PHED Criteria (Latest)

Technical and Service Delivery Standards
for
Water Supply and Sanitation Sectors
April 2008
Punjab Devolved Social Services Programme
Govt. of the Punjab, 79-Bridge Colony, Lahore
Service Delivery and Technical standards for Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
For the preparation of this report, even a dedicated team of professionals had remote chance
of success unless it was provided guidance, encouragement and wherever needed due criticism was
also given. Additionally it was also important to have open communication and dialogue with the
client to deal with many issues that may arise during the writing of the report. The consultant
working on this report got this support from the PSU; therefore, I would like to thank Mr. Abdullah
Khan Sumbal, Programme Director, Punjab Devolved Social Services Program, P&D Department
Government of the Punjab for his commitment to the Programme and for vigorous interest in the
finalization of this report. I am also thankful to Mr. Sarfraz Ahmad, and Mr. Qurban Ali Shah, both
Assistant Directors in PDSSP for their valuable suggestions extended by them during the meetings in
the PDSSP office. I would like to acknowledge here that the section of the report covering service
delivery standards was prepared by Mr. Naveed Alauddin and Mr. Khalid Majeed of the Urban Unit,
P&D Punjab. I am thankful to them for their very valuable contribution.
I am also grateful to my friend Mr. M. Kaleem, Director, PHED (North) for his valuable
suggestions and assistance provided to me for completion of this report. Mr. Shaukat Ali, Additional
Secretary Technical HUD & PHED, Mr. Sajjad Haider Bukhary, Chief Engineer, North, PHED, Mr.
Abdus Sattar Khan Lillah, Director PHED, Mr. Zahid Hussain, Project Director, Punjab Community
Water Supply and Sanitation Project Lahore were all generous in sharing of ideas and gave me many
valuable suggestions that resulted in tremendous improvement in this report.
Ch. Safdar Ali Cheema

Chief Engineer (Retd.) / WSS Specialist
ii
ACRONYMS
AC
ADB
Alternating Current
Asian Development Bank
ASTM
American Society of Testing Materials specification
BOD
BSS
CBOs
Biochemical Oxygen Demand

British Standard Specification
Community Based Organizations
CFU
COD
Colony Formation count Unit of Bacteria

Chemical Oxygen Demand
DFID
DWF
Department for International Development, UK

Dry Weather Flow
E-Coli
Escherichia Coliform
EPD
Environment Protection Department
HUD&PHED
JTU
Housing Urban Development & Public Health Engineering

Department
Jackson Turbidity Unit
KI
LLR
Key Indicators
Low Level Reservation
MDGs
MICS
Millennium Development Goals

Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey
MPN
Maximum Probable Number
NEQS
National Environmental Quality Standards
NESPAK
NOC
National Engineering Services, Pakistan

No Objection Certificate
NTU
Nephelometric Turbidity Units
P&D
PC Scale
Planning and Development Department, Punjab

Platinum Cobalt Scale
PCC
Plain Cement Concrete
PCRWR
Pakistan Council for Research in Water Resources
PCWSSP
PDSSP
PHED
PIHS
PLGO 2001
Punjab Community Water Supply & Sanitation (Sector)

Project
Punjab Devolved Social Services Programme
Public Health Engineering Department
Pakistan Integrated Household Survey
Punjab Local Government Ordinance 2001
PMDFC
PPM
PRWSSP
PSQCA
Punjab Municipal Development Fund Company

Parts Per Million
Punjab Rural Water Supply & Sanitation (Sector) Project
Pakistan Standards Quality Control Authority
PSU
Program Support Unit

iii
RCC
Reinforced Cement Concrete
SDS
TCU
TDS
TMA
USEPA
UV
WASA
WHO
WSS
Service Delivery Standards

