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IN
SE
AR C H
OF
FLOWE RLE SS
PLANT S
BY
MARGARET PLUE S
AU T HO R
or
RAMB LE S
G E OLO G Y
I N SE
ARC H
FO R T H E
OF
WIL D
M I L LI QV ,
F LO W E R S ,
ETC
I I ON
T H I RD E D T
L O ND O N
H O U L S T O N
65,
A ND
PA T E RN O ST E R
MD
CCCLXV
'
III
R I G H
R OW
T O
NTO
T HE
L OW
EST
FO
RE S EARCHE S
RM S
OF
EGET
A B L
E A F F E C T I ONA T EL Y DEDI C A T E D B Y
AR
T HE I R
O B E DI
T HE A U T H OR
L IF
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTE R
C lassication
tarac h
.
Pl ants
of
F erns
gramma
Gy m
no
PA C 2
.
Polypodiac ea
A spidiaceae
Polystichum
CHAPT ER
o tinued
A spidiaceze
c n
Ce
C HAPT ER H
Fossil Ferns
P olypodi um
Woodsia
III
15
Lastraea,
C HAPT ER
IV
21
CHAPT ER V
3O
CHAPT ER
VI
A spidiac ew c on tin ed
P teris
l ec hn m Adiant m Hymeno
Hym enophyllum
Tri chomanes
Os nda ceae
phyllac eee
.
mu
37
Fern Alli es
u is tum
q
CHAPT ER
.
Isoe te s
draea
Phascae
G u
Gro up
VIII
47
Weissia ro p
Gymnostomum
So l omon s
G roup
.
C HAPT ER
Moss Order
VI I
57
C HAPT ER
IX
Vitality
of
69
vi
O NT E NT S
PA G E
C HAPT ER
C HAPT ER
XI
T hyme
C HAPT ER
Side -fruit ed
Nec kera,
Mosses
Leucod on
XII
C lim acium
Leskea
Omalia
1 03
92
um Group
Feath er
Mosses
1 09
CHAPT ER
XIV
Fo liaceous
Ri cc ia
and
A n tho
1 18
C HAPT ER XV
Seaweed
C lassicat ion
Olive
Red ,
and
Green
ee s
Melano
127
C HAPT ER
ic tyotaceae Order
Peac ock
ee
XVI
Chord ariaceae
celaria,
Order
Meso
137
CHAPT ER
XV
II
1 45
C H APT ER XVIII
154
C O NT E N T S
CHAPTER XI X
s of Melanosperms
men
Rhod osperms,
Land
and
Chlorosperms,
and
CHAPT ER XX
Freshwater Algae
PA G E
Vau herias
Freshwate r
1 65
Bot ydium
r
1 74
CHAPTER XX I
Lichens
kin
on
A rth onia
Lich ens
Writi g Li h
n
ens
V ru aria
c
er
E nd oc ar
1 87
C HAPT ER
XXII
1 99
CHAPT ER XXIII
Jelly
Lichens
Dog L ic hen
Peltid ea
Collema
'
l ripe d e Roc h e
cel and Moss
.
Gyrop horas
Ramalina
Usn ea
ock
Socket
Lichens
Orchil Borrera
C HAPT ER
E vernia
XXIV
Hair
21 2
Co ral Lichens
Glob
25 2
C HAPT ER
XXV
23 9
CHAPT ER XXV I
Tremella group
E xidia
Jew
E ar
my s
Dacry
ce
260
viii
O N T E NT S
C H A PT ER
Phall us C lathr us
.
T richogastre
XXVII
group
PA G E
.
E art h
273
CHAP T ER
Moulds
XXVIII
282
C HAPT ER XXIX
Asc omyc etes
Mitrula
T uf e
Spathularia
L eot ia
G oglossum
e
Pez iz a
B l garia
u
RA MB L E S
sf
rst ):
m
h
l
t
ss
m
l
r
CHA PT ER I
F E RN S
ants
A ll
D a v m E L G I NB RO D
A VING
I L
F E RN S
f
The parts o a Fern are 1 st the r oot which we can
e asily recognise being subj ect only to the vari ations
whic h we obser v e in the roots of other plants It h as a
r hiz om e
whi c h generally c reeps upon or under the
round
and
might
easily
be
m
istaken
for
the
root
and
g
t hen in tree Ferns there is the bole or stem whi c h is
c alled a sti e
of the Fern is c all ed a r on d
The
leaf
p
f
an d the frond is c omposed of a main stalk
and
r a chis
(
)
leaets (p innw) It has no owers and its seeds or spores
c k of the frond
row
abundantly
on
the
ba
The spores
g
are enclosed in c ases whi c h form masses called sar i or
spore masses From the form and position and cover
ing of the se spore masses the genera of Ferns are de c ided
T h e rs t d ivision of Ferns the Polypo di ace ae have the
seed c ases in round masses without any covering
,
F E RN S
POLY PODI U M
o ne of the be au tiful
dales of Yorkshire
The river
Swale winds serpent lik e alon g the valley and w hen we
began our exploration the morning su n was t urning its
waters to gold On the hil l sides on
either hand are deep clefts worn by
mountain streams the steep banks
covered with Birch wood In these
wooded glades we began our eager
search for Ferns
For some time
each Fern that we gathered seemed
PO L Y PO D I U M
t oo complex i n i ts structure for our
zeal to cut its teeth upon ; but presently we recogn ised
the common Polypody (Polypodium vulgare P la te I
and
some
of
our party Se
ized
exclaimi
g
i
t
n
g
The seeds here are of a sensible size ; on e can discern
F ERN S
d
n
i
n
a
(p
)
The common Polyp ody is not very good for garden
ferneries because its fronds perish in the rst frost
ac c ording to Sowerby U nder shelter it is evergreen
A me di cine made from it used t o be given in whooping
c ough
Further on in the dell where the trees made a deep
shade a quantity of a beautiful small Fern was gro w ing
I t s foli age varied from dark
like a miniature forest
rs t spring foliage
reen
to
the
tender
tint
of
the
fi
The
g
rachi s was slender and brittle from half a foot t o a foot
high and term inating in three branches Here and there
one frond stood higher than the rest with its pinn ae
much cur led in On examining some of these we found
them plen tiqy spe ckled with spore clusters whil e the
more fragile undergrowth were destitute of fruit Our
lens Shewed these to be coverless so we concluded that
it must be a Polypody ; and its three bran ches and
ra c his colour ed with purplish brown indic ated it to be
the Oak Fern (P dryopteris P late
The only
obj ection to this conclusion was that it was growing in
a Bir ch wood and the Oak F e m is generally describe d as
inhabit ing Oak woods
We were relieved from this
d ii c ul ty by ndin g on e or two small Oaks in the
vi c inity ; but the leaf moul d in whi ch its rhiz ome w as
lightly r oote d b ranching in every dire c tion like the
underground ste m of the Wood Anemone was chi ey
c ompounded of Birch leaves
This fern is one of the
,
F E RN S
,_
F E RN S
m
was ore fortunate the fruc tic ation was formed and
no indusium was discernible So the Shropshire moun
t ain e er takes its pla c e among the Polypo d ies
The near ally of this family the Scaly Spleenwort
c h o ic in arum P la te I
Cetera
I
f
und
at
allis
o
V
(
Somersetshire growing on
walls
Afterwards I found it
abundantly in Devonshire and
about Congresbury and Yatton
in Somersetshire generally in
company with the Blac k stalked
Spleenwort and Wall Rue mak
C I E A CH
in g the walls into botanic gar
dens I t is a c ompact little plant the fronds thi c k and
c ut
into broad simple pinn ae They are lined with
,
CHA P T ER II
FE R NS
T he
OON
th er e w er e m any
Win ding through pal my Fern
A n d I vy b a
5
P aths
an d
u sh s f
e
e nn
F E RN S
l
al ies These early created plants these pa triarchs of
F E RN S
1O
so
A nd
th e
I had come into the wood to searc h for one spec ial
family of Ferns the Polystichums which come next in
o rder ac c ord in
to
my
book
to
the
P
olypodia
These
c eae
g
Prickly Shield Ferns are of an elongated form ; the pinn ae
are divided again or bipinnate and the masses of seed
c ases have round c overs
attached by a thread in the
c entre
One Spe c ies is decidedly evergreen ; the others
are so in sheltered situations
They are of a rmer
tougher te xture than any other of our native Ferns and
shoul d be plac ed as the van guard of the fernery as they
bear wind and weather better than any others Beauti
ful Ferns were growin g in rich profusion aro und me but
these were triangular in form and their spore masses had
,
FE R N S
11
'
F E RN S
12
Very near
angulare P la te I g
the brook further on I found a
Fern with similar c haracteristics
but the fronds were small er the
leaets larger more eared and
much less numerous and the
c olou r of a darker and more vivid
green In all these particulars it
P LY ST I C H U M
answered to the descript i on of the
Lobed Pri ckly Shield Fern (P lobatum)
My book
opined that it was a distinct species and its appearance
favours that Opinion though many high authorities con
sider it merely a variety of the common Polystichum
Returning by the fernery I ventur ed to take a frond
of
the Holly Fern whic h Fann y had brought from
Llanberis In this there were no branches The rachis
w as set with the large c rescent shaped pri c kly leaets
or pinnules
Its dark glossy hue and prickly edges
together with the fact of its being evergreen entitle it
fully to be named the Holly Fern ( P lonchitis) It is an
Alpine plant and the only time I ever saw it in its wil d
state was in a mountain wood near the Gemmi Pass
There the fronds were above a foot long springing in
the coronal form the clusters looking like verdant baskets
among the exquisite variety of Al pine owers ; while
snow c apped mountains rose on every side and a glacier
born torrent rolled down the steep descent laving the
little fern roots as it passed on in its mad career Here and
there a vast assemblage of tree stumps bore testimony to
an avalanche having swept over the spot and carr ied
Shield Fern
P
(
F E RN S
13
ation s
F E RNS
14
CHAP T ER
FE RN S
II I
T he
I L I MO N
A KI N G
F E RN S
16
midvein and the margi n and the lens showed that the
covers on these masses were kidney shaped This was
the comm on Male Fern the most frequent member of the
c
Lastrea group haracterized by the kidney Shaped cover
These
or ind usium ( L lix m as P la te
g
L astre as compose the third family of the se c ond group of
Fernsthe asp id ia ce ce the Polystichum and Woodsia
families preceding it in the group The E nglish name of
the L astre as is Shield Fern
The Spreading Shield Fern ( L dil atata P la te I I g
was there also Growing to the height of two feet
the lower pinnae becoming so elongated as to give a
triangular form to the frond the pinnules branched again
and beset with in d ependent leaets so as to be tr ip inna te
and each little leaet curled in at the edges the Fern has
Surely this
an appearance at once s tately and graceful
spe c ies must have suggested to the poet the expression
'
'
C ool
are
G old en
the
th e
blosso m s
on
t he
B roo m s
F E RNS
17
FE RNS
18
ath th e s e pl um e s
O f wavi ng Fe rn look w h ere th e C up M oss holds
I n its p u re c ri m so n gobl e t fr e sh an d bright
T h e starry d ews of m ornin g
en e
It
F E RN S
19
F ERN S
20
CHAP T ER
Bu t op
IV
ye s m ay w ell di s cern
S a mp l e s of pre tty B rit ish Fe rn
Wall Rue Spl eenwort B lack M aid en hair
O n that old wall if s c an n e d with car e
en e
F E RN S
22
F E RN S
23
o f the fron d
The colour was of 5 q green and glossy
The elongated Spore masses nearly c overed the backs of
the leaets and the rachis was of a dark purple The
elegantly tapering summi t gave great grace to the Fern
It was the Black Maiden hair Spleenwort ( A adiantum
nigrum P late I I I
This was the rst Fern
that had ever attra c ted my attention Many years ago
when visiting in Wiltshire a friend of my hostess s c ame
.
