CHAPTER II-THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Relevant Theories-Theories that are partially or fully related to the present study are
discussed to serve as a backgrounder on the variables being investigated.
Related Literature is composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the
present study is related. Also, a survey of existing knowledge on the research topic is
gathered from previously published materials. This part serves to define, classify and
facilitate objective comprehension of the variables being studied. For instance, if the
present study deals with drug addiction, literature to be reviewed or surveyed should be
composed of materials that deals with drug addiction. These materials are usually printed
and found in books, encyclopedias, professional journals, magazines, newspapers and other
publications.
Related studies, on the other hand, are studies, inquiries or investigations already
conducted to which the present proposed study is related or has some bearing or similarity.
They are usually unpublished materials such as manuscripts, theses and dissertations.
*A survey or review of related literature and studies is very important because such
reviewed literature and studies serve as a foundation of the proposed study. This is
because related literature and studies guide the researcher in pursuing his research
venture.
Characteristics of Related Literature and Studies
1.
2.
3.
4.

The surveyed materials must be as recent as possible.

Materials reviewed must be objective and unbiased.
Materials surveyed must be relevant to the study.
Surveyed materials must have been based upon genuinely original and true facts or
data to make them valid and reliable.

Sources of Related Literature and Studies

1. Books, encyclopedias, almanacs and other similar references
2. Articles published in professional journals, magazines, periodicals, newspapers and
other publications
3. Manuscripts, monographs, memoirs, speeches, letters and diaries
4. Unpublished theses and dissertations.
5. The constitutions and laws and statutes of the land
6. Bulletins, circulars and orders emanating from government offices and departments,
especially from the Office of the President of the Philippines ,Department of
Education and Commission on Higher Education
7. Records of school, public and private, especially reports of their activities
8. Reports from seminars, educational or otherwise
9. Official reports of all kinds, educational, social, economic, scientific, technological,
etc. from the government and other entities.
Conceptual Framework refers to a model which explains how variables are interrelated0
A framework is similar to a skeleton; it is a basic structure or a frame of reference
(Webster 2006).It is designed to support or enclose something. As a skeleton gives shape,
form and strength to support the body so it can stand erect, so do different concepts and
theories.
Paradigm of the Study is a one-page diagrammatic presentation of the variables of the
thesis for easy understanding. The common paradigms or models of the study used are:

1. IPO (Input-Process-output) model. This model is largely used when the research
studies attempt to isolate the factor or major variable that causes the problem,
subject or phenomenon under investigation.

Example:
Profile of
Entrepreneurs
Improved role of
Analysis of Data
Age
entrepreneurs
through
the
Sex
questionnaire,
Roles of
Higher returns
informal
Entrepreneurs
interviews,
and
Assessmen
Better quality of
statistical
t
services
treatment
Planning
Implement
ation
Evaluation
2. IV-DV (Independent
variable-dependent variable) Model This is used in experimentSpecimen
based studies. The questions raised are higher-order and may be factor-relating,
collection
situation-relating
or situation-producing.
Performance

Example:

Teaching Methodology
used by instructors

computerassisted
instruction
demonstration
method

Level of performance of
college students

academic grades
practicum grades
parents
satisfaction

Hypotheses are tentative answers to the posted problems.

Definition of Terms. For clearer understanding and comprehension, the different terms
used in the study must be defined. Definitions can be done conceptually, operationally or a
combination of both.
When a term is defined using books and dictionaries, then it is conceptually
defined. When a term is defined according to how it is used in the study, then it is
operationally defined. A combination of the two methods is often very helpful. Terms that
are defined must be arranged alphabetically. Moreover, there must be an opening sentence
or an introductory paragraph before the list of terms to be defined.
CHAPTER III-METHODS OF RESEARCH
Essential Elements of Research Methodology
1. Research design. A very important aspect of research methodology which
describes the research mode(whether is is qualitative research or quantitative
research or if the researcher will use a specific type e.g., descriptive, survey,
historical, case study or experimental.)
2. Research locale. It discusses and describes the setting or palce where the study is
to be conducted.
3. Participants/respondents of the study. It describes the target population and
the sample frame.

4. Instrument of the study. It explains the specific type of research instrument that
will be used as questionnaire, checklist, questionnaire-checklist, interview schedule,
teacher-devised test and the like.
5. Validation of and establishing reliability
6. Statistical Treatment. One of the many ways of establishing he objectivity of
research findings is by
7. Notes in Chapter III. Published or unpublished materials used as references in the
chapter must be mentioned to give due credit to the authors and to avoid the
unethical practice of plagiarism. For uniformity purposes, the chapter starts with an
introductory paragraph.