PEPSI Screening

PEPSI Screening
Karina Solovieva
May 1, 2016
College of Southern Nevada

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Bio
Dylan Miller was born on August 30th, 2005. He was born healthy, weighing at about 7
pounds in Henderson, Nevada. His mother, Irina Miller, was born in Russia, 1971. His father,
Bill Miller, was born in Miami, Florida, 1951. Dylan is a part of upper middle class family. At
the moment his father is a real estate agent, and his mother is a controller in a family owned
business. He has three half sisters and one half brother, who are all greatly older then him by at
least 15 years.
He was a very curious baby. He never liked to sit still and always had to be carried and
entertained. He never took the pacifier and always had a tough time accepting a bottle, when fed.
Also, he always struggled sleeping through the night alone. Once he was put dont into his crib
he would wake up and start crying. He would only be soundly asleep if someone was sleeping
next to him. Although, he was a lot to handle he was fully potty trained by the time he turned two
years old.
Growing up, he was always surrounded by people who loved and cared for him. He was
always eager to learn. At the age of two, he would name all the construction vehicles he would
see out the window, while being driven in the car. Dylan went to first grade right after he turned
6 years old in August, 2011. He attended a Montessori School from 1st grade through 4th.
Recently, when he went to 5th grade, he was transferred to a Challenger School by his parents.
As a student, he is a very good speller, but always had a hard time in mathematics.
Throughout his life, Dylan has been privileged to fun life experiences. He has been to
Disneyland and Universal studios. Also, has traveled to Mexico, Russian, and Florida for
vacations. Dylan is a happy and privileged ten-year-old.

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Physical Development
Newborns cant move around on their own, and they dont have much control over their
limbs, but from the time they are born they have a set of involuntary, patterned motor responses
called reflexes that are controlled by the lower brain centers and that help them respond to some
of the stimuli in the environment. (Levine & Munsch, pg. 188) Dylan demonstrated these
reflexes through the first six months of his life. Some of the major reflexes he exhibited include,
crawling reflex, stepping reflex, palm grasp, blinking reflex and more.
As Dylan was growing up he also developed his five senses. The visual acuity of young
infants, or the ability to see things in sharp detail, is about 20/400, which means that an infant
can clearly see at 20 feet what an adult with normal vision can see at 400 feet. (Levine &
Munsch, pg. 197) Dylan most likely developed adult levels of visual acuity between 6 months
and 3 years. At the moment, he still has good vision and does not need to wear glasses.
He developed a sense of hearing while he was still in his moms womb. When she would
play music, sometimes, he would start moving in her belly. The sense of smell was also
developed really early. Babies can actually recognize their mothers scent. Also, Dylan
developed the sense of taste. A lot of the times, he would make a lot of different faces when he
tried new foods. Especially when he tried lemon for the first time. Babies prefer sweet taste over
salty, sour, or bitter tastes. Last but not least, he developed the sense of touch. Since touch is
very soothing, in one study, babies who were held in skin-to-skin contact with their mothers
cried less when given a slightly painful procedure. (Levine & Munsch, pg. 198)
At the moment Dylan is a healthy ten-year-old. He is 4 feet 9 inches tall and weighs 86
pounds.

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Emotional Development
Infants within the first year of life demonstrate the basic emotions: happiness, sadness,
fear, anger, interest, and disgust. (Levine & Munsch, pg. 332) These are all the emotions Dylan
has expressed throughout his whole life. Dylan was mostly a really happy baby but he never
wanted to sit still. If he was put down into a seat, he would start crying with in 5 minutes. He
wanted to be carried around and so he could look at all the things around him. As a toddler, he
loved going to the water park and run through the water, he would laugh and show his happiness.
At the moment, Dylan is still a really happy child. Although, he can be sensitive at times. At his
age he loves to go outside and play with his friends. When that happens he gets all sweaty and
stinky. When he comes home and you tell him that he has an odor from playing and running
around, and suggest he should take a shower, he gets a little upset.
By the time children enter elementary school, they have developed skills for more
complex thought, action, and social influence. (Slavin pg. 57) Emotional development has a
very strong connection to social development. During elementary school children develop
essential ideas of self-concept and self esteem. Self-concept includes the way in which we
perceive our strengths, weaknesses, abilities, attitudes, and values. Self-esteem refers to how we
evaluate our skills and abilities. (Slavin pg. 57) The way Dylan described himself has changed
by the time he entered elementary school. When he was little he would describe himself as a
small boy. Now, focuses on his internal qualities. I asked Dylan to describe himself to me. He
described himself as a risk taker, a kind and caring person.
Another concept that changes is the concept of friendship. Friendships become more
mature instead of viewing friends as momentary payments. The friendship is stronger and friends
become a support system and provide a sense of security when needed. Dylan has a few friends

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that he has had for over a few years. Listening to their conversations if very interesting. Besides
playing they ask each other for advice and opinions. Emotional development is extremely
influenced by the experiences throughout the childs life.

