Académique Documents
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INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
BONOS
Ceros (Strips)
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
BONOS
Lecturas
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
BONOS
Ceros (STRIPS)
$100
t0
t0+t
p(t)
p(t) =
100
(1 + y(t)/2)
2t
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Compounding
BONOS
A yield convention is an Compounding
arbitrary set ofConventions
rules for computing
Ceros
yields (like spot rates)
from(STRIPS)
discount factors.
el futuro (TVM)
p(t)
1
d(t) =
=
,1
p(t)
2
t
100 d(t) =(1 + y(t)/2)
=
100
t=aos,
(1 + y(t)/2)2 t
withdirecta
t is measured
Existe una relacin
y uno ina years.
uno entre las tasas spot y los
The de
spot
rate
is related
factor as
follows:
factores
descuento
The
spot rateto
is discount
related to discount
factor
as follows:
y(t) = 2
!"
$
# 21t!" $ # 21t
1
1
y(t) = 2 1 .
1 .
d(t)
d(t)
Neng Wang
[December 31, 2003]
Universidad de los Andes. Bogot,
Colombia.
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
BONOS
Ceros (STRIPS)
Ejemplo
Plazo(aos)
Precio
Factor de
Descuento
Spot (%)
0.5
97.09
0.9709
5.994
94.216
0.9422
6.043
1.5
91.386
0.9139
6.093
88.596
0.8860
6.144
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
BONOS
Spot
Curve
Yield
7.0
6.6
6.2
5.8
0
10
Term
20
Neng Wang
[December 31, 2003]
Universidad de los Andes. Bogot,
Colombia.
30
11 7
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
Anual
annual
compounding
(1
+
y(t))
k t
kcompounding
perodos por ao
(1
+
y(t)/k)
k
(t) =
t y(t)
(1
+
t
y(t))
(1 t y(t))
Cap. Continua
continuous
compoundi
simple interest
discount basis
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
BONOS
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Tasas FORWARD
BONOS
Forward Rates
Cantrminos
be definedgenerales
with any forward
start, la
with
anyforward
term. como la tasa de
En
definimos
tasa
marginal
por mantener
invertido
el dinero un perodo
rendimiento
For the purpose
of this course,
we will focus
on half-year
adicional:
Invertimos por t perodos en lugar de t-1 perodos
forward rate.
This allows
us toprcticos,
carry one fewer
around, when we
Para
efectos
nosindex
concentraremos
entalk
tasas Forward
about forward(1/2
rates.
This simplification comes with almost no
semestrales
ao)
cost in terms of learning.
lo tanto,
la tasa
f(t) en
momento
Por
A half-year
forward
rateforward
f (t) at date
t0 iselthe
rate paid t(0),
on a es la tasa de
rendimiento
entre elarranged
perodoatt(0+(t-1/2))
y t(0+(t))
half-year investment
t0 , trade date,
and made at
t0 + t 1/2, settlement date.
La tasa Forward corresponde al rendimiento Marginal en
este perodo maturity
trade
settlement
|
t0
t0 + t 1/2
t0 + t
10
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor
A half-year forward rate f (t) at date t0 is the rate paid
on Julio
a Villarreal N.
half-year investment arranged at t0 , trade date, and made at
BONOS
t0 + t 1/2, settlement date.
maturity
trade
settlement
$100
|
t0
with
t0
0
t0 + t 1/2
|
F t0 + t
t0 + t 1/2
F = 100
1
1 + f (t)/2
14
"
11
INGENIERA
FINANCIERA
Replicando
los flujos de caja de una inversin Forward (en el futuro) podemos fcilmente
Replication
withlos
zeros
encontrar
la relacin entre
factores de descuento, la tasas spot y las tasa Forward.
t0
p(t)
t0 + t (continued)
1/2
Forward Rates
Replication
with zeros
xp(t 1/2)
t0 + t
100
100 x
t0 F
+ t 1/2
t0 + t
0 t0
100
p(t) cash flows of forward contract 100
Choose
x
to
replicate
La primera lnea representa una posicin larga (long) en un cero con plazo igual a t0+t; la
xp(tp(t)
una
1/2)
x de x unidades de un cero con plazo
segunda lnea representa
posicin
(short)
0 =
+ xp(t corta
1/2)100
t-1/2; es decir con plazo un semestre inferior a nuestra posicin larga. La ltima lnea
0
F
100
representa el flujo de una posicin corta (short) Forward. Este es flujo que estamos
replicando. Por
lo tanto
f (t) cash
p(tflows
1/2)
d(t
1/2)
Choose
x tenemos:
to replicate
of forward
contract
1+
=
=
2 + xp(t
p(t)
0 = p(t)
1/2)
d(t)
f (t)
p(t 1/2)
d(t 1/2)
1 +Wang [December
=
.
Neng
31, 2003]=
2
p(t)
d(t)
Universidad
de los Andes. Bogot, Colombia.
16
12
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
!"Forward
$
# Rates
"
#2 t1
(continued)
y(t)
1 + y(t)/2
f (t) = 2 1 +
1 .
2
1 + y(t 1/2)/2
(t) value
> y(t)
i and
y(t)positive
> y(t forward
1/2), rate:
Positive ftime
of money
f (t) > 0 fif(t)
and =
onlyy(t)
if p(t i
1/2)
p(t).
y(t)>=
y(t 1/2),
f (t)
< y(t)
Wang
31, 2003]
Positive timeNeng
value
of [December
money and
positive forward rate:
+ Slope
0 Slope
- Slope
17
13
Forward Rates
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Can be defined with any forward start, with any term.Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
For the purpose of this course, we will focus on half-year
forward rate.
