Lesson3 Dev Xtdy PDF

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JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY

OF
AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY
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SCHOOL OF OPEN, DISTANCE AND eLEARNING

P.O. Box 62000, 00200
Nairobi, Kenya
E-mail: elearning@jkuat.ac.ke
HRD 2102 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES AND ETHICS
LAST REVISION ON July 9, 2013
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HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

This presentation is intended to covered within one week.
The notes, examples and exercises should be supplemented with a good textbook. Most of the exercises have
solutions/answers appearing elsewhere and accessible by
clicking the green Exercise tag. To move back to the same
page click the same tag appearing at the end of the solution/answer.
Errors and omissions in these notes are entirely the responsibility of the author who should only be contacted
through the Department of Curricula & Delivery
(SODeL) and suggested corrections may be e-mailed to
elearning@jkuat.ac.ke.
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JKUAT: Setting trends in higher Education, Research and Innovation
LESSON 3
Development Strategies
A study of this lesson should enable students to;

Describe development strategy
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Learning Outcomes
Explain Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)

Discuss the Rural Development Strategies in Kenya.
Explain Economic Integration
Describe problems faced by Economic Integration
Discuss the trading blocs in Africa
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3.1. Introduction
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In the context of development, a strategy indicates a specific

programme of action for achieving the countrys objectives by
employing the countries resources efficiently and economically.
According to AD chandler (1989) a strategy entails the determination of the basic long term goals and objectives of a country
and adoption of courses of action and allocation or resources to
carry out these goals. This then shows that a strategy is a framework that a nation thinking and action regarding development.
In Kenya, in 1960s just after independence, development
and practice was guided by policies and strategies based on the
theory of development in use at that time will put emphasis on
development through industrialization and urbanization.
In terms of development strategies in Kenya, the first landJKUAT: Setting trends in higher Education, Research and Innovation
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mark of the period was publication of sessional paper no 10 of
1965. As a result this gave rise to industrialization as the first
strategy of development.
Industrialization was to act as unique key to development
with urban areas as a point of origin of the benefits they would
later trickle down to rural areas and agricultural. It means that
the early years of independence rural areas which were identified
as centres of economic growth.
Industrial development strategy in Kenya has five goals
i) To expand and diversify the countries export base
ii) To increase employment
iii) To raise overall productivity of the economy
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iv) To foster development of local management and entrepreneurial

talent.
3.2. Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)

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Because of concern regarding issues of exploitation and domination the type of industrialization strategy adopted in Kenya and
Africa in general was the import substitution industrialization
strategy (ISI).
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It refers to an Industrialization strategy that entails an attempt

to replace commodities that are being imported with domestic sources of production and supply. ISI is an inward looking
strategy that consists of setting up domestic industry to supply
markets, previously served by imports.
The ISI strategy was taken for the first time in the 1966 to
1970 without plan
In this plan the government committed itself to protect the
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infant industries and support production that would substitute
for import. At the time, this seemed as a reasonable choice of
industrialization strategy since newly independent Kenya faced
capital shortage that worsened when European settlers left.
In 1966 to 1970 government plan, the objectives of ISI are
broadly outlined as follows:
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i) To conserve foreign exchange with a view to stabilizing

Kenyans balance of payment position.
ii) To create a process of domestic capital formation necessary for the formation of an industrial sector in order to
diversify the economy.
iii) To transfer needed skills technology to the domestic economy, In this regard, local intensive methods of production
were advocated.
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iv) To reduce excessive dependence on primary production,
this is subject to declaring terms of trade and price fluctuation.
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Several developing countries including Kenya were fairly successful with ISI since in the initial years intended to provide correct
signals and incentives to the manufacturing and other sectors
increased the level of competition and technical efficiency and
to stimulate total productivity.
However, ISI as a method of achieving industrial development was not very successful and was official discontinued in
1984. Some of the reasons as to why ISI failed are as follows:
i) The main beneficiaries in ISI were mainly for firms. This
is because the industries that existed in subsidiaries of international corporations which did not support the govJKUAT: Setting trends in higher Education, Research and Innovation

ernment on key goals.
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ii) ISI was made possible by government subsidized importation of capital goods and intermediate product capital
goods are meant to produce other goods.
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Intermediate goods that are processed to make a full item

