Stage I: Preadolescent

Stage II: Breast budding

Stage III

Stages of Adolescence
Early Adolescence (12 to 14 years of age)
o Growth spurt
o Development of secondary sex characteristics
o Beginning of social separation from parents
and family
o Begin to criticize usual family habits
o Question previously accepted family values
o Greater affinity with peers
o Greater awareness of style and appearance
o Growing desire for autonomy, sometimes with
challenging behaviors toward authority figures
Middle Adolescence (14 16 years of age)
o Consolidation of the sense of self
o Self-esteem becomes a pivotal influence on
positive and negative risk-taking behaviors
o Increased sexual experimentation
o Decreased sense of threat from adults
o Tend to identify with a group of peers who
become highly influential in their choices of
activities, styles, music, idols, and role models
Late Adolescence (17-19 years of age)
o Concerns about entering adult life work,
independence, intimacy
o continued exploration of academic pursuits,
musical and artistic tastes, athletic
participation, and social bonds leads a greater
definition of self and a sense of belonging to
certain groups or subcultures

Physical Development
adolescence is related but not identical to puberty
puberty is a biological event
adolescence is a period designated by society
Puberty
originates from the Latin word puber being of
marriageable age
implies emerging capacity for reproduction
process by which adolescents develop physical and
sexual maturity, along with reproductive ability
first signs of pubertal process: increased rate of growth
in both height and weight
Sexual Maturity Rating (SMR)
Tanner Stages
Range from SMR I (preadolescent) to SMR V
(adult)
Breast development in girls
Genital maturity in boys
Pubic hair development

Stage V

Components of Adolescence
1.

Breast
development

Male Genitalia
development

Pubic Hair
growth

only the papilla

is elevated

Penis, testes,
and scrotum
have a size and
proportion
similar to those
seen in early
childhood

No sexual hair

Elevation of the
breasts and
papillae may
occur as small
mounds
Some increased
diameter of the
areola diameter

Penis size same

Enlargement of
the testes and
scrotum
Change in
texture of the
scrotal skin
scrotal skin may
be reddened
Penis elongated
increased
growth of
testes and
scrotum
Penis
significantly
enlarged in
length and
circumference,
with further
development of
the glans penis
testes and
scrotum
continue to
enlarge distinct
darkening of the
scrotal skin
Penis, testes,
and scrotum are
adult with
regard to size
and shape

Sparse,
pigmented,
long, straight
mainly along
labia and at the
base of penis

Breasts and
areola continue
to enlarge
no separation of
contour
Areolae and
papillae elevate
above the level
of the breasts
and form
secondary
mounds
Further
development of
the overall
breast tissue

Stage IV

ADOLESCENCE
period of maturation between childhood and
adulthood
transitional period
o peer relationships deepen
o autonomy in decision-making grows
o intellectual pursuits and social belonging are
sought
time of exploration and making choices concept of
self

Mature female
breasts
Papillae may
extend above
the contour of
the breasts as a
result of the
recession of he
areolae

Darker coarser
and curlier

Adult, but
decreased
distribution

Adult in quantity
and type with
spread to medial
thighs

Adolescent girls
primary sex characteristic: ovulation the release of
eggs from ovarian follicles, approximately once every
28 days
SMR III to IV: ovarian follicles are producing enough
estrogen to result in menarche onset of
menstruation
SMR IV to V: an ovarian follicle matures on a monthly
basis and ovulation occurs
Estrogen and progesterone
Promote sexual maturation
Further development of fallopian tubes and
breasts

Adolescent boys
primary sex characteristic: development of sperm by
the testes
sperm development occurs in response to folliclestimulating hormone acting on the seminiferous
tubules within the testes
pubertal process is marked by the growth of he testes
stimulated by luteinizing hormone
ejaculation: emerges within one year of reaching SMR II
secondary sexual characteristics
o thickening of the skin
o broadening of the shoulders
o development of facial hair
Factors that Affect the Onset of Puberty
genetics
nutrition
general health status
environmental factors
physiological factors
2.