BONOS
2t
1
!
(t 1/2)arranged at t0 , ftrade
(t) date, and y(t)
half-yearyinvestment
1+
1+
= 1 + made at
2
2
2
t0 + t 1/2, settlement
date.
!
maturity
trade
settlement
t0
t0 + t 1/2
t0 + t
14
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
BONOS
Forward Curve
Forward Rate
8.0
6.0
4.0
0
10
Term
20
30
15
18
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
BONOS
Precio($)
SPOT (%)
y(t)
FORWARD (%)
f(t)
0.5
97.09
5.994
5.99
94.216
6.043
6.1
1.5
91.386
6.093
6.2
88.596
6.144
6.29
y(1+1/2)
f(1/2)
y(1+1/2)
f(1)
y(1+1/2)
f(1+1/2)
16
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
Forward
Por definicin, la tasa
Spot yRates
la tasa(continued)
Forward son la misma para el
perodo inicial: y(1/2)=f(1/2).
Initial Condition: y(1/2) = f (1/2). This is definitional!
BONOS
No Arbitrage implies
!
"2t
!
"
1
1
2t
d(t) =
= j=1
.
1 + y(t)/2
1 + f (j/2)/2
Universidad de losCan
Andes.
Bogot,
Colombia.
Neng Wang
[December
31,the
2003]
you determine
which
side of
above approximation is
21 17
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
BONOS
Spot and Forward Curves
Rates
spot curve
6
forward curve
4
0
10
Term
20
Neng Wang
[December 31, 2003]
Universidad de los Andes. Bogot,
Colombia.
30
25 18
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
BONOS
Por
definicin,
el
precio
de
cualquier
bono
es
su
VP,
es
decir:
Theyre collections of zeros and can be valued that way:
P (T )
c(1/2)
1
+ + c(t)
1 + y(1/2)/2
1 + y(t)/2
!
"2 T
1
+ + c(T )
.
1 + y(T )/2
"2 t
19
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
BONOS
Un ejemplo sencillo
slo para
recordar:
a 2 aos con intereses
Four coupons
remaining
of Bono
4.25 each
anuales del 8 1/2 % pagaderos semestralmente:
Calculation of price
!
Precio
= 104.38.
!
que
Using
the clculos
discount equivalen
factor functions
Observe
estos
a valorar un portafolio de cuatro
ceros usando
nuestros
precios
de ($)
mercado
(factores
de descuento)
Maturity
(Years)
Price
Discount
Factor
Plazo
Precio ($)
0.5 0.5
1 1.0
1.5
2 1.5
97.09
97.09
94.216
94.22
91.386
91.39
88.596
2.0
88.60
Factor de Descuento
0.9709
0.9709
0.9422
0.9422
0.9139
0.9139
0.8860
0.8860
20
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
BONOS
Como debe ser ya claro, existe una relacin uno a uno entre el precio
hoy de un bono y los factores de descuento (TVM). Por lo tanto, si se
conoce el precio de mercado de un bono de cupn fijo, se debe
poder calcular hacia atrs los factores de descuento implcitos en su
precio
Plazo
Cupn
Precio (MKT)
0.5
8%
100.97
6%
99.96
21
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
BONOS
100.97
99.96
=
= 100.97
d(1/2) 104
d(1/2)
104
d(1/2) = 0.9709
d(1/2)
= 0.9709
= d(1/2)
103 3 + d(1) 103
99.96 3=+ d(1)
d(1/2)
d(1) = 0.9422
d(1) = 0.9422
!
Spot rates
from discount
factors:tasa spot y factor de descuento
De manera
ms follow
general,
la relacin
$from discount factors:
1
Spot!"
rates#follow
es:
2t
1
y(t) = 2
!1 .
$
"
# 21t
d(t)
1
y(t) = 2
1 .
d(t)
32
22
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
BONOS
Recuerde que podemos ver nuestro bono con cupn fijo como un
portafolio de ceros, por lo tanto los factores deberan coincidir.
23
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
BONOS
24
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
BONOS
25
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
3 = x1 100
103
= x2 100
x1 = 0.03
x2 = 1.03
26
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
BONOS
2. Vendo el bono sinttico por su costo es decir:
Costo = 0.03 97.09 + 1.03 94.22 = 99.66!
3. Obtengo una ganancia libre de riesgo igual a $99.96-$99.50=$0.46
27
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
BONOS
28
Replication continued
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
BONOS
Consider
of 2-period
zero
xa units
Podemos replicar
el flujo dereplication
caja de nuestro
cero a un
aowith
a partir
de of A and
xb de
units
of B:
nuestros dos bonos
cupn
fijo, as:
Necesitamos que:
0 = xa 104 + xb 3
100
= xa 0 + xb 103
Remark:
weve
equated
the cash
of the 2-period
zero
Es fcil resolver este
sistema
de dos
incgnitas
y dosflows
ecuaciones
para
obtener:
to those of the portfolio (xa , xb ) of A and B
xb = 0.9709
xa = 0.0280
Solution:
Lo que
significa que un portafolio formado por una posicin larga (long) en
29
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
BONOS
Cuando se trabaja
con on
bonos
que Bonds
pagan cupn fijo es til algunas
Yields
Coupon
veces estimar la Tasa Interna de Retorno (IRR/YTM). A diferencia de
las
tasas spot que hacen referencia a plazos especficos, la tasa
Define = T t to be time to maturity.
interna de retorno (YTM) es equivalente al rendimiento efectivo
Spot rates
to specific
promedio
por apply
perodo,
bajo elmaturities
supuesto: de reinversin de los cupones.
!"
