General Biology

020808

Origins Review

Name ____________________
Instr __________ Block _____

Using your knowledge of the objectives, complete each of the following statements with the
correct/best word or words.
1. _recombination______________ The mixing of genetic messages that produce variations
within a population, thus causing evolution is called _______.
2. _industrial melanism___________ During the last 100 years, the gene pool has changed so that
today, over 90% of the peppered moths are black. This
change is called _______.
3. _sedimentary rock____________ An excellent source of fossils because sediment is deposited
in layers; relative ages of fossils can be determined.
4. _comparative anatomy______

The study of structures of different organisms.

5. _adaptation_________________ An inherited trait or set of traits which improves the

chances of survival and reproduction of an organism.
6._warning coloration____________ An adaptation that involves a display of bright colors and
patterns which announce rather than hide animals.
7. _comparative embryology_______ The study of embryos of different organisms.
8. _behavioral _________________ All organisms have many adaptations involving reactions to
the
environment. These adaptations are called _______.
9. _natural selection_____________ Darwin called this survival of the fittest, which is really a
kind of ______.
10. _camouflage________________ An adaptation that is a kind of "disguise" to blend with the
environment.
11. _comparative biochemistry______The study of various organisms on a chemical level.
12. _Thomas Malthus____________ _______ stated that the human population was growing
faster than the food supply needed to feed it.
13. _vestigial structures__________

Organs, that are not used (like a pig's two small toes
and the
human appendix) and that have no known function are
called __.

14. _convergent evolution_________ Distantly related species produce descendants which have
similar features in _______.
15._physciological adaptations_____ Adaptations which involve the metabolism of organisms.
16._structural adaptations________ Adaptations which involve the structures of organisms.
17. _fossil___________________

Any part of or trace of a once living thing.

18. _reproductive isolation________ If isolation persists and further changes occur, eventually
the two groups might not be able to interbreed, even if they
could get together. At this point the two groups are
separate species. Evolution of new species in this way is

called _______.
19. _homologous organs___________ Organs or parts that are found in different organisms
but seem to have developed from similar embryonic tissue
and have similar structure.
20. _adaptive radiation________

The concept illustrated by the evolution of the Galapagos

finches.

21. _species__________________

A group of organisms which normally interbreed in nature to

produce fertile offspring.

22. _adaptation_________________

A variation that improves the chances of an organism

to
survive and reproduce is an _____.

23. _behavioral_________________ Migration of birds would be an example of a/an _______

adaptation.
24. _macroevoltuion_____________Evolution can be studied at different scales, from that of
Microevolution to that of ___________.
25. _alleles___________________ A gene pool is a particular combination of _____ in a
population at any one point in time.
26. _nonrandom mating__________ In sexually reproducing populations, any limits or
preferences
of mate choice will cause ______ _______.
27. _Genetic drift_____________ _____ _____ is a force of genetic change that results from
chance events, and can cause rare alleles to be lost.
28. _species__________________ Evolution is the process by which ____ may change over
time.
29. _adaptation________________ A trait in a species that results in it being better suited to
survive and reproduce in its environment is called a(n)
_____.
30. _population________________ A(n) _____ is a group of individuals that belong to the same
species, live in a defined area, and breed with others in the
group.
31. _speciation________________ The formation of a new species is called _____.
32. _homologous______________

Given that the forelimbs of all vertebrates share the same

basic arrangement of bones, forelimbs are said to be
______
structures.

33. __individuals________________Populations evolve, but _____ do not evolve.

Multiple Choice. Choose the answer that BEST answers the question.
_B___34. The evidence of organisms that have lived in the past is called ______________.
A. paleontological evidence.
C. vestigial organs.

