2016 Summer Olympics

1 Bidding process

Rio 2016 redirects here. For the Summer Paralympics,

see 2016 Summer Paralympics.
The 2016 Summer Olympics (Portuguese: Jogos Olmpicos de Vero de 2016),[lower-alpha 1] ocially known as
the Games of the XXXI Olympiad and commonly
known as Rio 2016, was a major international multi-sport
event held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5 August to 21
August 2016.

More than 11,000 athletes from 207 National Olympic

Committees, including rst time entrants Kosovo, South
Sudan, and the Refugee Olympic Team, took part.[1][2]
With 306 sets of medals, the games featured 28 Olympic
sports, including rugby sevens and golf, which were added
to the Olympic program in 2009. These sporting events
took place at 33 venues in the host city, and at ve in So
Paulo, Belo Horizonte, Salvador, Braslia, and Manaus.
A young girl adds her signature in support of Rio de Janeiros
These were the rst Summer Olympic Games under the candidacy.
IOC presidency of Thomas Bach.[2] The host city Rio
de Janeiro was announced at the 121st IOC Session in
Copenhagen, Denmark, on 2 October 2009. Rio became the rst South American city to host the Summer
Olympics. These were the rst games to be held in a
Portuguese-speaking country, the rst to be held entirely
in the host countrys winter, the rst since 1968 to be held
in Latin America, and the rst since 2000 to be held in
the Southern Hemisphere.[3]
The lead-up to these Games was marked by controversies,
including the instability of the countrys federal government; health and safety concerns surrounding the Zika
virus and signicant pollution in the Guanabara Bay; and
a doping scandal involving Russia, which has aected the The bid committee, led by Carlos Arthur Nuzman, giving a press
conference.
participation of its athletes in the Games.
The United States topped the medal table for the fth time
in the past six Summer Olympics, winning the most golds
(46) and most medals overall (121). Great Britain nished second and became the rst country in the history of
the modern Olympics to increase its tally of medals in the
subsequent games after being the host nation. China nished third. Host country Brazil won seven gold medals,
its most at any single Summer Olympics, nishing in thirteenth place. Fiji, Jordan, Kosovo, Puerto Rico, Singapore, Tajikistan, Ivory Coast and Vietnam each won
their rst gold medals, as did the group of Independent
Olympic Athletes (from Kuwait). The United States won
its 1,000th Olympic gold medal in this edition.

Main article: Bids for the 2016 Summer Olympics

The bidding process for the 2016 Olympic Games was
ocially launched on 16 May 2007.[4] The rst step
for each city was to submit an initial application to the
International Olympic Committee (IOC) by 13 September 2007, conrming their intention to bid. Completed
ocial bid les, containing answers to a 25-question IOC
form, were to be submitted by each applicant city by 14
January 2008. Four candidate cities were chosen for the
shortlist on 4 June 2008: Chicago, Madrid, Rio de Janeiro
and Tokyo, which hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics
and will host again in 2020. The IOC did not promote
Doha to the candidature phase, despite scoring higher
than selected candidate city Rio de Janeiro, because of
1

DEVELOPMENT AND PREPARATION

their intent of hosting the Olympics in October, outside

of the IOCs sporting calendar. Prague and Baku also
failed to make the cut.[5]
Nawal El Moutawakel of Morocco headed the 10member Evaluation Commission, having also chaired the
evaluation commission for the 2012 Summer Olympics
bids. The commission made on-site inspections in the
second quarter of 2009. They issued a comprehensive
technical appraisal for IOC members on 2 September,
one month before elections.[6]
Many restrictions are in place designed to prevent bidding
cities from communicating with or inuencing directly
the 115 voting members. Cities may not invite any IOC
member to visit nor may they send anything that could
be construed as a gift. Nonetheless, bidding cities invest
large sums in their PR and media programs in an attempt
to indirectly inuence the IOC members by garnering domestic support, support from sports media and general
international media.

Venues of the 2016 Summer Olympics

about 75 percent could do so in less than 25 minutes.

Of the 34 competition locales, eight have undergone permanent works, seven are limited, and nine are perpetual
The nal voting was held on 2 October 2009, in Copen- legacy venues.[14]
hagen with Madrid and Rio de Janeiro perceived as The largest venue at the games in terms of seating capacfavourites to land the games. Chicago and Tokyo were ity was the 74,738-seat Maracan Stadium, which served
eliminated after the rst and second rounds of voting, re- as the ceremonies venue and site of the football nals.[11]
spectively, while Rio de Janeiro took a signicant lead The second largest stadium was the 60,000-seat Estdio
over Madrid heading into the nal round. The lead held Olmpico Joo Havelange, which hosted track and eld
and Rio de Janeiro was announced as host of 2016 Sum- events.[11]
mer Olympics.
The athletes village was said to be the largest in Olympic
history. Fittings included about 80,000 chairs, 70,000
tables, 29,000 mattresses, 60,000 clothes hangers, 6,000
television sets and 10,000 smartphones.[15]

Development and preparation

2.1.1 Olympic park

On 26 June 2011,
it was reported on
Main article: Barra Olympic Park
AroundTheRings.com that Roderlei Generali, the
The Barra Olympic Park is a cluster of nine sporting
COO of the Rio de Janeiro Organizing Committee for
the Olympic Games, resigned just one year after taking
the job at ROOC. This comes just ve months after
CCO Flvio Pestana quit for personal reasons.[9] Pestana
withdrew later during the 2012 Summer Paralympics.
Renato Ciuchin was then appointed as COO.[10]

2.1

Venues and infrastructure

Main article: Venues of the 2016 Summer Olympics and

Paralympics
Events took place at eighteen existing venues, nine new
venues constructed specically for the Games, and seven
temporary venues.[11]
Barra Olympic Park
Each event was held in one of four geographically segregated Olympic clusters: Barra, Copacabana, Deodoro,
and Maracan. The same was done for the 2007 Pan
American Games.[12][13] Several of the venues were located at the Barra Cluster Olympic Park.[11] Athletes
could access their venues in shorter than 10 minutes and

venues in Barra da Tijuca, in the west zone of Rio de

Janeiro, Brazil. The site of the Olympic Park was formerly occupied by the Autdromo Internacional Nelson
Piquet, also known as Jacarepagu.[16]
The nine venues within the Olympic Park are:[17][18]

2.3

Medals

Carioca Arena 1: basketball (capacity: 16,000); Carioca

Arena 2: wrestling, judo (capacity: 10,000); Carioca
Arena 3: fencing, taekwondo (capacity: 10,000); Future
Arena: handball (capacity: 12,000); Maria Lenk Aquatics Centre: diving, synchronised swimming, water polo
(capacity: 5,000); Olympic Aquatics Stadium: swimming, water polo play-os (capacity: 15,000); Olympic
Tennis Centre: tennis (capacity: 10,000 Main Court);
Rio Olympic Arena: gymnastics (capacity: 12,000); and
Rio Olympic Velodrome: track cycling (capacity: 5,000).
2.1.2

Football

Main article: Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics

3
Rios historical downtown is undergoing a large-scale urban waterfront revitalization project called Porto Maravilha.[19] It covers 5 km2 (1.9 sq mi) in area. The project
aims to redevelop the port area, increasing the city centers attractiveness and enhancing Rios competitive position in the global economy. The urban renovation involves: 700 km (430 mi) of public networks for water
supply, sanitation, drainage, electricity, gas and telecom;
4 km (2.5 mi) of tunnels; 70 km (43 mi) of roads; 650
km2 (250 sq mi) of sidewalks; 17 km (11 mi) of bike
path; 15,000 trees; three sanitation treatment plants. As
part of this renovation, a new tram was built from the
Santos Dumont Airport to Rodoviria Novo Rio. It was
due to open in April 2016.[20]

The Games required more than 200 kilometres of security fencing. A 15,000 square metre warehouse in Barra
As well as the Estdio Olmpico Joo Havelange and da Tijuca in western Rio was used to assemble and supMaracan and in Rio de Janeiro, football matches took ply the furniture and ttings for the Olympic Village. A
place at 5 venues in the cities of So Paulo, Belo Hori- second warehouse of 90,000 square metres, located in
zonte, Salvador, Braslia and Manaus.
Duque de Caxias near the roads that provide access to
the venues, contained all the equipment needed for the
Maracan Stadium
sporting events.[15]
Rio de Janeiro
Arena Amaznia
Manaus

2.3 Medals

Arena Corinthians
So Paulo
Arena Fonte Nova
Salvador
Estdio Nacional
Braslia
Mineiro
Belo Horizonte

2.2

Urban renovation
The 2016 Summer Olympics medals

The medal design was unveiled on 15 June 2016; they

were produced by the Casa da Moeda do Brasil. The
bronze and silver medals contained 30% recycled materials, while the gold medals were produced using gold
that had been mined and extracted using means that met
a series of sustainability criteria, such as being extracted
without the use of mercury. The medals feature a wreath
design, while the obverse, as is traditional, features Nike,
the Greek goddess of victory. They were accompanied
by a wooden carrying box, while medallists also received
a trophy of the Games emblem.[21][22]
Museum of Tomorrow, designed by Spanish architect Santiago
Calatrava.

Main article: Port of Rio de Janeiro

2.4 Sustainability
As an aspect of its bid, Rios organizing committee committed to a focus on sustainability and environmental pro-

Future Arena, a temporary venue whose modules will be reconstructed into schools.

tection as a theme of these Games, going on to dub them

a Green Games for a Blue Planet.[23] Organizers intended to, as legacy projects, introduce a wider array of
public transport options, upgrade the infrastructure of the
favelas to provide improved transport and access to utilities, upgrade Rios sewer system in order to remediate
the level of pollution in the Guanabara Bay.[23][24] and
plant 24 million seedlings to oset the expected carbon
emissions of the Games. However, some of these projects
were met with delays or faced with economic shortfalls,
which led some critics to believe that Rio would not be
able to accomplish them.[23][25]
The focus on environmental protection also inuenced
the implementation of certain Olympic protocols: the
Olympic cauldron was designed to be smaller than previous iterations in order to reduce emissions, and utilizes a kinetic sculpture to enhance its appearance in
lieu of a larger body of ames.[26] The bronze and silver
medals, as well as ribbons on all medals, incorporate recycled materials,[21][22] and athletes were not presented with
owers during medal ceremonies, as had been traditionally done at prior Olympics (although owers were still
used as part of the staging of medal presentations). Organizers considered the practice to be wasteful since they
were often thrown away, and would struggle to survive
in the tropical Brazilian climate if kept. The podiums
were also designed so that their materials could be recycled to make furniture.[22][27] The Future Arena, host of
handball competitions, was designed as a modular temporary venue whose components can be reconstructed to
build schools.[28]
Portions of the opening ceremony were also dedicated to
the issue of climate change.[29]

2.5

Torch relay

Main article: 2016 Summer Olympics torch relay

The Olympic ame was lit at the temple of Hera in
Olympia on 21 April 2016, the traditional start of the
Greek phase of the torch relay. On 27 April the ame

THE GAMES

Torch relay in Braslia, with the volleyball player Fabiana

Claudino

was handed over to the Brazilian organizers at a ceremony

at the Panathenaic Stadium in Athens. A brief stop was
made in Switzerland to visit the IOC headquarters and
the Olympic Museum in Lausanne as well as the United
Nations Oce at Geneva.[30]
The torch relay began its Brazilian journey on 3 May at
the capital Braslia. The torch relay visited more than 300
Brazilian cities (including all the 26 states capitals and the
Brazilian Federal District), with the last part held in the
city of Rio de Janeiro,[31] lighting the cauldron during the
2016 Summer Olympics opening ceremony on 5 August.