# 21
1
y( ) = 2
1 .
c
La Tasa Interna de d(
retorno
(TIR) o Y () (IRR/YTM) formalmente es la
)
c(t + 1/2)
c(T )
+ +
.
c
c
2
(1 + y ( )/2)
(1 + y ( )/2)
30
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
BONOS
31
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor
Julio Villarreal N.
BONOS
t
|
4.25
4.25
4.25
4.25 + 100
t + 1/2
t+1
t + 3/2
t+2
If P =Arbitrage
105 > 104.38, then
create the following
arbitrage profits.
by replicating
portfolio
Portafolio de ceros:
CF
CF
CF
CF
CF
Net CF
105
-4.25
-4.25
0.0425 p(1/2)
4.25
0
Neng Wang [December 31, 2003]
0.0425 p(1)
0.0425 p(3/2)
1.0425 p(2)
0.62
-4.25
0
t+2
104.25
0
38
4.25
4.25
104.25
Universidad
de los1 Andes.
Short
unit ofBogot,
couponColombia.
bond, and long 0.0425 units of bonds
32
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
BONOS
Nuestra
posicin total para explotar las posibilidades de arbitraje
deber ser: Vender caro (Short) el bono de cupn fijo a dos aos y
Arbitrage by replicating portfolio
comprar (long) el bono sinttico (portafolio de ceros), es decir:
Time
t + 1/2
t+1
t + 3/2
t+2
CF
105
-4.25
-4.25
-4.25
CF
0.0425 p(1/2)
4.25
104.25
4.25
4.25
104.25
CF
CF
CF
Net CF
0.0425 p(1)
0.0425 p(3/2)
1.0425 p(2)
0.62
33
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
BONOS
Es importante recordar que, si se conoce el precio del bono y sus
flujos
de caja, podemos directamente estimar su IRR/YTM. En el
caso de nuestro
ejemplo por
argumentos
no arbitraje sabemos
Price-Yield,
Annuity,
and de
Perpetuity
que nuestro bono Price-Yield,
con cupones 8Annuity,
1/2 % a and
dos Perpetuity
aos tiene un
precio de $104.38;
por lo tanto tenemos:
Choosing y c (2) such that:
Choosing y c (2) such
4.25 that:
4.25
104.38 =
+
c
(1 + y (2)/2)4.25(1 + y c (2)/2)2 4.25
104.38 =
+
c
c (2)/2)2
4.25
104.25
(1
+
y
(2)/2)
(1
+
y
+
+
.
c
3
c
4
(1 + y (2)/2) 4.25(1 + y (2)/2) 104.25
The yield is y c (2) = 6.15%.+ (1 + y c (2)/2)3 + (1 + y c (2)/2)4 .
Comments:
The yield is y c (2) = 6.15%.
Yield
depends on coupon payments.
Comments:
Computation
Yield depends on coupon payments.
1. los
guess
y Bogot,
until price
is right.
Universidad de
Andes.
Colombia.
34
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
BONOS
En la jerga financiera es comn que el inters de un bono con
Coupon rate is quoted annually. Coupon rate c means c/2
cupn
se exprese como la tasa-cupn que se aplica al principal.
Si
payment
year. anual (C/2 por semestre) y F el valor
definimos
C el every
valor half
del cupn
del capital
principal
(face value)
podemos
precio de
Priceofor
constant-coupon
bond with
couponexpresar
rate c andelface
cualquier
bono
value
F isde cupn fijo en funcin de su IRR/YTM.
Price
andPrice
Yieldand Yield
2T
!
c/2
F
P0 (T ) =
+
,
(2)
!
c
j
c
2
T
(1
+
y
(T
)/2)
(1
+
y
(T
)/2)
Simplifying
the
pricing
formula
(2)
gives
Simplifyingj=1
the pricing formula (2) gives
!
!
"
#2 T $ " #2 T $ " #2 T
"
#2 T
wherec j = 2 t, and
t
increases
in
half
integer,
in
that
1
1
c
1 y el Yield,
1como entre el
Note
las
relaciones
entre
el
Cupn
as
P0 (T ) = cP0 (T )1=
+
F.
1c
+
F.
c
c
c
c
t =y1/2,
1,
,
T.
1+
(T )/21 + y (T )/2
+ y (T )/21 + y (T )/2
y (T
) y principal
precio actual(Ty)el valor
del
(face1value).
Useful
summation
identity:
c
c
If c = F y (T
= F.P0 (T ) = F.
If c), =then
F y P(T
),)then
0 (T
N
N +1
c !
z
z
c
n y P(T
If c > F y (T
> F.P. 0 (T ) > F.
If c), >then
),)then
zF
= 0 (T
1z
c n=1
If c < F y (T
< F.P0 (T ) < F.
0 (T
If c), <then
F y cP(T
),)then
Universidad
recall thedeexample
of example
two-year
check!
recall
the
of8-1/2s.
two-year
8-1/2s. check!
los Andes.
Bogot,
Colombia.
Neng Wang [December 31, 2003]
Par
Premium
Discount
35
41
Simplifying
the pricing formula (2) gives
BONOS
!
$ "
Par
Yields
"
#
2T
p
1
1
Definimos la tasa-par (par yield, y ())c como la tasa-cupn
que hace el
P0 (T ) = c
1
+
c
c(
Yields
bono de cupn fijo unPar
bono
que se ynegocia
a par
(T
)
1
+
y
(T
)/2
1
+
y
Weve found prices and yields for given coupons
c
!Weve found prices and yields
If for
c =given
F y coupons
(T ), then P0 (T ) = F.
If
c
<
F
y
(T ), then
Price = 100 =
(d(1/2)
+ P+0 (T
d()))<c F.