B. fossils evidence.

D. metamorphic rocks.

_C___ 35. _______is a structural adaptation that enables an organism to copy the appearance of
another organism for protection.
A. Camouflage
C. Mimicry
B. Symbiosis
D. Mutualism
_B___36. An example of the structural adaptation of camouflage is illustrated in which of the
following scenarios?
A.
A non-poisonous red flower's high survival rate due to its copying the color of
other
poisonous flowers.
B. A flounders (fish) ability to blend into the sea floor to evade predators.
C. Neither A or B
D. Both A and B
_D___ 37. A modified structure that has common ancestry, but different functions is called a/
an
_____________ structure.
A. fossil
C. vestigial
B. analogous
D. homologous
_B__ 38. Structures that have the same function, but appear to have different ancestry are
called _________.
A. fossil
C. vestigial
B. analogous
D. homologous
B_____39. The traits of individuals best adapted to survive become more common in each new
generation because
A. offspring with those traits do not survive.
B. the alleles for those traits increase through natural selection.
C. those individuals do not breed.
D. natural selection does not affect well-adapted individuals.
B_____40. The movement of alleles into or out of a population is called
A. mutation.
C. nonrandom mating.
B. gene flow.
D. natural selection.
A_____ 41. Natural selection shapes populations by acting on
A. all genes.
C. expressed phenotypes.
B. recessive alleles.
D. the most frequent genotypes.
_B___ 42. On the Galpagos Islands, Darwin saw that the plants and animals closely resembled
those found
A. on islands off the coast of North America.
B. in South America.
C. on islands off the coast of Africa.
D. in South Africa.
_B___ 43. When a population of a species is split in two and the two groups separate for a long
period of time, the two groups may become

A. different families.
B. different species.

C. the same species.

D. unrelated.

Questions 44 - 46 refer to the figure below, which shows population growth over time.

C_____44. Which height range includes the mean height?

A. 1.0 1.1
C. 1.4 1.5
B. 1.2 1.3
D. 1.6 1.7
D_____45. Which type of selection favors this distribution?
A. disruptive selection
C. directional selection
B. stabilizing selection
D. natural selection
C_____46. This type of graph is called a
A. line graph.
B. circle graph.

C. histogram.
D. None of the above.

D_____47. Which of the following is a factor in natural selection?

A. Individuals of a population overproduce.
B. All populations are genetically diverse.
C. Individuals better able to adapt to changes leave more offspring.
D. All of the above
A_____48. The fossil record provides evidence that
A. older species from the past gave rise to more-recent species.
B. all species were formed during Earths formation and have changed little since then.
C. the fossilized species have no connection to todays species.
D. fossils cannot be dated.
B_____49. Comparing human hemoglobin with the hemoglobin of gorillas, mice, chickens, and frogs
reveals that humans have the fewest amino acid differences with
A. gorillas.
C. chickens.

B. mice.

D. frogs.

_D___ _
50.Individuals that are better able to cope with the challenges of their environment tend
to
A. decrease in population over time.
B. leave more offspring than those more suited to the environment.
C. leave fewer offspring than those less suited to the environment.
D. leave more offspring than those less suited to the environment.
_C____ 51.Which factor does not play a role in natural selection?
A. overproduction
C. Lamarckian inheritance
B. variation
D. adaptation
_B____ 52.Different populations of the same species
A. always become different species over time.
B. may change enough to become different species.
C. can no longer interbreed successfully.
D. will never diverge to become different species.
Questions 53 and 54 refer to the figures below.

_B____ 53.Which of the following statements best reflects the evolutionary importance of the
figures above?
A. New genetic instructions have been disregarded in the evolution of vertebrates.
B. In parts of development, vertebrate embryos show evidence of common ancestry.
C. The evolutionary history of organisms is seen in transitional embryos.
D. All adult vertebrates retain tails.
C_____54. Which of the following statements is not true about anatomy and evolution?
A. Homologous structures indicate common ancestry of organisms.
B. The bone patterns making up the forelimbs of tetrapods are similar.
C. Internal similarities do not indicate shared evolutionary history.
D. Most vertebrates have four limbs.
Read each question, and write your answer in the space provided.
55. What was Lamarcks incorrect hypothesis regarding inheritance?
__Lamarck thought that changes in traits due to use or disuse could be passed on to offspring.

56. Briefly explain the importance of Thomas Malthuss essay on the growth of the human
population to Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection.
_Malthus noted that the human population was increasing much faster (exponentially) than the
food supply (linearly) but could not continue do to so because of disease, war, and famine.
Darwin realized that Malthuss observations of the human population applied to all populations.
All populations overproduce; however, they are limited by their environments. ____
57. Explain why natural selection does not act directly on genes.
Natural selection merely allows individuals who express favorable traits to reproduce and
pass those traits on to their offspring. Natural selection acts on genotypes by removing
unsuccessful phenotypes from a population.
58. What roles does the environment play in natural selection?
The environment does the selecting. If the environment changes in the future, the set of
characteristics that are most adaptive may change.
59. State three ways Darwins theory has been updated.
Answers will vary. Scientists now know that genetics is the basis of inherited traits.
Individuals with favorable traits become more common in a population because natural
selection causes the frequency of certain alleles in a population to increase or decrease over
time. Also, traits can evolve due to processes other than natural selection, and evolution can
be studied at different scales.