2.6 Ticketing
The ticket prices were announced on 16 September 2014,
all of which were sold in Brazilian reais (BRL). A total
of 7.5 million tickets were to be sold in total, with ticket
prices ranging from BRL 40 for many events to BRL
4,600 for the most expensive seats at the opening ceremony. About 3.8 million of these tickets were available
for BRL 70 or less.[32][33]

3 The Games
3.1 Opening ceremony
Main articles: 2016 Summer Olympics opening ceremony and 2016 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations
The opening ceremony took place in the Maracan Stadium on 5 August 2016, and was directed by Fernando
Meirelles, Daniela Thomas and Andrucha Waddington.[34] The ceremony highlighted aspects of Brazilian
history and culture, and featured a segment narrated
by Fernanda Montenegro and Judi Dench with an appeal to environmental conservation and preventing global
warming.[29][35] The ceremony also featured the inaugural presentation of the Olympic Laurel, an honour bestowed by the IOC to those that have made signicant achievements in education, culture, development and

3.2

Sports

Canoeing
Slalom (4)
Sprint (12)

Cycling
BMX (2)
Mountain biking (2)
Road (4)
Track (10)

Opening ceremony of the 2016 Summer Olympic Games

Dressage (2)

peace through sport, to Kipchoge Kip Keino.[36] The

Games were ocially opened by Acting President of
Brazil Michel Temer.[37]
The Olympic cauldron was lit by Vanderlei Cordeiro de
Lima, the mens marathon bronze medallist at the 2004
Summer Olympics who was also awarded the Pierre de
Coubertin medal for sportsmanship by the IOC after being attacked by a spectator and losing his lead. The cauldron was originally expected to be lit by Brazilian footballer Pel, but he declined to participate due to health
problems.[35][38][39] A public cauldron was lit in front of
the Candelria Church by a 14-year-old participant in
Rios Vila Olimpica programwhich provides access to
training facilities to disadvantaged youth.[40][41]

Equestrian

Eventing (2)
Jumping (2)

Fencing (10)

Field hockey (2)

Football (2)

Golf (2)

Gymnastics
Artistic (14)

3.2

Rhythmic (2)

Sports

The 2016 Summer Olympic programme featured 28

sports encompassing 306 events. The number of events
in each discipline is noted in parentheses.
Aquatics

Trampoline (2)

Handball (2)

Judo (14)

Modern pentathlon (2)

Diving (8)

Swimming (34)

Rowing (14)

Synchronized swimming (2)

Rugby sevens (2)

Water polo (2)

Sailing (10)

Archery (4)

Shooting (15)

Athletics (47)

Table tennis (4)

Badminton (5)

Taekwondo (8)

Basketball (2)

Tennis (5)

Boxing (13)

Triathlon (2)

Olympics by kitesurng,[45] but this decision was reversed

in November.[46] The IOC announced in January 2013
that it would review the status of cycling events, following Lance Armstrongs admission of using performanceenhancing drugs and accusations that cyclings governing
body had covered up doping.[47]

Volleyball
Volleyball (2)
Beach volleyball (2)

Weightlifting (15)

Wrestling

THE GAMES

3.3 Participating National Olympic Committees

Freestyle (12)
Greco-Roman (6)
3.2.1

New sports

See also: 121st IOC Session

2016 Summer Olympics team numbers.

Course

All 206 National Olympic Committees have qualied at

least one athlete. The rst three nations to qualify athOlympic Golf letes for the Games were Germany, Great Britain, and
the Netherlands who each qualied four athletes for the
team dressage by winning medals in the team event at the
2014 FEI World Equestrian Games.[48]

Deodoro
Stadium
In April 2008, the IOC began accepting applications for
two new sports to be introduced to the Olympic programme, which included baseball and softball (which
were dropped in 2005), karate, squash, golf, roller sports,
and rugby union all applied to be included. Formal pre- Australian Olympic team uniforms for Rio 2016
sentations were held for the IOC executive board in June
2009.[42] In August, the executive board initially gave
its approval to rugby sevensa seven-player version of
rugby unionby a majority vote, thus removing baseball,
roller sports, and squash from contention. Among the remaining threegolf, karate, and softballthe board approved golf as a result of consultation. The nal decision
regarding the remaining two sports was made on 9 October 2009, the nal day of the 121st IOC Session. A new
system was in place at this session; a sport now needed
only a simple majority from the full IOC committee for
approval rather than the two-thirds majority previously
required.[43][44]
The International Sailing Federation announced in May
2012 that windsurng would be replaced at the 2016 Brazilian delegation at the opening ceremony

3.4

Calendar

As host nation, Brazil has received automatic entry for

some sports including in all cycling disciplines and six
places for weightlifting events.[49][50] The 2016 Summer
Olympics are the rst games in which Kosovo and South
Sudan are eligible to participate. Bulgarian and Russian
weightlifters were banned from Rio Olympics for numerous anti-doping violations.[51][52]

7
3.3.3 Number of athletes by National Olympic
Committees
3.3.4 National houses

During the Games some countries and continents had

a national house. These temporary meeting places for
supporters, athletes and other followers were located
Kuwait was banned in October 2015 for the second time
throughout Rio de Janeiro.[59]
in ve years over government interference in the countrys
Source[59]
Olympic committee.[53]

3.4 Calendar
3.3.1

Refugee athletes

Main article: Refugee Olympic Team at the 2016

Summer Olympics

See also: Chronological summary of the 2016 Summer

Olympics
This is currently based on the schedule released on the
same day as ticket sales began, 31 March 2015.[60]

Due to the European migrant crisis and other reasons, the

All dates are Braslia Time (UTC3)
International Olympic Committee (IOC) allowed athletes
to compete as Independent Olympians under the Olympic
Flag. In the previous Olympic Games, refugees were ineligible to compete because of their inability to represent 3.5 Records
their home NOCs.[54] On 2 March 2016, the IOC nalized plans for a specic Refugee Olympic Team (ROT); Main article: World and Olympic records set at the 2016
out of 43 refugee athletes deemed potentially eligible, 10 Summer Olympics
were chosen to form the team.[55]
Twenty-seven world records and ninety-one Olympic
records were set during the 2016 Summer Olympics. The
records were set in archery, athletics, canoeing, cycling
track, modern pentathlon, rowing, shooting, swimming
3.3.2 Independent athletes
and weightlifting.
Main article: Independent Olympic Athletes at the 2016
Summer Olympics
3.6

Medal table

Due to the suspension of the National Olympic Committee of Kuwait, participants from Kuwait were allowed
to participate under the Olympic Flag as Independent
Olympic Athletes.
In November 2015, Russia was provisionally suspended from all international athletic competitions
by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) following a World Anti-Doping Agency
(WADA) report into a doping program in the country.[56]
The IAAF announced that it would allow individual Russian athletes to apply for exceptional eligibility to participate in the Games as neutral athletes, if it were independently veried that they had not engaged in doping The medals designed for the Olympics. They were designed to be
environmentally friendly from recycled materials.
nor in the Russian doping program.[57]
On 24 July 2016, the IOC rejected the IAAF and
WADAs recommendations to allow clean athletes to
compete neutrally, stating that the Olympic Charter does
not foresee such 'neutral athletes" and that it was up to
each countrys National Olympic Committee to decide
which athletes would be competing.[58]

Main article: 2016 Summer Olympics medal table

The top ten listed NOCs by number of gold medals are
listed below. Host nation Brazil nished in 13th place
with a total of 19 medals (7 gold, 6 silver, and 6 bronze).

BROADCASTING

To sort this table by nation, total medal count, or any other

column, click on the
icon next to the column title.
* Host nation (Brazil) (Brazil is ranked at #13. See the
complete medals table at 2016 Summer Olympics medal
table.)

3.7

Event scheduling

2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony at Maracan Stadium

countries, as well as closing remarks by International

Olympic Committee (IOC) president Thomas Bach and
the leader of the Games organizing committee Carlos
Arthur Nuzman, the ocial handover of the Olympic ag
from Rio de Janeiro mayor Eduardo Paes to Tokyo governor Yuriko Koike, whose city will host the 2020 Summer
Olympics, and the extinguishing of the Olympic ame.[66]
The public cauldron, located outside the Candelria Church.

The creative director for the ceremony was Rosa Magalhes.[67] Amid heavy rainfall, the ceremony began with interpretive dancers representing various landmarks in the host city. Martinho da Vila then performed a rendition of the classic song "Carinhoso" by
Pixinguinha. In another segment, introducing the athletes, pop singer Roberta S channeled Carmen Miranda,
the fruit-headdress-wearing, midcentury Hollywood diva
who endures as a beloved camp gure. The Parade of
Flags followed shortly after a choir of 27 children, representing the states of Brazil, sang the Brazilian national
anthem.

A number of events, most notably in aquatics, beach volleyball, and track and eld, were scheduled with sessions
and matches occurring as late as 22:00 to 00:00 BRT.
These scheduling practices were inuenced primarily by
United States broadcast rightsholder NBC (due to the substantial fees NBC has paid for rights to the Olympics,
the IOC has sometimes allowed NBC to have inuence
on event scheduling to maximize U.S. television ratings
when possible), as well as the main Brazilian rightsholder
Rede Globo. As Braslia time is only one hour ahead
of the U.S. Eastern Time Zone, certain marquee events
were scheduled so they could occur during the lucrative
4 Broadcasting
U.S. primetime hours (traditionally 20:00 to 23:00 ET, or
21:00 to 00:00 BRT), allowing them to be broadcast live
on the U.S. east coast as opposed to being delayed. This Main article: List of 2016 Summer Olympics broadcastpractice was also to the benet of domestic broadcaster ers
Rede Globo, which elected to not preempt its widely Olympic Broadcasting Services served as the host broadviewed lineup of primetime telenovelas for the Games.
However, Globo did preempt its telenovelas for the opening ceremony; a Brazilian television critic noted that
Globo very rarely preempts its telenovelas.[61][62][63][64]

3.8

Closing ceremony

Main articles: 2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony

and 2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony ag bearers
The closing ceremony of the 2016 Summer Olympics
was held on 21 August 2016 from 20:00 to 22:50 BRT
at the Maracan Stadium.[65] As per traditional Olympic
protocol, the ceremony featured cultural presentations
from both the current (Brazil) and following (Japan) host International Broadcast Centre, at Barra Olympic Park

5.2

Emblem

caster for these Games; produced from a total of 52

mobile units, OBS distributed 40,000 hours of television footage and 60,000 hours of digital footage of the
Games to its international rightsholders; for the rst time
in Olympic history, digital-oriented footage exceeded the
amount of television-oriented footage. The International
Broadcast Centre was constructed in the Barra da Tijuca cluster.[68] NHK and OBS once again lmed portions of the Games, including the opening ceremony and
selected events, in 8K resolution video. Additionally,
expanding upon a 180-degree trial at the 2016 Winter
Youth Olympics, 85 hours of video content were originated in 360-degree virtual reality formats.[69] In the
United States, NBC oered 4K content, downconverted
from the 8K footage and with HDR and Dolby Atmos
support, to participating television providers.[70] Owing
to their expertise in domestic broadcasts of the new sports
introduced in Rio, NBC and Sky New Zealand sta hanVinicius (left), the mascot of the 2016 Summer Olympics, and
dled the production of the golf and rugby sevens events Tom (right), the mascot of the 2016 Summer Paralympics. The
on behalf of OBS.[68]
ocial emblems of the Games can be seen on the mascots chests.
In August 2009, the IOC reached a deal to sell domestic broadcast rights to the 2016 Summer Olympics to
Grupo Globo. Replacing Rede Record, the deal covers
free-to-air coverage on Rede Globo, pay TV, and digital
rights to the Games. In turn, Globo sub-licensed partial
free-to-air rights to Rede Record, along with Rede Bandeirantes. IOC board member Richard Carrin described
the agreement as unprecedented, touting that by working with Brazils leading media organizations, we are condent that this represents a great deal for Olympic fans in
the region. There will be a huge increase in the amount
of Olympic action broadcast, both during and outside
Games time, and Brazilians will have more choice of how,
when and where they follow their Olympic Games.[71]

