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d2 x
dx
=kx + f ( t )
2
dt
dt
d x
dx
+ + kx=f ( t )
2
dt
dt
F ( t )=f (t )/m
2 = /m ,
w =k /m
y donde k es la constante de
resorte y m es la masa.
El smbolo
m + 2 m +w =0
y las races
correspondientes son:
m1=+ 2w2
m2= 2w 2
A partir de estas races se pueden distinguir tres casos que depende del signo de
2
tiempo es grande.
Caso 1:
coeficiente de amortiguacin,
del resorte, k.
Caso 2:
Caso 3:
4 [ s 2 x ( s )s x ( 0 ) x' ( 0 ) ] +6 [ s x ( s ) x ( 0 ) ] +2 x ( s ) =cos 2 t
4 s 2 x ( s )4 s+ 6 s x ( s )6+ 2 x ( s )=
x ( s ) [ 4 s 2+6 s+ 2 ]4 s6=
x ( s)
s
2
s +2
2
s
2
s +2
2
( 4 s +4 )(4 s+2)
s
= 2 2 + 4 s +6
4
s +2
x ( s ) [ (s+1)(4 s +2) ] =
x ( s) =
s
+ 4 s+6
s +22
2
s
4s
6
+
+
( s + 4 ) ( s+1 ) ( 4 s+ 2 ) ( s +1 )( 4 s +2 ) ( s+1 ) ( 4 s+ 2 )
2
L1 x ( s )=L1
[(
x ( t )=L
s
4s
6
+
+
( s + 4 ) ( s+1 ) ( 4 s+2 ) ( s+ 1 )( 4 s +2 ) ( s+1 ) ( 4 s+2 )
2
s
2
s + 4 ) ( s+1 ) ( 4 s+ 2 )
] [
+L
] [
4s
6
1
+L
( s+ 1 )( 4 s +2 )
( s +1 )( 4 s+2 )
] [
1 1
s
4 1
s
6 1
1
x ( t )= L
+
L
+
L
2
2
2
(
)
(
)
2
(
)(
s+1
2
s+1
s+
1
2 s +1 )
( s + 4 ) ( s+1 ) (2 s +1)
1
1
x ( t )= L
2
[(
s
s
1
+2 L1
+3 L1
(
)
(
)
(
)
s+1 2 s+1
s +1 ( 2 s+1 )
s + 4 ) ( s+1 ) (2 s +1)
2
s
As+ B C
D
= 2
+
+
( s + 4 ) ( s+1 ) ( 2 s+ 1 ) s +4 s+1 2 s+1
2
(As+ B) ( s+ 1 )( 2 s +1 ) +C ( s2 + 4 ) ( 2 s+ 1 )+ D ( s 2+ 4 ) (s +1)
s
=
( s 2+ 4 ) ( s+1 ) ( 2 s+ 1 )
( s 2 +4 ) ( s+ 1 )( 2 s +1 )
s=(As +B) ( s +1 )( 2 s+1 ) +C ( s 2+ 4 ) ( 2 s +1 ) + D ( s 2+ 4 ) ( s+1 )
s=(As +B) ( 2 s 2+ s+ 2 s+1 ) +C ( 2 s 3+ s 2+ 8 s+ 4 ) + D ( s 3+ s 2+ 4 s+ 4 )
s=(As +B) ( 2 s 2+ 3 s+1 ) + 2C s 3+C s 2+ 8 Cs+4 C + D s 3+ Ds2+ 4 Ds+ 4 D
3
A +3 B +8 C+ 4 D=1
B+ 4 C +4 D=0
(
Cuya solucin es:
2 0 2 1
3 2 1 1
1 3 8 4
0 1 4 4
0
0
1
0
A=
7
12
1
4
; B= ; C= ; D=
85
85
5
17
s= A ( 2 s +1 ) +B (s +1)
s=2 As+ A+ Bs+ B
s=( 2 A+ B ) s + A + B
Obtenemos el siguiente sistema de ecuaciones lineales:
2 A+ B=1
A + B=0