'
F E RN S
24
F E RN S
25
F E RN S
26
F E RN S
28
P A T R CK
I
O L E AR Y
M o un t Z io n
Tunbridge
W ll
e
F E RN S
29
CHA PT E R
Wh r
th e
on e
FE RN S
31
F E RN S
32
FE RN S
33
The spore
covers were fastened at one side and the other
e dge was fri nged
the masses were nearly circular and
the covering circular or kidney Shaped The difference
between this Fern and the L astreas consists chiey in
their spore covers bein g attached at the indentation and
those of the Lady Fern ( Athyrium F ilix foemina P la te
III
at the Side
The plant and its position remin ded me forcibly of Sir
Wal te r Scott s descrip tion
,
Wh r
Wh r
Wh r
opsewood is th e green e st
e e th e fo un tai n glis te ns sh een est
e e th e m or n in g d ew li e s lo ng st
th e
red
haired lady
There is a variety with the pinnules
broader which is called latifolium It has only been
foun d in the lake di strict One o f smaller statur e and
very delicate foliage frequentin g som e p art s o f the western
coast of Scotland is cal led marinum The Lady Fern
is as abundant in Ireland as the common Brake is here
and is used like it for packing fruit and sh
N ear an ascending path which we were compelled to
take failing the possibility of progress close beside the
stream grew the well k nown Hart s tongue Clusters of
the Pri c kly Shi eld Ferns were growing by its side and
the contrast of form and tint between the two plants was
,
F E RN S
34
'
FE RN S
36
VI
CHA PT ER
F E RN S
38
Who gath r d
e e
F r s ee d walk e d in visibl e
e n-
Bu t
s myste ri o u s n ight
S ac re d to m an y a wiz ard spe ll
T h e ti m e wh en rst to h um an sight
C o n fest th e m ysti c fe rn se e d fell
on
St J ohn
F E RNS
39
ac
n,
e n
en
en
I ll
u
s Veneris
l
I
V
ill
P
a
t
e
p
(
g
is very rare being only
found wild in Cornwall De
v on shire South Wales Ireland
and the Isle of A rran off Gal
way It is the most gra c eful
A DI A N T U M
o f all the Ferns
Its ste ms are dark purple slender
enough to suggest the idea of hair a nd quivering under
the weight of the fan shaped leaets My specimen
came from Ilfracombe ; but I had not the delight of
nding it The donkey women make a monopoly of it
and sell it to all Fern lovers It was in vain to coax
and wheedle to promise a larger sum for the pleasure o f
gathering it myself The woman who brought it at last
dilated largely on the diic ul ty of reachin g the spo t
-
F E RN S
40
42
F E RN S
FE RN S
43
F E RN S
44
"
F E RN S
45
n
u
r
Urn bearing Ferns are i o
collection Hym eno
h
I
richom anes furnished
with
naked
c
ps
and
ll
u
m
u
;
p y
with a bristle
F E RN
46
A LL I
ES
l
t
W e cal S ag s h orn or F o x s tail
Th eir r usty hats they tri m
A nd th u s as happy as th e d ay
Those sh eph erds w ear th e tim e away
Or
W os nswos rrr
CHAPT E R
F E RN
VII
A LL ]E S
F E RN
48
A LLI
ES
F E RN A LL I E S
50
of tad poles
s urface
We saw it performin g this part in a shallo w
pond at Hawkhurst which is now dried up altogether
-
F E R N A LL I E S
51
vessels
The Q uill wort ( Isoetes lacustris
7 ) is a curious
plant and also ranked by most au th ors as a Fern A lly
Here t he seed is contained in vessels embedded at the
base of the leaves It always grows submerged Our
specimen came from the Westmoreland lakes
The Pill wort is an equall y curious plant bearing its
seeds in round hard balls at tached to the stem The
,
F E RN A LL I E S
52
wood
This species is common in all our mountainous districts
The Interrupted Club moss ( L annotinum ) grows in
Wales and on the highest of the S c otch mountains but
we have found no specimens except in Switzerland In
this species the branches grow upright while the main
stem c ree ps and the c ones are thi c ker and shorter and
pla c ed singly in the stems not in twos and threes as in
t he c ommon spe c ies
F o r abundant specimens of the Savin leaved Club
mos s
,
F E RN ALLI E S
53
L
alpinum
6
we
have
to
thank
the
Swaledale
(
)
moors It was the twelfth of August a Si cil ian vespers
for the grouse and we had arranged to meet the sports
men at noon and carry them the refreshment whi ch they
F E RN
54
A LLI
ES
F E RN ALL I E S
55
RA MBL E S
S t at :
Inm
rrlrss
VIII
CHAPT E R
Iauts
MO SSE S
T he
MO SSE S
58
'
M O SSES
59
'
'
'
M O SSE S
6O
MO SSE S
61
The red tinte d branch was the Blu nt leafed Bog moss
in
cut
its
ittle
clusteri
1
l
n
S
c m b ifolium g
;
)
g
(
y
branches are short and its leaves concave and blunt It
is on e of the largest of the famil y Another with pointed
leaves proved to be the equally common Slender Bog
moss ( S acutefolium
It is as tall as the former
but of a frailer form It is also white and tinged with
pink The Red Dwarf Bog moss ( S rubellum) I found
in great beauty on the hills above Oban The ground
was very marshy so much so as to be dangerous for ex
l
The
stems
of the moss were short
branched
orers
p
and closely matted ; the colour very red and the leaves
blu nt Another B og moss with paler foliage of a straw
c olour and with less crowded branches was intermi xed
with the Red Dwarf species and proved to be the Pale
Dwarf B ox moss
mollus c um ) The leaves in this
species are a broad oval The Compact Bog moss ( S
c ompa c tum
with
its
forked
stems
short
c rowded
)
branches and oval leaves was sen t to us by the most
patient and su ccessful o f Moss coll ectors Miss M Le eray
o f Jude
Blair A thole She also procured the fri nge
lea v ed species for u s
funbriat um ) resembling the
Slender Bog moss in general appearance but with t he
points of the branch leaves t urn ed back
From the margin of a peat pool we gathered a quan
tity of soft green moss its lon g branches mingling with
those of the Cranberry plant This was the Wavy lea v ed
Bog moss ( S c uspidatum F ig
when gro n on dry
ground it is generally white but has a bluish green tinge
at the tips instead of a pink or lilac one ; growing in
water it is very attenuated and of a brill iant green I ts
-
MO SSE S
62
MO SSE S
64
MO SSE S
65
MO SSE S
66
MO SSE S
67
'
M O SSES
68
MO SSE S
7O
rst exam inat ion The leaves were sprea din g oval and
pointed the u rn wide mouthed and the lid swollen and
slightly beaked The whole
plant measured less than a
quarter of an in c h Several
plants were c lustered together ;
the leaves in ve rows the
3
upper ones crowded the lower
more distant the rouhdish
and convex lid made me believe
1
g
m
al led from t he
it
a Pottia
so
c
gi ggomn s
mf
4 PE T RA PH I S
German professor Pott the
rst person who studied this family My cousin came in
and settled my doubts by assurin g me that it was the
Common Pottia (Pottia t run c ata P la te VI g
The book informed us that there are an Oval leaved
Pott ia and a Dwarf Pottia an Oval fruited Pott ia a
Bristly Pott ia and a Lance leaved Pottia all of whi c h
frequent mud sandy banks or fallow groun d A ll these
Po ttias are without fringe at th e mo uth of the urn
A spe cimen of Starke s Pott ia ( A n ac alypta St ark eana)
o n e o f the species gi fted with a fri nge was my re w ard
fo r Services on another occasion ; it much resembles the
Common Pott ia : its redder and more oval urn with the
blunt lid and the dark or yellowish green of the leaves
d istin guish it
The group T ri chostom ae or Hair mouthed mosses
c ontains four families
the TWO ran ked mosses the Twin
toothed mosses the Hair mouthed mosses and the Screw
moss es
The r st family have single fringes containing six teen
.
'
'
MO SSE S
71
c apill ac eum,
P late V g
MO SSE S
72
P late
VI
rowing
seem
ng
to
enj
oy
the
i
g
,
limestone
M O SSES
73
'
MO SSE S
74
75
MO SSE S
MO SSE S
76
78
MO SSE S
P rais e d b e th e
m oss s soft
I n th e
An
O f th e
M O SSES
FI G 1
.
U nd
u latum
10
Pallen s
P olytri ch
Al pi n
A fn e
16
um
B C apillar
17 B
um
C arn e
e.
ll
u p str
e
Al oid e s
C ern
C risp
B Arg t um 1 5
um
1 8 B Ros um
14
of ditto
O rth otrich um R
ne
U rn igerum
O Diaph anum
13
um Co mmu
79
en e
A trich um
um
12
Bry um
B C O Spiticium
.
CHA PT ER X
.
A VING
M O SSES
82
MO SSE S
83
M O SSES
84
M O SSES
86
not come
This is the moss of which travell ers
speak as accompanying the Reindeer moss and formi ng
,
'
MO SSE S
87
uniperium
MO SSE S
88
A
n
d
r
o
u
m
n
(
gy
P late
aul acom ni on ,
II
MO SSE S
90
M O SSES
um 3 M
u rrosa 5 Fu a i a H ygro m tri a 6 B t mid ul
4 P lud ll Sq
i ul
W il i 7 P hys o mitri um Py if m
8 P F
9 B ar
F o ta a 1 0 B P mif m i
B I th ph ylly I 2
t mi
11
1 3 Fi id u B y id
m
Spla h um A mpull
1 4 F issid ns
FI G
ac e u
T ax ifolius
15
H or n
n r
son
ra
M ni um Ligul atum
91
or
A diantoid es
or
ss
are
r o
ar ra
asc c
es
CHA P T ER XI
th e
MO SSE S
94
the lower and arr anged in a starry form the plants grew
separate n ot in clusters The urns gave evidence of
hav ing been ripe early in the spring they were large and
oval the leaves were of a very dark green We at once
agreed that it was the Dotted Thyme Thread moss M ni u m
(
punctatum
In a wood behind my cousin s house in Swaled al e
where ro c ks abound and birch and will ow trees droop
over oozy places I found another of these Thyme
Thread mosses It was covering the perpendicul ar
surface of shady rocks often spreading over their tops
t ooits rounded leaves termi nated in a sudden sharp
point procuring for it the name of Pointed Thym e
Thread moss
cuspidatum ) The stems were numerous
each bearing a footstalk and urn the latter much in ate d
egg shaped and with a blunt lid There were a number
o f long barren bran c hes trailing on the rocks giving the
plant a likeness to a Liverwort Here t oo I foun d the
Long beaked species ( M rostratum) resembling its ne igh
bour in habit but with broader l eaves and more Slender
urns The serrated spe cies
serratum) I have got
more recently from shady banks in the Herefordshir e
woods Here the leaves are narrower than in either of
the preceding mosses and the lid of the urn larger and
more pointe d The plants were growing in a scattered
fashion O ur kind ally from Blair Athole has supplied
us with the Ro u nd fruited Thym e Thread moss ( M
the
denizen
of
marshes
Its
leaves
are
sub l ob ossum
)
g
large and broadly ovate and the urn small and roun d
The many frui ted species
afne) beari ng two or
more urns on a stem I have fou nd in woods in Swale
,
MO SSE S
95
M O SSES
96
'
'
MO SSE S
98
w as
M O SSES
99
The Cone Fringe Moss ( Con ost omum bore al e) is all ied
to the A pple mosses by its round urn but has a beaked
lid and a longer veil than they The leaves are lance
shaped overlappin g one another in v e rows and the
stems grow in a den se cluster It grow s on the sum mit
o f mountains
The Lurid A pple Moss ( Catosc Opium nigrit um P la te
VI
1 6 ) has the fruit stal k suddenl y bent at the neck
it is two or three inches hi gh and grows in soft green
tufts The N aked A pple Moss (Disc elium nudum) is
di stinguished by a large conical lid and long aw l Shaped
,
MO SSE S
1 00
green light
The plant is most fr equently foun d on
sandstone ( P late VI I
Several alli es of the Coll ar mosses as T etraplad on
Tayloria Dissod on and Od ipodium succeed them but
they are all rare A lpine species and did not reward o ur
search at that time or since
T h e Flat fork mosses ( Fissidens) follow the Ca v ern
mo ss in natural order They are very small plants with
the leaves placed alternately on either side the stem so as to
be at before and behind something like minute ferns The
urn is oval sometimes erect but more often with its head
,
M O SSES
1 02
l
The voice O f God
he clothe you 0 ye of little faith
reached the traveller s heart by means of this diminu tive
plant and he arose armed with fresh courage and went
on his way relying on his Lord
E nglis h
Pl a
10
MO SSE S
1 04
MO SSE S
1 O5
wh en I s en t u p little shoots
He c all e d th e m tre e s in fo n d c o nce it
L ik e Silly lov e rs in th eir s u its
He talk e d his c are awhil e to c h eat
A nd
M O SSES
1 O6
MO SSE S
I08
N eckera growing
,
trees
on
b ut
either
The following spring when searchi ng those lovely
Swaledale woods we found a creeping moss with large
pale green glossy leaves and stems rooting every few
lines and so tender that it resem
bled a liverwort rather than a
moss In due time the branches
grew to an inch or two in length
and fruit stalks rose bearing
thick u rns with mitre shaped
4
veils ( Hook eria luceus P late
VI I I g
The deep green
1 A N O MO D ON 2 H OO KE RI A
3 g y p s um
4 F om mr ms Ho ok eria is generally fo un d in
drooping caves in warm climates as Ireland and Corn
wall
.
D rip ,
drip drip
I n that c ool an d shady c av e
F ro m th e basin in which th e m oss and fer n
Th eir cr um ple d e dge s lave
R oofe d by th e livi ng ro c k
That ar ch e s ov erhead
E v e r by n ight and ev er by day
Tri ckl e s that c rystal thr ead
E v e r in S umm er s h e at
E v er in Wi n te r s c old
E ver in Sprin g s yo u ng v erd u re
E v er in A u t umn s gold
rn
Wellin g u p fro m its secret u
P urlin g its wre ath of m oss an d fern
,
MO SSE S
11O
T he
At this period each kept to its own local ity and the su n
scorched the mosses and dried the roots of the ferns
while the wind beat pitilessly u pon them but afi ction
brought both to their senses and they agreed to help one
another ; SO the tall ferns shielded the mosses from the
sun and t h e mosses protected the roots of the ferns from
the wind and kept them moist The Striated Feather
moss
striatum P la te VI I I
resembles)these
It is a very common moss covering tree roots and stumps
and twini ng among short grass giving a downy mat t o
e very rough woo dl and spot I have found it in Wiltshire
K en t Yorkshire and Herefordshire bearing abundant
urns in the winter months
We found the Wall Feather Moss ( H mur al e) growing
o n some rou h stones in an exposed part of the wood
i
t
g
is a delicate little moss with short roundish branches ;
its leaves are broad and pointed and the patches of it
were p al e green and shining
A still more deli c ate species the Creeping Feather
moss ( H serpens) grew on that same heap of stone ; it
has tiny spreading leaves and Oblong curved urns Our
attention was next arrested by a cushion of large bran ched
moss every leaf of wh ich seem ed as clean and bright
,
MO SSE S
11l
MO SSE S
1 12
114
O SS ES
'
O SS E S
115
H ere
v ll e
t ra
And th ou
r, re st
h ee
for th e
sun
is
high
y I t is sw eet
T o nd at n oon a moorl and b ank lik e thi s
T o p ress its l u x u ry of moss an d bid
T h e h ou rs e et by on b u rni ng wing
art old an d
w ear
l 16
M O SS
ES
Why h uld g nn ch
S u ch i G d g d w ill !
s
ree
oo
ess
arm
th e
eye
CHAP T E R XIV
M O SS
ALLI ES
in s
sta
BR Y N T
A
HE RE
O SS AL LI E S
ll9
mo ss AL LI E S
20
moss ALLI E S
1 22
M O SS
ALLI E S
1 23
mo ss ALLI E S
1 24
athered
it
with
i
t
s
round
capsu
es
in
abundance
in
York
l
g
s hir e Kent and Herefordshire
The Many ngere d
species (J multid a) is also found in the Chase wood
along with the pre ceding on e It is distinguish e d by
having the frond deeply and frequently cut Bil ly Bank
wood fur nished us o ur rst specimens of the Forked and
In
Dow ny Liver w orts (J furc ata and pubescens g
eneral
form
they
their
fronds
strap
are nearly alike
g
shaped and branched their capsules small standing on a
short thick footstalk and proceeding from a hairy veil
The princip al d iff erence is in the one species bein g smooth
and the other covered w ith down They grow in dense
m asses at the roots of trees the fron d s being then nearly
upright and interlacing or upon the bole of trees when
the fronds adh ere closely to the bark and the whole
plant looks like a sil ky covering
Such is the natural arrangement of the true liverworts
simple and easy of observation and attractive from the
e xquisit e neness and delicacy of the members
Another family in the Hepatica order is that of the
M erchantia
Here the foliag e is frondose and p al pably
c ellul ar the fr o
nds attaching themselves by roots to the
ground
The fructication is contained in vessels
placed under a round covering whi ch is raised on a
long footstalk and cut into numerous segments
Children c al l these heads of fructicat ion
little
umbrellas
The Variable Marchantia I rst found in
fruit by the side of a mill dam at Vallis in Somerset
shire but I have since seen it in much greater beauty
in the charcoal pits in Herefordshire The year after the
-
1 26
O SS ALLI E S
S E AWEE DS
1 28
I t w as our
A s w e stroll e d
S u ch bj ct
o
cc u p ation
s as
to
l ng
a o
b serve
ves h ad
th e w a
t osse
hore
as
S E AWEE DS
1 29
'
S E AW EE DS
13O
I ts
The
wee ds ( Sargassum
8 ) precede the Sea
oak in ord er but although they are occasionally washed
upon our shores they are not really natives They are
well known to sail ors as oating in enormous masses in
the N orth Atlantic Ocean Columbus was in d e spair
when he encountered one of these banks of weed and
se e ing the ship so seriously obstructed by it he believed
for a time that G od had frustrated his undertakin g
The Gulf weed is branched and leafy and beset with
stalk e d air vessels which look like berries
E dward described a weed which he had found in
abundance on the coast of Cornwall It had air vess els
like b erries only th e y occur re d in the subst anc e s of th e
stalk which was thus made to res e mble stri ngs of beads
and little branches springing from t h e sid e of these
vessels and bearing narrow at spin es not unlik e j uniper
leaves in form T he disposition of the air vessels proved
it to belong to the famil y of Cysto seira the name of
which is tak e n from t w o Greek words signifying bla dd er
and c ha in and the at pointed pinn ul e s or br es di s
t inguish it as the species F ibr osa ( P la te
g
Harvey stat e s that this species is not found in Scotland
Indeed it is rare to meet with any Cyst oseira there
We were lucky therefore to have a specim e n from Corn
wall for our collection
There is a Heath like Cysto se ira found on the south
coast of E ngland which bears a great resemblance t o t he
S E AWEE DS
132
land The duty has since been taken off foreign barilla
which is better adapted than kelp for glass making & c
and now the principal use of the sea weed ashes is for t he
production of iodin e The properties of iodine were rst
ascertained by Gay Lussac and Davy about 1 8 1 5
Iodine exists in sea water and in sea mollusks and weeds
In the chemi cal process for obtaining it it is discharged
from t h e kelp in a v iolet vapour which is received into
glass bal e e ns placed for the purpose where it becomes
condensed into a solid black crystalli ne body It is a
most valuable medicine in scrofula and all swellings and
is of great use in photography Martin Tupp er alludes
to the medicinal property when he says
.
T he
sea- w ort
'
T he
S EAW EE DS
133
n
i
orea P late I
H
i
m
t
h
a
l
a
L
a
(
g
Leavin g the dry weed on the shore we repaired to the
margin of the water and disregarding the danger of wet
feet we took our station on some low rocks covered with
Fuci at the foot of which noble fronds of the Sweet
Tangle were idly waving in the calm tide Here were
specimens of the second order of Algae the Laminariae
,
S E AW EE DS
134
Whil th u
e
w t
T reasure s th e
S E AWE E DS
136
S E AW EE DS
138
S E AW EE DS
139
vvat er
T h e M esogloias
S E AW EE DS
1 40
'
ua n on
wa
S E AWEE DS
1 42
?
oblivi on Yet what is lost
It is a good saying
That is n ot lost which a frie nd gets ; and so the weeds
which went to enrich the neighbourin g corn elds were
but little to be pitied
First w e seized upon a stiff shrubby we e d which gave
S E AWE E DS
1 43
l 44
S E AWEE DS
CHAPT E R XVII
S E AW EE DS
T h e w ate r is
F or th e w inds
an d
th e w a
ere
Th ere w i th
its w aving
bl ad e of gree n
T h e sea ag stream s thro th e sil en t w at er
And th e c ri mson leaf of th e d ulse is seen
T o bl u sh lik e a b an n er b ath e d in sl au gh te r
,
PE RC I VA L
E A UT IFU L as
S E AW EE DS
1 46
S EAWEE DS
1 48
g
An all ied species of small e r size harder texture and
darker hue lying among the rubbish prove d t o be P
nigrescens ; and we found the w i ry branches of P
fastigiata growing in abundant tufts on the stems and air
vessels of Fucus nodosus This last species was of a
blackish brown colour
There are numerous species of Polysiphoni a but these
were all we met with on thi s occasion
One little morsel of the beautiful Dasya coc cinea
Its name
( P la te I I g 4 ) crowned our search
means ha iry and r ed and the main stem thread lik e
and clothed with hair like branches fringed with the
slenderest points j ustify the name There are thre e other
Dasyas on e the D venusta very rare ; the oth e rs fre
quently found Thi s family is the last in the order of
II
Rhod om elac ae e
S E AW EE DS
1 49
of
shy
lik
the
ar
iculated
species
but
t
the
g
stem is not tied in as if j ointed
There are two other
species which we have neither of us found
Leaving these rocks we pursued our way towards Corrie
by the road which lay between the shore and a strip of
mars hy ground bord ered inland by anoth er line of rocks
Upon this marsh belated owers of the Pale Butterwort
were still blooming amid masses of the Slender Bog
,
'
me ss
S E A W EE DS
150
S E A W EE DS
1 52
'
Oh
S EAWEE DS
1 53
una
CHAPTE R XVIII
S E AW EE DS
vi l
nd s b e neat h
H ow th e gl ori ou s sh ell s d o glid e !
se a ! old se a ! w h o yet kn o ws h alf
O f thy w ond rs and t hy p rid e
Se e
on
th e
o e t sa
L kh
oo
ow
th e
sea
W i th
m ny
grow th
And starry ow e rs b et w e e n
a
a st e
of
go ld e n
S E AW EE DS
155
l 56
S EAWEE DS
S E AW EE DS
158
S E AW EE DS
XI I g
l 59
'
T he
4 ) grow s
in
S EAW EE DS
1 60
T he Cruoria
or Blood stain
S E AWEE DS
1 62
S EAW EE DS
1 63
Oh I
love
c n ow er
G e m of th e u nb ou nd e d d ee p
A n d th rou gh m any a fu t u re h ou r
W ill th e fond mem ori al k eep
I t te ll s th at in th e m yst ic w orld
D eep w he re resi stl ess w aters ow
W h ere th e w reck ed b arq
u e is w ildly
U n tro dd en eld s an d forests g row
A s fro m th e g ree n an d su n ny l and
G em s of richest b eau ty sp ring
Form d by th e sam e u n erring han d
C om e s forth th e oc ean offering
,
th e
o ea
h url d
T h e tuft e d
d sl enderly
H ang s fro m its pl ace of birth
And th e bl u e w aves le ft it t end erly
T o kiss th e gre e n lip s of e arth
seaw e e
S E A WEE DS
1 66
S E AWE E DS
167
S E AW EE DS
168
S E AW EE DS
1 70
S E A W EE DS
1 71
S EAWEE DS
1 72
M
l
an os erm s
e
(
p
)
of
u i t w ld th t li b n th
q
T h m ight f w t
u nding m ving v
O
u gh w i th t m
th u nd ing
h
th
W ith d f ning l m u l Y
ui t w ld
q
I s t h e re
es
a ers, so
r ro
or
s, or
s or
ea e
c a
er
es, a
ea
er,
on
e s
ore
or
l ie
CHAPT ER XX
FR E SHWAT E R W EE DS
B ut
as
m n
ea
G A R D ENER
FR E SHWA T E R WEE DS
1 75
F R E SHWAT E R W EE DS
1 76
Vaucherias
FR E SHWATE R WEE DS
1 78
FR E SHWAT E R WEE DS
1 79
F R E S HWAT E R WEE DS
1 8O
FR E SHWAT E R WEE DS
1 82
FR E SHWAT E R W EE DS
1 83
FR E SHW A T E R W EE DS
184
'
FR E SHWAT E R W EE DS
1 86
1 88
L i cH E NS
B ut
soo
grave
re l u c tan t
its own
th e
LI CH EN S
1 89
beauty
was
absent
They
pointed
the
eye
yes and
f
o
the heart too for a soun dl ess voice seemed to issue from
them minglin g with t he song of birds and the distant
tinkle of th e sh e ep bells saying Set your affections on
things above
A rough path traversed St arv egoose and s e eing it
coloured with various tints I kn e lt to examine it A
re
e nish gray crust spread along the ground sometimes
g
thicker and sometim e s thinner so as to form an uneven
,
LICH EN S
19O
192
Ll C HE NS
LICH EN S
1 93
LICH EN S
1 94
'
LICH EN S
1 96
'
LICH EN S
197
LICH EN S
1 98
crustaceous
remained to be studied on a future
day ; but I had at any rate got an idea of the form and
arrangement of them and the v ari e d style of their
c e t acles
My
ramble
had
been
fu
interest
and
yet
ll
o
f
p
certainly these minute lichens were undoubtedly the
least attractive of the order
'
CHAPT E R XXII
LICH EN S
Whil y t th f t t
W y u ng u p n th u nvi l t d th
And y t th m
t in
th
ck w
e
ere
oss s a
-
re e s
ores
o a e
s on
e ro
e ar
ere n e w
BRY N T
A
LICH EN S
20 0
'
LICH EN S
20 2
LICH EN S
203
20 4
LICH EN S
LICH EN S
20 6
group ;
t h ese
LICH EN S
20 7
are
LICH EN S
20 8
used as a brown dye for the home spun fabrics o f the dis
t ric t ; and Walker declares it to be the most in d est ru c
tible of colours The apotheciae which it freely bears
have coal black disks
Rocks in Swaledale as well as about Oban and
Call and e r furni shed us with the Rock Parmelia ( P
saxatil is P la te XI V
T his is a pretty species
when closely examined somewhat resembling the Ciren
uam ariae in its dark centre rutted substance and
lar Sq
lighter margin ; but it has the family characteristic of
only being attac hed to the stone by bres and so is easily
distinguishable
Another Corni sh ramble was to the Chough rock a
large at topped cliff overlooking mil es and miles o f
blue sea along which the broad Atlantic waves were roll
ing ; whil e vessels bound from Plymouth to F almout h
were makin g their noisel e ss way across the blue expanse
Here upon the shelve s of the rock were patches of t he
sunburnt Parmelia ( P aquila
20 ) its glossy brown
f ronds and chocolat e disk e d apothecia identifying it as
that sp e ci e s We listened to the sweet harmony of t he
waves breaking on th e sh oge and saw them deposit th eir
successive burdens of gay weeds
Thi s lured us to t he
sands and we climbed do wn by a steep path to ll a b ag
with seaweeds and shells and pick up any stray lich e n
that chance might send for e rir basket
And here the gold e n Parmeli a w as ourishing in ri ch
luxuriance its tile like fronds overlapping one another
an d b e aring such abun danc e o f full oran e shi elds that it
g
s e eme d as if sea air were its favourite enj oyment ( P la te
It is called t he wall Pal melia and rightly
XV
-
LICH EN S
21 0
leafy thi ng cove rin g the b oleS of elms and oaks for
several feet from the ground could be T he patches were
more than a foot broad sometim e s adhe ring clos ely t o
the bark but ofte ner with several of th e large lobes
tur ned back sh ewing the veined and pitt e d under surface
studde d with hollows and gre y down In the young
plants the colour was light green but in more advanced
al ly aged ones wer e
and
the
actu
a e it was oliv e brown
g
A
ot h e c ia
rey
In
this
family
the
e are very small and
p
g
We mad e
are sit uated on the under sid e o f the frond
an excuse to save the horses and walked up t h e hi ll s taking
that opportunity of secu ri ng large sheets of the kingly
lichen our n ew and admired acquaintance Thi s used
to be given as a remedy for consumption in former day s
e i t her on account of its possessing in some small de ree
g
the bitter stomachic principle whi ch has r e ndered the Ice
land moss so d e s ervedly e ste e med or upon the l e ss
r easonabl e doctrin e of initials where the outward form
was held to be t he Sign of a hidde n use and the l ung
lik e shape of the lobes w ith its pitt e d cavities suggested
them as re medies for lung dise ase In these days s uch
logic app ears the very perfe ction of absurdity ; but in
the minds of many deep thinkers there is a strong per
suasion that w e are but on the surface of botanical know
ledge and that in the s e crets of science yet unfathomed
an an alogy b et w een form and application will on e day be
found which will at onc e lay open to e very obse rvant
mind the qualitie s of each plant upon which his thought
ful gaz e x e s
We did not nd the pitt e d Sticta but a specimen of it
w as given to us by on e who had the opportunity of ex
.
LICH EN S
21 1
CHAPT E R XXIII
LICH EN S
Wh
ck s soft m osse s c re ep
O r c ol ou re d lich en s w it h sl ow ooz ing w e e p
ere o er
th e
j u tting
ro
C O L ER I DG E
21 3
L re H E NS
LICH EN S
21 4
'
LICH EN S
21 6
n ti e nt creatures kn e w
B ut h alf y o u r fai th in o ur d e c ay
W e sh ould no t tre m bl e as w e d o
Wh e n He call s clay to clay
I f w e G od s
se
u l p ti nc w t
q
W h uld put ff th i m t l ge
In wh t
w f m i m t
B ut w i th
e s
an e
a soe e r n e
or
e s
ee
or a
ee
ar,
L I OH E N S
ch germ
21 7
gives
M u st h ave in H im its sou rc e and ri se
B eing that of H is b eing lives
M ay chang e b ut n eve r di es
K n ow ing
ea
of
life
He
Ye
'
LICH EN S
21 8
t he refuse or
slay rolled away in a crackling stream of
livid re smok ing and gro w ing black as it cooled in the
c omparatively cold air o f the mid summ e r atmo sphere
All this we watch e d with du tiful Observation We had
com e to see the process of sm elting lead and we must
mak e the best O f our opportunities ; but when we had done
o ur duty and received sp e cimens of the ore we proceeded
onwards to nd a plac e b eyond the sound of the mill where
we might gain shade and wat e r and a snug place to eat
our lunch e on
But this desire was not so easy of attainment All
the rocks forming the back bon e and ribs O f those exten
sive moors are travers e d with veins of lead ore and the
farther we went the more wholly d id w e s e em lost am ong
brown moor and grey crag the o nl y variation b e ing the
chimneys which ever and anon indicated that a branch of
the num erous mines was excavated und erneath In time
howe ver the banks of t he little stream to our left grew
dee per and d e eper and we descended and followed its
co urse
,
H ey th e
LICH EN S
220
L I CH EN S
221
LICHE N S
222
cetraria ( C glauca P la te X V
9 ) is comm on on the
It grows horizontally at rst
holes O f trees ev e rywhere
then lifts the lob es O f its broad fronds almost perpen di
o S how t h e dark linin
t
so
as
in
stron
contrast
c ularl
y
g
g
with t h e glossy glaucous hue of the upper surface We
have found it in Wiltshire Ken t H er e fordshire York
shir e and in both the lowlands and highl ands O f Scotland
but never got a specim e n bearing fruit The che stnut
ap ot h e c iae should b e found near the margin O f the frond
but we h ave sought th e m in vain
N ext in orde r comes the Orchil group important as
furnishing the species b e st adapted for dye ing T h e
Roc eella Tinctoria or Orchil O f commerce was once a
source of wealth to the inhabit ants of Cornwall and
Jersey wh ere it grows pretty freely and from it was
pro c ured the valuable colouring pigment but it is now
found that this pigment as well as that extracted from
the Cudb e ar can be O btained in greater quantity and
b etter qu ality from t he alli e d lich e ns imported from t he
Canary Islands The fronds of this lichen are rounded
and upright We found poor dwarfe d specimens on the
rocks about Looe but the at dark apothecia were no
where present
But the F ucus lik e Roc eella we found growing freely
It is much ad m ired for its pal e
o n those sea ward rocks
tint its fron ds are branched and at it is a pretty sp e cies
The
Borr
e ra group
R
f
c if o rmi s P la te X V g
u
(
so c al led from the botanist B orrer who took great pains
in studying them is characterized by the branched and
torn fronds being chann ell e d beneath and generally
fringed around the margin the apot he ciae are chestnut
.
224
L re H E Ns
LICH EN S
226
e ss age
Ar ound them
ro
ck s
LICH EN S
227
'
228
L 1 0 H E NS
all
LICH EN S
23 0
'
LICH EN S
23 1
they say
v id enc e sends us bread o ut of the very stones
It is truly a great gif t to them for it supports their deer
and is eate n when cooked by themselves What a lesson
Do we thus heartily acknowledge
of gratitude to us !
the profuse
for convenience and even luxury with
.
LICH EN S
23 2
which our hands are lled and for which thi s Lapland
?
moss is but a very wretched substitute
Surely our
teeming harvests and prolic ocks should rouse us to
thanks fe rvent and grateful as those of the Laplanders
and proportioned to our greater blessings
The Rein deer moss makes a matted carpet beneath
the ling on moors Its branches interlace an d often grow
to the height of eight or ten inches where the heath has
been long undisturbed Crabbe calls it most aptly
,
th e hi
ll
LICH EN S
23 4
LICH E NS
So
d ee p
23 5
ve milli n d y
w h t l v ly t in t
th
in th e i r
Ah m e
a
o e
s are
ese
O f olive gree n an d sc arl e t brigh t !
I n spik es in b ranch e s and in stars
Gre e n re d and p artly w hite ?
,
LICH EN S
23 6
lichen
t he branch lichens
and tub ercles as in the cup lichens
The form of t h e frond t oo is a good m ark of distinction :
crustaceous in the mushr oom gobl et writing wart
l eprous intern al fruit e d and shi eld lich e ns ; the scaly
lichens with fron d s powd e ry within and leafy towards
the edge form a connecting link between the crusta
c eo us and frondos e parties ; and t he p armelias
lateral
fruit ed dotted gelatinous socket circul ar and buckler
lich ens are decidedly leafy in their habit The last
nam e d verge towards the branched lich e ns and the
r amilin as usneas
hair horned coral globe and solid
b elong to the leafy order The cup form is restricte d to
t he o n e family o f cup lichens
The Rev W A L eighton has worked out another
arrangement of lichens dividi ng them by diffe rent
c e ous
LICH EN S
23 8
dry ; we found
crisp and brittle on the
cliffs where it seemed as careful as the Sa mphire to avoid
the re ach of the high tides ( L c onnis) Until we
have authority for locating these little plants among true
lichens we will consider them lichen all ies in the same
way as we associat e the Lycopods with the Ferns and the
Lungworts with the Mosses
an
24 0
F U NG L
24 1
F U NG L
horri d to adstool
S urely the time has come for the poor Fun gi to get a
fair hearing As if knowing our tastes for strong contrasts
in colour and variety in form they combine themselves
in groups of endless variation in tint and contour Out
of the grass on the banks of those highland roads sprang
black tongues contrasting strangely with the soft sur
rounding m e ss the passers by praised the m e ss but left the
weird tongues unnoticed It was the same with the yellow
and violet coral like branches clustering under shelter of
24 2
F U NG L
Sp or td zjfer i
toadstool
Here we have a
columnar stem ( stipes) hollow or
solid A c ap like the top of an
umbrella ( pileus) f old s (lamell ae )
underneath the cap ove r which
the cells constituting the hymen
ium are spread upon each of
which on e or more sp ores are
1 C E LL
N
S PO RE O F
tuated
Many
of the Agar i cs are
i
S
A m mo
2 A SC U S 0 1 PM
furnished with a veil ( vellum ) e x
3 S P O RE f no M G NI FI F D
tending from th e margin of the
4 H u mm e r: 0 F A oa mo
,
'
24 4
FU NG L
Hope
Oh how beautiful I exclaim ; and she with
.
24 5
FU NG L
24 6
FU NG L
24 8
F UNG L
'
24 9
F UNG L
FU NGI
25 0
on a
rounds
parasitic
of Craig Hous e near E dinbur h
g
g
dead leaf
The Pleurotus group has either a on e sided st e m or no
stem at all There are some ve ry handsom e sp e ci e s as
the Meadow and Oyster Pleurotus ( P ul m arius and
.
'
25 2
F UNG L
25 3
FU NG L
for picklin g
In this and anal agous cases the proba
bility is that the spawn is already present in the soil but
ne e ds some extra prin ciple to enable it to spring into
vitality In t h e Gloucestershire pasture the wanting
element was evid ently supplied by the salt
The Field Mushroom ( P arvensis) is a large and
coarse species al o edible and much sold i n Cov e nt
Garden for stewing
T he Verdi gris psalliota ( P aerugi n osus Pla te X VI I
l
is
remarkable
for
its
rare
tint
The
fu
l glaucous
g
green is very seldom found among fungi and we hail e d
it with triumph on e autumn mornin g when we were
gathering hops in a Kentish lane In youth this fungus
is conic al but spreads as it nears maturity but the
raised centre of the cap never becomes plane T he
hemisph e rical Psalli ot a ( P semiglobatus) is a fre quent
de ni zen of stubble elds and pastur es its cap brown and
its folds ll ing in the cupola form e d by the roun d ed
headthe spores here are dark e r than in the other
members of the group
The Hypholom a group is characterised by a web like
.
F UNGI
25 4
25 6
F UNG L
intense carmine and the folds and stem are white The
E metic Russ ula ( R emet ica) is scarcely less handsome
the colour being almost o f the new magenta tint varying
in every shade from whit e to t he deepest hue The cap
is expanded not cupola shaped as in the last species ;
and the fungus is v ery unwholesome It abounds in
eld borders called in Kent shores about Hawkhurst
We now come to a group with branched and swollen
folds blunt at the edges and rather like veins than
agari e folds The Chanterell e of the French Cantharellus
of Britain h as on e edible species ( P late XI X g
This fungus is apricot coloured variable in
Cibarius
form and very abundant where it grows at all I rst
saw it studding the grass under trees at Virginia Waters ;
and I saw it later in the same year in tenfold abun d
ance in the Bracklyn woods near Callande r The tawny
Chanterelle ( C t ub aeform is) I found in Wiltshi re ; the
veins are thicker and more distant than in the e dible
sp e cies and the stem is compressed It is the scarcest
species of the two Th ere is a pretty slender species
parasitic on moss or thatch and elsewhere the moss
Chantarelle ( C m uscigenus) but it has n ot rewarded our
search
A curious genus with waxy veins often growing para
The
Starr
o n other fungi is t e rmed Nyc t alis
sit ic all
y
y
Nyct alis I found o n som e d e ad agarics near Hawkhurst
but the folds were n ot fully formed B e rk el ey tells us
that the meal powderi n g its cap consists of starry bodi e s
seeming to be a second ki n d of fruit : hence the specic
nam e
The marasmius gr oup contain s the true fairy rin g
.
FUN GI
25 7
T he
Oh
25 8
F U NG L
CHAPT E R XXVI
S m ll f h
he
T urf
res
an d r
C O WP ER
of
Agarics to
o n e of much small e r di mensions the second
in the class characterised by the exposed
e
hymenium
H re this fruit bearing stratum is spr e ad
within p or es inste ad of folds and the order henc e call ed
,
P olyp or et
26 2
F U NG L
26 3
F U NG L
'
26 4
FUNG L
'
26 6
FU N G L
circular
violet
brown
whilst little
patches zoned exter
nally and turning crimson when wounded pre sent plants
of
the Bloody Ste re um ( S sanguinolentum P late
X VI I I
1 9 right corner of the plate)
The Hym enoch mt e group is characterised by sti
bristles The rusty Species
rubiginosa P late X VI I I
g 1 0 ) grows on posts and pales is of a ri ch burnt
siena colour and looks like a folded piece of worsted
velvet
In the Corticium group the Hymenium is swelled
when moist and oft en fringed with tiny hairs around the
e dge
The Pur ple Cort icium ( C c aeruleum P la te X VI I I
9
looks
like
a
morsel
of
rich
blue
vel
v
et
when
moist
g )
but it becomes duller when
The Oak Corticium
uerc in um ) is brownish lil ac and is very common
(C q
o n dead or aged o ak branches the patch measuri ng from
on e to three inches in length
The E lder Corticium
i
on Elder
C
sambuci
is
white
and
very
th
n
it
grows
(
)
stumps cracking with th e inequ al ities of the bark All
these Species are very common the localities where we
have found them are too numerous to mention
form the
A group of mi nute and elegant
Cyphella group they are cup shaped and often pendul ous
somewhat resembling Canth erellae in their veined
Hymenium N ear Richmond in Yorkshire I found the
little moss Cyphell a ( C Museigena P la te X VI I I g
3 ) growing upon on e of the large Feather mosses ; this
is the o nl y species which w e have any of us found
We now come to the f th orde r that of Clavarias or
Club fungi characterised by having the Hymenium
upon the Club up to its very summit The true Clavari as
,
26 7
F UNG L
26 8
F U NG L
FU N GI
27 0
FUNGI
27 1
F or mostly
in
forest d ank
O r mid t h e m e ad ow s h erb ag e rank
W hen ora s l ove lier trib es give pl ace
T h e mushrum s scorn d b ut c u riou s rac e
th e
27 2
GI
F UN
B tu d th m i t u tum n l th
Aq
u ick b ut p i h bl bi t h
P m p t tO l t
fd d c y
T h mu ch y u f il
d mi
t t
Th i p t th i t u c tu th i
t m th t bl h d
T h p ill
es
o s
er s
ro
e r
ar s,
ar s e
no
e r s r
,
e a
o a
re ,
e r att re ,
re ,
a e,
er,
a e ar
ea
w t
CHAPT E R XXVII
FU N G I
W ll m k
a e a
W I CL I F F E
L NE
A
FUN GI
27 4
27 6
F U NG L
m
b
riat us P la te XI X g
(
which he found in great abundance about Bath
The bro w n pu balls which we nd in pastures so
fre quently belong to the n e xt group Bovista ( B nigresc e ns
P la te XI X g
We use d to gather them as chil dren
o n Hungry Hill n e ar Ripon
and there is no n eighbour
hood in which I have soj ourned in autumn where I hav e
m iss e d the familiar bag of dust
T h e Scotch call th e m
D e vil s snuff boxes There is a sm aller sp e cies som e what
l ead coloure d it is quit e as common ( B pl umbea)
The gi ant puff ball is commonl y found in the Swal e
dal e pastur e s It grows to a great Siz e and in its youth
forms a whol e some and pleasant di sh compare d by some
to swe etbreads ( Lycoperdon giganteum ) This puff ball
is used to smoth er b e es or rather by its fumes to in duce
,
27 ;
F UNG L
F UN G I
27 8
FU N GI
28 0
F U NG L
28 1
'
CHAPT E R XXVII
F U NG 1
L v N tu nd h m ll t
S h l l whi p t thy m ind
a
o e
re , a
er s
s er
es
ato
C H A R L E S M A CK A Y
28 4
FUN G 1
t he
28 5
F U NG L
28 6
F U NG L
.
.
4.
HE
T BL IG H T
G O OS E B ERR Y BL IG H T
B UNT
W
'
magnied
imilarly endowed
L e st the re ader should turn with disgust from the
whole class of Dust fungi because of these harmful
Uredos we will introduce him to another memb e r of the
class which we should have Spoken of before had we not
wished to reserve it as a bonne bouche afte r the Smut
and Bunt The Ye ast plant ( Torula c ervisea c a t)
consists of round or oval c ell s ; th e se cells at rst are
solitary but within an hour of b ei ng placed in a good
habitat other buds and c ell s hav e app e ared ; in thre e
hours thes e are doubl e d ; in eight hours branching cells
appear th e n the mature cells e xplode giving birth to
num e rous young c ells and in thre e days threads and
branches are produc e d Hogg from whose work I have
taken this d e scription also mentions another stage of t h e
plant pre vailing in port e r vats but as in this stage it is
not b e necial but rather t he contrary w e will not ent er
i nto the elaborate discussion of it But surely the wid e
spread utility O f the Yeast plant from which even the
are S
28 8
F U NG L
m d thing
I n p f c t b u t y th
m ll
T k l n y u ll
w
t
G od mad e
us, as
e a
s,
so s
s all ,
a e
ea
er e
he
e re n o
se e
blight or M ild e w sp o t
B ut S mu t an d C ank er nd a pl ac e
D e spise d
as
28 9
F U NG L
29 0
F UNG L
CHAPT E R XXI X
NGI
FU
s, as
C R A BB E
29 4
F UNG L
29 5
F U NG L
29 6
F UN L
29 8
F U NG L
Sc l
ar e t
u ft
gl ow ing in th e gree n l ik e ak es of re
And w andere rs in th e p rairie kn ow the m w ell
And c all th at b rilliant pl ant th e Painte d C u p
A re
a
s
96
9"
it
W ll
e
g en tl e M ani to u of w ers
Ling ering am id th e blo om ing w aste h e loves
T h o all h is sw art hy w orshipp ers are g on e
S le nder and small his rou nd ed ch e ck all bro w n
And r u ddy w ith th e u n shin e let hi m c om e
O n summ er m orning s w h e n th e bl ossom s w ak e
A n d p art w i th li tt l e h and s th e spiky grass
And tou chin g w ith his cherry lip s th e e dge
O f th ese b righ t b eak e rs d rain th e g at h ere d d e w
L e t th e n th e
29 9
F U NG L
g
The green P e ziza ( P vermiformis P la te XX
4)
gr e w on old willo w stumps in a pretty eld hard by a
s tre am near Bath It is a rare sp e cie s The bright
yellow cups of the tiny P Claro av um were found
on a decaying log in Wil tshir e ( P la te XX g
T he
same n e ighbourhood furnished th e rusty black Peziz a
u
P
atro
f
sca
8
and
the
red
brown
shi
e lds o f t he
(
)
hairy Peziza ( P hirta
Last autumn rain fell
day by day and as we look e d forth on t he dripping
world we longed that the rain would cease if onl y to
let us look upon the rich K entish landscape ; but the
rain would not c e ase Then as if to afford us entertain
ment brown specks appeared on the walk imme di ately
underneath the windows th e y enlarge d into h e ad lik e
bodi e s these Opened and showed din gy cups which
spread and spread till they might have furnished plates
for a doll s dinner party When we came out again t he
.
F U N GI
3 00
3 02
F U NG L
3 03
F U NG L
'
3 04
F U NG L
3 06
FU NG L
tips
The seed is borne packed in tiers within the
branches
The Hypox ilon group has a fe w memb e rs well worthy
Large swollen blisters hard and
of a passing notice
brick re d gr owing on bark pres e nts t he shapeless
Raised knobs like
Hypox ilon ( H multiforme g
the h e ads of rusty nails studding hazel branches are
plants of the brown Hypox ilon
fusca) and carmine
spots on the bark of beech shew clusters of red Hyp oxilon
e rless stains and dots of every
H
coccineum
N
umb
)
(
shade of brown som e thick some hardly raised som e
only discernibl e at all by m e ans of a lens mark a portion
O f the m e mbers of the Sph ae ria group
N ext to the Sph aeria group comes that of Perisporiac ei
interesting as containing the race o f Mildews so torment
The fruit tree
in g to the farm e r and nurs ery gard e ner
mildew is trying enough the rose mild e w is an unwhole
some guest but all vexatious parasites melt into nothi ng
ness before the b t e noir of Hop growers all whose sum
mer d ays pass in terror l e st the caterp ill ar e at or the
mildew choke th eir golden hopes centered in their beauti
f ul hop vines
The last group in the Ascus class is that of Onygei
and on e of its curiou s members graces our coll e ction
Once more memory returns to a Yorkshi re wood It
is not th e season when poets rave about nat ure s lov eli
ness T he spurge laure l on the clink bank is green but
its scent e d ow ers are gone the autumn ow e rs lie
crushed and saturate d with winter rain and the river
roars turbul ently b elow missing the sunshine which
should gil d its waves Here is a steep footpath but
.
307
F U NG L
3 08
F UNG L
G E NE RA L I NDE X
.
PA G E
c gn
dd r t ngu
di n tum
E id ium
A g ric
Al
a
A lg
A l c t ri
A ll
u
A m nit
A
A
A
ro
e,
an
ae,
a,
o sor
s,
a,
A m b lyod on,
A n ac alyp ta,
A n d r aaa,
A n o d us,
A n d ro gy num,
A n aec tan gi um ,
A nt h e n d e a of
w ee s,
A n titn c h ea,
A ot e a o f l
A
e
oss,
p h ci
ppl m
sea
ic h n
e
s,
lurid
n kd
,
a e
A r c to a ,
A rc yria,
A re g ma,
A rth o nia,
As o
e te s
c myc
cl
( f ung i )
A cu
f f ung i
A cu cl
A p rgi llu
A p
u
A p i di um
A p l nium
A t h l mi
A thyr i um
ass
s o
s,
e roco c c
s
s
s,
a a
A tr i c h um,
A uri c ulini,
B ngi
B t mi
B t ch
B r dl
a
a,
ar ra
a ra
ea
p rmum
a,
os e
e ss
mo ss,
ai e
a
1
a
41
a
e
e
,
a
e
oss,
39
283
e
,
o o se e
244
o a o,
1 34
oo s a ,
1 28
o
o ss,
229
o e
7
s,
e a,
o
24 4
95
70
58
64
88 B rac h yo d us ,
a e,
1 03
ri st e e
,
st e
1 29
oss ,
1 04 B ry opsis,
1 88 B
,
a a,
97
t,
99
x a
a,
99
65
C
27 8
283 C alic ium ,
1 9 2 C all ith am n ium,
C el o e a,
C alo t h n x,
a mp ilo pus,
C
42
2
23
31
96
35
28 7
28 9
1 60
59
26 0
223
14 7
175
28 9
64
37
42
64 , 80
1 67
88
3 00
28 5
83
Br k
B l f rn
Bri l m
ryum
Bulg ri
Bun
Bu b um i
191
1 62
26 8
17 1
cr
n d l lich n
nd
fungu
nh rlu
f ungu
rr g n m
n ll
v rn m
f ungu
r ch
r ri
h ph r
C h n t r ll
Ch r
e
e ,
Ca
C a l e sn u
Ca t a e l s,
Ca p
s,
Ca a e e
oss ,
C ate e a,
C ato seo pi um,
Ca e
oss ,
s,
C e ll s
C e ram iac e m,
C e te a ,
1 7 0 C e t a a,
9 7 C ae to
o a,
249 , 29 2
28 9
138
16
21
23 7
32
85
26 5
ass,
s e
ee
s,
B ch f rn
Bl ck m d n h ir
Bl dd r f rn
Bl dd r m
Bl chnum
Bl i gh t g b rry
ptt
Bl d t in
B g m
B l tu
B rr r
PA G E
1 79
63 , 7 5
a e
a a,
e,
67
20 6
3 05
25 6
242
15 9
1 60
99
1 00
24 2
161
221
17 6
25 6
1 84
h n d ru
h rd
incli d u
l d ni
l d ph r
l hru
l v
l i m cium
li cy
lub f ungu
lub m
d ium
ll r m
l
rv
n f rv
ni myc
l
n f ng m
r l l ic n
r llin
r di c p
rd m
r icium
r b cl
rb
lic n
r r llu
r l
r c i bulum
ru c u lic n
PA G E
1 62
1 59
1 36
139
1 76
149
95
74
23 2
1 68
1 42
27 6
26 6
1 04
25 1
24 8
26 6
72
1 65
23 7
1 00
21 3
24 8
1 69
1 68
282
99
99
25 8
23 2
1 49
3 02
95
23 0
26 6
14 9
20 3
26 5
253
20 7
20 7
67
160
27 9
1 88
15 7
G ENE RAL I N D E X
312
D crymyc
D d li
D lt
D y
D l
ri
D m r ti
D mi d i c
Di t m c
D i ch lym
Di
d
ti
D icr num
D ty
ph
D i c ty t
D id ymium
PA G E
a
e
a,
a,
e e s se
a ea
e,
es
a e ae ,
a o
a,
c ran o
ic
on,
F
F
F
F
F
a,
oss,
iry b th
iry f rn
i ry ri ng
th r m
n
lli
bl dd
bri tl
H rd
H th
H lly
L dy
P ri ckly
R y l
F ilmy f rn
Fi id n
F i tulin
F iv l v d f k m
a
s,
ea
er
oss,
e s,
e r,
e,
ea
a ,
ss
s
s,
a,
e- ea
or
oss,
H
H
ir
Hali d ry s,
Hah se ris,
a
e
t s to
w i a,
e
i
ta
L eske a
L e uc bryu m
,
oss,
L ich e n s
e te s,
H y p h o lo ma ,
H yph o rn yc e tes
H ypne a,
H y p num
H y p cr
o
e a,
H ypo se i,
cl
ass,
e,
e ,
s a e,
s
so
e ,
s a
s,
ae te ,
a,
ich n c n d l
d g
g bl t
j lly
m p
cl
curf
ck t
p ngl
w rt
w i ting
L b l pl nt
L ung f t h
L yc p rd n
L yc p d um
L
e,
L e uc o d o n ,
L ic h in a,
o a,
y um ,
s,
o rse
e s,
e p to b r
e o a,
oo
s,
c p rarra,
a,
an th a
e a,
e o i a,
ea
H r d f rn
H r ngu
H d
gi
H lv ll
H m
li
H i rn l
H f f ungu
H
il
H y d num
H ygr ph ru
H ym n i u m f f ungu
H ym n ch
H ym n myc
H ym n phyllum
a
ae o
ec
o ss,
a ir-
m
m u th m
L c id
L y th
L n ti nu
L n it
L t
L pi t
ee
L d y f rn
L m ll f f ungu
G yro p h o ra
ul p h w d
L e c an ra
G y m n ostom um,
G
1 60
131
L am l nari a,
L astrae a,
L au re nc l a,
L e at h e sia,
283
283
G ymn ogramm a
ass
1 58
G rac e l aria,
G rate lo upia,
1 5 8 G rif th se a,
G rimme a,
G y mn og on grus,
a,
1 58
G ni di
lich e n s
G o ose b e rry bl i gh t
a,
6
27 0
G l O lO S I ph O D l a,
27 6
o
a of
150
269
s,
a,
e se,
51
227
n
lly f ungu
f rn
Ja i a,
Je
J e rsy e ,
Je w s e ar,
e sts,
e s s,
I soe tes,
I v ory l i c h e n,
s,
se
I so th e c ium,
e s,
e s
F urc ll ri
e,
idi um
a,
a s o
di n
Is
s,
j e lly ,
E nt r m r ph
E nv l p cl ( fungi)
E pi p hy t
Equ i tum
E rg t
E v rni
E id i
E tingui h r m
e o
o s s,
o se
63
3 02
23 7
133
1 60
288
23
1 05
I rid ae a,
I sariac e i,
h oo
E lac h iste a,
E l v e llac e i,
E nc alypta,
E nd o c arpo n ,
e o
o ss
e ar,
Io
s,
ee
pc
r pu
to
E c h i n e lla,
E c to c a r a
Ec c
E di bl n
wa
oss,
s a
I d io th alami,
o ss,
ul
u cl
o ot
3 05
s,
s,
r l
ste
th e w a l,
on
sso
Did y m o d o n ,
D i ph ysc ium,
D i sc e lrum,
D isso d on ,
D a a na d i a,
D ry ro t,
D ud re sn aia,
D se
D um dn tia,
D st ass ( fun g1)
E rth m
E rth t r
Hy p
H y rium
s,
s,
o a,
oss
o sr
o ss,
PA G E
Hyp ox ilo n,
o ss,
s,
um ,
on
e ss
es
a,
a es
es
ea
a,
as
ow e
o ni a,
F l t l v d f rk m
F l rl P l nt
F n in li
F rk m
F il f rn
F ur t h m
Fr h t r w d
F ring m
Fr nd m
F r n d lich n
F ucu
F un ri