True Colour Units
Total Dissolved Solids
Tehsil Municipal Administration
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Ultraviolet
Water and Sanitation Agency
World Health Organization
Water Supply and Sanitation
iv
PREFACE
The need for clean drinking water and safe sanitation is a universal human need; however,
mere access to water supply and sanitation services is not enough unless the quality of such
services is also of acceptable standards and comes at an affordable price.
Efficient service delivery is one of the main concerns of all levels of governments in the
world. The Government of the Punjab realizing the need of improving service delivery has given
importance to introducing improvements in the service delivery in social sectors including water
supply and sanitation .The Punjab Devolved Social Services Programme (PDSSP), one of the
major development intervention of the Provincial Government that is being implemented with the
financial support of ADB and DFID, has undertaken a comprehensive study of water supply and
sanitation service delivery and design standards. The study is aimed at review of existing situation
of water supply and sanitation services both in the rural and urban centers of the province besides
indicating best practices and standards followed internationally and to make recommendations for
improvements in both technical as well as service delivery standards.
The water supply and sanitation standards mainly comprise of technical and service
delivery standards for water supply, wastewater (collection and disposal) and solid waste
management. The provision of these services to the people is the responsibility of TMAs /City
District Governments as envisaged under PLGO 2001. The Punjab Public Health Engineering
Department is acting as technical resource base for TMAs, in addition to performing its role of
execution of development schemes in the sector to enhance the coverage that would help the
government in achieving the Millennium Development Goals in the sectors of WSS.
To accomplish the task a review of existing service delivery and design standards of water
supply and sanitation sector was carried out during the month of July, 2007. Discussions were held
with technical staff of PHED to see the gaps and impediments in adoption of minimum affordable,
acceptable and practicable service delivery and design standards for water supply and
sewerage/drainage. Similar discussions were also held with concerned staff of solid waste
management of City District Government Lahore for sanitation sector.
Information on water supply and sanitation practices followed in various countries has been
studied and incorporated in the report. Based on, over three decades long experience in this field,
recommendations have been made by the consultant. It is hoped that the report will, Insha Allah, be
helpful to the concerned departments in improving service delivery
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................ II
ACRONYMS.............................................................................................................. III
PREFACE ............................................................................................................... VV
TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................ VIVI
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................ 1
1.1 MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
1.2 SITUATION ANALYSIS IN PUNJAB
1.2.1
Drinking Water.................................................................................................................................. 22
1.2.2
Sanitation........................................................................................................................................... 33
1.2.3
Storm Water Drainage....................................................................................................................... 44
1.2.4
Waste Water Treatment..................................................................................................................... 44
1.2.5
Solid Waste Management.................................................................................................................. 44
1.3 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF SERVICE DELIVERY
1.3.1
Drinking Water.................................................................................................................................. 66
1.3.2
Waste Water ...................................................................................................................................... 77
1.3.3
Drainage ............................................................................................................................................ 88
1.3.4
Waste Water Treatment..................................................................................................................... 99
1.3.5
Solid Waste Management.................................................................................................................. 12
CHAPTER-2
DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS............................ 16
2.1 DRINKING WATER QUALITY GLOBAL PICTURE AND BASIC REQUIREMENTS
16
2.1.1
Global Picture.................................................................................................................................... 16
2.1.2
Basic Requirements for Drinking Water Quality .............................................................................. 16
2.2 PRESENT WATER QUALITY SITUATION
18
18
2.3 EXISTING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
19
19
2.3.1
PSQCA Drinking Water Standards ................................................................................................... 19
2.3.2
PHED Water Quality Standards ........................................................................................................ 20
2.4.1
Colour................................................................................................................................................ 23
2.4.2
Taste and odour ................................................................................................................................. 23
2.4.3
Turbidity............................................................................................................................................ 24
2.4.4
pH...................................................................................................................................................... 24
2.4.5.
Hardness............................................................................................................................................ 25
vi
2.4.6
Total Dissolved Solids ...................................................................................................................... 26
2.4.7
Nitrates & Nitrites ............................................................................................................................. 27
2.4.8
Fluoride ............................................................................................................................................. 27
2.4.9
Chloride............................................................................................................................................. 28
2.4.10
Copper............................................................................................................................................... 28
2.4.11
Iron.................................................................................................................................................... 28
2.4.12
Sulphates........................................................................................................................................... 29
2.4.13
Arsenic.............................................................................................................................................. 30
2.4.14.
Chromium ........................................................................................................................................ 31
2.5 INTERNATIONAL DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
31
2.5.1
Water Quality Standards of WHO..................................................................................................... 31
2.5.2
Indian Water Quality Standards ........................................................................................................ 33
2.5.3
US-EPA Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality .............................................................................. 35
2.5.5
Modifications proposed in Water Quality Standards......................................................................... 39
CHAPTER-3
WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION TECHNICAL STANDARDS .. 42
3.1 BACKGROUND
42
3.1.1
Design Criteria 1986 ......................................................................................................................... 42
3.1.2
Design Criteria 1998 ......................................................................................................................... 42
3.2 REVISION OF DESIGN CRITERIA 2007

3.2.1
42
Methodology for the Revision........................................................................................................... 43
SECTION 3.3 REVIEW OF WATER SUPPLY TECHNICAL STANDARDS
44
3.3.1.
Population Projection ........................................................................................................................ 44
3.3.2
Design Period .................................................................................................................................... 45
3.3.3
Requirement of Water ....................................................................................................................... 47
3.3.4.
Terminal Pressure.............................................................................................................................. 49
3.3.5.
Velocity of Flow in Pipes.................................................................................................................. 50
3.3.6.
Minimum Pipe Size........................................................................................................................... 50
3.3.7
Cover Over Pipes .............................................................................................................................. 51
3.3.8
Public Stand Posts (PSPs) ................................................................................................................. 51
3.3.9
Fire Hydrants..................................................................................................................................... 52
3.3.10
Sluice Valves & Non Return Valves................................................................................................ 52
3.3.11
Air Valves and Washout .................................................................................................................. 53
3.3.12
Overhead Reservoirs........................................................................................................................ 54
3.3.13
Pumping Machinery......................................................................................................................... 55
3.3.14
Chlorination ..................................................................................................................................... 57
3.3.15
Ground Water Storage ..................................................................................................................... 58
3.3.16
High Level Tank (Raw Water)......................................................................................................... 58
3.3.17
Slow Sand Filtration ........................................................................................................................ 59
3.3.18
Water Metering ................................................................................................................................ 61
vii
SECTION 3.4 REVIEW OF TECHNICAL STANDARDS FOR SEWERAGE:-
62
3.4.1
Location of Disposal Works.............................................................................................................. 62
3.4.2
Design Period .................................................................................................................................... 63
3.4.3
Design Flows..................................................................................................................................... 64
3.4.4
Velocity at Design Flow.................................................................................................................... 66
3.4.5
Spacing of Manholes......................................................................................................................... 66
3.4.6
Minimum Size of Sewers .................................................................................................................. 67
3.4.7
Earth Cover ....................................................................................................................................... 68
3.4.8
Pipe Roughness Co-efficient ............................................................................................................. 68
3.4.9
Outfall Works.................................................................................................................................... 68
3.4.10
Bedding of Sewers ........................................................................................................................... 69
3.4.11
Class of Pipe .................................................................................................................................... 69
3.4.12
Pipe Reinforcement.......................................................................................................................... 70
3.4.13
Slope of Sewer Lines ....................................................................................................................... 70
3.4.14
Design Flow of Drainage ................................................................................................................. 70
3.4.15
Design of Outfall Works.................................................................................................................. 73
SECTION 3.5 REVIEW OF TECHNICAL STANDARDS FOR DRAINAGE
75
3.5.1
Open Surface Drains in Streets ......................................................................................................... 75
3.5.2
Review of Standards for Brick Pavement ......................................................................................... 76
SECTION 3.6 STANDARDS / DESIGN CRITERIA FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS

77
3.6.1
Standards/Design Criteria for Oxidation Ponds ................................................................................ 77
3.6.2
Standards/ design criteria for stabilization ponds.............................................................................. 77
3.6.3
Standards/Design Criteria for Facultative Ponds............................................................................... 80
3.6.4
Standards/Design Criteria For Maturation Ponds.............................................................................. 80
3.6.5
Standards/Design Criteria for Aerated Lagoons................................................................................ 81
3.6.6
Standards/Design Criteria for Oxidation Ditches.............................................................................. 82
3.6.7
Standards/Design Criteria for Trickling Filters ................................................................................. 83
3.6.8
Standards/Design Criteria For Activated Sludge Process ................................................................. 84
3.6.9
Standards/Design Criteria For Detritus Tanks................................................................................... 86
3.6.10
Standards/ Design Criteria for Skimming Tanks ............................................................................. 86
3.6.11
Standards/Design Criteria For Septic Tanks ..................................................................................... 86
3.6.12
Standards/Design Criteria for Imhoff Tanks.................................................................................... 87
3.6.13
Standards/Design Criteria for Humus Tanks ................................................................................... 88
SECTION 3.7 STANDARDS / DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SOLID WASTE
89
3.7.1
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 89
3.7.2
House Storage ................................................................................................................................... 90
3.7.3
Single Container System ................................................................................................................... 90
3.7.4
Multiple Bin System.......................................................................................................................... 90
3.7.5
Street Dust Bin .................................................................................................................................. 90
3.7.6
Transport of Solid Waste................................................................................................................... 91
3.7.7
Disposal of Solid Waste .................................................................................................................... 92
3.7.8
Example for Design of Compost ....................................................................................................... 94

viii
CHAPTER-4
4.1
RECOMMENDATIONS ON SERVICE DELIVERY STANDARDS95
Service delivery standards
95
4.2
Purpose of setting service delivery standards
95
4.3
Key indicators
95
4.4
Application of water and sanitation standards
95
4.5
How to use the service delivery standards
96
95
4.6 STANDARDS FOR WATER SUPPLY
98
4.6.1
Standard-1:Access, Quantity, Availability and Affordability ........................................................... 98
4.6.2
Standard-2: Water Quality............................................................................................................... 100
4.6.3
Standard 3: Operations and Maintenance........................................................................................ 101
4.6.4
Standard-4: Complaint Redressal.................................................................................................... 101
4.7 STANDARDS FOR VECTOR CONTROL
102
4.7.1
Standard-1: Individual, Family Protection and Chemical Control Safety ....................................... 102
4.7.2
Standard-2: Physical, Environmental and Chemical Protection Measures...................................... 103
4.7.3
Standard-3: Complaint Redressal.................................................................................................... 104
4.8 STANDARDS FOR SEWERAGE
105
4.8.1
Standard-1: Access.......................................................................................................................... 105
4.8.2
Standard-2: Treatment and Disposal ............................................................................................... 105
4.8.3
Standard-3: Operations and Maintenance ....................................................................................... 105
4.8.4
Standard-4: Customer Services and Complaint Redressal .............................................................. 107
4.9 STANDARDS FOR DRAINAGE
107
4.9.1
Standard-1: Access.......................................................................................................................... 107
4.9.2
Standard-2: Treatment and Disposal ............................................................................................... 108
4.9.3
Standard-3: Operations and Maintenance ....................................................................................... 108
4.9.4
Standard-4: Customer Services and Complaint Redressal .............................................................. 109
4.10 STANDARDS FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
109
4.10.1
Standard-1: Storage and Collection ............................................................................................... 109
4.10.2
Standard-2:Transportation ............................................................................................................ 112
4.10.3
Standard-3: Treatment and Disposal.............................................................................................. 113
4.10.4
Standard 4: Emergency Response.................................................................................................. 114
4.10.5
Standard-5: Awareness Campaigns ............................................................................................... 115
4.10.6
Standard-6: Customer Services and Complaint Redressal............................................................. 115
4.11 MONITORING AND EVALUATION FRAMEWORK
117
4.11.1
Monitoring ...................................................................................................................................... 117
4.11.2
Evaluation....................................................................................................................................... 117
ANNEX-1
LIST OF PERSONS CONTACTED.................................................... 119
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 120
ix
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This document reviews the existing service delivery and technical standards in the water
supply and sanitation sector with a view to identify gaps and suggest ways and means to plug these
gaps; while developing new technical standards in view of the higher service delivery standards
being expected both in urban and rural communities in accordance with the international best
practices.
The impediments in the implementation of the existing standards by the Government of
Punjab have also been kept in mind while formulating the new service delivery and technical
standards. Additionally, the recommendations have been made to overcome these impediments.
Furthermore, it has also been kept in mind that the proposed standards are financially viable to be
implemented by the Punjab Government i.e. the cost implications for their implementation are within
the budget outlay for the sector.
Three consultative sessions were held with the following three stakeholders: Public Health
Engineering Department Punjab that is responsible for construction of water supply and sewerage
schemes primarily in the rural areas. In the PLGO 2001 Tehsil Municipal Administrations have been
delegated the municipal functions including water supply and sanitation in the province. In cities,
City District Governments through WASAs are working for providing these facilities. Therefore the
feedback from all the three stakeholders was incorporated in the report. Additionally, one
consultative and brain storming session was held with PHEDs panel of Senior Engineers. Second
such consultative session was held with Director Sewerage WASA Lahore. Similarly, detailed
discussion was held with Executive District Officer (Municipal Services) and District Officer, Solid
Waste Management of the City District Government of Lahore as the subject of Solid Waste
Management is the responsibility of this Department and not that of WASA.
This report covers background and development of technical standards of WSS sector.
Chapter-1 deals with situation analysis of service delivery and the remaining Chapters delineates the
technical standards for water supply, sewerage, drainage liquid and solid waste management, which
are subdivided into different sections. The final part of the report outlines the proposed service
delivery standards for the sub-sectors of WSS.
CHAPTER-1
WATER SUPPLY AND
SITUATION ANALYSIS
1.1
SANITATION
SECTORS
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGs)