Por ltimo, resolviendo por fracciones parciales el tercer trmino, tenemos que:
1
A
B
=
+
( s+1 )( 2 s +1 ) s+1 2 s+1
A ( 2 s +1 )+ B ( s+1 )
1
=
( s+1 )( 2 s +1 )
( s+1 ) ( 2 s+1 )
1= A ( 2 s +1 )+ B (s +1)
1=2 As + A + Bs+B
1=( 2 A + B ) s+ A +B
Obtenemos el siguiente sistema de ecuaciones lineales:
2 A+ B=0
A + B=1
Cuya solucin es:
A=1 ; B=2
Finalmente, reemplazamos las fracciones parciales en el procedimiento que se ha
venido desarrollando con la transformada de Laplace:
1
1
x ( t )= L
2
1
x ( t )= L
2
x ( t )=
x ( t )=
7
12
1
4
s+
85
85
5
17
1
1
1
2
+
+
+ 2 L1
+3 L1
+
2
s +1 2 s+ 1
s+1 2 s+1
s+1 2 s+1
s +4
7 s
12
1
4
1
1
1
2
+
+
+2 L1
+ 3 L1
+
2
2
s+ 1 2 s +1
s +1 2 s+ 1
85 ( s + 4 ) 85 ( s + 4 ) 5 ( s +1 ) 17 (2 s+1)
] [
)]
[ ( ) ( )] [
1 7 1 s
12
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
L
+ L1 2
+ L1
L1
+2 L1
L1
+3 L1
2
2 85
85
5
s
+1
17
2
s
+1
s
+1
2
s+1
s +4
s +4
( )
( )
( )
( )] [
e
e
+ 3 et +2
2
2
t
2
1 7
12
1
4 e
cos 2 t+
sin2 t+ et
2 85
170
5
17 2
+ 2 et
( )
t
2
( )
] [ ( )]
t
2
( )
7
3
1 t 2 e 2
e2
e2
t
t
x ( t )=
cos 2 t + sin 2t + e
+2 e 2
3 e + 6
170
85
10
17 2
2
2
t
7
3
9
1
x ( t )=
cos 2 t+ sin 2t et e 2 e 2 +3 e 2
170
85
10
17
t
x ( t )=
7
3
9 t 33
cos 2 t + sin 2t e + e 2
170
85
10
17
d2 y
dy
+ 4 + 4 y=20 cos 4 t ; y ( 0 ) =0, y' ( 0 )=0
2
dt
dt
2 s 2 Y ( s ) +4 s Y ( s ) +4 Y ( s ) =20
Y ( s ) [ 2 s 2 +4 s+ 4 ] =20
Y (s)
s
( s +16
)
2
s
( s +16
)
2
] (
( 2 s+2)(2 s +2)
s
= 20 2
2
s +16
s
2
( 2+16) ( s+1 )
s
Y ( s )=10
s
s +16
2
( s +s 4 )
2
s
2
( 2+16)( s+1 )
s
1
1
L Y ( s )=10 L
s
2
( 2+16) ( s+1 )
s
1
y (t )=10 L
Resolviendo mediante fracciones parciales se tiene que:
s
2
As+ B C
D
( 2+16) ( s+1 ) = 2
+
+
s+1
s +16
( s+1 )2
s
s
2
( As+ B ) ( s+ 1 ) +C ( s 2+ 16 ) ( s +1 ) + D ( s 2+16 )
2
( 2+16) ( s+1 ) =
2
(s 2 +16) ( s+1 )
s
2 A+ B+ C+ D=0
A +2 B+ 16C=1
B+ 16 C+16 D=0
1 0 1 0
2 1 1 1
1 2 16 0
0 1 16 16
0
0
1
0
15
32
15
1
; B=
; C=
; D=
289
289
289
17
Ahora reemplazamos:
y (t )=10 L1