e.g. sisal textile clothes. This therefore undermine the
aim of selling on foreign exchange which worsened Kenyas
balance of payments position balance of payments (difference between imports & exports)
iii) The size of the domestic market was not enough to sustain ISI. Therefore, many import substitution industries
suffered excess capacity (only a few plants/machine could
be utilized. The rest was all.
iv) Many wages earning Kenyans continued to import conJKUAT: Setting trends in higher Education, Research and Innovation
3.3. Rural Development Strategies in Kenya
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sumer products from foreign countries, which they thought,
were superior in quality. This again undermines the market for substitution industries.
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The significance of developing rural areas in the overall national

development process has constantly been changing since independence. The importance of developing rural areas was first
indicated in sessional paper No 10 of 1965. However, until the
early 1970s, rural areas were perceived as secondary to urban
areas which were identified as centres of economic growth.
In the model of development that existed in 1960s, industry
was to play a leading role of development while agriculture was
to play a complimentary role. However, in the early 1970s,
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government in Africa decided to give the rural areas a major
role in the growth of economies not only as a solution to poverty
but as a way of improving employment creation and incomes in
order to create wealth.
The focus on rural life was justified by the fact that about
80% of African population lives in the rural areas where agriculture is the main economic activity. Therefore rural development
strategies sought the focus on raising the standard of living of
rural dwellers and specifically ways of increasing their incomes.
One of the most comprehensive rural development strategies
in Kenya was the district focus for rural development which was
officially commenced in the early 1980s it was operationalized
by Moi on Kenyatta day 20th October 1982.
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3.3.1. Integrated Rural Development Strategy (IRD)
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Integrated Rural development involved the focusing of development effort on the transformation of rural society in Africa. The
focus on rural life was justified by the fact that about 75% of
Africas population live in the rural areas, where agriculture is
the main economic activity. IRD assumed that the focusing of
development on rural society was necessary to ensure the maximum benefit to the most people as well as the growth of the
entire economy. Integrated Development means that all aspects
of development are coordinated and flow together to form an
unbroken whole. IRD was conceptualized by the United Nations and elaborated at the African Regional conference on the
Integrated Approach to Rural Development held at Moshi in
Tanzania in 1969.
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In Kenya, IRD was a program under which several projects
were initiated and implemented in selected districts eg Machakos
and Kakamega. The projects were based on the assumption
that a critical minimum effort was necessary to have a noticeable impact on target population in a short time. Thus IRD was
viewed as a centralized programme that delivered a combination
of goods and services to small farmers to see how this promotes
improvement in the equality of life in the rural areas eg extension services equipment. To increase productivity in the rural
areas it was also deemed necessary to upgrade health services,
improve tools and techniques of production, combat some superstitious attitudes. It meant that to be able to achieve results
in social progress inter-related action had to be taken on several
fronts simultaneously. Thus the programmes for promotion of
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agriculture, education and training, health and nutrition as well
as community development had to be planned and executed in a
coordinated fashion with account being taken of the effect that
development programmes in one area are likely to have on other
areas.
The key issue behind IRD Strategy was raising the standard
of living of rural dwellers and specifically finding ways of increasing their incomes. The strategy focused on local populations and
their potential.
The strategy laid emphasize on mobilizing and improving local capacity specifically experience local knowledge, entrepreneurship and human capital. This was to ensure that local needs
shape external intervention including the government, the Non
Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and other private efforts
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and not vice-versa.
The fundamental importance of IRD was in revealing the
significant potential among the local population in driving their
own development initiatives. It was also the basis for outlining
much bigger rural development programmes for or by the government. Among this is Special Rural Development Programs
of 1971.
3.3.2. Special Rural Development Programmes (SRDP)
The 1971 SRDP emerged from the 1966 Kericho Conference as
a way of addressing countrywide issues relating to rural development. Based on the community development principle the
SRDP aimed to increase rural incomes and employment opportunities and develop methodologies for inducing self-generating
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rural development activities. Another objective of SRDP was
to improve the capacity of civil servants operating at the rural
level in developing regional planning techniques appropriate to
their working stations.
The above objectives hoped to institutionalize rural planning
and management through the establishment of administrative
structures.
SRDP was run by the Ministry of Finance and coordinated
by the National Development Committee (NRDC). This coordination was to be done through the respective district and
provincial development committees and it was through these
two committees that local level input was to be channeled.
SRDP was however, faced with a number of problems among
them the following:
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1. There was shortage of suitable trained and unskilled local
administrators
3. There were disagreements between civil servants and university based researchers in the project.
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2. There was also poor co-ordination of activities across ministerial lines.
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4. This program was also undermined by inability of government planners to prepare integrated area specific plans and
also too much freedom given to donors to shape the plans
so as to fit their own funding objectives
In spite of these problems, SRDP provided opportunities for development of rural management systems and several of its innovations provided models and components of the current district
planning system.
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In addition the SRDP committee system stimulated the appearance of the district development committee (DDC) to coordinate donor aid programmes leading to the establishment of
Rural Development Fund (RDF). The district became the basic
planning unit charged with the responsibility of initiating and
coordinating local development plans.
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3.3.3. The District Focus for Rural Development (DFRD)