+ d( ) 100.
1
2+ + d( )) c + d( ) 100.
Price
=
100
=
(d(1/2)
!
2 recall the example of two-year 8-1/2s. check!
The annualized coupon rate c is dubbed as par yield, denoted
Por
tanto tenemos
que:
Theloannualized
p coupon rate c is dubbed as par yield, denoted
by y ( ), with maturity , in that
by y p ( ), with maturity , in that
c
1 d( )
p c
1
d(
)
.
y p ( ) =y ( ) ==2 100 = 2 d(1/2)
.+ Wang
Neng
[December
31,
2003]
+ d( )
100
d(1/2) + + d( )
36
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
BONOS
Precio($)
Factor de D
Spot (%)
Par-yield(%)
0.5
97.091
0.97091
5.9914
5.9914
72.951
0.72951
6.4082
6.3858
10
51.444
0.51444
6.7584
6.6807
20
24.189
0.24189
7.2239
7.0045
30
13.138
0.13138
6.8813
6.9224
37
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
BONOS
Las Tasa Spot, Los factores de descuento y las tasas par-yield
contienen
la misma informacin, bsicamente reflejan el valor
del
dinero en el tiempo (TVM)
7.4
7.0
Spot Rates
Par Yields
6.6
6.2
5.8
0
10
Maturity
20
30
38
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
BONOS
39
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
40
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
DV01
Duration (Duracin)
Convexity (convexidad)
41
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
quedar
clara
la relacin entre las tasas de inters (spot-curve)
y el
Recuerde:
!
c(1/2)
c(1)
c(t)
p(t, y) =
+ c(1/2)2 + +c(1)
2 t +
(1 +y)
y/2)= (1 + y/2) +
(1 + y/2)
p(t,
+
2
(1 + y/2)
(1 + y/2)
c(t)
(1 + y/2)2 t
bonds
Long bonds are more sensitive to yield changes
than short
than short bonds
42
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
130
Prices of Bond
110
Two-Year Bond
90
70
50
0
10
15
20
Neng
WangColombia.
[January 21, 2004FIN448/85]
Universidad de los Andes.
Bogot,
25
5 43
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
en el precio
del bono
en el valor de la posicin
en la tasa
de inters
44
DV01
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
method):
DV01 es laCalculation
primera de (direct
las medidas
que se usan para estimar la
sensibilidad del precio de un bono ante cambios en la tasa de inters
(a)
Measure
1 is the
DV01:
Dollar with
Value(invoice)
of an 01 price
(aka Present
compute
yield
associated
(riesgo tasa de inters). Es tambin conocido como el valor presente
Value
of a base
Basis(1Point
or PVBP)
en pesos de
un
punto
b.p.)
(b) compute price associated with yield plus 0.01%
En trminos
matemticos
tenemos:between
(c) DV01
is dierence
for small y.
p
= DV01 (10000y)
(Approximation
good
for
small
changes
in
y)
Neng Wang [January 21, 2004FIN448/85]
45
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
46
INGENIERA
FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
Matemticamente tenemos:
p(t, y + y) p(t, y)
,
for small
p(t, y) y
47
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
130
110
Two-Year Bond
90
70
50
0
10
15
20
25
48
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Duration
dp(t, y)/dy
d log p(t, y)
=
=
.
p(t, y)
dy
!
49
|
INGENIERA
FINANCIERA
t0
Pay p(t)
BONOS - DURATION
PARA
- STRIPS
A spot
rateCEROS
is a yield on
a zero:
time
Duration is the
minus
of the derivative#of log
100
y $price with respect
= log 100 2t log 1 +
.
Log=ln, log p(t) = log
2t
to spot rate:
(1 + y/2) semi-annual compounding2
d logderivative
p(t)
Duration is the minus
of the
of 1
log price with respect
D =
=
t.
Neng Wang
[December 31, 2003]
dy
1 + y/2
to spot rate:
En otras palabras,
Duration
un
(strip) esand
igual
a to
la derivada
del
d log
p(t) de between
1 cero duration
The
connection
time
maturity for
D =
=
t.
precio respecto
a la
tasa
de
inters.
Note
que, incluso en el caso de strips,
dy
1 + y/2
STRIPS.
Duration es diferente al plazo (t). La unidad de medida tradicional de
Thees
connection
between
time
to maturity
for
Duration
is induration
unites
of and
years.
Duration
aos,
sin
embargo
claro
que
para nuestra
definicin
STRIPS.
(modified
duration) puede igualmente interpretarse como el cambio
porcentual
del
precio
del bono
dado un pequeo cambio en la tasa spot
Duration
is in unit
of years.
Neng Wang [January 21, 2004FIN448/85]
50
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
Example11(2-year
(2-yearzero,
zero,spot
spotrates
ratesatat10%)
10%)
Example
Duration
fora a=
t-year
1.Bono a dos
aos, Spot
10%zero
;zero
por
Duration
for
t-year
isislo tanto Duration es igual a:
DD ==(1(1++.10/2)
2
2
1.90.
=1.90.
t ==
=
1.05
1.05
1
1
.10/2)
t
Example
Example
(10-year
zero,
spot
rates
10%)es igual a:
2.Bono a diez
aos, Spot
= 10%;
porspot
lo
tanto
Duration
22(10-year
zero,
rates
atat10%)
DD==(1(1++.10/2)
1010
9.52.
1010==
==9.52.
