketch showing this type of arrangement is given below.
For connecting the electrode to the earth mat, clamp / hold the M. S. Rods of the electrodeand
the earth mat together. First weld these together at the crossing point. Fabricate four cleats in
the shape of M. S. Angles from M. S. Flat of size to be used forearthing risers and of length
equal to 10 times the diameter of the M. S. Rod. Weld these atall the corners of the joint.
After welding, apply bituminous compound to the hot joints, and cover the joints
withbitumen impregnated tape. Backfill the excavation and compact the soil after completion
of the work.In case of rocky soil, the backfilling can also be done with Bentonite, or a
combination ofbentonite and black cotton soil in the ratio of 1:6, to reduce the resistance to
earth.

14.4 Laying of earth mat

Excavate trenches along the specified alignments to a depth of 0.80 meter below
thefoundation top level.Where different ground levels are provided in the switchyard,
uniformly increase the depthof excavation in the higher level from a distance of 5 metres
from the lower level so as toattain the required depth of excavation in the lower
level.Wherever the earth mat is to cross cable trenches, underground service ducts,

47

pipes,transformer tracks, etc., increase the depth of excavation so that it can be laid at a
minimumdepth of 300 mm below them.
Wherever the earth mat is to cross a road, increase the depth of excavation so that it can
belaid 300 mm below the road or at a greater depth to suit the site conditions.

Straight Joints of M. S. Rods in the Earth Mat

Place the rods so that they overlap each other by 4 times their diameter, e.g., 100 mm incase
of M. S. Rod of 25 mm diameter. Clamp / hold these two lengths of M.S. Rodstogether and
weld them on both sides.
Thereafter, place two pieces of M. S. Flat of size to be used for earthing risers and length 4
times the diameter of the rods on both sides of this joint, and weld these pieces on the rods.
After welding, apply bituminous compound to the hot joints, and cover the joints
withbitumen impregnated tape.

Cross Joints of M. S. Rods in the Earth Mat

Clamp / hold together the two M. S. Rods crossing each other. First weld these together at the
crossing point.Fabricate four cleats in the shape of M. S. Angles from M. S. Flat of size to be
used forearthing risers and of length equal to 10 times the diameter of the M. S. Rod. Weld
these atall the corners of the joint.
After welding, apply bituminous compound to the hot joints, and cover the joints
withbitumen impregnated tape.

Joint of M. S. Rod and Earth Electrode

Clamp / hold together the M.S. Rod and the earth electrode. First weld these together at the
crossing point. Fabricate two cleats in the shape of M. S. Angles from M. S. Flat of size to be
used forearthing risers and of length equal to 10 times the diameter of the M. S. Rod. Weld
these atthe joint. After welding, apply bituminous compound to the hot joints, and cover the
joints withbitumen impregnated tape.Backfill the excavation and compact the soil after
completion of the work.

14.5Preparation and fitting of risers

48

Excavate trench from the equipment / structure foundation to the nearest rod of the earthmat.
The depth shall be 0.80 meter below the foundation top level.Cut M. S. Flat of the required
length and form / bend it, by heating if required, to form asmooth and regular shape to match
with the shape / form of the equipment / structures /foundation. The shape of the risers should
be same / similar for the same type of equipment/ structure.
Lay the prepared M. S. flat riser from the equipment / structure / peak of the structure to
therod of the earth mesh in the excavated trench and then connect it to the equipment
orstructures or structure peak. The fitting to the equipment / structure may be bolted
type(earthing terminal / pad of the equipment) or welded type (structure). For bolted type
fitting,drill necessary holes in the riser and fix it with bolts & nuts. For welded type fitting,
weld alength equal to at least twice the width of the M. S. Flat.
In case joints are required to increase the length of the M. S. Flat risers, the two lengths ofthe
M. S. Flat should overlap each other by twice the width of the M. S. Flat. After placingthe M.
S. flats one above the other as above, clamp / hold them together to provide goodsurface
contact. Weld the two sides of the joint as well as the part between the flats on thetop surface.
Weld the M. S. Flat riser to the rod of the earth mat after fitting / welding it to theequipment /
structure / structure peak. Place the M. S. Flat below the rod, clamp / hold themtogether, and
weld on both sides of the rod. Then form a piece of M. S. Flat 50 6 mm intoa stirrup (as
shown in the drawing) and place on the joint of the rod and flat. Alternatively,cut two pieces
of M. S. Angle 50 x 50 x 6 mm of length equal to the width of the M. S. Flatand place these
on both sides of the joint of the rod and flat. Weld these to both the rod andthe flat.
After welding, apply bituminous compound to the hot joints and cover the joints withbitumen
impregnated tape. Clamp the earthing risers with the equipment support structures at 1000
mm intervals.Backfill the excavation and compact the soil after completion of the
work.Apply red oxide paint and then green enamel paint on the portion of the risers above
ground level.

49

CONCLUSION
The training at grid substation was very helpful. It has improved my theoretical concepts of
electrical power transmission and distribution. Protection of various apparatus was a great
thing. Maintenance of transformer, circuit breaker, isolator, insulator, bus bar etc observable.
The architecture GSS Heendon, the way various units are linked and the way working of
whole plant is controlled make the students realize that Engineering is not just structural
description but greater part is planning and management. It provides an opportunity to learn
tech. Used at proper place and time can save a lot of labor.
But there are few factors that require special mention. Training is not carried in true spirit. It
is recommended that there should be projectors especially for trainees where presence of
authorities is ensured.
However, training has proved to be an enriching experience. It has allowed us an opportunity
to get an exposure of the practical implementation of theoretical fundamentals.

50

REFERENCE
1.Gupta,J.B.A course in power system. Jaipur(2010)
2.Theraja B.L. Electrical Technolgy. (2011)
3.GSS heendon report(online)
4.V.K.Mehta Power system(2011)

51