Cognitive Development
refers to the ability to think and reason
children (6 to 12 years old): concrete operational
thinking
adolescence: marks the beginning of development of
more complex thinking processes formal operational
thinking
Formal Operational Thinking
abstract thinking (thinking about possibilities)
ability to reason from known principles (form own new
ideas or questions)
ability to consider many points of view according to
varying criteria (compare of debate ideas or opinions)
ability to think about the process of thinking
Six New Conceptual Skills
o Capability to mentally control more than two
types of variables at the same time
o Capability to think about modification that
may occur with time
o Ability to imagine rational series of events
o Capability of predicting results of actions
o Capacity to sense reasonable steadiness or
contradictions in a set of statements
o Capability to think of themselves, others and
he world in a real way
Environmental Factors Which Help Foster Formal
Operational Thought
o Various relationships
o Membership in a more heterogeneous group
of peers
o Various social groups, ethnicities, religions
o School curriculum

Early Adolescence
the use of more complex thinking is focused on
personal decision making in school and home
environments
use of formal logical operations in schoolwork
question authority and society standards
form and verbalize his own thoughts and views on a
variety of topics, usually related to his own life
which sports are better to play

which groups are better to be included in

what personal appearances are desirable or attractive
what parental rules should be changed

Middle Adolescence
include more philosophical and futuristic concerns
questions more extensively
analyzes more extensively
thinks about and begins to form his own code of ethics
thinks about different possibilities and begins to
develop own identity
thinks about and begins to make his own plans
begins to think long term
his use of systematic thinking begins to influence
relationships with others
Late Adolescence
a complex thinking processes are used to focus on less
self-centered concepts as well as personal decision
making
increased thoughts about more global concepts
develops idealistic views on specific topics or concerns
debate and develop intolerance of opposing views
begins to focus thinking on making career
begins to focus thinking on emerging role in adult
society
Ways to Encourage Positive and Healthy Cognitive Thinking in
the Adolescent
include in discussions about a variety of topics, issues
and current events
share ideas and thoughts with you
think independently and develop their own ideas
assist in setting their own goals
stimulate to think about possibilities of the future
compliment and praise for well thought out decisions
assist in re-evaluating poorly made decisions for
themselves
3.

Emotional Development (p. 6)

4.

Social Development (p. 6)

5.

Moral Development
morality is a set of values and beliefs about codes of
behaviour that conform to those shared by others in
society
tend to develop patterns of behaviours
characteristics of their family and educational
environments
imitation of specific peers and adults whom they
admire
no strictly tied to chronological age
outgrowth from cognitive development
adolescents recognize rules in terms of what is good for
the society at large
Lawrence Kohlberg levels of morality
o preconventional morality-punishment and
obedience to the parent are the determining
factors
o morality of conventional role-conformity children try to conform to gain approval and
to maintain good relationships with others

6.

self-accepted moral principles-children

voluntarily comply with rules on the basis of a
concept of ethical principles and make
exceptions to rules in certain circumstances.
Gilligan points out that, in women,
compassion and the ethics of caring are
dominant features of moral decision-making,
whereas, for men, predominant features of
moral judgments are related more to a
perception of justice, rationality, and a sense
of fairness.

Self-esteem
a measure of ones sense of self-worth based on
perceived success and achievements, as well as a
perception of how much one is valued by peers, family
members, teachers and society in general
most important correlates of good self-esteem
o ones perception of positive physical
appearance
o high value to peers and family
secondary features of self-esteem
o academic achievement
o athletic abilities
o special talents
mediated by positive feedback received from a peer
group and family members
adolescents often seek out a peer group that offers
acceptance, regardless of negative behaviours
adolescent girls have more of a problem maintaining
self-esteem than do boys.

Current Environmental Influences and Adolescence

adolescent sexual behaviour
o factors impacting sexual behaviour
personality traits
gender
cultural and religious background
racial factors
family attitudes
sexual education and prevention
programs
o pregnancy
o abortion
risk-taking behaviour
drug and alcohol use
unsafe sexual practices
self-injurious behavior
reckless driving
violence
tattoos and body piercing
skills to develop a sense of belonging to a peer group,
along with the ability to conform with the activities of
that group are of central importance to a sense of wellbeing
friendships become more individualized, and personal
secrets are likely shared with a friend rather than a
family member
Adolescent Sexual Behavior
Sexual experimentation in adolescents often begins
with fantasy and masturbation in early adolescence

followed by noncoital genital touching with the

opposite sex or same-sex partners, oral sex with
partners, and initiation of sexual intercourse at a later
point in development
Boys generally have more sexual partners than do girls,
and boys are less likely than girls to seek emotional
attachments with their sexual partners.