1.05
1.05
1
1
.10/2)
mayor
plazo del strip mayor el riego tasa de inters
Neng
21,
2004FIN448/85]
NengWang
Wang[January
[January
21,
2004FIN448/85]
11 11
51
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Price-yield relationship:
Igual que en el caso
de los Strips, comencemos por recordar nuestra
Price-yield relationship:
Price-yield relationship:
2 tun bono con cupn:
frmula bsica de precio para
!
c(j/2)
2
t
2 p(t,
t
! c(j/2)
y)
=
.
!
j
c(j/2)
p(t, y)j=1
= . (1 + y/2) j .
p(t, y) =
(1 + y/2)
j
(1
+
y/2)
j=1
j=1
A partir
is
deDuration
nuestra definicin
de sensibilidad expresada como la
Duration is
2t
Duration
is
primera derivada
tenemos:
!
2t j
dp(t,
y)/dy
!
1
dp(t,
y)/dy
j (j/2). (1
2 t+ y/2) 1
D
=
(1
!
D p
= (1 +
(j/2). (1)
dp(t, y)/dy
j y/2)
1
2
2(1)
D
= (1p+ y/2)
(j/2).
!
j=1
j=1
p
2
j=1
es
Weights
by by
Weights
are given
Donde ,
igual
a:are given
Weights are given by
j j c(j/2)
(1
+
y/2)
(1
+ y/2) c(j/2) .
(j/2)
=
(j/2)
=j c(j/2) p(t, y)
.
(1
+ y/2)
p(t,
(j/2) =
. y)
p(t, y)
52
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
BONOS
- DURATION PARA BONOS CON CUPN
En concordancia con
nuestro
procedimiento
de derivacin de la
in
that
weights
sum
up
to
unity.
deUsage:
frmula
Duration, tenemos:
Usage:
p
y
=pp pD
D y
=
(Approximation
good
forsmall
small changes
in y)in y)
(Approximation
good
for
changes
Universidad de los Andes. Bogot, Colombia.
53
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Algunos ejemplos
del clculo
Duration
para bonos con cupn:
Duration
for de
Coupon
Bonds
1.Bono-par a dos (2) aos, con pago semestral y cupn del 10%
(spot=10%)
Example 3 (2-year 10% bond, spot rates at 10%)
Intermediate calculations:
c(j/2)
c(j/2)/(1 + y/2)j
Weight ((j/2))
4.762
0.04762
4.535
0.04535
4.319
0.04319
105
86.384
0.86384
54
ation:
2t
!
j
INGENIERA
FINANCIERA
1
+ y/2)
(j/2)
2
j=1
Duration
calculation:
2
t
!j
2t
77 years D = (1 + y/2)1
!
(j/2)
j
1
2
(j/2)
j=1 D = (1 + y/2)
2
j=1
sis points, price falls 1.77%.
1
= (1 + .10/2) (0.5 0.04762 + 1.0 1
0.04535
= (1 + .10/2) (0.5 0.04762 +
+1.5
0.04319
2.0=
0.86384)
he DV01 for this
bond?
DV+01
0.0177.
+1.5 0.04319 + 2.0 0.86384
= 1.77 years
p between DV01 and Duration. =That
1.77is,
years
If y rises 100 basis points, price falls 1.77%.
If
y
rises
100
basis
points,
price
falls
1.77%.
01 Recall what is the DV01 for this bond? DV 01 = 0.0177.
10, 000.
Recall what is the DV01 for this bond? DV
10)
TheUniversidad
relationship
between
DV01 and Duration. That is,
55
de los Andes.
Bogot, Colombia.
Duration calculation:
2t
!
j
1
= (1 + y/2)
(j/2)
INGENIERAD FINANCIERA
2
j=1 Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
1
=
(1
+
.10/2)
(0.5
0.04762
+
1.0
0.
BONOS - DURATION PARA BONOS CON CUPN
Recall what
is contienen
the DV01lafor
this informacin,
bond? DV 01
Note que Duration
y DV01
misma
de
hecho, podemos fcilmente establecer que en nuestro caso:
= 0.0
56
Universidad de los Andes. Bogot, Colombia.
Neng Wang [January 21, 2004FIN448/85]
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
c(j/2)
c(j/2)/(1 + y/2)j
4.762
4.535
4.319
4.114
3.918
3.731
3.553
3.384
3.223
10
105
64.461
Universidad
de los Andes. Bogot, Colombia.
Weight ((j/2))
57
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Duration (continued)
Finalmente
tenemos:
Using
the intermediate results to compute duration:
!
!
!
2t
!
j
1
Example
4
(5-year
10%
bond,
D = (1 + y/2)
(j/2)
2
j=1
spot rates at 10
Showforthat
D =coupon
3.86 bond
for this
par
bond.
Duration
a t-year
is less
than
t.
Recall
what is the
DV01
fordiferentes
this bond?
DV 01 de
= 0.0386.
Recuerde:
1) Duration
y Plazo
son
medidas
tiempo,
2) Nuestra definicin de Duration relaciona precio y tasa de
The relationship between DV01 and Duration. That is,
inters, 3) DV01 y duration deben conducir al mismo resultado. 4)
Duration es una medida
de la sensibilidad del precio de un bono a
DV 01
= de inters.
10, 000.
cambios en laD
tasas
p(5, 0.10)
Universidad de los Andes. Bogot, Colombia.
58
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
Duration for perpetuity bonds
1. Price:
1. Price:
Una vez ms partimos
de nuestra relacin tasa Spot y precio:
c
c
p() = ,
p() = ,
y
!
y
c
c perpetuity bond.
where
y
=
y
is where
theefectiva
yield
y = yfor
() isun
thebono
yield aforperpetuidad,
perpetuity bond.
Luego, si y es()
la yield
para
tenemos que:
2. Duration:
!
!