y (t )=10 L
[
[
15
32
15
1
s+
289
289 289
17
+
s+1 ( s+ 1 )2
s 2+ 16
15 s
15
1
2
289 ( s +16 ) 289 ( s +16 ) 289 ( s+1 ) 17 ( s +1 )
2
32
y (t )=10
15 1
s
32 1
1
15 1 1
1
1
L
+
L
+
L
L1
2
2
289
s+1 17
s +16 289
s +16 289
( s+1)2
y (t )=10
15
32
15 t 1 t
cos 4 t+
sin 4 t+
e te
289
1156
289
17
y ( t )=
( )
150
80
150 t 10 t
cos 4 t+
sin 4 t +
e te
289
289
289
17
)]
Y ( s ) [ s2 +6 s+9 ]2 s12=2
Y ( s ) [ ( s+3 )2 ]=2
Y ( s )=2
s
s +1
( )
( s s+1 )
2
( s s+ 1 )+2 s+12
2
[ ( )( )
L1 Y ( s )=L1 2
y (t )=2 L
( s s+1 )
s
s +1
2
1
2s
12
+
+
2
2
( s+ 3 ) ( s+3 ) ( s +3 )2
] [
]
[
s
s
1
1
1
+2 L
+12 L
2
2
2
( s +1 ) ( s+3 )
( s+3)
(s +3)
2
s=( As+ B ) ( s +3 ) +C ( s +3 ) ( s2 +1 ) + D ( s 2 +1 )
s=( As+ B ) ( s 2 +6 s +9 ) +C ( s 3 +s +3 s 2+ 3 ) + Ds2 + D
s= As3 +6 As2 +9 As+Bs 2+ 6 Bs+ 9 B+Cs 3+3 Cs2 +Cs+3 C + Ds2+ D
3
2
s=s ( A+C ) +s ( 6 A+ B+3 C + D ) +s ( 9 A +6 B+ C ) +9 B+3 C+ D
6 A + B+3 C+ D=0
9 A +6 B+C=1
9 B+ 3C + D=0
Decidimos resolverlo por el mtodo de eliminacin de Gauss-Jordan, para esto,
planteamos y resolvimos la siguiente matriz:
(
Cuya solucin es:
A=
2
3
2
3
; B= ; C=
; D=
25
50
25
10
Ahora, reemplazamos:
1
6
9
0
0
1
6
9
1
3
1
3
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
y (t )=2 L1
2
3
2
3
s+
25 50 25
10
s
1
+ 2 L1
+12 L1
2
2
2
s+3 ( s+3 )
s +1
(s+3)
(s+3)2
s
25( 2+1)+
3
2
3
2
2
25(
s+3)
50(s +1)
10 ( s+3 )
2s
y ( t )=2 L1
y (t )=2
2 1 s
3
1
2
1
3
1
s
1
L
+ L1 2
L1
L1
+2 L1
+12 L1
2
2
2
25
50
25
s+3
10
s +1
s +1
( s+3)
(s+ 3)
(s+3)2
y (t )=2
2
3
2
3
cos t+ sin t e3 t te3t +2 [ (e3 t ) (3 t1) ]+12 te3 t
25
50
25
10
( )
( )
( )
)]
y ( t )=
4
3
4
3
cos t + sin t e3 t te3 t +2 [3 te 3 t + e3 t ] +12 te3 t
25
25
25
5
y ( t )=
4
3
4
3
cos t + sin t e3 t te3 t6 te3 t + 2 e3 t +12 te3 t
25
25
25
5
y ( t )=
4
3
46 3 t 27 3t
cos t + sin t e te
25
25
25
5
Bibliografa
[1] Zil, D.G, (1997), Ecuaciones diferenciales con aplicaciones en modelado,
Mxico, International Thomson Editores, S.A de C.V