Factors that Influence Adolescent Sexual Behavior

personality traits, gender, cultural and religious
background, racial factors, family attitudes, and sexual
education and prevention programs.
Contraceptives
o The two most common methods are condoms
and birth control pills.
Pregnancy
o Children born to teenage mothers have a
greater chance of dying before the age of 5
years
o Those who survive are more likely to perform
poorly in school and are at greater risk of
abuse and neglect
o Teenage mothers are also less likely to seek
regular prenatal care, to take recommended
daily multivitamins, and they are more likely
to smoke, drink, or use drugs during
pregnancy
Abortion
o four of ten teen pregnancies end in abortion
Risk-Taking Behavior
leading to confidence both in forming new relationships
and in sports and social situations.
Drug Use
Alcohol
o Alcohol dependence, along with other drugs,
is associated with depression, anxiety,
oppositional defiant disorder, antisocial
personality disorder, and an increased rate of
suicide.
Nicotine
o Cigarette smokers are more likely to get into
fights, carry weapons, attempt suicide, suffer
from mental health problems such as
depression, and engage in high-risk sexual
behaviors.
Cannabis
o most popular illicit drug
o marijuana is easier to get than alcohol or
cigarettes.
o Once teenagers are dependant on marijuana,
they often tumble into truancy, crime, and
depression.
Cocaine
Opioids
Heroin
Violence
o Black male teenagers are far more likely to be
murder victims than are boys from any other
racial or ethnic group or girls of any race.
o The factor most strongly associated with
violence among adolescent boys is growing up

in a household without a father or father

surrogate
race, socioeconomic status, and education
show no effect on the propensity toward
violence

Bullying
one's strength or status to intimidate, injure, or
humiliate another person of lesser strength or status
Physical bullying involves physical injury or threat of
injury to someone.
Verbal bullying refers to teasing or insulting someone
Social bullying refers to the use of peer rejection or
exclusion to humiliate or isolate a victim.
Boys are more likely to be involved in bullying and
violent behavior than girls. Girls tend to use verbal
bullying rather than physical.
Gangs
Gang membership is a brief phase
Boys are more likely to join gangs than girls
Female gang members are also involved in less
delinquent or criminal activity than males and commit
fewer violent crimes
Weapons
School Violence
Many factors-inherited traits include impulsivity,
learning difficulties, low IQ, or fearlessness
correlation also exists between witnessing violent acts
and involvement in violence
Sexual offense
There appear to be two types of juvenile sex offenders:
those who target children, and those who offend
against peers or adults.
Etiological factors of juvenile sex-maltreatment
experiences, exposure to pornography, substance
abuse, and exposure to aggressive role models
25 to 50 percent offending adolescents have a
childhood history of physical abuse 10 to 80 percent
sexual abuse
most common psychosocial deficits of adolescent
sexual offenders include low self-esteem, few social
skills, minimal assertive skills, and poor academic
performance
Male offenders are more often diagnosed with
paraphilias and antisocial behavior, whereas female
offenders are more likely to be diagnosed with mood
disorders and engage in self-mutilation.
Prostitution
Most adolescent prostitutes are girls, but boys are
involved as homosexual prostitutes
Most teenagers who enter a life of prostitution come
from broken homes
Many were victims of rape, or were abused as children
Tattoos and Body Piercing
Both tattoos and body piercing are more common in
girls than in boys
Adolescents who endorsed possession of at least one
tattoo or body piercing are more likely to endorse use
of gateway drugs (cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana), as
well as experience with hard drugs (cocaine, crystal
methamphetamine, and ecstasy).
Female adolescents who had tattoos or body piercings
more likely to endorse a history of suicidal ideation or
behaviors

ADULTHOOD
early or young (ages 20-40)
middle (ages 40-65)
late or old
Transition to Early Adulthood
separate psychologically from the parents and achieve
self-sufficiency in the adult world
find a gratifying place in the world of work
experience sexual and emotional intimacy within a
committed relationship
become a parent
accept the aging process in the body
integrate the growing awareness of time limitation and
personal death
maintain physical and emotional intimacy in the face of
the powerful physical, psychological, and
environmental pressures of midlife
facilitate the emergence of childhood into adulthood
develop and sustain friendships with individuals of
different ages and backgrounds
continue to play
leave a legacy for future generations by facilitating the
development of younger individuals
A.