F ungi
F ungu p r f
bi r d n t
c n dl nu ff
a
es,
PA G E
s,
e,
e e ss
s,
e o ak ,
s o
L yng bye
s,
32
24 2
13 4
16
1 48
139
20 2
20 0
284
25 8
25 8
29 5
244
200
88
1 05
29 5
1 03
23 7
1 87
206
21 5
191
21 3
20 0
205
20 5
21 7
1 97
1 94
1 93
w ee
209
27 6
52
171
M ai de n -h air,
4O
G ENE RAL I N D E X
3 14
Tru f b th
Tub r
T w i t th m
U
Ulva
Ulv c
Ulv f r hw at
Umbilic ri
U
l i
Ur d
U n m
Un
U ti l g
e
n - oo
o ss,
a eae ,
a,
es
er,
a,
rce o ar a,
o,
e a,
oss,
a o,
PA G E
27 4
3 00
71
V ri l r i
V uch ri fr
m rin
V il f f ungu
V lum
V rp
V icl f
Vin g r p l n
V lv
a
o a
a,
a,
170
1 69
178
220
197
28 4
57
227
285
PA G E
,
s,
a,
es
es o
se aw e e
ds
t,
a,
W ll u
Wt c
a
hw ate r
96
175
1 67
63
e,
es
PA G E
e,
a e r s re w -mo ss,
29 5
1 94
1 29
29 0 Y e ast
Yo e
25 1
pl
nt
82
Z
Z asmid ium ,
26 Z
e
a,
7 4 Z yg o d o n,
ygn m
I NDE X T O PLA T E S
PLAT E I ( F i g p g
PLAT E V I ( F ci g p ge
1 C o mm on Poly p ody
2 O k Poly
1 G reen t f t d W i i
2 B ent le ved
pody 3 B eech Poly pody 4 L im estone W 3 Don s B i m oss 4 Co mm on
Poly pody 5 ly Spleen ort 6 P i 5 W ll S crew m oss 6 l
G y m nogr mm
Angu l r Prickly le ved do 7 F ll ciou s do 8 T isted
S hield f er 8 P rsley f ern
do 9 G re t H i ry do 1 0 M uller s do
1 1 Pell u cid F o r tooth m oss
Bud
1
he ded Thre d m oss 1 3 G olden Thre d
m oss 4 H ller s pp le m oss 1 5 C u rve
PLAT E II ( F ci g p ge
st lked do 1 6 L ur d pple m oss 1
1 M le f ern
2 Sp
S hield fern C vern m oss
di
3 Sp iny S h ield
f ern 4 e th S hi eld
fern 5 M rsh S h ield fern 6 Crested
S hield fern
PLAT E V II ( F ci g p ge
1 T
u irrel t il Leu co
2 Sq
pl d
PLAT E I I I ( F ci g p ge
don 3 T ll A m d 4 F ern
Ik
F e ther m oss
5 F l t le ved N k
l
Altern te le ved Spleen ort 2 6 G re ter W ter m oss 7 A lpi d
F ork d S
3 B l ck M iden h ir
8 B e ked W ter F e ther m oss
Ne t
4 S
S
5 B l ck st lked S
W ll ru e do 1 0 Ne t M o unt in do
6
7 B l dder f m
8 L dy f ern
9 H rt s
ton gue 1 0 H rd fern
PLAT E VIII ( F ci g p ge
PLAT E I V ( F ci g p ge
1 S ilky Leske
2 F o t il F rond
m oss 3 T m risk F e ther m oss 4
1 B r ke 2 W oodsi
6 W ved
3 M iden h ir S tri ted F
5 Tri ngu l r F
4 T unbr i dge F i l m y fern
8 W ood F
9 S hining
5 B ristle f ern F
7 R i er F
R oy l f ern 7 M oon ort 8
dder s H k i 1 0 Creepi g F e ther m oss
t ngu e 9 Jersey dder s to gu e
PLAT E IX ( F ci g p g
PLAT E V ( F ci g p ge
2 Co mm on C sto
O k
1 S
2 C u r ed le ved B e rdless m oss
S
h
d
8 3 S err ted F u c u s
B li dj
4 B roo m F ork M oss
6 F in gered L m i n ri
5 S ilky 5 E dible Al ri
F
Le fy B u b um i 7 P u rp le 7 Thorny Desm resti 8 G ul ph eed
6
F ork m oss
8 F i ne le ved D i h i m 9 S
thong
9 C urve le ved H ir M ou th m oss
10
B ent le ved Did m d
W ter
11
S cre m oss 1 2 F ringed H d igi 1 3
PLAT E X ( F mg p ge
1 4 G rey c u shion G ri m
Roc k A d
2 Pe cock
H o ry
eed
1 S eet L m i n r i
mi
16
l 5 O v l fru it d G
m o u nt in F 3 F orked D i ctyota 4 T u be L h
F ringe m oss
17 Sl d
hke
6 Wt
8 D rk M o u nt in F
5 F ennel Dictyos i p hon
ac n
a e
u e
ca
e tra
e a.
oo
er a
a e
ea
ipc o r
ea
on
en
a.
e a-
ac
raea.
a.
ist
w-
x a
ne
era
ec
o n.
no
on
rea
Aw
r stl o
o tt a
e ss a
ar
a.
e at
e S I a.
316
I ND E X T O PLA T E S
PLAT E XVI ( F i g p ge
1 E verni
2 B u ndle R m li
3
Ash R 4 R k R 5 O ld M n s h ir
W ooly horn l chen 7 B rittle G lobe
p
l h
m oss 9 B nched
R md
S
l
1 0 Co mm on C u p lichen
1 1 S c ly C
1 2 Cor l C
1
F i nger
PLAT E X I ( F ci g p ge
C 1 E leg nt C 5 Co m pressed G lobe
l
Toothed Od h l i 2 E long ted ichen 1 6 H iry U sne
Polysi p hon 3 D rk do 4 B onne
m i son s eed 5 rtic u l t d Chylo
PLAT
E
XV
II
F ci g p ge
(
el di 6 Red J ni 7 B loody Deles
seri 8 O k do Pl mi m
1 F ly Ag ric
2 P u rp le A
3 H 1
l
ste mm ed Collybi
O k le f C
R ose M y
7 C u p O m ph li
8
PLAT E X II ( F ci g p ge
D ingy Pleurot s 9 G olden Pholiot
0 V
bl
C pid
1 V erdigri
1 D u lse
2 Pi m p led G ig rtin
3 P l li
ill d H yph l m
12 O li
C rr geen 4 F e thery C l m i 13 I nky Cop ri u s 4 S t rry C 1 5
B u ndle F u rcell ri 6 E dible I ri de R d R u ssu l 1 O nge O m ph l 1 7
F e thery Pt i lot
m P le Tricholom 1 8 E dible Mu shroo m
8 K nott d Cer m i u m
R d do 1 0 S hr u bby C lli h m i
ll
1 9 Corn u co pi C
C h o rd aria
o a
ar a
er
us
os e
e r o c o c c us .
o nt
ia
.
a.
o ca
5
7
9
c ena
a.
l it h a
n on
oc ar p o n
ac
o o
ia
rate
ra
ces
a
eo
otu s
v e~ g
PLAT E X III ( F ci g p ge
1
R ose B m y
2 B d do
3
S hort
st lked G oblet lichen 4 B l k G
G olden G
G ree O p egr ph
B l ck 0 8 V ri ble O 9 S u bm erged
E d
Co mm on
1 0 G rey E
1
Pertu s ri 1 B r in O pegr ph 1 3
E leg nt 0 1 4 R ock 0 1 5 B irch O
16 S t rry O
1 7 Sp eckled O
18 R u sty
G oblet l i chen
.
n on
re
ot ta
sa
an a
ow -
ra
a e
on
ee r
na
en
te re oca u
oc
Ic
ac n
c e
s ea
ac
us
PLAT E XVIII ( F i g p ge
1 Y ello
2 L u rid do
3
S p b ll
M oss Cyph l
S c ly Poly pore 5 F i
P 6 Corky M erul i u s
F
8 Sp re d H ydn u m
9 P u rp le Corti ci u m
1 0 B ro n H y m enoch ete
1 Y ello
Cl v ri 1 2 m ethyst C 1 3 F urro ed
C 14 C ndle C 1 5 G olden C l
6
B loody S tere u m
G l ndul r
E idi
19
O r nge
E
1 8 Je s
Tre mell
ac n
17
a oce ra.
ar
PLAT E X I V ( F ci g p ge
2 M pL
1 R ock Lecide
3 S u nken
L 6 G reen
L
4 B l ck L
5 Y ello
L 7 B og L 8 Lim est ne U
Cud
O k L u ngs
1 0 Cr b s eye
be r
P i tted S ti ct 3 B ro n
S cu rf lichen 1 4 B l ck S 1 5 W ll
Sq m
S ulphu r
17
1 6 S tone S
P rm eli 18 Crot l 1 B k P 20
B rnt P
a
11
a n a.
r c eo l an a
a.
12
ua
oo
PLAT E XIX ( F ci g p ge
1 B th Truf e 2 S tinkhorn 3 H iry
E rth st r 4 Co mm on P b ll 5
Pe r P 6 L rger P 7 R d A i
S tri ped B rd s
8 Co mm on Trichi
9
B ell B 1 1 Crumble B 1
Nest
E d ble Ch nterelle 1 3 E d ble M orel
M itre l i ke H elvell 1 5 M rsh M i
1
trul 1 6 S hinin L i 1 7 Co mm on
live G eogloss u m 1 9
8
Sp h l
S hi n ing G 20 S old er Cordice p
a
10
s.
eot a
u aria
rc y r a.
at
PLAT E XV ( F ci g p ge
PLAT E XX ( F ci g p ge
1 G re t C l l m
2 Cris p C
3
G reen S ocket l i chen
M ny le ved 1 S c rlet Pe i 2 O r nge P 3 Hot
G yro phor 5 B rnt G
F leecy G bed P
4 G reen P
5 V eined P
I cel nd m oss 8 S no Ce r ri
Cl ret P 7 Y ello P 8 B l ck d
G l u co u C 1 0 F u c u s l ke R ll 1 1 Ru s P 9 V erdigris P 1 0 H iry P
H iry B orrer 1 D rf B 1 3 B r nny
grou nd P 1 2 B ulg ri 3 S h pe
B
1
D g lichen
1 5 W ll P rm eli
less Hyp ml
4 C ndle
X yl ri
1 5 Cl u msy X yl ri
n
2
.
11
z za
o ce e
wa
on
a.
snu
an
a.