Water is essential to human existence. The issue of water quality and its guaranteed
availability to all people regardless of income or social status is one of the most pressing challenges
facing the world community today. Every year, some 3.4 million people, mostly children, die from
diseases associated with inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene. Over half of hospital beds
in the world are filled with people suffering from water borne diseases. Many countries of the region
including Pakistan are already facing water stress. Yet, investments to provide people with safe
drinking water and sanitation facilitations have fallen seriously behind demand. The UN Millennium
summit in 2000 agreed to a set of development targets known as Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs).
The goal 7 of the MDGs (ensure environmental sustainability ) includes to half by 2015 the
proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water, The World Summit on
Sustainable Development (WSSD) held at Johannesburg in 2002 added an additional target of
halving by 2015 the proportion of people who lack access to basic sanitation.
1.2
SITUATION ANALYSIS IN PUNJAB
1.2.1 Drinking Water

Punjabis home to 62% of the countrys total population of 160 million. About 70% of Punjab
population of about 80 million is living in some 30,000 rural settlements.
Although 96% of rural and 98% of the urban population of the province has access to
improved water sources within 2 Km of the household1, it cannot be inferred that water is safe or
that the quantity is adequate. As reported in PIHS 2001-02, only 18% of the total population of
Punjab is covered by tap water (i.e. 50% urban and 5% rural). Of the total 30,000 rural settlements in
Punjab, only about 33% of the population has so far been provided with adequate supply of safe
drinking water through tap-water system. Until recently, the rest of the rural Punjab relied on often
distant sources of unsafe water, such as brackish, polluted/contaminated, scare water, uncovered
wells, rivers, and canals or rain-fed ponds and on an average spends 1/3rd of daily time for women
and children, and 5 percent of their monthly income to purchase water. The bulk of the supply of
water is through hand pumps (88 percent) of which 19 percent have been motorized (PIHS 2001-02).
Punjab MICS 2003-04
As per PLGO 2001, the responsibility of provision of water supply and sanitation services
rests with TMAs and City District Governments. Prior to the promulgation of PLGO 2001, rural
water supply schemes on implementation/commissioning by PHED were handed over to beneficiary
communities through their representative water user Committees. Committees/CBOs for
maintenance and operation while urban water supply and sewerage schemes were required to be
maintained and operated by the concerned urban local council (except in case of 5 large cities
Rawalpindi, Lahore, Multan, Faisalabad and Gujranwala where WASAs exist).
One of the most important indicators in the service delivery of a water supply system is the
average number of hours / day water is supplied to households during a month. The recommended
target for developing countries is 24 hours a day. The situation of drinking water supplied to
households per day as studied by PMDFC in 13 TMAs of Punjab (Ahmed Pur Sial, Attock, Bhalwal,
Chakwal, Chiniot, Daska, Duniapur, Jhelum, Kasur, Liaqatpur, Lodhran, Mailsi and T.T Singh),
during 2006-07, revealed that water was provided on an average of up to 4 hours/day.. In case of
WASA at Rawalpindi the figure is not very high at 5 hours/day whereas at Multan and Faisalabad
the same figure is at 8 hours/day and for Lahore at the highest of 16 hours/day2. It is also noteworthy
that main source of drinking water for Lahore is ground water abstraction through tube wells by
WASA. These tube wells are operated for an average duration of 16 hours to provide water at an
average rate of 80 gpcd. This is the highest figure among the eight Mega cities of Asia including
Karachi, Dhaka, Calcutta, Manila, Bangkok, Jakarta, Seoul and Singapore3.
1.2.2 Sanitation
Access to sanitation at the household level can be measured through the availability and type
of sanitary toilet facilities inside the house. In urban areas of the Punjab, 96 percent of households
have installed flush latrines. In rural areas, less than one third (31 percent) of the households have the
same facilities, while the remaining two thirds have no toilet facilities within the premises of their
houses (PIHS-2002). Furthermore, the coverage of sanitary facilities is reported to be highest in
major cities (98%) and other urban areas (92%) and lowest in rural areas (43%) (MICS-2004).
Waste water disposal outside the houses is another important consideration in sanitation
particularly with regards to environmental degradation and likely water contamination. Less than
half (43%) of Punjabs population has proper waste water disposal facilities (sewerage system
connected with main line, or sewerage connected with open drains or septic tanks), ranging from
95% in major cities to 77% in other urban and 26 % in rural areas ( MICS-2004).
Draft Data Book of Punjab WASAs 2007, (Benchmarking for Performance Improvement in Punjab WASAs)
Environmental Profile of Lahore, by Engr. M.P. Aftab, Vice President NESPAK (2005) published by Pakistan
Engineering Congress, June, 2005.
3
1.2.3 Storm Water Drainage

Storm water drainage has also become a major environmental concern particularly in urban
areas of the province. The situation becomes worse in the monsoon which normally extends from
July to September. It is not only an issue for low lying areas but also for some developed localities.
The situation is exacerbated by dumping of solid waste into drainage system, which is very common.
Except for some of the major cities, where WASAs are in operation, all other cities are without a
storm water drainage system or have under designed or partially combined drainage/sewerage
system. In both the cases, the areas remain un-drained for a considerable time period particularly in
rainy season.
1.2.4 Waste Water Treatment