Early or Young Adulthood (20 to 40 Years of Age)

begins at the end of adolescence, age 20
characterized by
o peaking biological development
o assumption of major social roles
o evolution of an adult self and life structure
successful passage into adulthood depends on
satisfactory resolution of childhood and adolescent
crises
Early adulthood requires choosing new roles

Developmental Tasks
establishing a self that is separate from parents is a
major task
occupation
developing adult friendships
marriage or other intimate relationships
parenthood
Developmental Periods (Levinson. et al)
building an entry life structure for early Adulthood
(ages 22-28)
age 30 transition (ages 28-33)
building a culminating life structure for early adulthood
(ages 33-40)
Developmental Tasks (Colarusso)
to develop a young adult sense of self and others
to develop adult friendships
to develop the capacity for intimacy; to become a
spouse
to become a biological and psychological parent
to develop a relationship of mutuality and equality with
parents while facilitating their midlife development
to establish an adult work identity
to develop adult forms of play
to integrate new attitudes toward time

Erik Erikson
intimacy vs isolation
contacts with others are made
intimate relationships develop
commitment to another person develops

Occupation
blue collar enter after HS
white collar enter workforce after college or
professional school
healthy adaptation to work
o outlet for creativity
o satisfactory relationships with colleagues
o pride in accomplishment
o increased self-esteem

Maladaptation
dissatisfaction with oneself and with the job
insecurity
decreased self-esteem
anger
resentment at having to work

job dissatisfaction job changes, absenteeism,

mistakes at work, accident proneness, sabotage
more women have been entering the workplace
proportion of working age women with jobs has
increased
o 1960-35%
o 2000 - 70%

Unemployment
loss of income
incidence of alcohol dependence, homicide, violence,
suicide, and mental illness rises
decreased self-esteem
Developing Adult Friendships
before marriage and parenthood friendships are
often the primary source of emotional sustenance
emotional needs for closeness and
confidentiality are largely met by friendships
As marriages occurs and children are born central
emotional importance of friendships diminishes
movement toward a new form of friendship
couples friendships
Marriage
most persons marry in their mid to late 20s
cohabitation:
o 1960 - 8%
o Currently more than 50%
Marital adjustment emotional adjustment (Reed)
o Advocates communication and verbal
confrontation
o Openness
o More talking
o Increased sensitivity to feelings
o Personalizing of language symbols
o Keeping the communication channels open

How a marriage works out relates to:

o Partners selected
o Personality organization or disorganization of
each
o Interaction between them
o Original reasons for the union
Marital Problems
o Persons marry for a variety of reasons
emotional, social, economic, and political,
among others.
o look to the spouse to meet unfulfilled
childhood needs for good parenting
o see the spouse as someone to be saved from
an otherwise unhappy life
o irrational expectations between spouses
o financial issues
Marriage counselling
o Only a particular conflict related to the
immediate concerns of the family discussed
o Conducted by persons with less
psychotherapeutic training
Marriage Therapy
o Places greater emphasis on restructuring the
interaction between the couple
o Exploring the psychodynamics of each partner
o A trained person establishes a professional
contract with the couple
* Both help marital partners cope effectively with the
problems

Parenthood
By age 30, most have established families and must
deal with parent-child problems
Economic burden
Emotional costs
20s and 30s, parenting has been described as a
continuing process of letting go
Involves separation from their children who are starting
school
men have been more concerned with their work and
occupational advancement than with child rearing
women have been more concerned about their role as
mothers than with advancement in their occupation
Adoption
o Replaced institutional care as the preferred
way to raise children who are neglected,
unwanted, or abandoned
o Parent-child developmental issues
o Adoption issues
Adopted children are more likely
to develop conduct disorders,
problems with drug abuse, and
antisocial personality traits

EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT