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ABSTRACT
The management of hazardous wastse is a major issue of concern in India. Industrial
processes/operations are the largest contributor of hazardous waste in India. With intense
growth of industrialization, rapid urbanization around 4.4 million tones of hazardous waste
being generated in India every year.
The concern and serious need to regulate and manage hazardous waste was not
realized until after the Bhopal Gas tragedy of 1984. This accident focused government
attention on hazardous waste management, and subsequently in 1989, the Ministry of
Environment and Forests (MOEF) of the Government of India (GOI) promulgated Hazardous
Waste Management and Handling Rules. These rules set the framework for the proper
handling, storage, transportation and treatment of hazardous waste in accordance with the
Environment Protection Act of 1986 and was further amended by GOI in the year 2000 &
2003, and suggested modifications in Schedule-1 with list of processes generating hazardous
wastes and Schedule-2 with list of waste substances with concentration limits. Categories
of wastes banned for export and import have been defined in Schedule-8 whereas the
procedure for registration of the recyclers /reprocessors with environmentally sound
facilities for processing waste categories such as used lead acid batteries, non-ferrous
metal and used oil are given in schedule-4 and schedule-5 respectively .Further, separate
Rules have also been notified in continuation of the above Rules for bio-medical wastes as
well as for used lead acid batteries.
A number of options are available for the treatment of a variety of hazardous
waste.Wastemaybemadelesshazardousbyphysical,chemical,orbiologicaltreatment
techniques. Treatment of hazardous waste may be costly, but it can serve to prepare the
material for recycling or for ultimate disposal in a manner safer than disposal without
treatment.
34
Code
Total
Districts in
Total units
Total HW
AP
ASS
BHR
CHN
DEL
GOA
GUJ
HAR
HP
KAR
KER
MAH
MP
OR
JK
PON
PUN
RJN
TN
UP
WB
IND
23
23
55
1
9
2
24
17
12
27
14
33
61
30
14
1
17
32
29
83
17
524
22
8
12
1
9
2
24
15
6
25
11
33
38
17
5
1
15
26
29
65
9
373
501
18
42
47
403
25
2984
309
116
454
133
3953
183
163
57
15
700
332
1100
1036
440
13011
111098
166008
26578
305
1000
8742
430030
32559
2159
103243
154722
2007846
198669
341144
1221
8893
22745
122307
401073
145786
129826
4415954
concentrationlevelsacceptable in drinking
water for specified metals and organic
compounds). If the concentration in the
exceeded any one of the specified levels, the
original solid waste was considered hazardous.
Application
Comments
Air Stripping
Dilute wastewater or
ground water
Organic contaminated
liquids and vapours.
Activated carbon can be
customised to meet
specific needs
VOC emissions a
problem
Expensive; require
regeneration or
disposal. Only suitable
for dilute organics and
performance may be
difficult to predict
Pretreatment or multiple
screening may be
required
Uniform feed
requirements usually
necessitate pretreatment
Energy intensive; may
require prefiltration;
residues usually
hazardous
VOC emissions can be a
problem. Energy
intensive.
Dewatering may be
required. Volume
increases. May require
landfill
Waste not converted or
destroyed. May require
special landfill
Carbon Adsorption
Filtration
Centrifuging
Distillation
Solvent recovery,
glycols, amines and
waste oils
Evaporation
Recovery of inorganic
salts from organic or
inorganic solvents
Slurries and sludges but
not suitable for organics
and heavy metals
Solidification
Encapsulation
Chemical Treatment
Chemical treatment methods involve the
use of reactions to transform hazardous waste
streams into less hazardous substance. The
38
Application
Comments
Hydrolysis
Neutralisation1
Oxidation/ Reduction
Precipitation
Fixation / Stabilisation
Ion Exchange
Coal Agglomeration
Contaminated soils
Biological Treatment
Biological or biochemical biodegradation
may be a practical detoxification method for
some hazardous organic wastes. It is the
degradation of organic wastes by the action
of microorganisms. If biological treatment of
a hazardous waste is contemplated, care is
required to ensure that the other components
in the waste neither poison the organisms nor
render the residue unfit for landfill disposal.
Expensive and
speciesspecific; require
treatment/ disposal of
residue.
Pilot scale at this point but
has potential for site
clean-ups especially wood
preservative and heavy
oils.
CONCLUSION
Chemical manufacturing industries,
electroplating industries, and oil refineries
generate hazardous waste that pose a severe
39
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are grateful to the Director,
Advanced Materials and Processes Research
Institute(AMPRI),CSIR, Bhopal for giving
permission for the submission of this paper.
REFERENCES
1. Michael D. La Grega, Philip L.
Buckingham, Jeffrey C.Evans and
Environmental Resources Management
Hazardous Waste Management second
edition, Mc Graw- Hill International
Edition New York,(2001).
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