2. Duration:
1 p()
dp() 1 d log p()
1
1 dp()
d
log
D()==
= .
= .
D() =
=
p()
dy
y
p() dy
dy dy
y
59
Duration
for Portfolios
Duration
for Portfolios
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Nos interesaelChange
cambioinen
el valor
value
is de nuestro portafolio es decir:
Change!
in value is
v =
xj p!
v = j xj pj
!
j
j
!
!
x
p
Dj yj
=
j
j
xj pj Dj yj
=
j
O en trminos
proporcionales
: in value is
Proportional
Proportional
change
in value is change!
v/v
(xjj pj /v)
Dj yj
=
v/v =
(x
Wang
D
y
j pj /v)
j [January
Neng
21, 2004FIN448/85]
!
!
!
j
24
Neng
Wang [January 21, 2004FIN448/85]
j
!
(j) D=j
yj (j) Dj yj
j
(j)
= xjrelativo
pjof
/vvalue
is the
fraction
where (j) = xj pjwhere
/v isesthe
bondbono
j.of value
Donde,
el fraction
peso
deincada
(j) eninelbond
totalj.del portafolio v.
We define
the duration
of proportional
a portfolio as the proportional
We define the duration
of a portfolio
as the
Universidad
de resulting
los
Andes.
Bogot,
Colombia.
change
in
value
resulting
equal
changes in all yields
change
in value
from
equal
changesfrom
in all
yields
60
!PORTAFOLIOS
BONOS - DURATION PARA
=
(j) Dj yj
61
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
Un ejemplo simple:
INGENIERA
Example FINANCIERA
7: combination of 2- and 10-year ze
This
kind
of
position
is
known
as
a
barbell
This
kind
of
position
is
known
as
a
barbell,
Otro ejemplo simple: Cules debern ser nuestras posiciones si
sinceflows
the
cash
flows
havespaced
two
widely
spaced
queremos
conformar
un have
portafolio
dewidely
ceros
con
base
en plazos
since
the cash
two
lumps
de dos (2)(picture
y diez (10)a aos
que tengaof
exactamente
elflows)
mismo
histogram
the
cash
(picture a histogram of the cash flows)
du
D = D
1.90=+
(1
1.90
) +
9.52
= )
3.86
(1
9.52 = 3.
Answer: Answer:
= 0.743. = 0.743.
63
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
Duration for
Portfolios
Otro ejemplo ms interesante.
Cules
y por qu debern ser nuestras
posiciones si quiero conformar un portafolio libre de riesgo tasa de
inters, con base en ceros con plazo de dos y diez aos? Recuerde
que
estamos
asumiendo
una estructura plana de tasas de inters
Similar
methods
work for portfolios
(10%) y esperamos un incremento paralelo en las mismas
Consider an arbitrary portfolio of bonds:
Nuestra
funcin
objetivo
Change
in value
is es :
v
!
j
xj pj
!
j
xj pj Dj yj
64
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
To
sensitivity,
To eliminate overall sensitivity, set set
!
v
Dx
) y,
2Dp2 +
2+x
10 pD
10 D
10
= =(x2p(x
p
)
y,
2
2
10 10
10
= 0,
= 0,
which implies
Lowhich
anterior
significa que:
implies
!
x2
x10
x2
p10 D10
37.69 9.52
=
D10
=37.69
9.52
= 2.296
p
10
x10
p2 D=
82.27 1.90
2
=
= 2.296
p2 D 2
82.27 1.90
minus sign
tells es
us one
is a short
position
ElThe
cociente
anterior
conocido
como
Remark: The above ratio is sometimes hedge
referred ratio
to as
o radio de
hedge
Quabove
significa
negativo?
cobertura.
Remark:
The
ratioelissigno
sometimes
referred to as hedge
ratio.
ratio.
Note the dierence between model-free arbitrage and
model-dependent
arbitrage.
Note the
dierence between
model-free arbitrage and
model-dependent arbitrage.
65
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Convexity
BONOS - RIESGO TASA
DE INTERS - CONVEXITY
Convexity
200
180
160
Es claro que la
pendiente de la
curva Precio-Yield
no es constante
Price
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
1%
2%
3%
4%
6%
5%
Yield
7%
8%
9%
10%
66
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
67
INGENIERA
FINANCIERA
Convexity
Convexity
del
precio respecto a la tasa de inters (curvatura). Por lo tanto,
tenemos: Convexity measures curvature in the price-yield relation
Convexity measures curvature in the price-yield relation
Recall Convexity
that
1.Intuitivamente
deber ser igual a:
Recall that
p(t, y + y) p(t, y)
DV
01(t,
y)
p(t,
y
+
y)
p(t,
y)
10, 000 y
DV 01(t, y)
.
10, 000 y
Similarly,
Similarly,
p(t, y) p(t, y y)
DV
01(t,
y
y)
.
Calculation by discretization:
p(t,
10, y)
000p(t,
yy y)
DV 01(t, y y)
.
10, 000 y
DV 01(t, y) DV 01(t, y y)
1
Cx
10, 000
y
p(t, y)
Neng Wang [January 21, 2004FIN448/85]
33
33
68
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Calculation
Formula:by discretization:
!
"2 t
BONOS - RIESGO TASA DE INTERS
CONVEXITY
1
p(t, y)
100
. y)
DV=01(t,
y) DV 01(t, y
1 + y/2
Cx
10, 000
Matemticamente tenemos:
y
p
1 p(t, y + y) 2p(t, y) + p(t, y y)
!
=
.
2
First order
derivative is
p(t, y)
(y)
Duration es:
!
"2 t+1
dp(t, y)
1
= p(t, y)D = 100
t.
!
dy
1 + y/2
Definition
using
calculus:
Convexity es :
Taking the derivative
2 for the above formula gives
1 d p(t, y)
Cx
!
"2 t+2
2
2
dy
d p(t,p(t,
y) y)
1
1
= 100 t (2t + 1)
.
2
dy
2 1 + y/2
Universidad
de los Andes. Bogot, Colombia.
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Convexity
for
STRIPS
Convexity
for STRIPS
Convexity
for
STRIPS
BONOS - CONVEXITY
- STRIPS
!"2"
"2 t
!!
t 2t
1
1 1
p(t,
y)
=
100
.
p(t,
. .
p(t,y)
y)==100
100
1 + y/2
1+
y/2
1+
y/2
Formula:
Formula:
Partamos
de nuestra
definicin de precio para un cero:
Formula:
First order
derivative
is is
order
First
order derivative
is
First
derivative
!"2 t+1
"12 t+1"2 t+1
dp(t, y) dp(t, y)
dp(t, y)= p(t, y)D
= 100
t.
(3)t.
= p(t,
y)D
= 100 1
=
p(t,
y)D
=
100
t.
(3) (3)
dy
1 + y/2 1 + y/2
dy
dy
!1
1 + y/2
Segunda
derivada
(efecto
de
orden)
CONVEXITY
Taking
derivative
for segundo
the above
formula
the
Taking
the derivative
for the
above gives
formula
gives
35
70
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
Por lo tanto,
la curvaturafor
de la
relacin precio-yield
Convexity
STRIPS
is therefore(convexity) de un cero (strip)
es:
t(2 t + 1)
Cx =
2
1
1 + y/2
"2
(5)
+ 1)
C(10)=95,57
Cx = (1 + y/2)
=,
2
when t =
Note que Convexity
es 2.
siempre positiva.!!
2 t(2 t
t(2 t + 1)
71
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
Cx
!
!
!
with
2t
!
j (j + 1)
2
with
= (1 + y/2)
(j/2)
(1 4+ y/2)j c(j/2)
j=1
(j/2) =
p(t, y)
(1 + y/2)j c(j/2)
(j/2) =
.
p(t, y)
2t
!
(j/2) = 1.
j=1
Note that weights add up
to one as before:
2t
!
Universidad de los Andes. Bogot, Colombia.
72
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
Cx
C
x
2t
!
2t j (j + 1)
!
2
j (j + 1) (j/2)
2
=
(1
+
y/2)
= (1 + y/2)
(j/2)
4
4
j=1
j=1
= 4.12.
4.12.
=
Example
4 (5-year
(5-year
bond,
rates
10%)
Ahora para
nuestro bono
con10%
cupn
plazo
de at
5-aos.
Example
4
10%
bond,y spot
spot
rates
at
10%)
Cx
C
x
2t
!
2t
+
1)
2 ! jj (j
(j
+
1) (j/2)
=
(1
+
y/2)
2
= (1 + y/2)
(j/2)
4
4
j=1
j=1
= 18.75.
= 18.75.
73
INGENIERA
FINANCIERA
Convexity
for
Bonds
Convexity
for
Perpetuity
Bonds
Convexity
forPerpetuity
Perpetuity
Bonds
BONOS - CONVEXITYConvexity
- BONOS for
PERPETUOS
Perpetuity Bonds
Recall
that
Recall
that
Partamos de nuestra
definicin
de
precio para un bono perpetuo:
Recall
that
Recall that
cc c
p=
.=
p
p
=
c. .
!
y
p= y.y
y
First
derivative
is is isDURATION:
First
derivative
de
First
derivative
Primera derivada (efecto
primer
orden)
First derivative is
dpdp dp c c c
==
. . .
dp
c
=
2
!
=
dydy dy
y y22 .y 2
dy
y
is
Second
derivative
Segunda derivada (efecto
dederivative
segundo
orden):
Second
Second
derivative
Second
derivative
isis is
d2dpd22ppd2 p c c c
==
2 2=
.2.. .
!
2
3
2 2 y y 33 3
dydy
dy2dy
y
igual
Convexity
Convexity
Luego CONVEXITYes
a : is is is
Convexity
Convexity
2d22p
1
1
d
p
2 222
1
d
p
1
d
p 2. . . 2
=
=
x=
CxCC=
=
=
2
xCx =
2 2 yy
2=
2 2.
p ppdydy
dy
y
2
p dy
y
74
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
suppose
that
term
structure
of
spot
rate
is flat at 4%.
BONOS - RIESGO TASA DE INTERS - CONVEXITY
suppose that term structure of spot rate is flat at 4%.
one
nine-year
zero coupon
bond
is then
Ms ejemplos curiosos:
Asuma
estructura
plana
de
tasas
de inters al
suppose
that una
term
structure
of spot
rateworth
is flat
at 4%.
one nine-year zero coupon bond is then worth
4%.
18
p9 = 100/(1
4%/2) bond
= 70.
one nine-year
zero+coupon
is then worth
18
p9 = 100/(1 + 4%/2) = 70.
18
zero coupon
is
p9 = 100/(1
+ 4%/2)bond
= 70.
Cero de 9 aos: one two-year
one two-year zero coupon bond is
4
p
=
100/(1
+
4%/2)
= 92.38.
2
one two-year zero coupon bond
is
4
p2 = 100/(1 + 4%/2) = 92.38.
Cero de 2 aos:
one thirty-year
zero
is
p2 = 100/(1
+ coupon
4%/2)4 bond
= 92.38.
one thirty-year zero coupon bond is
p30 = 100/(1
+ coupon
4%/2)60bond
= 30.48.
Cero de 30 aos:
one thirty-year
zero
is
60
p30 = 100/(1 + 4%/2) = 30.48.
p30 = 100/(1 + 4%/2)60 = 30.48.
Considere ahora
dos portafolios diferentes: a) un portafolio de un solo cero
Neng Wang
21, 2004FIN448/85]
44
de nueve aos
con precio de $70
y b) [January
un portafolio
conformado por ceros a
Wang [January
21, sera
2004FIN448/85]
44
75
INGENIERA
FINANCIERA
Barbell versus Bullet: An Example
BONOS
- RIESGO
TASA DE
Consider
the following
two INTERS
portfolios: - CONVEXITY
1. Portfolio A: one nine-year zero at value of 70.
1. Portfolio A: one nine-year zero at value of 70.
1.Cumplamos con2.laPortfolio
primeraB:restriccin,
valor de
inversin
debe ser
n2 unit of two-year
andlan30
unit of thirty-year
Portfolio B: n2 unit of two-year and n30 unit of thirty-year
igual. (matching 2.
value)
bondssuch
suchthat
that
bonds
n30
nn22p2p2++
n30
p30p=
30 p=
9 . p9 .
luego:
(6)
(6)
Macaulays duration
is is
equal
to maturity
for STRIPS.
Macaulays
duration
equal
to maturity
for STRIPS.
this
nine-year
zero
bond
is
9/1.02
= 8.823.
orden) debe ser igual. (matching duration)
Matching durations of the two portfolios:
Matching
durations of the two portfolios:
n2 p 2
n30 p30
luego:
2
+
30 = 9.
(7)
n2 p 2
n30 p30
p9
2 versus
+ p9 Bullet:
30 =
9. Example
Barbell
An
p9
p9
Dos ecuaciones,
dos incgnitas:
luego:
n2 = 0.5684,
(7)
45
45
n30 = 0.5743.
76
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
n2 = 0.5684,
n30 = 0.5743.
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
US$70
DURATION de
!
n30 = 0.5743.
BULLET
US$70
BARBELL
BULLET
Duration
of this barbell is8.823
9/1.02 = 8.823 (flat term structure).
8.823
1
1
Neng Wang [January 21, 2004FIN448/85]
.7522.5
+.253030.5
= 223.47 .
(1 + 4%/2)2
(1 + 4%/2)2
(a)
Butterfly trades
BARBELL
223.47
(b)
46
BULLET
82.18
78
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
v = x1 p 1 + x2 p 2 .
Convexity for each bond is
79
Convexity f
v = x1 p 1 + x2 p 2 .
Convexity
for
each
bond is
BONOS
- CONVEXITY
Recall that value
of a portfolio
is given
by PARA PORTAFOLIOS
Convexity
2
2
1 d p1
1 d p2
C
(1)
=
,
C
(1)
=
.
v = x1 p1 + x2 p2x.
x
2
2
p1 dy1
p2 dy2
1 d2 p1
Cx (1) =
,
2
p1 dy1
El Convexity
de
cada
bono sera:
Convexity for
each
bond
is
Let dy1 = dy2 .
1 d2 p1
1 d2 p2
Cx (1) =
, Cx (1) =
. si asumimos que
Let dy1 = dy2 .
2
2
p1 dy1
p2 dy2
Therefore,
Let dy1 = dy2 .
d2 v
d2 p1
d2 p2
= x1
+ x2
= x1 p1 Cx (1) + x2 p2 Cx (2).
Entonces:
Therefore,
dy 2
dy 2
dy 2
Therefore, Define value weights
xiaspi
2
x p
Cx
i i 2.
d v
d p1
d
(i)
=
,
i
=
1,
(i)
=
,
i
=
1,
2.
Por
lo
tanto,
si
definimos:
= x
+ x2
1
d2
v
d2 p1
d2 p2
v
v
2
2
dy
dy
d
= x1
+ x2 Neng2 Wang
= x1[January
p1 Cx (1)21,+2004FIN448/85]
x2 p2 Cx (2).
2
2
48
dy
dy
dy of
Convexity
of theisportfolio
is acombination
linear combination
of convexit
Convexity
the portfolio
a linear
of convexity
Finalmente
es claro
que CONVEXITY
es:
value weights as
measures on del
eachportafolio
bond: Define
Define
value weights
as
measures on each bond:
In general,
(j),
80
xi p i
(i) =
, i = 1, 2.
xi pvi
(i) =
, i = 1, 2.
INGENIERA
FINANCIERA
Convexity
of vthe portfolio is a linear combination of
Profesor
Julio Villarreal of
N. convex
Convexity
of
portfolio
combination
measures
onthe
each
bond:is a linear
In
In general,
general,for
fora aportfolio
portfolio
with
N
bonds,
we
have
with N bonds, we have
!
C
x = (1) Cx (1) + (2) Cx (2).
!
(j)
x (j),
CCxx== (j)
CxC
(j),
where
where
Donde:
!
xi pxi i pi
where xixpii pi
" "x p .
(j)
(j)== v =
xi p=
i
i i
"j p
j p.
(j) v
=
=j x
x
jj xjjpj j
v
Note que:
Note that
(j)
theisvalue
weights,
Note
thatis(j)
the value
weights, and
and
Note !
that (j)
is
the
value
weights,
and
!
!(j) =(j)
1. = 1.
j
(j)
= 1.
j
81
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
!
!
Second-order approximation:
p
1
2
Dy + Cx (y)
p
2
!
!
82
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
El precio de los bonos es sensible a los cambios en las tasas de inters (Riesgo
Tasa de Inters)
83
INGENIERA FINANCIERA
Profesor Julio Villarreal N.
84