DFRD was intended to broaden the best of rural Development
and encourage local encourage initiatives that will compliment
the ministrys role in order to improve design and implementation of local level of development projects. This means that
DFRD grew out with the concern to involve local people in development initiatives. As a result, DFRD intended to make deJKUAT: Setting trends in higher Education, Research and Innovation
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velopment role consisted with the needs and aspirations of the
citizens hence resources were to be shared more equitably by
being directed to areas of most need.
Initially, DFRD focus on the need to balance rural urban
development with the aim of managing migrant to urban centres
which led to problems of sanitation health and housing in towns.
Emphases on DFRD was sought to create employ for the growing
number of youth population and also to boost incomes in order
to make rural living more attractive to the people
The objectives of DFRD were as follows:
i) To encourage local participation in decision making in order to improve problem identification, resource mobilization and utilization, project design and implementation.
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ii) To accelerate development in the District where a majority
of the people live.
iv) Reduce rural-urban migration.

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iii) To promote greater equity in the allocation or resources

thereby bringing about balanced development.
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v) To increase employment opportunities in the rural areas

through enhanced limitation of local resources.
These objectives were to be realized through the following activities.
i) Ensuring better use of land through provision of basic services such as extension credit, markets and transportation
to rural farmers.
ii) Building rural infrastructure including rural access roads
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and extending power communication lines and piped water
to rural areas. It was also deemed necessary to strengthen
institutions such as administration and security systems,
improve vocational training networks and cooperative societies.
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iii) Improving farmers incomes through pricing guidelines for

agricultural products.
iv) Identifying easily adaptable and low cost technology for
farmers e.g. the money maker machine for irrigation.
v) Provision of incentives/motivators for dispersion of industry to rural areas. (people are motivated to locate their
industries in rural areas and not urban areas) or the government giving free license to practice agricultural areas
like Garissa).
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These activities were based on the belief that to bring the rural poor into the main stream of economic development, they
needed physical access to markets and facilities that are available in a modern economy. DFRD was built around the district
development committee (DDC) structure and comprised of the
following
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i) The DC as the chairperson.

ii) The district heads of all major operating ministerial Departments
iii) Elected officials from the Districts consisting of MPS and
two officials from each local Authority.
iv) Civil society members invited by the DC comprising representatives of major non-government organizations& religious groups.
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The role of the DDC was to
1. Plan for District specific activities
3. Coordinate all development activities in the district.

4. Supervise implementation.
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2. Monitor and evaluate progress in implementation
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DFRD is thought to have resulted in the decentralization of the

management of public sector inputs. In this way, DFRD institutionalized local level participation in decision making regarding
development activities. However DFRD strategy was not very
successful and was officially discontinued in 1988 as a basis for
rural development.
Some of the reasons for this failure include:
1. Lack of adequate resources for development and recurrent
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expenditure(day to day expenditure)
3. Lack of accountability and good governance and transparent also affected the implementation of Development
projects.
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2. There was lack of genuine capacity to debate issues reasonably and exhaustively
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3.3.4. The Period of Economic Restructuring

After 1998, rural development was not longer central in government policy circles. Instead, there was movement towards
policy reform actions such as cost sharing in the provision of education and health care services right-sizing of the civil service
through retrenchment programmes, privatization of some government functions, removed of government subsidies in sectors
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such as agriculture and budget re-organization away from social
programmes.
These activities became more necessary because of poor economic performance characterized by low economic progress, reduced public resources and withholding of donor aid. In terms
of development strategies, the country moved away from rural
development and ISI to export promotion industrialization strategy. In this strategy, the government sought to offer incentives
to promote production for export to solve as a basis for national
development.
Export promotion refers to deliberate attempt by the government to promote exports as a launch pad for national development in this regard, the government through an act of
parliament in 1990 created the export processing zones where
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i) It is likely to achieve large economic scale since they tend

to encourage greater expansion of industry.
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exporters are given incentives such as tax holiday, licensing fee
waivers in order to produce specifically for the export sector.
An export promotion industrialization strategy has the following advantages: -
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ii) Export oriented strategy may also promote competition

between local and international enterprises which may lead
to better quality communities due to increased efficiency.
iii) Export oriented strategies tend to be more labor intensive
compared to ISI strategies. As a result of EPI strategies as
considered appropriate for many LDC which are labor surplus economies, because they are associated with greater
employment creation.
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EPI strategies have the following disadvantages among others
ii) Infant firms and industries become even more vulnerable

due to reduced government protection.
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i) They can easily lead to dumping of low quality products

on the local market negatively affecting the economic and
the environment e.g. dry cell batteries.
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iii) There is high exposure to harmful goods and services

3.4. Harambee Spirit as a Strategy of Development
The Harambee phenomenon permeates the Kenyan society to
such an extent that it is well nigh impossible to discuss any
aspect of the society without, somewhere along the line, touching
on Harambee. So much has Harambee become our way of life,
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so to speak, that we have sometimes taken it for granted at
both the levels of pratice and scholarly scrutiny. What are the
origins of Harambee? What is the meaning Harambee and what
is the place of the underprivileged in the context of the Harambee
phenomenon, ideology, tradition or whatever label we attach to
it?
The term harambee has its origin in the Hindu culture and
was used most notably during the construction of the UgandaKenya railway. The word harambee denotes coming together.
Harambees official recognition and institutionalization dates back
to the eve of independence in 1963 when Kenyas founding President Jomo Kenyatta used the concept to denote local initiatives
in development. Roughly translated harambee means let us
pull together.
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It is well known that in its original meaning, the word was
used when a group of people was collectively performing a physical task. Thus, if a log or heavy object needed to be moved the
leader of the work group would shout Harambee. The rest of
the group would respond, Heee! and push or pull at the time
of the response. Hopefully, the weak and the strong in the group
all pushed or pulled with equal vigour or better still, the strong
pushed or pulled with more vigour if only because in Lockean
terms, nature had been kinder to them in giving them labour
power. On a less glib note, it appears that in its original practice Harambee made no distinction between the strong and the
weak in the work group (Ngethe, 1978). Everybody was supposed to pull or push with equal determination. In other words,
everybody was a worker.
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In his victory speech after May 1963 elections, the late Jomo
Kenyatta said: I would suggest we use the Kiswahili word
Harambee to express the mood we want to create. This word is
used by workers when they have a joint task to perform, such
as pulling a log or pushing a wagon. It means, let us work together.Get up and go (Ngethe, 1978).
In independent Kenya, the expanded meaning of the word
Harambee has come to be symbolized by well-known self- help
projects, though of course, this is not all there is to be the
Harambee phenomenon. The word Harambee is associated with
any group effort regardless of the nature of the task to be performed. In other words, the spirit of Harambee is seen to be
expressing so long as there is a group engaged in a common
task regardless of the social-economic composition of the group
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and regardless of the nature of the benefits i.e. regardless of
whether the benefits are private or public to use sociological
terms. Harambee has remained a popular strategy playing a
central role in Kenyas development and acting as a major focus
of popular participation.
The specific aims of a harambee strategy as envisaged by the
founding President are as follows:
1. To promote national unity and development through collective effort
2. To reduce regional disparities in terms of resource imbalance for development
3. For reduction and management of the countrys 3 major
economic enemies ie poverty, ignorance and disease.
4. To improve the equality of rural life and its people
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5. To encourage participation in the implementation of programs that indirectly affects the lifes of people in society.
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The appeal to the harambee spirit stemmed from its collective