5
5.1

Marketing
Mascot

Main article: Vinicius and Tom

The ocial mascots of the 2016 Summer Olympics and
Paralympics were unveiled on 24 November 2014. The
Olympic mascot Vinicius, named after musician Vinicius
de Moraes, represents Brazilian wildlife and carries design traits of cats, monkeys, and birds.[72] According to
their ctional backgrounds, the mascots were both born
from the joy of Brazilians after it was announced that
Rio would host the Games.[73] Brand director Beth Lula
stated that the mascots are intended to reect the diversity of Brazils culture and people.[74] The names of
the mascots were determined by a public vote whose results were announced on 14 December 2014; the names,
which reference the co-writers of the song "The Girl
from Ipanema", won over two other sets of names, tallying 44 percent of 323,327 votes.[75] At the Olympic
wrestling events, coaches were given plush dolls of Vini-

cius to throw into the ring when they wished to challenge

a referees call.[76]

5.2 Emblem
The ocial emblem for the 2016 Summer Olympics was
designed by the Brazilian agency Tatl Design and unveiled on 31 December 2010, winning in a competition
against 139 agencies.[77] The logo represents three gures
joined at their arms and feet, with the overall shape reecting that of Sugarloaf Mountain. The emblem was
also designed to have a three-dimensional form, which
designer Fred Gelli claimed made it the rst 3D logo in
the history of the Olympics.[78]
The logo has been noted as evoking Henri Matisse's painting Dance. There were also allegations by the Coloradobased Telluride Foundation that the logo had been plagiarized from its own. While also consisting of several
gures linked in motion, the Telluride Foundation logo
contains four gures. This is not the rst time that the
foundation had alleged plagiarism of its logo by a Brazilian event; in 2004, the linked gures element had been
copied for the logo of Carnival celebrations in Salvador.
Gelli defended the allegations, stating that the concept of
gures linked in embrace was not inherently original as it
was an ancient reference and in the collective unconscious". Gelli cited Dance as an inuence of the logos
concept, and stated that the designers had intentionally
aimed to make the interpretation of the concept as dissimilar to others as possible.[79]

10

5.3

6 CONCERNS AND CONTROVERSIES

Sponsors

Concerns and controversies

because of the epidemic.[85][86] On 2 September 2016,

the World Health Organization reported that there were
no conrmed cases of Zika among athletes or visitors during the Olympics.[87]

Main article: Concerns and controversies at the 2016 The Guanabara Bay, whose waters were used for sailing and windsurng competitions, is heavily polluted.
Summer Olympics
An ongoing outbreak of the mosquito-borne Zika virus Among the chief causes of the pollution are uncollected
trash fed into the bay via polluted rivers and slums along
the coast. Pollution of the Guanabara has been a longterm issue. Ocials promised at the Earth Summit in
1992 that they would begin to address the pollution but
previous attempts to do so have been insucient. As an
aspect of their bid for the Games, Rio once again committed to making eorts towards cleaning the bay.[88][89]
However, some of these proposed initiatives have faced
budgetary issues.[24] Prior to these eorts, only 17% of
Rios sewage was treated;[90] this raw sewage also leaked
into the bay. Although Mayor of Rio Eduardo Paes stated
that the city may not be able to reach its goal of having
80% of sewage treated,[91] at least 60% of sewage was
treated by March 2016, with a projected goal of 65% of
Fort Copacabana hosted the cycling road race (start and nish), sewage being treated by the time the Olympics started.[92]
marathon swimming and triathlon events.

In 2014, Operation Car Wash, an investigation by

the Federal Police of Brazil, uncovered unprecedented
money laundering and corruption at the state-controlled
oil company Petrobras. In early 2015, a series of protests
against alleged corruption by the government of President Dilma Rousse began in Brazil, triggered by revelations that numerous politicians were involved in the
Petrobras aair. By early 2016, the scandal had escalated into a full-blown political crisis aecting not only
President Rousse, but also former President Luiz Incio Lula da Silva, resulting in massive demonstrations all
over the country involving millions of protesters,[93] both
anti and pro-Rousse.[94][95] At the same time, Brazil
faced its worst economic recession since the 1990s, raising questions about whether the country was adequately
prepared for the Games against a volatile political and
economic backdrop. On 12 May, President Rousse was
Marina da Glria, locale of sailing competitions
stripped of her powers and duties for 180 days, after an
impeachment vote in the Federal Senate, thus Vice Presin Brazil has raised fears regarding its potential im- ident Michel Temer acted as acting president during the
pact on athletes and visitors. Organizers plan to per- Games.[96]
form daily inspections of Olympic venues to prevent puddles of stagnant water that allow mosquitoes to breed.[80] Since the award of the 2016 Olympics to Rio de Janeiro,
Zika virus transmission was also attributed to inecient the citys crime problems received more attention. Rios
sewage treatment in the area, and sewage treatment was mayor said that there are big issues facing the city in sebeing improved in preparation for the Games.[81] In May curing the Games from violence. However, he also said
presented to the IOC
2016, a group of 150 physicians and scientists sent an that such concerns and issues were
[97]
The governor of the
throughout
the
bidding
process.
open letter to the World Health Organization, calling
state
of
Rio
de
Janeiro
also
highlighted
the fact that Lonupon them to, according to co-author Arthur Caplan,
don
faced
security
problems,
with
a
terrorist
attack ochave an open, transparent discussion of the risks of holdcurring
on
the
day
following
the
IOC
session
that
chose
ing the Olympics as planned in Brazil. The WHO dis2012
Olympic
Games.
The
estimate
the
city
to
host
the
missed the request, stating that cancelling or changing
the location of the 2016 Olympics will not signicantly was that 5,000 men of the National Public Security Force
alter the international spread of Zika virus, and that and 22,000 military ocers (14,800 Army; 5,900 Navy
there was no public health justication for postponing and 1,300 of the Brazilian Air Force), in addition to the
them.[82][83][84] Some athletes did not attend the Games xed quota of Rio January, would act during the Olympic

11

F-5EM Tiger II ghter jet of the Brazilian Air Force during an

air intercept training for the 2016 Olympic Games.

country.[56] On 18 July 2016, an independent investigation commissioned by WADA reported that Russias
Ministry of Sport and Federal Security Service had operated a state-dictated system to implement an extensive doping program and to cover up positive samples.
Based on the nding the International Olympic Committee called for an emergency meeting to consider banning Russia from the Summer Olympics.[104] The IOC
decided against completely banning Russian participation and instead decided to set additional, stricter requirements for all Russian participants entered into the
Olympic Games.[105] Originally Russia submitted a list of
389 athletes for competition. On 7 August 2016, the IOC
cleared 278 athletes, while 111 were removed because of
the scandal.[106][107]

7 See also
2016 Summer Paralympics

8 References
Notes

Rio 2016 Olympic Village

Games.[98] On 21 July 2016, two weeks before the scheduled start of the Games, Brazilian Federal Police broke up
an Islamic jihadist terrorist ring, with 10 ISIS associates
arrested and two more on the run.[99]
While the whole city underwent major infrastructure improvements, there were concerns that some of the projects
would never materialise.[100] On 21 Aprilthe day that
the Olympic torch was lita 50 metres (164 ft) section
of the Tim Maia bike path, crossing the Oscar Niemeyer
Avenue in So Conrado neighborhood and a part of the
legacy of the games, was hit by a giant wave and collapsed, causing the death of two pedestrians and injuries
to three more.[101][102] The athletes village has been described as the largest in Olympic history, but two weeks
before the Olympics opened, ocials also described it as
unliveable and unsafe because of major plumbing and
electrical hazards, blocked toilets, leaking pipes, exposed
wiring, darkened stairwells where no lighting has been
installed, and dirty oors. More than 500 employees of
the local Olympic committee worked to x the problems
reported by the delegations.[103]

[1] The Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation is [uz

olpikus di ve w di dojz miw i dizesejs], in Brazils
standard pronunciation.

Citations
[1] Olympic Athletes. Rio 2016. Retrieved 21 August
2016.
[2] About Rio 2016 Summer Olympics. Rio 2016 Olympics
Wiki. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
[3] Why Winter Olympics Bypass the Southern Hemisphere
Winter Olympics 2014.
[4] 2016 Bid Process Launched. International Olympic
Committee. 16 May 2007.
[5] Four on 2016 Olympics short-list. BBC News. 4 June
2008. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
[6] Olympic News Ocial Source of Olympic News. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
[7] Rings Around the World Archived 8 October 2011 at the
Wayback Machine. Communicate magazine, April 2009
[8] Past Bid Results. GamesBids.com. Retrieved 31 October 2015.

In November 2015, Russia's track and eld team was [9] Around the Rings Articles Archive. aroundtherings.com. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
provisionally suspended from all international athletic
competitions by the International Association of Athlet- [10] Rio 2016 contrata Renato Ciuchini como Diretorics Federations (IAAF) following a World Anti-Doping
Executivo Comercial (in Portuguese). Archived from the
Agency (WADA) report into a doping program in the
original on 4 October 2012.

12

[11] Sports and Venues (PDF), Rio de Janeiro 2016 Candidate File (PDF), 2, BOC, 16 February 2009, pp. 1011,
archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2010,
retrieved 29 June 2015.
[12] Introduction (PDF), Rio de Janeiro 2016 Candidate File
(PDF), 1, London, United Kingdom: BOC, 16 February
2009, retrieved 5 May 2009.
[13] Rio 2007 Pan Am Games Get Debriefed Ahead Of 2016
Bid, Toronto, Canada: GamesBids, 9 March 2008,
archived from the original on 23 October 2008, retrieved
5 May 2009.
[14] An introduction to the Venues at the 2016 Rio Games.
Olympic.org. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
[15] 8,400 shuttlecocks, 250 golf carts, 54 boats... the mindblowing numbers behind the Rio 2016 Games.
[16] Lewis, Peter (15 September 2013). Rio Olympics 2016:
Brazilian city in a race against time to be ready to play host
to the Games. ABC News Australia. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
[17] Introducing Carioca Arena 1 the new home of
Olympic basketball. Rio 2016. Organizing Committee
of the Olympic and Paralympic Games Rio 2016. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
[18] Barra Region. Portal Brasil 2016. Governo Federal do
Brasil. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
[19] Porto Maravilha Rio de Janeiro City Hall. Retrieved 10
August 2012. (Portuguese).
[20] Rio tram starts test running. Railway Gazette.
November 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2016.

26

[21] Innovative medal design unveiled for Rio 2016. IOC.

Retrieved 12 August 2016.

REFERENCES

[29] The Rio Opening Ceremony Put Climate Change Front

And Center. The Hungton Post. 6 August 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
[30] Greek re lights up Rio 2016 Games... Olympic Torch
lit in traditional ceremony at Olympia. Rio 2016 website.
21 April 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
[31] Gois will be the rst state to receive the Rio 2016
Olympic Flame. Dirio Mercantil. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
[32] Prijzen tickets Olympische Spelen 2016 in Rio bekend.
olympischespelenrio.nl. 16 September 2014. Retrieved 6
October 2014.
[33] Olympic Games ticket prices September 2014 (PDF).
Rio 2016. 16 September 2014. Retrieved 6 October
2014.
[34] Rio Olympics committee reveals opening ceremony details. China Central Television. 29 July 2015. Retrieved
11 August 2016.
[35] Levinson King, Robin (5 August 2016). Highlights from
Rio 2016 Olympic opening ceremony. Toronto Star. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
[36] Kip Keino to receive Olympic Laurel distinction. IOC.
Retrieved 15 August 2016.
[37] Axon, Rachel (6 August 2016). No introduction for
Brazils president at start of opening ceremony. USA Today. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
[38] Emanuel surpreende e oferece sua medalha de ouro para
Vanderlei Cordeiro [Emanuel surprises and oers his
gold medal to Vanderlei Cordeiro] (in Portuguese). Folha
Online. September 1, 2004. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
[39] Mystery Solved: Why Rio Olympics cauldron is so tiny.
Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved 6 August 2016.

[22] Busbee, Jay. Rio mystery solved: Why don't Olympic

medal winners get owers?". Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved
12 August 2016.

[40] Formerly homeless boy who lit Olympic cauldron now

has 'beautiful life'". CBC News. Retrieved 22 August
2016.

[23] Brazil Made Big Environmental Promises for Its Rio

Olympics. Heres Why It Won't Keep Them.. The Atlantic. Retrieved 13 August 2016.

[41] Vanderlei Cordeiro de Lima se eterniza como heri e

ganha a medalha de ouro. O Dia. Retrieved 21 August
2016..

[24] Baich, Oliver. Funding problems hit plan to clean Rios

polluted waterways ahead of Olympics. The Guardian.
Retrieved 6 May 2016.

[42] Golf among seven sports seeking inclusion in 2016

Games. ESPN. 25 April 2008. Retrieved 20 August
2008.

[25] Rio has broken its promise of an environmentallyfriendly Olympics. Vice News. Retrieved 13 August
2016.

[43] Olympic Leaders Approve Golf and Rugby for 2016

Summer Games. Fox News Channel. 13 August 2009.
Retrieved 1 October 2009.

[26] Diminutive Rio 2016 cauldron complemented by massive kinetic sculpture. Dezeen. Retrieved 11 August
2016.

[44] Olympics 2016: IOC Approves Golf And Rugby Sevens

To Be Included In Rio De Janeiro Games.. Sky (United
Kingdom). Archived from the original on 22 May 2011.
Retrieved 15 March 2010.

[27] Heres why Olympic medalists don't get owers at the

Summer Games in Rio. Mashable. Retrieved 12 August
2016.
[28] Rio 2016 handball arena will dismantle to become four
schools. Dezeen. Retrieved 13 August 2016.

[45] Kiteboarding to replace windsurng at 2016 Rio

Olympics. BBC News. Retrieved 10 May 2012.
[46] Windsurng restored to Brazil 2016 Olympics. BBC
News. Retrieved 14 November 2012.

13

[47] Armstrong confession could see cycling out of

Olympics. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 16
January 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2013.

[66] Rio Olympics 2016: Spectacular closing ceremony as

Olympic ag goes to Tokyo. BBC Sport. Retrieved 22
August 2016.

[48] Rio Olympics gets 1st qualied athletes. USA Today.

Associated Press. 26 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August
2014.

[67] Rio 2016: Rosa Magalhes deve comandar encerramento. Rio 2016 (in Portuguese). 19 September 2015.
Retrieved 2016-08-21.

[49] UCI and IOC agree qualication quotas for Rio 2016.
Reuters. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.

[68] Olympic Broadcasting: Inside the Chief Executives Ofce. TV Technology. Retrieved 12 July 2016.

[50] Anderson, Gary (2 February 2014). Weightlifting qualication criteria for Rio 2016 approved by IOC. Inside
the Games. Retrieved 26 August 2014.

[69] Olympics in VR: NBC to Present 85 Hours of VirtualReality Content on Samsung Devices. Variety. Retrieved
12 July 2016.

[51] Bulgarian weightlifters banned from Rio Olympics after CAS rejects appeal against ban for doping violations.
Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 29 January 2016.

[70] Rio Olympics: NBC Plans 4K and High Dynamic Range

for Opening Ceremony Coverage. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 12 July 2016.

[52] Strong statement by the IWF Executive Board.

International Weightlifting Federation. 22 June 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
[53] Olympics-Kuwait ban remains in force as ties with IOC
deteriorate. Yahoo Sports. Retrieved 2 January 2016.
[54] Refugees can compete for rst time in 2016 Rio
Olympics, IOC head says. ESPN. 27 October 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
[55] Rio 2016: Refugee team to compete at Olympics. BBC
Sport. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
[56] Athletics doping: Russia provisionally suspended by
IAAF. BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
[57] Russian whistleblower Yuliya Stepanova to compete as
'neutral athlete' in Rio. The Guardian. Retrieved 15 July
2016.
[58] Background Information to the decision of the IOC Executive Board concerning the participation of Russian athletes in the Olympic Games Rio 2016. 24 July 2016.
Archived from the original on 25 July 2016. Retrieved 27
July 2016.
[59] National Houses.
Organizing Committee of the
Olympic and Paralympic Games Rio 2016. Retrieved 10
August 2016.
[60] Tickets. NOC*NSF. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 6 May
2015.
[61] Why all the midnight madness for some Olympians?".
CBC News. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
[62] Australias Olympic swimmers can sleep easy at Rio despite late night meets thanks to recovery training. The
Courier-Mail. Retrieved 18 August 2016.
[63] Greed, Passion, Lust, Betrayal, and the Olympics in Between. The New York Times. Retrieved 18 August 2016.

[71] IOC reaches agreement for 2014 & 2016 broadcast rights
in Brazil. International Olympic Committee. 27 August
2009. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
[72] Meet the Rio 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games mascots and help choose their names. Rio 2016. 23 November 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
[73] Quarrell, Dan (22 July 2016). 2016 Rio Olympics:
Biggest stars, dates, schedule, mascots, logo, Usain Bolt
'triple triple', Zika. Eurosport. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
[74] Rio 2016: Olympic and Paralympic mascots launched.
Retrieved 24 November 2014.
[75] Rio 2016 Olympic and Paralympic mascots named Vinicius and Tom by public vote. Rio 2016. 14 December
2014. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
[76] Gordon, Aaron (17 August 2016). Olympic Wrestling
Uses Stued Animals for Replay Challenges. Vice
Sports. Vice Media. Archived from the original on 17
August 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
[77] Nudd, Tim (14 August 2012). Hated the London 2012
Logo? You Might Like Rio 2016 Better Brazils Tatl Design tells story of its creation. Adweek. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
[78] Rio 2016 motif is rst 3D logo in the history of the
Olympics says designer. Dezeen. Retrieved 16 August
2016.
[79] Telluride Foundation says Brazil stole its logo for
Olympics. The Denver Post. Archived from the original
on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
[80] Zika virus: Olympic venues to be inspected daily before
and during Games. BBC Sport. 29 January 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016.

[64] Swimming, beach volleyball will be on late in Rio. US

News & World Report. Retrieved 31 October 2015.

[81] Khazan, Olga (31 March 2016). What Happens When

Theres Poop in the Water. The Atlantic. Retrieved 30
June 2016.

[65] Rio 2016 Ingressos Compre seu ingresso para as

Olmpiadas. ingressos.rio2016.com (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2016-08-21.

[82] ""The Games will go ahead": Tourists have a near-zero

chance of getting Zika at the Rio Olympics. Quartz. Retrieved 31 May 2016.

14

EXTERNAL LINKS

[83] 150 experts say Olympics must be moved or postponed [102] Charner, Flora; Jones, Julia; Darlington, Shasta (21 April
because of Zika. The Washington Post. Retrieved 31
2016). Rio bike path collapse kills 2, injures 3. CNN.
May 2016.
Retrieved 30 June 2016.
[84] Zika crisis: WHO rejects 'move Rio Olympics call. [103] Rio Olympics Athletes village 'unliveable' days before
BBC News. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
Games begin. Daily Mail. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
[85] Rio 2016: Are tennis players using Zika as an excuse?". [104] Ruiz, Rebecca (18 July 2016). Russia May Face
CNN. 21 July 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
Olympics Ban as Doping Scheme Is Conrmed. The New
York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
[86] Reuters (2 August 2016). Olympics-Golf-Zika an excuse
for top ranked players, says Van Zyl. Yahoo!. Retrieved [105] Decision of the IOC Executive Board concerning the
13 August 2016.
participation of Russian athletes in the Olympic Games
Rio 2016. IOC. 24 July 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
[87] No Zika cases from Olympics, says WHO. BBC News.
Retrieved 3 September 2016.
[106] IOC conrm 278 Russian athletes are eligible to compete
at Rio. 2016-07-09. Archived from the original on 2016[88] Note to Olympic Sailors: Don't Fall in Rios Water. The
08-09. Retrieved 2016-08-09.
New York Times. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
[107] Russian athletes participating in Rio Olympic Game by
[89] Carneiro, Julia (10 January 2014). Rios Olympic waters
federation. Europe Online Magazine. Archived from the
blighted by heavy pollution. BBC News. Retrieved 12
original on 2016-08-09. Retrieved 2016-08-09.
January 2014.
[90] German sailor blames infections on water at Rio 2016
Olympic test event. The Guardian. 28 August 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
[91] "'Super bacteria' found in Rio waters where sailors and
windsurfers are supposed to compete in the Olympics.
The Washington Post. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
[92] USOC, athletes navigate questions swirling around Rios
contaminated water. The Washington Post. 9 March
2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
[93] Flynn, Daniel; Soto, Alonso (14 March 2016). Record
Brazil protests put Rousses future in doubt. Reuters.
Retrieved 14 March 2016.
[94] Segal, David (7 August 2015). Petrobras Oil Scandal
Leaves Brazilians Lamenting a Lost Dream. The New
York Times.
[95] Grandin, Greg (22 March 2016). Millennials Are Taking to the Streets to Defend Democracy in Brazil. The
Nation. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
[96] , Globo.com, 12 May. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
[97] Rios mayor expresses safety concerns for 2016 Olympics
, ksdk.com , St. Louis, MO. ksdk.com. Retrieved 15
March 2010.
[98] Terroristas divulgam 'manual' para ataques nos Jogos do
Rio (in Portuguese). Terra. 20 July 2016. Retrieved 25
July 2016.
[99] Brazil police smash ISIS ring. Daily Mail. Retrieved 21
July 2016.
[100] Jaroschewski, Julia (29 April 2016). Between hope and
despair. D+C, development and cooperation. Retrieved
25 May 2016.
[101] Parte de ciclovia desaba em So Conrado, Zona Sul do
Rio [Part of bike path collapses in So Conrado, south
of Rio]. Jornal do Brasil (in Portuguese). 21 April 2016.
Retrieved 24 April 2016.

9 External links
Ocial website

15

10
10.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

2016 Summer Olympics Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics?oldid=745460370 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Shsilver, Deb, William Avery, Zoe, Panairjdde~enwiki, Michael Hardy, Zanimum, Jpatokal, Julesd, Terminatorx, Jiang, Smith03,
The Tom, John Cross, JonMoore, Snickerdo, Selket, Tpbradbury, Ed g2s, Roy Jaruk, Topbanana, AnonMoos, Jusjih, MrWeeble, Huangdi,
Sjorford, Dale Arnett, Pigsonthewing, Chrism, Moncrief, Modulatum, KSweeley, Gidonb, Andrew Levine, Mervyn, Alan Liefting, Alexwcovington, Smjg, Jao, Rickscholz, Axeman, Doctorcherokee, Curps, Cantus, Xinoph, Iceberg3k, Avala, Jmcnamera, Gadum, Utcursch,
Andycjp, Telso, Jonel, PermanentE, Rattlesnake, Recycler1973, Hammersfan, Huaiwei, Aramgutang, Neutrality, Gerald Farinas, DMG413,
Valadius, Rmgrotkierii, Damieng, Lacrimosus, Erc, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Ranma9617, Vsmith, Parishan, Martpol, Bender235,
Jnestorius, Harry Hayeld, Ylee, El C, McCorrection, DS1953, Susvolans, RoyBoy, Djd1219, Chriscf, TMC1982, Bobo192, Dralwik,
Smalljim, ArkansasTraveler, Nsaa, A2Kar, Me2hero, Red Winged Duck, Alansohn, Hektor, Mrio e Drio, Neonumbers, Lectonar,
Mrmiscellanious~enwiki, Pedro Aguiar, Historian, Velella, Indech, Saga City, EKMichigan, Evil Monkey, Zxcvbnm, Ianblair23, GabrielF,
Recury, Czolgolz, Kitch, TerminalPreppie, SmthManly, RPIRED, Tariqabjotu, B1mbo, The JPS, ByeByeBaby, OwenX, Woohookitty,
Mindmatrix, Vanished User 3388458, Georgia guy, TigerShark, GVOLTT, PoccilScript, Jpers36, Stickguy, Barrylb, Cpu111, Before My
Ken, Bldarter, NeoChaosX, Technochocolate, Gws57, BrownstoneKnockn, Privacy, StephenDawson, Zzyzx11, Zpb52, Matwi~enwiki,
Timtom27, Tslocum, Matilda, Graham87, Taestell, Terryn3, Brendan O'Shea, Rjwilmsi, Angusmclellan, Jivecat, Vary, Wikisphere, BlueMoonlet, Funnyhat, Twerbrou, Fish and karate, SNIyer12, JohnDBuell, Ground Zero, CR85747, Ysangkok, Mindfrieze, AJR, Billso,
Mathieu.gagnon, Gurch, ApprenticeFan, Arctic.gnome, Nuge, Parutakupiu, Tedder, Jonahgreenthal, Snailwalker, Unexplained, Chobot,
DaGizza, Bgwhite, Quicksilvre, Daveblack, The Rambling Man, Kimyou, YurikBot, Wavelength, Sceptre, Wester, Phantomsteve, What
is it?, RussBot, John Quincy Adding Machine, JMHamo, Ivirivi00, Hede2000, Citius Altius Fortius, IanManka, Nurmsook, Phil-hong,
Rsrikanth05, Redspork02, Qatarson, Sentausa, Mymap, Semolo75, Cchard, Rson-W, Lu3ke, Mikehillman, CrazyC83, Bigpad, Coderzombie, Mikeblas, Zagalejo, Tony1, Alex43223, S. Neuman, Gianluca91, Pyrorunner, DeadEyeArrow, Wknight94, Onion Terror, Mrdaus89, Halfamitten, PrinceofPersia, Doktorbuk, DaveOinSF, SFGiants, Dmack79, VeiledAbyss, Arthur Rubin, Drdr1989, McSmit,
Josh3580, Sldownard, BorgQueen, Aeon1006, Chrishmt0423, Hypernick1980, Lordrosemount, David Biddulph, Ybbor, ViperSnake151,
Djr xi, Jonathan.s.kt, Nokhodi, Ahonc, Spacedragonblue, Kalaha, Maxamegalon2000, Mardus, Nippoo, BroadSt Bully, Angaurits, Wai
Hong, Cafe Nervosa, SmackBot, Phattonez, ShadowRanger, Unschool, Bushhopper, ThreeDee912, Prodego, C.Fred, Loukinho, Shiggy,
Rrius, Patrickneil, Clpo13, Nickst, AnOddName, Rizwank, Kintetsubualo, Imzadi1979, Nil Einne, PeeJay2K3, Mauls, AlanzoB, UnqstnableTruth, Gilliam, Bggis, Rmosler2100, Iancaddy, Chris the speller, Zinc2005, Chabuk, Cattus, Djln, Roscelese, N2f, Somewildthingsgo, Eer, Cleric71, Aridd, Colonies Chris, Chancemichaels, Verrai, GoodDay, XSG, Brideshead, Mcbridelr, DeFacto, Bib, Icebrg,
Efe122, Msr69er, OrphanBot, Kanabekobaton, EOZyo, CrnaGora, Anung Mwka, GrahameS, Mr.Z-man, Vox Univoaks, Nitsansh, Steven
X, Omaaar, Georgiebest7, Jared, Hoof Hearted, Mjefm, RolandR, Dreadstar, Newsmare, Politis, Morio, North King, Ohconfucius, Thewiikione, Esrever, Michael J, ArglebargleIV, Rory096, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, BrownHairedGirl, Reade, The idiot, Adavidw, Euchiasmus,
Mcshadypl, Mike1901, GeoreyVS, Heimstern, Tennis Dynamite, DMurphy, Smartyllama, Jazzman1804, Jaywubba1887, Aleenf1, Mr.
Lefty, Garavello, Fkmd, Tarikur, Darianb, Fuzzy510, Astuishin, Hvn0413, Optimale, OAlexander, AxG, Dyun, ARIC2006, Whomp, Ryulong, Hogyn Lleol, Andrwsc, Skinsmoke, Zapvet, Scorpion0422, Caiaa, Redneb, MrDolomite, Zepheus, Dl2000, Hu12, DabMachine, JYi,
Iridescent, Davekcj, Nakis g, Joseph Solis in Australia, JoeBot, Ksaleh, Newone, Cityofchicago, Casull, FunksBrother, Givern, Tjtenor2,
Courcelles, Namiba, Rsnetto74, MagpieShooter, Chris55, DKqwerty, RideABicycle, Vitriden, Ezadarque, PhillyPartTwo, CmdrObot, Pegasusbot, Suto, TimothyHorrigan, Shadow2, The ed17, Redekopmark, CBM, Etrevino, Stevo1000, NaBUru38, Reaper7, Ltv100, Boomtown Rat, Londonf2012, Marc Shepherd, Kribbeh, Dogman15, Raymarcbadz, Cydebot, Ntsimp, Fluence, Valodzka, Reywas92, ST47,
Lugnuts, DumbBOT, Ward3001, Schreiber355, Rosswi88, Iain277, Gundamforce, CieloEstrellado, Tylerl82, JamesAM, Thijs!bot, TonyTheTiger, Azimuth1, Apotaaaym, Dusta619, Mojo Hand, Mdb1370, Marek69, Saulopro, Family von stennett, PYLrulz, Basement12,
Onur, RickinBaltimore, Miller17CU94, Philippe, Nick Number, Cooljuno411, Tocino, Danigoni, Pfranson, ThomasPusch, Rockies77,
AntiVandalBot, Ronweezlee, Edokter, Jj137, Maromas, Moonraker0022, Braindrain0000, Spartaz, Segalocusandme, TuvicBot, JAnDbot,
Felipe Menegaz, Ipoellet, Nate1012, Compgenius3, Vl'hurg, TheEditrix2, Chumwa, Magioladitis, VoABot II, Avjoska, Hooperswim,
Scanlan, CattleGirl, Onlydeathawaits, Jsobral, Recurring dreams, Jploc3000, Lacrosse nerd, MetsBot, Danoples, Ciao 90, Segasmith,
Tintinlover123, War wizard90, NMaia, Oroso, Rafael Gangi, MartinBot, Serkul, I like pants, WikiTownsvillian, Rettetast, Keith D, CommonsDelinker, ASDFGH, Subman758, KTo288, Gammondog, Achisha, Tgeairn, Dinkytown, Mayumi0881, Limongi, GreenRunner0,
Jesant13, TrueCRaysball, Interrobang, Tommy11111, Kuzwa, Paris1127, Jason ilacqua, Anguswalker, Gsilvers, Bkmdano, Mrceleb2007,
Szzuk, GTACONOR, Ivankst, KylieTastic, Juliancolton, Cometstyles, RB972, Tygrrr, Khristopher, Futureboy21, Faggedfrog, Wikimandia, Andy Marchbanks, Inwind, Jonas kam, CardinalDan, WWGB, Highelds, Montchav, Ttk371, Jessesantos, Hugo999, Malik Shabazz,
Deor, Bigredbrain, Yitzhak1995, VolkovBot, V8americanpower, One Night In Hackney, Scottschmidt, Postlebury, Bleedtrueblue, Chienlit,
Maxtremus, TXiKiBoT, Double Fanucci, DelTribe, Oshwah, Rizalninoynapoleon, Gune, Tavix, MOTORAL1987, Hayden5650, Krazytea,
Scoelho86, Sean D Martin, Tangerineduel, BanzaiMan~enwiki, Martin451, Irtrav, Aaron danielg, Ian Goggin, Feudonym, Marijuanarchy,
Joseph A. Spadaro, MilesFrmOrdnary, Doc James, Lillingen, Michael Frind, Quantpole, Wrightyboy, Milowent, Mills19, Morsini, Billinrio,
TheRealTester, SieBot, Cgsailor94, Ellbeecee, Ori, Thewidow 02, Belle Equipe, Gerakibot, Noveltyghost, Thatlot!!, Bielle, DitzyNizzy,
Cujo6374, RJaguar3, NZMatt, Thehornet, Araignee, Chaztheweird, Flyer22 Reborn, Exert, LibStar, PolarBot, Airbus A350, CutOTies,
Yerpo, JSpung, LeetAmerico, Bettyzzw1, Oxymoron83, Tirinto, AbbieIsOnFire, OKBot, Presidentman, Spartan-James, StaticGull, Legionarius, Realm of Shadows, Bowei Huang 2, Dajes13, Lowell33, Nergaal, Denisarona, H1nkles, Angelo De La Paz, ImageRemovalBot,
De Boni 2007, Cbradshaw, Ratemonth, Martarius, ClueBot, Rafael Florentino, The Thing That Should Not Be, Xero-7, Plastikspork,
Verismo75, Bluedogtn, Mild Bill Hiccup, Niceguyedc, Harland1, Dalekusa, Marceloraf~enwiki, Bob bobato, Trivialist, Lessogg, Bbb2007,
No such user, Ktr101, Jusdafax, SM1991, NuclearWarfare, Xelaxa, L.tak, Arjayay, Flunkus, Jaizovic, SockPuppetForTomruen, Antiquary, La Pianista, Another Believer, Thingg, Dsmurat, Mc95, Lord Cornwallis, IanCleverly, SteelMariner, Transmarginal, Chris1834,
Loranchet, HanBoN, XLinkBot, Vanished user k3rmwkdmn4tjna3d, Rror, HappyJake, Ost316, Astrofreak92, Rasce, KinHikari, 2mrchio,
Vikram maingi, Wyatt915, Sunsetsunrise, Sims2aholic8, Dergraaf, M.nelson, CL, MisaoFan, Ronhjones, Warpath, Coquimbano, Download, Sillyfolkboy, Nickrds09, Glane23, Lihaas, Debresser, HonorTheKing, Jrgilb, Itfc+canes=me, Numbo3-bot, Tide rolls, Kiril Simeonovski, Willondon, Toso, Evil Wendy Man, Integral, Mateus RM, Ben Ben, Pointer1, Luckas-bot, FourteenClowns, Yobot, Ptbotgourou,
Cm001, II MusLiM HyBRiD II, Evans1982, Gamalon Idogyr, Gertas, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Brougham96, Luizdl, Fomalhaut76,
Laserforce, SwisterTwister, Numbereld, Bearas, AnomieBOT, TurboGUY, JDamanWP, Deeisenberg, DemocraticLuntz, Jafain, YeshuaDavid, Paralympic, Jim1138, JorgeGuberte, Nemesis63, Materialscientist, Tintero, Danno uk, Bluez bekztra, ArthurBot, Quebec99, Xqbot,
Jayarathina, Boddefan2009, Addihockey10, Capricorn42, 187mania, Bihco, Purplebackpack89, TheWeakWilled, J4lambert, Anna Frodesiak, Tyrol5, Gap9551, Srich32977, E06473, Anonymous from the 21st century, Usuwiki, Armbrust, Anotherclown, RibotBOT, Aldo

16

10

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

samulo, Deanolympics, Mudsville1, Armchairslugger, Haldraper, Edgars2007, FrescoBot, LucienBOT, Chronus, Thayts, LucasEllerNYC,
Prisonermonkeys, D'ohBot, 5060apwj, HJ Mitchell, Ravendrop, Hextad8, Finalius, Ladril, Schnapper, Redrose64, DrilBot, I dream
of horses, Jonesey95, L.eagleburger, 1969, Tomcat7, A8UDI, Jusses2, MastiBot, Serols, SpaceFlight89, Wikiain, Jcc, Biala Gwiazda,
ThomasAndrewNimmo, Pristino, MathirJayanadine, Jirka.h23, Cnwilliams, Arbero, Designate, Hentzer, Orenburg1, Steel Wool Killer, TobeBot, BaldBoris, Punisher88, Donlammers, Jrnicolas~enwiki, Afhaalchinees~enwiki, Chrixl, Dinamik-bot, Sangjinhwa, Shagyman, Basetornado, Ak2431989, Lucius Winslow,
, Nilderson,
,
, Canuckian89, Diannaa, Tbhotch, Reach Out to the
Truth, MrKaiten, The Unstoppable W1kypeedian (Take Two), Lord of the Pit, J man708, Ecto~enwiki, Jfmantis, Theprodigy1023, RjwilmsiBot, TjBot, Balieiro, FetchcommsAWB, Scieberking, Nascarking, Give Your Heart a Break, Wjlafrance, Amnowy, R.A. Weber 6 12 03,
EmausBot, John of Reading, Dewritech, GoingBatty, SecretName101, Andromedabluesphere440, Dwolf81588, Artur E.C, Elee, The
Mysterious El Willstro, Tommy2010, Edslov, Wikipelli, Dcirovic, OlympicFunGames, K6ka, Mz7, Evanh2008, ZroBot, Daniel Callegaro, Daonguyen95, Illegitimate Barrister, Josve05a, Eeveeman, H4rr13r, Justforlaughs101, Whiteguru, One95, Zahidulla, H3llBot, Deiseshel, SporkBot, Velociraptor888, Egtj, Thehelpinghand, Brandmeister, RedSoxFan274, Kranix, Donner60, ByaAkai, David1010, Donaldo1997, Bill william compton, VHSWE, Chickie4, GrayFullbuster, TYelliot, Chester704, The Celestial City, Davey2010, ClueBot NG,
NapoleonX, Andrei S, GuglielmoMontesanti, Mushroom9, MelbourneStar, Intoronto1125, IJVin, Satellizer, Desenele, MusicGeek101,
Porusvikmani, Parcly Taxel, Widr, ENDofdaWORLD2012, Mattias321, Kurt O'Sys, Ranma25783, IrishStephen, Alexroller, Wbm1058,
Plantdrew, Wikidexel2, Jamesthecat, BG19bot, MasterMind5991, Flix11, Wpete510, Kndimov, Ebineibgheniobg, ComputerJA, Hallows
AG, JGHD, MusikAnimal, Jogi don, Cyprianio, Josvebot, Kagundu, TheriusRooney, Wesley Mouse, Mives98, Ugncreative Usergname,
Elisfkc, Gorthian, Soerfm, PhilipTerryGraham, Verdasium, The Almightey Drill, FakirNL, Ckenwong, AnselaJonla, JMtB03, Jawadreventon, Sni56996, Drummer4life133, Wannabemodel, FlyLotus, CondeVlad, Dont belittle245, Sander.v.Ginkel, Barryjjoyce, Phillip mcfuzz,
David.moreno72, Liam987, HueSatLum, F1lover22, Hipposcrashed, C111222333444, Hergilei, Cyberbot II, Aliwal2012, Carlos20031,
Thevaluablediamond, TheJJJunk, Spetsnaz1991, Rishabsingh97, IvanOLC, MadGuy7023, Backij, Iyer.n20, Dunnowhattosay, Qwe144,
Mogism, Oritaorighta, Makecat-bot, Abauer3, TheIrishWarden, Meinckaj, Kalaspuen, Lugia2453, Zaldax, Nicko221, Jetsmanfoley,
Ritesh15398, Kuzey457, Jameswonderer, Athomeinkobe, Rybkovich, RAJENDRA KUMAR JAT, Smhouse, Malerooster, Corn cheese,
Me, Myself, and I are Here, Innite mission, Szy123, Ubaldocoldagelli, Epicgenius, Nitobus, Marxistfounder, Camyoung54, Kylierowan,
AmaryllisGardener, Super Nintendo Chalmers, Bigaled136, Sir Abul Ferguson, Sogngion, Figura2000, Silver gasman, Todd Abedrabbo,
Theworldgymnast1, Mike2213, Dimsar01, Judicial89, Phinumu, NottNott, Gsfelipe94, Leeswooaa, Skynorth, Losreis, Zwerg Nase, Kind
Tennis Fan, Vinny Lam, Justell, Nick Mitchell 98, Ali Zifan, Samhse, Anvesh83chaudhary, Fixuture, Appetizer8088,
090905,
Adamtt9, 7Sidz, Crocky.1, ColRad85, 22merlin, Sportsfan 1234, Monkbot, AKS.9955, Filedelinkerbot, Seriesphile,
, WikiPolice66,
Fieldsterrance1234, 3300wf, Andymii, Ortiz Gaytan, Vincius94, Snkn179, MS2054, Tnewman39, KBH96, Leo Bonilla, MRD2014,
Sarvesh Rajkumar, Noncommittalp, Olympiads are best, Greshthegreat, Rodger42, Prince Silversaddle, Crystallizedcarbon, 0xF8E8, Rajesh.kumar101, Remorseless Angel, Golden280, Arielslytherin, Zppix, Emeryradio, Sarr Cat, Yellow Dingo, Nyu5765, Kurtisokc, Kapfes,
KluEvo, Kimdan014, Gohqianyan832, Pakeha, Swingy8, Argenton, Belson 303, Bamsb900, Jackf511, OlympicGames2016, KasparBot, Kuldipm7, TheTMOBGaming2, Aelimian21, MusikBot, Continentaleurope, Jostt, Khunkat, Khairulqz, Coriantumr15, CAPTAIN
RAJU, SSTyer, Hurrygane, JhonGarapan4, CUA 27, Hermionedidallthework, Paramountair, Maltrpa, Cdnt10, Noroftheair, GommehGaming101, Luizengmec, Elekes Andor, Wikipediaew, Mr.America32, Renamed user 9ne04nfk01kmIH31, Shohan.99, Bergsoni,
RIKESH1988, White Arabian Filly, DatGuy, InternetArchiveBot, Incite team78, Eurocus47, OlympicProps, JJBers, Davidtv, Josh0108,
SilverplateDelta, Tigerson1995, GreenC bot, Smcouvillion, JudgeRM, Longisquama, ThePlatypusofDoom, Derranado188, JustTheWookiee, Katleespe, OttomaticFS, 14mswiatek, Homedesigner2016, GoesHome, Lakssdnadf, VGN34D, Littleredtipi, Dorkafarkas17,
Rdiw, Motivao, Inimesh, Muhammad69poopoolegman, Fredmcsanchez, Contenttokyo2016, ColeS120203, Arlomcwalter11, Stylez995,
Ruchi.pithadia, Business to business, Teterev53 and Anonymous: 1520

10.2

Images

File:2016_Summer_Olympics_logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/df/2016_Summer_Olympics_logo.svg

License: ? Contributors: Financial Statement of the Rio 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games Original artist: ?
File:2016_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony_-_photo_news_agency_Tasnimnews_32.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/2016_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony_-_photo_news_agency_Tasnimnews_32.jpg License: CC
BY 4.0 Contributors: http://www.tasnimnews.com/en/media/2016/08/06/1150423/rio-olympics-opening-ceremony Original artist: Mohammad Hassanzadeh / Tasnimnews
File:2016_Summer_Olympics_team_numbers.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/2016_Summer_
Olympics_team_numbers.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work using a blank map from here. Original artist: Ali Zifan
File:A_scene_from_the_Rio_2016_Olympic_Games_Opening_Ceremony_(28210365734).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/A_scene_from_the_Rio_2016_Olympic_Games_Opening_Ceremony_%2828210365734%29.jpg
License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: DSC_0452 Original artist: U.S. Army
File:Archery_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Archery_pictogram.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image)
File:Arena_do_Futuro_Rio_2016.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Arena_do_Futuro_Rio_2016.
jpg License: CC BY 3.0 br Contributors: Portal Brasil 2016 Original artist: Andr Motta/brasil2016.gov.br
File:Athletics_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Athletics_pictogram.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Original: Parutakupiu
Vectorization: Thadius856
File:Australian_Olympic_Team_Uniforms_for_Rio_2016.JPG Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/
Australian_Olympic_Team_Uniforms_for_Rio_2016.JPG License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Hpeterswald
(Hugh Peterswald)
File:Badminton_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Badminton_pictogram.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image)
File:Basketball_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Basketball_pictogram.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image)

10.2

Images

17

File:Bids_for_the_2016_Summer_Olympics.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Bids_for_the_2016_

Summer_Olympics.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Felipe Menegaz
File:Boxing_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Boxing_pictogram.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image)
File:Candelria_cauldron_at_2016_Summer_Olympics.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/
Candel%C3%A1ria_cauldron_at_2016_Summer_Olympics.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: https://www.flickr.com/photos/
leandrociuffo/28475705404/ Original artist: Leandro Neumann Ciuo
File:Canoeing_(flatwater)_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Canoeing_%28flatwater%
29_pictogram.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image)
File:Canoeing_(slalom)_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Canoeing_%28slalom%29_
pictogram.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original
image)
File:Centro_de_Mdia_Rio_2016.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Centro_de_M%C3%ADdia_
Rio_2016.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 br Contributors: Portal Brasil 2016 Original artist: Andr Motta/Brasil2016.gov.br
File:Cidade_Candidata_(Rio_de_Janeiro_for_the_2016_Olympic_Games).JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/c/cf/Cidade_Candidata_%28Rio_de_Janeiro_for_the_2016_Olympic_Games%29.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Uri R
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Cycling_(BMX)_pictogram.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Cycling_%28BMX%29_
pictogram.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original
image)
File:Cycling_(mountain_biking)_pictogram.svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Cycling_
%28mountain_biking%29_pictogram.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image)
File:Cycling_(road)_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Cycling_%28road%29_pictogram.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image)
File:Cycling_(track)_pictogram.svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Cycling_%28track%29_
pictogram.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original
image)
File:Diving_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Diving_pictogram.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image)
File:Equestrian_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Equestrian_pictogram.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image)
File:Fencing_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Fencing_pictogram.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image)
File:Field_hockey_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Field_hockey_pictogram.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image)
File:Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg License: CC0
Contributors: http://openclipart.org/detail/24112/flag-of-afghanistan-by-anonymous-24112 Original artist:
File:Flag_of_Albania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: SVG implementation of the 63-145 Algerian law "on Characteristics of the Algerian national emblem" ("Caractristiques du
Drapeau Algrien", in English). Original artist: This graphic was originaly drawn by User:SKopp.
File:Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg License: Public domain Contributors: It is from openclipart.org, specically american_samoa.svg. Original artist: by Tobias Jakobs
File:Flag_of_Andorra.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Llibre de normes grques per a la reproducci i aplicaci dels signes d'Estat per als quals el Govern s autoritat
competent (Aprovat pel Govern en la sessi del dia 5 de maig de 1999) Original artist: HansenBCN
File:Flag_of_Angola.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Flag_of_Antigua_and_
Barbuda.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Argentina.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Here, based on: http://manuelbelgrano.gov.ar/bandera/creacion-de-la-bandera-nacional/ Original artist: Government
of Argentina
File:Flag_of_Armenia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Aruba.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Flag_of_Aruba.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.vexilla-mundi.com/aruba.htm Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

18

10

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Flag_of_Austria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg License: Public domain