A greater area of concern is the lack of waste water treatment in almost all the urban areas of
the province which could meet the requirements of national Environmental Quality Standards. With
very few exceptions the problem of safe disposal of domestic and other industrial effluents has not
been addressed anywhere in the Punjab. The ground situation is that bulk of the waste water
(domestic/industrial) is discharged untreated into natural water bodies (streams, canals, rivers,
seepage drains, and other channels) and /or used for irrigation purposes. In view of the prevailing
sanitation situation, the Government of the Punjab, in line with National Sanitation Policy-2007, has
launched a sanitation program to address some of these issues.
1.2.5 Solid Waste Management

The collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste from areas under their territorial
jurisdiction are the legal obligation of the concerned City District Governments in larger cities and
TMAs in case of other areas. In large cities of the province, the solid waste collected from the streets
is taken to a temporary/permanent designated collection points by the sanitary workers of City
District Government or TMA or by privately arranged haulers by means of hand /donkey carts.
These collection points consist of open dumping on the street corners, either in the form of heaps or
open to sky masonry compounds. From the collection points, the waste is carried to the disposal sites
by means of mechanical loaders, dumpers and tractor trolleys. The practice to bring the solid waste
up to the collection points in the intermediate and small cities is almost similar to that of large cities,
but from there on to the disposal sites, only tractor trolleys are available to be utilized. Disposal is
done by dumping, primarily on flood plains, in low lying areas and into ponds causing pollution of
surface and subsoil water.
Only 15 % of solid waste produced in
SOLID WASTE COLLECITON AND
the province is properly disposed of i.e.
DISPOSAL IN LAHORE
collected by any municipal institution, and

disposed of by solid waste management
department or a private company vehicle from
homes. The percentage ranges from 66% in
major cities to 33% in other urban areas and
only 1% in rural settlements4.
A majority of hospitals, both in the
public and the private sector in the Punjab
Average per capita solid waste generation in Lahore

city ranges between 0.50 to 0.55 kg/day. On this
basis it is estimated that 3200 Ton/day of solid waste
is generated. The existing solid waste collection
system is not very effective and some of the solid
waste generated in the city finds its way into open
drains, sewers, streets or in open areas. It is estimated
that only 70% of the solid waste is collected. The
City District Government intends to adopt
composite method of solid waste disposal at
Mehmood Booti Land fill site.
Source:(Engineering News Pakistan Engineering Congress, June 2005)
dispose of their solid waste improperly.

According to doctors, the conventional method of disposal of hospital waste is dangerous for the
public as well as those engaged in its disposal. Although The Hospital Management Rules were
introduced in the year 2005, but unfortunately these could not be effectively implemented. Under
these Rules, yellow-bagged waste shall be disposed of after burning by burial in a land fill or through
any other method approved by the Federal or Provincial agencies concerned. The Rules, further say
that radioactive waste shall either be disposed of in a land fill site or incinerated. The Provincial
Government in collaboration with Federal Government is in the process of installation of incinerators
in 19 district headquarters hospitals of the Province.
MICS, 2003-04
1.3 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SECTORS IN HISTORICAL

PERSPECTIVE
1.3.1 Drinking Water
Right from the beginning of mankind on earth water is an important issue for survival of the
human race. In primitive times water for drinking purpose, bathing, clothing and washing was taken
from e natural sources such as rivers, streams and springs. Throughout the history of mankind the
main sources for drinking have been as under:a)
Rivers, streams/ponds and springs
b)
Open Wells
The open wells were long used as a source for drinking water. Even today we find a lot of
villages in the province that have one or two open wells that provide safe drinking water to the
villagers .
c)
Pacca Wells
The Dug Wells, as the Kaccha Wells were generally known, were prone to collapse over time
and the supply of water would thus get suspended till the obstruction was removed. The alternative
used for averting this problem in wells was use of stone masonry and then brick masonry. With the
passage of time and with the increase in prosperity amongst the people, it allowed them to construct
pacca wells with bricks to the desired depth of water. In some of places in Punjab this practice is still
in vogue.
d)
Hand Pumps
In the 18th century, with the help of Boring Machines, boring was carried out in the ground
and using filter and pipe water was pumped out by what were called hand pumps.
e)
Tube wells
The water extracted from deep aquifers is free from pollution. Therefore, with the help of
boring rigs, deep tube wells are being installed almost everywhere in Punjab. Normally, the water
pumped out from deep ground water aquifers, when tested chemically and bacteriologically is found
fit for drinking purposes by humans.
f)
Ground Water Tanks

Tube wells draw water from the underground water aquifers. In order to use it efficiently, the
water pumped out is stored in ground tanks slightly raised from ground surface. One or preferably
more than one water taps are installed with the ground tank for using the water.
g)
Water through Battery of Taps

An alternate to the ground tanks is the installation of a battery of taps on a bigger diameter
pipe and placing these at suitable places preferably scattered all over the community for even benefit
to all the community.
h)
Water Stand Posts

This service is similar to the previous service with a difference that taps are installed at the
corners, center and other suitable places of the streets.
The drawback of this service is that
considerable quantity of water is wasted and nobody takes responsibility for the repair of the
damaged taps.
i)
Piped Water Supply

In this mode of service delivery, pipes are laid from the tube well or other water source to the
doorsteps, and a connection is made with the house of the end-user. The user can provide further
connections for water utilization in kitchen, bathroom and courtyard according to requirements.
j)
Water Supply through Overhead Reservoir
In this system water extracted from tube well or other source is first pumped into overhead reservoir,
and then through the main pipe it is distributed to the doorstep.
1.3.2 Waste Water