and cooperative social values. Hence communities mobilized
themselves and their resources to build local schools, help clinics, cattle dips and later even village polytechnics. Resources
were voluntarily contributed by community members and benefits were broad based.
Evidence also shows that Harambee activities, or the practice
of communal self-help, to be more specific, has been part of the
African traditions in Kenya. As evidence of this, it is pointed out
that a term for working together on a group or communal basis
is found in the languages of many groups in Kenya. The Luo call
I Konyir Kende, the Luhya call it obwasio, the Kamba call it
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Mwethia, the Maasai call it Ematonyok, etc. Kenyatta himself
had no doubt in his mind that in practical terms, Harambee
entailed reviving and consequently encouraging the old habits
of working together so that the rural peasants could play an
active part in national development. Argue Kenyatta:
We must bring together all the communities of Kenya together to build a unified nation. In this task, we shall make use of
those attitudes of self-help, good neighbourliness and communal
assistance which are such an important feature of our traditional
societies (Daily Nation July 11, 2006 Special Report Page 11).
However, the harambee spirit has recently fallen into disrepute.
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Reasons why harambee has fallen into disrepute
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1. The harambee concept has failed to consider differences

in the capabilities of individuals and resource distribution
from the different parts of the country.
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2. The harambee spirit over shadows the role of the government in some cases by pushing the burden of development
to some local people while the central government has the
resources and management expertise for development.
3. Harambee encouraged dubious politicians in manipulating
the political process to favoritism since leadership would
be judged according to how much money one contributes.
4. Harambees encourage corruption. A lot of money is siphoned from planned projects to other projects with minJKUAT: Setting trends in higher Education, Research and Innovation
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5. Harambees deviated from being voluntary contributions

to being forced contributions. Members of the provincial administration particularly chiefs and Dos were known
to confiscate peoples private property as contributions to
harambees.
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imum benefits to the society or in extreme cases stolen.
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6. Harambees have lately become ways of exploiting the poor

particularly when they are called to contribute toward luxuries like pre-weddings
Because of this problems, The Public Officers Ethics Act, which
came into force in April 2003, prohibits public officers from using their office to organize or officiate at harambees, which are
considered a potential source of corruption.The Act says in Section 12: A public officer shall not use his office or place of
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Example . In vow view, what are the problems that the District Focus for Rural Development intended to address?
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work as a venue for soliciting or collecting harambees or either
as a collector or promoter of a public collection, obtain money
or other property from a person using his office in any way to
exert pressure.
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Solution:
Reduce rural urban migration
Increase citizen participation in development decision making
Provided incentives for dispersion of industries the country
Fair distribution of resources
Better use of local resources

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3.5. Economic Integration
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Economic integration refers to the action of a group of nations towards free trade. The relationship of member states inter
se and with the rest of the world is determined by the type of
economic integration. Free trade refers to the condition in which
the free flow of goods and services in international exchange is
neither restricted nor encouraged by direct government intervention.
3.5.1. The levels of economic integration
i) A free trade area. This is a form of regional integration
where member countries agree to reduce the barriers to
trade among themselves, whereas each member country is
free to pursue its own trade policy vis-`a-vis non- member
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ii) A custom union. This is a form of regional integration

where member countries remove all trade barriers among
themselves but have a common external tariff with respect
to non-member countries.
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countries. This removal of trade barriers may only be on
specified commodities.
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iii) The common market. This refers to a type of regional

integration where in addition to meeting the requirements
of a customs union, there is free mobility of factors of production between member countries.
iv) An economic union where refers to a level of economic
integration where there are joint economic institutions among
the member countries to coordinate economic policy as in
the case of the European Union where a European Central
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bank exists in Brussels. The most advanced form of economic union is monetary union where member countries
share a common currency or where each country retains
its own domestic currency but members allow a free exchange of these currencies at an agreed rate and member
countries agree to synchronize monetary policies.
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3.5.2. The case for economic integration

i) Regional integration enables countries to specialize in the
production of those commodities where they have a comparative advantage since the reduction of trade barriers
makes it easier for countries to benefit from comparative
advantage in that they can trade surplus commodities that
they produce.
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ii) Regional integration enables a country to exploit economic
of scale because if the provision of a much wider market
for goods and services than before the regional integration.
This will enable industries to make use of their excess capacity and in the process promote employment within the
countries that form part of the regional trading block.
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iii) Regional integration enables the encouragement of better

relations. Politically and economically speaking between
the countries that form the trading block. This is because
the countries are dependent on each other.
iv) Foreign investment may be encouraged because of the possibility of making larger profits in more enabling economic
environment.
v) In cases where the regional integration involves the use of
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a common currency, as example the use of the euro in the
European Monetary Union, there could be an advantage
in so far as trade stability would be enhanced since theres
no problem of exchange rate fluctuations.
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vi) Where regional integration involves permitting the free

movement of factors between countries as in the case of
a common market, regional unemployment differences will
be reduced.
vii) Economic integration is advantageous from the point of

view that it fosters a great degree of competition which
promotes economic efficiency and enhances consumer sovereignty
through a wider variety of goods and services.
viii) Economic integration leads to the redistribution of incomes
in favour of low-income areas since in such areas, goods are
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3.5.3. Problems faced by economic integration in developing countries

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produces cheaply and exported to areas where incomes and
prices are higher. The overall effect would be to expand
production in low-income areas and restrict production in
high income areas causing a redistribution of incomes.
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Integration efforts in developing countries have not been very

successful because of the following reasons:
i) Political instabilities within the countries themselves and
political aggression between the various countries has limited the success of integration efforts.
ii) Many developing countries produce similar commodities
thereby limiting the scope for trade. Many countries for
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example are producers of agricultural commodities and can
therefore meet the requirements by being self sufficient.
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iii) Benefits of regional integration have been unequally distributed among the different countries. Countries that are
more industrialized tend to gain more from regional integration since they already enjoy a certain level of economies
scale.
iv) Regional integration has given rise in some cases to trade
diversion. Trade diversion refers to an economic phenomenon
where trade leads to the shifting of sources of commodities
from low to high cost producers.
v) Since the formation of economic blocks entails the reduction of tariff barriers between member countries, there is
a certain loss of revenue from tariffs, which implies that
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vi) In cases where there is a sharing of common services such

as railway and ports it may be difficult to allocate the
benefits and costs of such sharing.
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the government has less money to spend on development
projects.
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vii) Inefficient industries may be killed off by imports from

other member states, which is likely to result in increased
unemployment in countries where industries have had to
close down.
3.6. Examples of trading blocs in Africa
The most well known trading blocs in Africa are the East African
Communities (EAC), the Common Markets for Eastern and
Southern Africa (COMESA), the South African Development
42
The East African Community
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Community (SADC) and the Economic Community for Western
Africa States (ECOWAS). These trading blocs have the following characteristics:
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This trading bloc consists of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania.

Rwanda and Burundi have expressed interests in joining the
East African Community. East African Community has an approximate market of 80 million people and an average per capita
income of about $300.
The Common Markets for Eastern and Southern Africa
(COMESA)
COMESA is the largest trading bloc in Africa and is made up of
the following 21 countries: Angola, Burundi, Comoros, DemoJKUAT: Setting trends in higher Education, Research and Innovation
43
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cratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia,
Kenya Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. These counties have a combined population of 375 million and an average per capita income of $ 450. The administrative offices of COMESA are in Lusaka, Zambia.
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The Southern African Development Community (SADC)

This bloc has 12 members, namely, Southern Africa, Botswana,
Zimbabwe, Namibia, Angola, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania and Zambia. These counties have a
combined population of approximately 137 million and an average income per capita of about $ 1,300. The administrative
offices of SADC are in Gaberone, Botswana.
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The economic community for western Africa states (ECOWA
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This trading bloc has 16 member countries: Nigeria, Ghana,

Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Cote divoire, Gambia, Guinea,
Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Togo. The total population is approximately 220 million and the average per capita
is approximately $400. The administrative offices are in Abuja,
Nigeria.
Example . In your view, why are Non Government organization (NGOs) more suitable in facilitating development is
Africa compared to government.
Solution:
Since they have been created by the community initative,
they enjoy a higher degree to legitimacy
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They are better at identifying community needs because they
are close to the people
They promote high degree of participation than government
structures.
They are flexible and adaptive to local conditions as opposed
to the rigid bureaucratic nature of government system.
Quick decision making leads to rapid response to community
problems.
Since they are voluntary in character, their running costs are
lower.
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Review Questions
The role of the DDC was to

Exercise 2. Why have many developing nations abandoned
the policy of import substitution?
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Exercise 1.
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Exercise 3.
In what ways is the export promotion industrialization an improvement over import substitution.
Exercise 4.
Argue the case for and against regional integration within the Africa continent.
References and Additional Reading Materials
1. Anyang Nyongo The possibilities and Historical limitations of import substitution industrialization Kenya,
in Congulin P and G. K Ikiara (eds) Industrialization in
47
2. Chitere, P. O and Monya, J. (1987) Decentralization of