Contributors: Own work, http://www.bmlv.gv.at/abzeichen/dekorationen.shtml Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.elibrary.az/docs/remz/pdf/remz_bayraq.pdf and http://www.meclis.gov.az/?/az/topcontent/21 Original
artist: SKopp and others
File:Flag_of_Bahrain.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.moci.gov.bh/en/KingdomofBahrain/BahrainFlag/ Original artist: Source: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by
User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.dcaa.com.bd/Modules/CountryProfile/BangladeshFlag.aspx Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Barbados.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.gov.bb/bigportal/big/articles/showArticle.php?file=National_Flag.xml&ag=big Original artist: User:
Denelson83
File:Flag_of_Belarus.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.tnpa.by/ViewFileText.php?UrlRid=52178&UrlOnd=%D1%D2%C1%20911-2008 Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Belize.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
Used as Air Force insigna seen <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text' href='http://www.airliners.net/photo/
Belize-Air-Force/Britten-Norman-BN-2A-21-Defender/925855'>here</a>
Improved version from xrmap ag collection 2.9.
Original artist: Caleb Moore
File:Flag_of_Benin.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe
File:Flag_of_Bermuda.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Version 1: Made by Caleb Moore from the Open Clip Art website and uploaded by
Nightstallion Version 2: Made by Nameneko from version 1 of Image:Flag of Bermuda.svg and version 2 of Image:Coa Bermuda.svg
by Cronholm144.
File:Flag_of_Bhutan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Originally from the Open Clip Art website, then replaced with an improved version. Original artist: w:en:User:Nightstallion
(original uploader), the author of xrmap (improved version)
File:Flag_of_Bolivia_(state).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Flag_of_Bolivia_%28state%29.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: xrmap ag collection Original artist: Caleb Moore
File:Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_
Herzegovina.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kseferovic
File:Flag_of_Botswana.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe, rewritten by User:Madden Original artist: User:SKopp, User:Gabbe,
User:Madden
File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Brunei.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg License: CC0 Contributors: From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: User:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The ag of Bulgaria. The colors are specied at http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0034&
n=000005&g= as: Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Burundi.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable
author provided. SKopp assumed (based on copyright claims).
File:Flag_of_Cambodia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg License: CC0 Contributors: File:Flag_of_Cambodia.svg Original artist: Draw new ag by User:
_
File:Flag_of_Cameroon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Chad.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Quelle Fonto: http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/td.html Original artist: SKopp & others (see upload log)
File:Flag_of_Chile.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp

10.2

Images

19

File:Flag_of_Chinese_Taipei_for_Olympic_games.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Flag_of_
Chinese_Taipei_for_Olympic_games.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The ocial website of Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee
Ocial fan page of Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee
Original artist: Pixeltoo, updated by Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Colombia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Costa_Rica_(state).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Costa_Rica_%28state%
29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Image originally derived from the public domain ags of the CIA World Factbook (see:Image:
Costa rica ag 300.png) Original artist: user:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=4317 Original artist: Nightstallion, Elephantus, Neoneo13, Denelson83, Rainman,
R-41, Minestrone, Lupo, Zscout370,
<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:MaGa' title='User:MaGa'>Ma</a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png' class='image'><img alt='Croatian squares Ljubicic.png' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/15px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png' width='15' height='15' srcset='https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/23px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png
1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/30px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png
2x' data-le-width='202' data-le-height='202' /></a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MaGa' title='User
talk:MaGa'>Ga</a> (based on Decision of the Parliament)
File:Flag_of_Cuba.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:Madden Original artist: see below
File:Flag_of_Cyprus.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Vzb83
File:Flag_of_Cte_d'Ivoire.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jon Harald Sby
File:Flag_of_Denmark.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Madden
File:Flag_of_Djibouti.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg License: CC0 Contributors: From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Dominica.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg License: CC0 Contributors: Own work: Flag of Dominica originally from the Open Clip Art website. Redrawn by User:Vzb83 except for the parrot. Colours
are adapted from FOTW Flags Of The World website because of the currentness (refreshed 2001). The colour sceme is found at the
government website of the Commonwealth of Dominica and THE WORLD FACTBOOK of the CIA. Original artist: User:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_East_Timor.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Ecuador.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.presidencia.gob.ec/pdf/Simbolos-Patrios.pdf Original artist: President of the Republic of Ecuador, Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: Open Clip Art
File:Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: user:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Flag_of_Equatorial_Guinea.svg
License: CC0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Eritrea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg License: CC0 Contributors: From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: [[user:]]
File:Flag_of_Estonia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.riigikantselei.ee/?id=73847 Original artist: Originally drawn by User:SKopp. Blue colour changed by User:PeepP
to match the image at [1].
File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.ethiopar.net/type/Amharic/hopre/bills/1998/654.ae..pdf Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Flag_of_the_
Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Fiji.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg License: CC0 Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Finland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780380 Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Gabon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Georgia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work based on File:Brdzanebuleba 31.pdf Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?

20

10

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg License: Public domain

Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Greece.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: own code Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk)
File:Flag_of_Grenada.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Grenada.svg License: Public domain Contributors: SKopp Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Guam.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Flag_of_Guam.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Guatemala.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:K21edgo
File:Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Guinea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Guyana.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Haiti.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Coat of arms from: Coat of arms of Haiti.svg by Lokal_Prol and Myriam Thyes Original artist: (colours and size changes
of the now deletied versions) Madden, Vzb83, Denelson83, Chanheigeorge, Zscout370 and Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Honduras.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/chi/r_flag/index.html Original artist: Tao Ho
File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Original artist:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Iceland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Islandic National Flag Original artist: var Arnfjr Bjarmason, Zscout370 and others
File:Flag_of_India.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Law: s:id:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 (http://badanbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/
lamanbahasa/sites/default/files/UU_2009_24.pdf) Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe
File:Flag_of_Iran.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg License: Public domain Contributors: URL http://www.isiri.org/portal/files/std/1.htm and an English translation / interpretation at URL http://flagspot.net/flags/ir'.html
Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
File:Flag_of_Ireland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Israel.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%20History/Israel%20at%2050/The%20Flag%20and%20the%20Emblem Original artist: The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of the Flag of the State of Israel of 25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948) provides
the ocial specication for the design of the Israeli ag.
File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Jamaica.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist:
File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Jordan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: own code, construction sheet Original artist: -x File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.kenyarchives.go.ke/flag_specifications.htm Original artist: User:Pumbaa80
File:Flag_of_Kiribati.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Kosovo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Originally from Image:Flag of Kosovo.png. Original artist: Cradel (current version), earlier version by Ningyou
File:Flag_of_Kuwait.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp

10.2

Images

21

File:Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg License: Public

domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, construction sheet. Redo by: cs:User:-xfi- Original artist: Made by Andrew Duhan for the
Sodipodi SVG ag collection, and is public domain.
File:Flag_of_Laos.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Latvia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: Traced based on the CIA World Factbook with some modication done to the colours based on
information at Vexilla mundi.
File:Flag_of_Lesotho.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Flag_of_Lesotho.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Liberia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Version 1: SKopp
Original artist: Government of Liberia
File:Flag_of_Libya.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg License: Public domain Contributors: File:Flag of Libya (1951).svg Original artist:
File:Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SuKopp
File:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1972/0051/a051.pdf#page=2, colors from http://www.
legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1993/0731609/0731609.pdf Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Macedonia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Flag_of_Macedonia.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe
File:Flag_of_Madagascar.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Malawi.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg License:
domain Contributors: Create based on the Malaysian Government Website (archive version)
Original artist: SKopp, Zscout370 and Ranking Update

Public

File:Flag_of_Maldives.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: user:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Mali.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Malta.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Mauritania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Mauritius.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Original artist:Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006
File:Flag_of_Moldova.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg License: Public domain Contributors: vector coat of arms image traced by User:Nameneko from Image:Moldova gerb large.png. Construction sheet can
be found at http://flagspot.net/flags/md.html#const Original artist: Nameneko and others
File:Flag_of_Monaco.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Mongolia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Current version is SVG implementation of the Mongolian ag as described by Mongolian National Standard MNS
6262:2011 (Mongolian State Flag. General requirements [1]
Original artist: User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Montenegro.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: B1mbo, Froztbyte
File:Flag_of_Morocco.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg License:
domain Contributors: Flag of the Kingdom of Morocco

Public

<a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text' href='http://81.192.52.100/BO/AR/1915/BO_135_ar.PDF'>Moroccan royal decree (17

November 1915), BO-135-ar page 6</a>
Original artist: Denelson83, Zscout370

22

10

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Flag_of_Mozambique.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg License:

CC0 Contributors: From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: User:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Myanmar.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg License:
CC0 Contributors:
Open Clip Art Original artist:
Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:
Q4233718'><img
alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.
svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png'
width='20'
height='11'
srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/
40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:Flag_of_Namibia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Nauru.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: Source: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Nepal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Constitution of The Kingdom of Nepal, Article 5, Schedule 1 [1] Original artist: Drawn by User:Pumbaa80, User:Achim1999
File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: http://www.mch.govt.nz/files/NZ%20Flag%20-%20proportions.JPG Original artist: Zscout370, Hugh Jass
and many others

File:Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg
License:
Public domain Contributors:
Own work based on:
<a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text' href='https:
//docs.google.com/viewer?a=v,<span>,&,</span>,q=cache:tRiqYRg_YJ4J:www.casc.gob.ni/index.php?option%3Dcom_
docman%26task%3Ddoc_download%26gid%3D704%26Itemid%3D4+ley+sobre+los+simbolo+patrios+nicaragua+
2002,<span>,&,</span>,hl=es,<span>,&,</span>,gl=ni,<span>,&,</span>,pid=bl,<span>,&,</span>,srcid=ADGEEShaqFptSDRqZyUoeWlWgMGTvcFvWOs
About Characteristics And Use Of Patriotic Symbols of Nicaragua</a> Original artist: C records (talk contribs)
File:Flag_of_Niger.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
The burnt orange color in the top band and circle is Pantone(166), i.e. RGB(224,82,6) = #E05206 on sRGB CRT screen, or
CMYK(0,65%,100%,0) for process coated print, BUT NOT light orange #FF7000 which is somewhere between Pantone(130C) and Pantone(151), and is even lighter than X11 orange! See http://www.seoconsultants.com/css/colors/conversion/100/ The central white band is
plain D65 reference white = RGB(255,255,255) = #FFFFFF.
Original artist: Made by: Philippe Verdy User:verdy_p, see also fr:Utilisateur:verdy_p.
File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_North_Korea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Norway.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dbenbenn
File:Flag_of_Oman.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The drawing and the colors were based from agspot.net. Original artist: User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Palau.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg License: Public domain Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable
author provided. Nightstallion assumed (based on copyright claims).
File:Flag_of_Palestine.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work. Based on Law No. 5 for the year 2006 amending some provisions of Law No. 22 for the year 2005 on the
Sanctity of the Palestinian Flag Original artist: Orionist, previous versions by Makaristos, Mysid, etc.
File:Flag_of_Panama.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, FOTW Original artist: User:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Paraguay.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg License: CC0 Contributors: This le is from the Open Clip Art Library, which released it explicitly into the public domain (see here). Original artist: Republica
del Paraguay
File:Flag_of_Peru.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Peru Original artist: David Benbennick
File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/republica/simbolos/bandeiras/index.html#imgs Original artist: Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vtor Lus Rodrigues; Antnio Martins-Tuvlkin (2004; this specic vector set: see sources)
File:Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Qatar.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi-