With the passage of time and with increased usage of water the need for proper disposal of
wastewater was felt.
The following ways have been used from time to time to dispose of waste
water:a)
Disposal of Waste Water into Pits

A pit is constructed in every household for disposal of waste water.
b)
Disposal through Drains

As the usage of water increased with a consequent increase in wastewater, disposal through
pits no longer remained a viable option. Therefore, disposal to drains was initiated i.e. throwaway of
used water.
c)
Waste Water Disposal through Ponds

The e waste water was collected at one common place, in the community at one side, or two
or more ponds depending upon the slope and the topography of the area.
d)
Disposal through Closed Drains

Open drains are still used in most part of the Punjab to dispose of wastewater. However as
these drains were a potential source of diseases, so they were covered. Now it is difficult to clean
covered drains.
e)
Waste Water Disposal through Pipes

i.
Clay Pipes
The problem of open drains was initially solved by placing clay pipes, but these were
not strong enough to withstand the load of the traffic passing over them with normal earth
cover.
ii.
Stone/Brick Masonry Sewers

Some of the old ducts and sewers of brick masonry are still working in central parts of
Lahore.
iii.
Cement/Concrete Pipes
To increase the strength of pipes concrete was used for their preparation.
iv.
Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) Pipes

These pipes are manufactured with cement, sand crush stone and steel. These pipes
are most economical and are being used in sewers throughout the world including Pakistan.
1.3.3 Drainage
Drainage is considered to be an important area of sanitation. In our local context drainage
means house drains and street drains used for the disposal of wastewater out of the house and further
out of the community. Its other major usage is for disposal of storm water from the roofs, courtyards
and streets, during and after rains. Various types of drainage used are briefly described as under:a)
Waste Water Drains

In cities waste water is disposed of into the sewers from kitchens, and bathrooms; however in
rural areas where there are no sewers, drains are constructed to take this water away from the
community.
b)
Storm Water Drains

These wastewater drains also act as storm water drains in the rural areas during rains. The
sewers are normally designed as combined sewers in our country for cost and other consideration. In
urban areas where the sewers do not have the capacity to accommodate the whole of the rainwater,
storm water drains are also provided separately.
Storm water Drainage in Southern Punjab

In Southern Punjab the intensity of rainfall is less and hence the sewers are designed
with a provision to carry rainwater as well as sewer.
Storm water Drainage in Northern Punjab

In the Northern Punjab the intensity of rainfall and duration of rainfall is more;
therefore it is not possible to design the sewers with full provision to carry rain water and
sewer. A part of the storm water, which is normally 50% of the dry weather flow, is taken
into account for the design of Combine Sewer. The rest of the water is disposed of through
storm water drains.
1.3.4 Waste Water Treatment

The treatment of wastewater started from the initial rudimentary system of collecting
wastewater in a nearby pit. The water in the pit seeped into the ground and some of it evaporated.
However, with the passage of time wastewater was collected in a pond outside the community. This
pond was a natural oxidation pond, a system for treatment of wastewater when the availability of
land was not a problem. The following types of treatment options have been practiced:a)
Septic Tanks
These are used in semi-urban areas or in isolated buildings where complete treatment is not
feasible. The septic tank combines two processes: sedimentation takes place in the upper portion of
the tank and accumulated sludge undergoes anaerobic decomposition. The effluent coming out from
a septic tank is further treated before disposal.
b)
Oxidation Ponds
In shallow ponds with a depth of 4-5 feet, the sun rays penetrate into the water and with the
help of surface wind which is a source of oxygen, biodegrade the organic matter and the bacteria,
releasing oxygen.
c)
Waste Stabilization Ponds

