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  • Developmental Aspects of The Reproductive System

    Transféré par

    Diana Martínez
    661 vues4 pages
    This document summarizes key developmental aspects of the human reproductive system from early embryonic development through puberty and menopause. It describes how genetic sex is determined at conception based on the sex chromosomes in the sperm and egg. It then discusses the hormonal changes during puberty that trigger the development of secondary sex characteristics and reproductive maturity. Finally, it outlines the natural decline in ovarian function that occurs in women as they approach menopause in their late 40s or early 50s.

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    developmental aspects of RS

    Titre original

    Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System

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    This document summarizes key developmental aspects of the human reproductive system from early embryonic development through puberty and menopause. It describes how genetic sex is determined at conception based on the sex chromosomes in the sperm and egg. It then discusses the hormonal changes during puberty that trigger the development of secondary sex characteristics and reproductive maturity. Finally, it outlines the natural decline in ovarian function that occurs in women as they approach menopause in their late 40s or early 50s.

    Droits d'auteur :

    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme DOCX, PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    661 vues4 pages

    Developmental Aspects of The Reproductive System

    Transféré par

    Diana Martínez
    This document summarizes key developmental aspects of the human reproductive system from early embryonic development through puberty and menopause. It describes how genetic sex is determined at conception based on the sex chromosomes in the sperm and egg. It then discusses the hormonal changes during puberty that trigger the development of secondary sex characteristics and reproductive maturity. Finally, it outlines the natural decline in ovarian function that occurs in women as they approach menopause in their late 40s or early 50s.

    Droits d'auteur :

    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme DOCX, PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    sur 4

    UniversidadTecnolgicaEquinoccial

    Ingls
    Names:MateoRuizyCristopherSurez

    DevelopmentalAspects
    oftheReproductiveSystem
    Sofar,wehavedescribedthereproductiveorgansastheyexistand
    operateinadults.Nowwearereadytolookateventsthatcauseusto
    becomereproductiveindividuals.Theseeventsbeginlongbeforebirth
    andend,atleastinwomen,inlatemiddleage.

    EmbryologicalandFetalEvents
    DeterminationofGeneticSex

    Aristotlebelievedthattheheatoflovemakingdeterminedmaleness.
    Notso!Geneticsexisdeterminedattheinstantthegenesofasperm
    combinewiththoseofanovum,andthedeterminingfactoristhesex
    chromosomeseachgametecontains.Ofthe46chromosomesinthe
    fertilizedegg,two(onepair)aresexchromosomes.Theother44are
    calledautosomes.
    Twotypesofsexchromosomes,quitedifferentinsize,existinhumans:
    thelargeXchromosomeandthemuchsmallerYchromosome.The
    bodycellsoffemaleshavetwoXchromosomesandaredesignatedXX,
    andtheovumresultingfromnormalmeiosisinafemalealwayscontains
    anXchromosome.MaleshaveoneXchromosomeandoneYineach
    bodycell(XY).Approximatelyhalfofthespermproducedbynormal
    meiosisinmalescontainanXandtheotherhalfaY.

    Puberty
    FSHandLHlevels,elevatedatbirth,falltolowlevelswithinafew
    monthsandremainlowthroughouttheprepubertalyears.Betweenthe
    agesof10and15years,ahostofinteractinghormonesbringonthe
    changesofpuberty.
    27

    Pubertyistheperiodoflifewhenthereproductiveorgansgrowtoadult
    sizeandbecomefunctional.Aspubertynears,thesechangesoccurin
    responsetorisinglevelsofgonadalhormones(testosteroneinmales
    andestrogeninfemales.Earlierwedescribedsecondarysex
    characteristicsandregulatoryeventsofpuberty.Butitisimportantto
    rememberthatpubertyrepresentstheearliesttimethatreproductionis
    possible.
    Theeventsofpubertyoccurinthesamesequenceinallindividuals,but
    theageatwhichtheyoccurvarieswidely.
    Inmales,secretionofadrenalandrogens,particularlydehy
    droepiandrosterone(DHEA),beginstoriseseveralyearsbeforethe
    testosteronesurgeofpubertyandinitiatesfacial,pubic,andaxillary
    hairgrowthandotherpubertalevents.Themajoreventthatsignals
    pubertysonsetinmalesisenlargementofthetestesandscrotum
    betweentheagesof8and14.Thepenisgrowsoverthenexttwoyears,
    andsexualmaturationisevidencedbythepresenceofmaturespermin
    thesemenInthemeantime,theyoungmanhasunexpectederectionsand
    occasionalnocturnalemissions(wetdreams)ashishormonessurge
    andthehormonalcontrolaxisstrugglestoachieveanormalbalance.
    Infemales,thefirstsignofpubertyisbuddingbreastsbetweentheages
    of8and13,followedbytheappearanceofaxillaryandpubichair.
    Menarcheusuallyoccursabouttwoyearslater.Dependableovulation
    andfertilityawaitthematurationofthehormonalcontrols,whichtakes

    nearlytwomoreyears.

    Menopause
    Mostwomenreachthepeakoftheirreproductiveabilitiesintheirlate
    20s.Afterthat,ovarianfunctiondeclinesgradually,presumablybecause
    theovariesbecomelessandlessresponsivetogonadotropinsignals.At
    age30,therearestillsome100,000oocytesintheovariesbutthequality
    (hencefertility)hasbeguntodecline.Byage50,thereareprobably1000
    eggsleft(thepantryisnearlybare).
    Asestrogenproductiondeclines,manyovariancyclesbecome
    anovulatory,whileinothers2to4oocytespermonthareovulated,a
    signofdecliningcontrol.Increasinglyfrequentmultipleovulations
    explainwhytwinsandtripletsaremorecommoninwomenwhohave
    deferredchildbearinguntiltheirlate30s.Intheperimenopausalperiod,
    menstrualperiodsbecomeerraticandincreasinglyshorter.Eventually,
    ovulationandmenstruationceaseentirely.Thisnormallyoccursbetween
    theagesof46and54,aneventcalledmenopause.Menopauseis
    consideredtohaveoccurredwhenawholeyearhaspassedwithout
    menstruation.

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