10.2

Images

23

File:Flag_of_Romania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: AdiJapan
File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Rwanda.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.primature.gov.rw/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_download/gid,859/Itemid,95/ Original artist:
File:Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_
Nevis.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work in accordance with http://www.vexilla-mundi.com/saint_kitts_and_nevis.htm
Original artist: User:Pumbaa80
File:Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work, Government of Saint Lucia Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Flag_of_
Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines.svg License: Public domain Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed
(based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable author provided. SKopp assumed (based on copyright claims).
File:Flag_of_Samoa.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_San_Marino.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work: [/Users/bicio/Desktop/Cailungo logo 40.jpg] Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Flag_of_Sao_Tome_and_
Principe.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg License: CC0 Contributors: the actual ag Original artist: Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:
Q4233718'><img
alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.
svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png'
width='20'
height='11'
srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/
40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:Flag_of_Senegal.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Original upload from Openclipart : Senegal. However, the current source code for this SVG le has almost nothing in
common with the original upload. Original artist: Original upload by Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Serbia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: From http://www.parlament.gov.rs/content/cir/o_skupstini/simboli/simboli.asp. Original artist: sodipodi.com
File:Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The drawing was based from http://app.www.sg/who/42/National-Flag.aspx. Colors from the book: (2001). The
National Symbols Kit. Singapore: Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. pp. 5. ISBN 8880968010 Pantone 032 shade from
http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx?c_id=13050 Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work; here, colors Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work construction sheet from http://flagspot.net/flags/si%27.html#coa Original artist: User:Achim1999
File:Flag_of_Somalia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: see below Original artist: see upload history
File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Per specications in the Constitution of South Africa, Schedule 1 - National ag Original artist: Flag design by Frederick Brownell, image by Wikimedia Commons users
File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and color
guidelines (Russian/English) Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: http://www.fotw.us/flags/ss.html / Flag of the World Original artist: User:Achim1999
File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: SLS 693 - National ag of Sri Lanka Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Sudan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: www.vexilla-mundi.com Original artist: Vzb83
File:Flag_of_Suriname.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn according Description of ag and Corporate design guidelines - National ag colours. Original artist:
Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https://
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590'
/></a>

24

10

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Flag_of_Swaziland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Flag_of_Swaziland.svg License: CC0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: PDF Colors Construction sheet Original artist: User:Marc Mongenet
Credits:
File:Flag_of_Syria.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg License: Public domain Contributors: see below Original artist: see below
File:Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Tanzania.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Vzb83
File:Flag_of_Togo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Tonga.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_
Tobago.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.w3.org/ Original artist: entraneur: BEN KHALIFA WISSAM
File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Turkish Flag Law (Trk Bayra Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of the
Turkish Historical Society (Trk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author)
File:Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg License: CC0 Contributors: See URL [6] for ocially credibility and correctness of precise star-positions Original artist: User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Uganda.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg License: CC0 Contributors: From the Open ClipArt Library website. Original artist: tobias
File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: 4512:2006 . Original artist: Government of Ukraine
File:Flag_of_Uruguay.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: design of the sun copied from URL [1], which was copied by Francisco Gregoric, 5 Jul 2004 from URL [2] Original artist:
User:Reisio (original author)
File:Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ozbekiston Respublikasining Davlat bayrogi. The ocially dened colours are Pantone
313C for blue and 361C for green (source: [1], [2]). Drawn by User:Zscout370.
File:Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Venezuela.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ocial websites Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/law/vi/1951_to_1960/1955/195511/195511300001 http://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/Lists/
Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=820 Original artist: Lu Ly v li theo ngun trn
File:Flag_of_Yemen.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg License: CC0 Contributors: Open Clip Art website Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Zambia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Flag_of_Zambia.svg License: CC0 Contributors: http://www.parliament.gov.zm/downloads/ Original artist:
File:Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work after www.flag.de Original artist: User:Madden
File:Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Bahamas government
File:Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Flag_of_the_British_
Virgin_Islands.svg License: CC0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

10.2

Images

25

File:Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands.

svg License: Public domain Contributors: sodipodi.com Original artist: Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img
alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png
1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Flag_of_the_
Central_African_Republic.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist:
No machine-readable author provided. Nightstallion assumed (based on copyright claims).
File:Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.
svg License: Public domain Contributors:
-x-'s le
-x-'s code
Zirlands codes of colors
Original artist:
(of code): SVG version by cs:-x-.
File:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Flag_of_
the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_
Republic.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_
Islands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims).
Original artist: No machine-readable author provided. SKopp assumed (based on copyright claims).
File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_People{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_
People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/
design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The design was taken from [1] and the colors were also taken from a Government website Original
artist: User:Achim1999
File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_the_
Republic_of_the_Congo.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_Seychelles.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: [1], for the RGB approximations [2] Original artist: User:Vxb83
File:Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_
Islands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_
Arab_Emirates.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:
PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Flag_of_the_
United_States_Virgin_Islands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: It is from openclipart.org, specically usa_virgin_islands.svg, by
Tobias Jakobs. Original artist: User:Dbenbenn
File:Football_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Football_pictogram.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image)
File:Forte_de_Copacabana_panorama.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Forte_de_Copacabana_
panorama.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 br Contributors: Portal Brasil 2016 Original artist: Gabriel Heusi/Brasil2016.gov.br
File:Fora_Area_Brasileira_(FAB)_faz_treinamento_de_interceptao_area_para_os_Jogos_Olmpicos_de_2016.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/For%C3%A7a_A%C3%A9rea_Brasileira_%28FAB%29_faz_
treinamento_de_intercepta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_a%C3%A9rea_para_os_Jogos_Ol%C3%ADmpicos_de_2016.jpg License: CC BY
http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/rio-2016/foto/2016-07/forca-aerea-apresenta-acoes-para-os-jogos-olimpicos
3.0 br Contributors:
(http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/sites/_agenciabrasil2013/files/fotos/1031118-14072016-_dsc001.jpg) Original artist:
Tomaz
Silva/Agncia Brasil
File:Golf_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Golf_pictogram.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image)

26

10

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Golfe_Rio_2016.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Golfe_Rio_2016.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 br

Contributors: Portal Brasil 2016 Original artist: Miriam Jeske/Brasil2016.gov.br
File:Gymnastics_(artistic)_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Gymnastics_%28artistic%
29_pictogram.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original
image)
File:Gymnastics_(rhythmic)_pictogram.svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Gymnastics_
%28rhythmic%29_pictogram.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion)
& Parutakupiu (original image)
File:Gymnastics_(trampoline)_pictogram.svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Gymnastics_
%28trampoline%29_pictogram.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) &
Parutakupiu (original image)
File:Handball_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Handball_pictogram.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image)
File:Judo_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Judo_pictogram.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image)
File:Marina_da_Glria_5.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Marina_da_Gl%C3%B3ria_5.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: E o Rio continua lindo Original artist: Rodrigo Soldon from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
File:Medalhas_Rio_2016.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Medalhas_Rio_2016.jpg License: CC BY
3.0 br Contributors: Agncia Brasil Original artist: Tomaz Silva/Agncia Brasil
File:Medalhas_Rio_2016_(2).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Medalhas_Rio_2016_%282%29.jpg
License: CC BY 3.0 br Contributors: Agncia Brasil Original artist: Tomaz Silva/Agncia Brasil
File:Modern_pentathlon_pictogram.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Modern_pentathlon_
pictogram.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original
image)
File:Museu_do_Amanh_05.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Museu_do_Amanh%C3%A3_05.
JPG License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Caio Costa Ribeiro
File:Olympic_Rings.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b1/Olympic_Rings.svg License: PD-US Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Olympic_Rings_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Olympic_Rings_Icon.svg License: Public domain Contributors: File:Olympic Rings black.svg Original artist: Antonsusi (<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:
Antonsusi' title='User talk:Antonsusi'>talk</a>)
File:Olympic_flag.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Olympic_flag.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Manual reconstruction by Denelson83 Original artist: Original author: Pierre de Coubertin (1863-1937)
File:Olympic_rings.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Olympic_rings_with_white_rims.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:Pumbaa80; dimensions and colors taken from http://www.southyorkshire.nhs.uk/london2012/
resources/LDN2012%20Brand%20Guidelines.pdf Original artist: Original author: Pierre de Coubertin (1863-1937)
File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Vector graphics by OAlexander
Generated from the following vector PostScript source code:
Original artist: Original author: Pierre de Coubertin (1863-1937)
File:Parque_Olmpico_Rio_2016_(cropped).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Parque_Ol%C3%
ADmpico_Rio_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 br Contributors: Portal Brasil 2016 Original artist: Miriam
Jeske/Brasil2016.gov.br
File:Revezamento_da_Tocha_Olmpica_em_Braslia_14.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
1/16/Revezamento_da_Tocha_Ol%C3%ADmpica_em_Bras%C3%ADlia_14.jpg License:
CC BY 3.0 br Contributors:
http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/foto/2016-05/melhores-imagens-do-revezamento-da-tocha-em-brasilia Original artist: Agncia Brasil
File:Rio2016_julho_VilaAtletas_Barra_002_2659_-c-2016_GabrielHeusi_HeusiAction.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/3/34/Rio2016_julho_VilaAtletas_Barra_002_2659_-c-2016_GabrielHeusi_HeusiAction.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 br
Contributors: Portal Brasil 2016 Original artist: Gabriel Heusi/Brasil2016.gov.br
File:Rio2016_julho_ZonaB_Deodoro_014_2480_-c-2016_GabrielHeusi_HeusiAction(1).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/7/73/Rio2016_julho_ZonaB_Deodoro_014_2480_-c-2016_GabrielHeusi_HeusiAction%281%29.jpg License: CC
BY 3.0 br Contributors: Portal Brasil 2016 Original artist: Gabriel Heusi/Brasil2016.gov.br
File:Rio_de_Janeiro_2016_press_conference.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Rio_de_Janeiro_
2016_press_conference.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: http://www.aroundtherings.com/gallery/view.aspx?id=547 Original
artist: Around The Rings/Panasonic: Lumix
File:Rio_de_Janeiro_bid_venues_for_the_2016_Summer_Olympics.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
8/88/Rio_de_Janeiro_bid_venues_for_the_2016_Summer_Olympics.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work (Several maps
of Rio de Janeiro and Category:Summer Olympics pictograms) Original artist: Felipe Menegaz
File:Rowing_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Rowing_pictogram.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image)
File:Rugby_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Rugby_union_pictogram.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image)

10.3

Content license

27

File:Rugby_union_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Rugby_union_pictogram.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image)
File:Sailing_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Sailing_pictogram.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image)
File:Samsung_Galaxy_S5_Vector.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Samsung_Galaxy_S5_Vector.
svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rafael Fernandez
File:Shooting_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Shooting_pictogram.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image)
File:Sort_both.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Sort_both.gif License: Public domain Contributors:
MediaWiki Original artist: MediaWiki
File:Swimming_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Swimming_pictogram.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image)
File:Synchronized_swimming_pictogram.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Synchronized_
swimming_pictogram.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu
(original image)
File:Table_tennis_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Table_tennis_pictogram.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Taekwondo_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Taekwondo_pictogram.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image)
File:Tennis_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Tennis_pictogram.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image)
File:Terminam_os_Jogos_Olmpicos_Rio_2016_(29040726262).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/
Terminam_os_Jogos_Ol%C3%ADmpicos_Rio_2016_%2829040726262%29.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Terminam os Jogos
Olmpicos Rio 2016 Original artist: Agncia Brasil Fotograas
File:Triathlon_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Triathlon_pictogram.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image)
File:Vinicius_and_Tom.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/40/Vinicius_and_Tom.png License: Fair use Contributors: http://globoesporte.globo.com/olimpiadas/noticia/2014/11/mascotes-de-2016-sao-apresentados-publico-vai-escolher-nomes.html
(Cited source: Divulgao) Original artist: Birdo Studio
File:Volleyball_(beach)_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Volleyball_%28beach%29_
pictogram.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original
image)
File:Volleyball_(indoor)_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Volleyball_%28indoor%29_
pictogram.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original
image)
File:Water_polo_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Water_polo_pictogram.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image)
File:Weightlifting_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Weightlifting_pictogram.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image)
File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: AleXXw
File:Wrestling_pictogram.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Wrestling_pictogram.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thadius856 (SVG conversion) & Parutakupiu (original image)

10.3 Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
User:Zscout370
Flags of the World Hungary
This image is based on the CIA Factbook, and the website of Oce of the President of Iraq, vectorized by User:Militaryace Original artist:
Unknown, published by Iraqi governemt, vectorized by User:Militaryace based on the work of User:Hoshie
Author: Tobias Jakobs (in the public domain) and User:Zscout370 (Return re)