Actually it is a pond (treatment unit) in which waste water is allowed to stand for some time
so that it is converted into effluent that meets the quality standards notified for the final disposal of
waste water or its reuse for some useful purpose.
i.
Anaerobic Ponds
Wastewater enters in one pond and leaves that pond in diagonally opposite direction, in order
to increase the path of the settling particles to enter the second pond. An arrangement is made
for inlet of water without disturbance to the water already in the pond. This first pond is
called an anaerobic pond. Basically, it is a wastewater pond, which does not have dissolved
oxygen and anaerobic bacteria break down the organic matter in the wastewater.
ii.
Facultative Ponds
These ponds are of two types: primary facultative ponds receive raw wastewater, and
secondary facultative ponds receive the settled wastewater from the first stage (usually the
effluent from anaerobic ponds). Facultative ponds are designed for BOD5 removal on the
basis of a low organic surface load to permit the development of an active algal population.
iii.
Maturation Ponds
These ponds receive the effluent from a facultative pond and its size and number depend on
the required bacteriological quality of the final effluent. Maturation ponds are shallow (1.01.5 m) and show less vertical stratification, and their entire volume is well oxygenated
throughout the day.
iv.
Oxidation Ditches
This method of treatment of wastewater is suitable for giving complete treatment to sewage
coming from a small community. The main units are long, narrow channels having length
from 150 to 1000 m with width of 2 to 5 m and depth of 2 to 4 m. Air is given to the
wastewater with the help of rotators. After a period of about 12 to 15 hours the rotators are
stopped and supernatant effluent is taken away for further processing. The main advantage of
this system is that its cost is almost less than one third of the conventional system and space
required for it is also less than one tenth of that required for the Oxidation Ponds.
d)
Trickling filters
A trickling filter is a bed of crushed stones, gravel or slag of large size; to which settled
sewage is applied on the surface. The applied sewage trickles down forming a thin zoological film
over the surface of the filtering media. Both suspended and dissolved solids come in contact with this
film. In aerobic conditions it results in the reduction of BOD,. ammonia and organic nitrogen etc. . In
warm climate the efficiency of this process is greater and hence the removal of BOD is higher. The
BOD removal to the extent of 75 to 90 per cent is achieved in this process.
e)
Activated Sludge Process:In this method the sludge, by aeration and agitation becomes flocculent and accumulates a
bulk of aerobic bacteria. When this activated sludge is added to the sewage and mixture is agitated in
10
the presence of oxygen for a considerable time and the liquor is allowed to settle, the clear liquid is
effluent. This is a secondary or biological treatment process and may be used in place of trickling
filters.
The advantage of activated sludge process is that its initial cost is less than trickling filters.
Smaller area of land is required. The effluent is clear and free from odor. It gives freedom from fly
nuisance. Its results are very good. It gives very high efficiency. There is over 90 per cent removal of
BOD and total solids. The disadvantages are that its operational cost is very high; and the process is
very sensitive and requires the presence of a skilled attendant.
f)
Disinfection of Wastewater
Final treatment focuses on removal of disease-causing organisms from wastewater. Treated
wastewater can be disinfected by adding chlorine or by using ultraviolet light. Treatment systems
often add a chlorine-neutralizing chemical to the treated wastewater before stream discharge.
The purpose of disinfection is to substantially reduce the number of microorganisms in the
water to be discharged back into the environment. The effectiveness of disinfection depends on the
quality of the water being treated (e.g., cloudiness, pH, etc.), the type of disinfection being used, the
disinfectant dosage (concentration and time), and other environmental variables. Cloudy water will
be treated less successfully since solid matter can shield organisms, especially from ultraviolet light
or if contact times are low. Generally, short contact times, low doses and high flows all militate
against effective disinfection.
Ultraviolet (UV) light can be used instead of chlorine, iodine, or other chemicals and as no
chemicals are used, the treated water's taste is more natural and pure as compared to other methods.
UV radiation causes damage to the genetic structure of bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens,
making them incapable of reproduction. The key disadvantages of UV disinfection are the need for
frequent lamp maintenance and replacement and the need for a highly treated effluent to ensure that
the target microorganisms are not shielded from the UV radiation. Advanced treatment is necessary
in some treatment systems to remove nutrients from wastewater. Chemicals are sometimes added
during the treatment process to help settle out or strip out phosphorus or nitrogen. Some examples of
nutrient removal systems include coagulant addition for phosphorus removal and air stripping for
ammonia removal.
Wastewater treatment processes require careful management to ensure the protection of the
water body that receives the discharge. Trained and certified treatment plant operators measure and
monitor the incoming sewage, the treatment process and the final effluent.
11
1.3.5 Solid Waste Management

The waste produced by a society can be categorized in many ways. Solid waste is generally
made up of objects or particles that accumulate on the site where they are produced. Solid waste can
be divided into the following categories:a)
Municipal Waste
Municipal solid waste consists of all the material that people in a region no longer want
because they are broken, spoiled, or have no further use. It includes waste from household,
commercial areas and institutions etc.
b)
Industrial Waste
It is the waste from industries. This waste may be of different types depending upon the kind
of industry and this waste may also have different chemicals in it.
c)
Hazardous Waste
Hazardous wastes are those that can cause harm to human beings or the environment. The
definition of hazardous wastes varies from one country to another. One of the most widely used
definitions is as follows: the waste that cause or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality or
an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible, illness; or pose a substantial present
or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported,
disposed of, or otherwise managed.
Incineration can be used to destroy a variety of wastes. A hazardous waste incinerator can be
used to burn organic wastes but it is unable to destroy inorganic wastes up to 99.99 per cent. The
relatively high cost of incineration compared with landfill and concerns for the safety of the
surrounding areas in case of accidents have kept incineration from becoming a major method of
treatment or disposal.
After treatment any remaining hazardous wastes are typically disposed of on land by burying
into the land.
The hazardous waste can be classified into two broad categories:
i.
Hospital Waste
It is waste from medical complexes, dispensaries, and hospitals and it typically
consists of material from operation theaters, used syringes, blood and blood soaked clothes
etc. This waste contains pathogenic bacteria and it should not be mixed with other household
waste.
ii.
Nuclear Waste
12
It is the most dangerous waste coming out from nuclear reactors and medical
institutions dealing in nuclear medicine. This waste is to be disposed of very carefully
otherwise it can be very harmful for living things.
1.3.5.1 Composition of Solid waste
In Pakistan the average quantity of solid waste produced per capita per day is 0.5, while in
big Indian cities like Calcutta it may be 0.75kg/capita/day. The average composition of solid waste
produced in Pakistan by weight is reported as:
Fine dust
28 %
Cinder
26 %
Ash
15 %
Cans and tins
4%
Putrescible matter
14 %
Glass and crockery
3%
Rag
2%
Bone
1%
Miscellaneous matter
7%
1.3.5.2 Collection and Storage of Solid Waste
The separation of solid waste at the source facilitates the disposal but increases the cost of
collection because special equipment and workers are necessary to collect each type of material. The
period after which the solid waste is collected from the house is called frequency. The frequency of
collection of solid waste mainly depends on the quantity of the solid waste and time of the year.
Efficient and satisfactory collection may be undertaken by planning the collection system and routes,
training labour and maintaining equipment. The frequency of collection is decided carefully to avoid
nuisance from odor and fly breeding. In posh areas and business centers the solid waste should be
collected daily except holiday. Any irregularity in collection service contributes to the nuisance and
hazard, which result in poor sanitary conditions. The collection in the cities should be done during
the regular working day. In business centers, collection at night is most convenient.
13
1.3.5.3 Transportation of Solid Waste