Rural Development: The case of the Kenya District Focus
Approach in African Administration studies, No. 32.
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Kenya: in Search of a Strategy Nairobi: Oxford university
press.
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3. Constitution of Kenya Review commission (2010) Harmonized Draft, Nairobi: Government Printer
4. Makokha, J. (1985). The District Focus: Conceptual and
Management problems. Nairobi: East Africa Research Bureau.
5. Oyugi, W. O. (1991) Decentralization and Development
Planning Management in Kenya: An assessmentin Chitere,
P. O and Mutiso, R. (eds.) working with Rural communiJKUAT: Setting trends in higher Education, Research and Innovation
48

ties: Narobi: UoN Press.
7. Ake, C. (1987) Political Economy of Africa. New York

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6. Stamp, P. (1986) Local Government in Kenya: Ideology

and political practice, 1895- 1974 African studies Review,
Volume 29, No. 4
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8. Kellick, T. (1981). Policy Economics: A Textbook of Applied Economics in Developing countries. London: Heinmann.
9. Jhingan M. L., (2003). The economics of Development
and Planning, Delhi Konark
10. Gatheru W. & Shaw (1998) (eds)Our problems, Our Solutions: An Economic and Public Policy Agenda for Kenya.
Nairobi: Institute of Economic Affairs.
49
12. Kenya, Republic of (1986) Sessional Paper No. 1 of 1986:

Economic Management for Renewed Growth, Nairobi: Government printers.
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11. Kenya, Republic of (1994), National Development Plan
1974 1978. Nairobi: Government printers.
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13. Kenya Republic of (1987a) District Focus for Rural Development. Nairobi Government printer. Kenya Republic
of (1987c).selection criteria and guidelines for Rural Trade
and Production centres: technical Report No. 2 Nairobi:
MPND
14. Chitere, P. O and Ireri O. N. (2004) District Focus for Rural Development in Kenya. Its limitations as a Decentralization and participatory planning strategy and prospects
for the future. IPAR Discussion paper series Nairobi: IPAR
50
16. Todaro, M.P. (1992) Economics for a Developing World

(3rd Edition) London: Heinmann
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15. Ngethe N., & Owino, W. (eds) (1995). From sessional
paper No. 10 to structural Adjustment: Towards indigenizing the policy Debate. Nairobi: IPAR.
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Solutions to Exercises
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Exercise 1.
Plan for District specific activities
Monitor and evaluate progress in implementation
Coordinate all development activities in the district.
Supervise implementation.
Exercise 1
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JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF OPEN, DISTANCE AND eLEARNING

LAST REVISION ON July 9, 2013

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

JKUAT: Setting trends in higher Education, Research and Innovation

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

A study of this lesson should enable students to;

Explain Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)

JKUAT: Setting trends in higher Education, Research and Innovation

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

In the context of development, a strategy indicates a specific

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

iv) To foster development of local management and entrepreneurial

3.2. Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

It refers to an Industrialization strategy that entails an attempt

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

i) To conserve foreign exchange with a view to stabilizing

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

Intermediate goods that are processed to make a full item

3.3. Rural Development Strategies in Kenya

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

The significance of developing rural areas in the overall national

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

JKUAT: Setting trends in higher Education, Research and Innovation

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

2. There was also poor co-ordination of activities across ministerial lines.

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

3.3.3. The District Focus for Rural Development (DFRD)

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

iv) Reduce rural-urban migration.

iii) To promote greater equity in the allocation or resources

v) To increase employment opportunities in the rural areas

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

iii) Improving farmers incomes through pricing guidelines for

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

i) The DC as the chairperson.

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

3. Coordinate all development activities in the district.

2. Monitor and evaluate progress in implementation

DFRD is thought to have resulted in the decentralization of the

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

3.3.4. The Period of Economic Restructuring

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

i) It is likely to achieve large economic scale since they tend

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

ii) Export oriented strategy may also promote competition

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

ii) Infant firms and industries become even more vulnerable

i) They can easily lead to dumping of low quality products

iii) There is high exposure to harmful goods and services

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

HRD 2102 Development Studies and Ethics

The role of the DDC was to