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Philosophical Development
The abilities to reason about social situations is determined by the development of
cognitive abilities. As people grow, their experiences change and new ones occur. Through these
experiences understanding of moral problems becomes more sophisticated. Young children are
more rigid in their views of right and wrong than older children and adults tend to be. (Slavin
pg. 52) Piaget believed that there are two stages of moral development, heteronomous, and
autonomous. Younger children, from 5 to 10 years of age, have a heteronomous type of
reasoning. This type of reasoning is focused more on the results of an action rather then the
intention. When Dylan was little he always used to say Ooo, bad, if something got broken. The
result was that something got broken, he didnt think about whether it was on purpose of not.
Once Dylan grew, he was able to make judgment based on the intent of an action. This
demonstrated that he developed a type of reasoning called autonomous morality. This stage
becomes more dominant as the social world of the child expands and includes more peers. Now
Dylan can make a judgments based on the intentions. If someone brakes something on accidents,
he is able to determine that it was an accident and not intentional, which doesnt necessarily
make it bad.
According to Piaget, children progress from the stage of heteronomous morality to that
of autonomous morality with the development of cognitive structures but also because of
interactions with equal-status peers. (Slavin pg. 53) This is exhibited when children are able to
resolve conflicts on their own, and come to an understanding. As a result, the reliance on adult
authority is not as needed. Dylan has shown his ability resolve conflict with his friends on his
own. He has experienced both of Piagets stages and is still growing and learning.

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Social Development
Social development is very important in everyones life. Children learn how to interact
with others and develop a perception of the world. Children not only build relationships with
remembers of their family, but with everyone else they meet also, teachers, peers, authority etc.
Erik Erikson presents stages of personal and social development. Since Dylan is 10 years
old, so far he should have experienced stages 1 through 4. Erikson believed that as we grow we
go through a series of crises that shape us into the person we become. (Slavin pg. 50)
The first stage is trust versus mistrust, which occurs from birth to 18 months. During this
time Dylan developed the sense of trust. This sense of trust was established by his mother. She
fed him, held him, comforted him when he cried, bonded with him, showed him love, cared for
him, and gave him the attention he required. If she were to create a mistrust by rejecting him, he
could carry the mistrust throughout his life. (Slavin pg. 50)
The second stage is autonomy verses doubt. This stage occurs from 18 months to 3 years
of age. By the age of 2 Dylan was able to communicate and started to form a sense of
independence. He wanted less help from others and wanted to do many things on his own. For
example, he wanted to put on his clothes and shoes on his own. The issue is, the childs wants
arent always the parents wants. During this stage, it is important for the parents to find the
balance and let the child do things for themselves, with guidance and encouragement. Which
Dylans parents did so, and this created a sense of autonomy. If his parents would have been too
restrictive it would have created a sense of powerlessness and incompetence, which would have
resulted in doubt and shame in his capabilities. (Slavin pg. 50)
The third stage is initiative versus guilt, which is from 3 years of age to 6 years. During
these years, children develop their language skills and become initiative in nature. As a toddler,

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Dylan wanted to play, run, throw, and explore the playground on his own terms. Erikson stated if
parents punish childrens attempts to initiate, it will create a sense of guilt about their natural
urges, which can carry on later in life. (Slavin pg. 50)
The fourth stage is industry versus inferiority, current stage Dylan is in. This stage is from
6 to 12 years. During this time in him life, Dylan entered school and his social world increased
significantly. Once he entered school, his life started to be influenced by teachers and peers
more, and the influence of his parents decreased. It is important for children to succeed during
this period of time to create a sense of industry. If the child fails he or she will have a negative
self-image, which may influence academic success in the future. Dylan has a harder time in some
classes than other but overall he is doing well in school. (Slavin pg. 50)

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Intellectual Development
When children are born, they have no idea what the world is. How do they learn and
build an understanding of the environment around them? According to Jean Piaget, children use
schemes to make sense of their new surroundings. Schemas are the basic building blocks of
cognitive models, and enable us to form a mental representation of the world. (Jean Piaget)
Piaget presents four stages of cognitive development, through which a childs intellect or
cognitive ability progress. The first stage is sensorimotor, from birth to 2 years of age. During
this stage the child develops reflexes and grasp object permanence. If you would put a finger into
Dylans hand he would grab it. If you fed him using a bottle, he knew he had to suck on the tip
for the formula for it to come through. Also, as he grew he knew things existed. He would ask for
the bottle with juice or milk, even though he didnt see it. In addition, during this stage, children
start to think through a problem, instead of trying to use trail-and-error. When Dylan could not
reach an object on the table, he knew that if he climbed onto the chair next to the table he could
get the object he wanted.
Second stage is preoperational, ages 2 through 7. Children start to assign symbols and
meaning to things, their thinking increases. During this stage, Dylan was able to formulate better
sentences and grasp concepts. Although children have a greater ability to think, their thinking
remains primitive. (Slavin pg. 33) During this time, children are still egocentric and are not able
to see things from other perspective.
Currently, Dylan is about to finish the concrete operational stage. One of the tasks he
acquired during this stage is serration. He learned to arrange things from smallest to largest.
Furthermore, during this period of time Dylan started to see things from different perceptions.

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This illustrates decentered thinking. Which also, demonstrated his ability to grasp physical laws,
such as gravity. Science, is something Dylan likes to learn and explore.
Since, He is about to finish the third stage, soon Dylan will be entering into the last stage,
which is formal operational. This stage is from 11 years to adulthood.

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PEPSI Graph

AGENORM

Physical

Emotional

Phiosophical

Social

Intellectual

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Recommendations for Teacher/Parent
Physical: Keep Dylan active so he can keep physically growing and stays healthy.
Emotional: Dylan can take things to heart at times, be cautious of his feelings.
Philosophical: Thus far Dylan has a good sense of morality, and obeys the rules. Guide Dylan
through his life experiences.
Social: Guide Dylan through his friendships and social interactions.
Intellectual: Dylan loves to learn as long as he is interested in the subject, he tends to get bored at
times. Keep him interested with hands on activities.

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References
Jean Piaget. (n.d.). Retrieved May 01, 2016, from http://www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.html
Levine, L. E., & Munsch, J. (2011). Child development: An active learning approach. Thousand
Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Slavin, R. E. (1997). Educational psychology: Theory and practice. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.