In selecting vehicles, the most important considerations are the size of the vehicle, loading
height, type of solid waste kerb or carry-out pick-up service, and manpower needed for its operation
etc. The equipment should be provided with suitable covers to prevent the exposure of the contents.
The commonly used vehicles are side loaded or rear loading type. It should be ensured that they
vehicle is watertight.
A team should consist of even number of loaders. Smaller teams are required for collection of
solid waste from the houses. A single driver, loader team is sufficient for especially designed trucks,
where the truck performs most of the functions by itself and there is minimum requirement for
intervention by the loader.
The route to the disposal site should be selected such that the distance hauled by the fully
loaded vehicle should be as short as possible. After collecting information about number of houses to
be visited, time required to serve various portions of the route, capacity of the truck, etc adjustment
is made for economical use of labour and equipment.
In small and medium cities of Punjab, the solid waste is collected and disposed of at the
disposal sites directly. In big cities the disposal site is usually too far and the cost of haulage by one
truck from the place of collection to the disposal site is too much and also not practicable. In such
cases, first the solid waste is collected at some suitable intermediate places and some of the activities
like separation and segregation of material is carried out. The recyclable material is sent to the
factories as raw material. The solid waste remaining is transported to its final place of disposal.
The separation of solid waste is absolutely essential. From primary screen the dust is
removed by a fine mesh and the clean cinder is removed using a garbage extractor. A magnetic
separator or a magnetic pulley then separates the iron metals. Other useable material such as glass,
paper, rags, metals, etc may be separated at the picking belt. The remaining solid waste may then be
discharged into an incinerator or into a loading hopper to transport to the landfill site or for
composting
1.3.5.4 Disposal of Solid Waste
The solid waste may be disposed of by various methods such as under:a)
Sanitary Landfill
For sanitary land filling, a trench is excavated; the solid waste is filled up to a depth of 2-3
meters, and then compacted by bulldozers. The microorganisms naturally present slowly decompose
the organic matter into carbon dioxide and water. In addition to that methane gas is lost to the
atmosphere. The sanitary land filling is a simple, effective and cheap method of solid waste disposal.
14
The land area required for a landfill is normally 2.55.0 hector per year for a population of
100,000 persons. The method is very suitable for rural communities, hotels and camps etc.
b)
Composting
Composting is very similar to the sanitary land filling. The decomposable organic matter is
composted to produce a stable material, which may be used as manure for growing crops. The
composted material is dark and stable humus with some fertilizer value. There are two main
methods of composting i.e. open window composting and mechanical composting. The first process
takes 6-10 weeks while the second method takes 3-6 days.
c)
Incineration
This is the most scientific method of disposal of combustible solid waste. In this process
bacteria are destroyed and the non-combustible ashes, metals, etc, are created, which may cause
some minor sanitation problems. The incinerators may produce heat due to combustion, which may
be sold.
In the incinerator the chimney exhausts the gases into the atmosphere. The height of the
chimney should be such that adequate diffusion with air takes place, and the fly ash problem is also
minimized. For best results, smoke should be to a minimum and the ash should be removed at
regular intervals.
15
CHAPTER-2
DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
This chapter contains review of existing technical standards for water supply sector followed
in Punjab with modifications proposed to meet the current and future requirements. The review and
proposed refinements are based on detailed scrutiny of the service delivery and technical standards
followed by national and international agencies, and the group discussions held with the technical
personnel of provincial government line departments and recommendations made during such
consultative sessions.
2.1
DRINKING WATER QUALITY GLOBAL PICTURE AND BASIC

REQUIREMENTS
2.1.1 Global Picture

Surface of the Earth is composed of 29% land and 71% water. Total water on the Earth is
measured at 1400 Million
Km3. Of this, about 97 %
Distribution of global fresh water
lies in oceans and the

remaining 3% forms ice
caps and surface and
Ground
Water
30%
Rivers &
Lakes
0.30%
Others
0.70%
3% Fresh
Water on Earth
groundwater. Practically
speaking all the usable
Ice Caps
69%
surface and groundwater

only
comprises
about
97% Oceans
0.5% of the total water on

the Earth - excluding the
water trapped in the ice
caps.
2.1.2 Basic Requirements for Drinking Water Quality

The water when it falls as rainfall
is H2O in its pure form and free of any salts or
contaminants. However, as it moves on the Earth surface it dissolves other elements both useful and
harmful. Therefore, the available drinking water may also contain physical, chemical bacteriological
or radiological contaminants with harmful effects on human health.
Quality of drinking water plays a pivotal role in the selection, design and implementation of
water supply schemes both for urban and rural areas.
In order to determine if the water is fit for
16
drinking purposes testing, not only, for colour, taste, odour, quantity of total dissolved solids but also
tests for bacterial contamination and pollution are to be carried out.
In the Punjab, more than 90 % of drinking water is obtained from groundwater based sources
such as tube wells, open wells, hand pumps, infiltration galleries, etc. Contrary to general perception,
deep ground water is not necessarily always free of bacterial contaminants and hence the
concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) in parts per million (PPM) is considered an
important factor for determination if the water is fit for drinking. Under WHO guidelines water with
dissolved solids less than 500 PPM is considered safe for human consumption. However, these limits
are relaxed to include up to 1000 PPM and even 1500 PPM depending upon the local field
conditions, the type of solutes (cations and anions) in the water and the resistance developed by the
local inhabitants. For example, presence of Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) in water creates no
problem as they are relatively human friendly as compared to Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg)
which generally have a laxative effect, and their presence in water is not desirable.
The major cations in water are Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium and Potassium whereas the
major anions present in water are Bi-Carbonate, Carbonate, Sulfate and Chloride. These major
cations and anions are found in about 99% of water around us and provide basic characteristics to
water making it suitable or otherwise for drinking, agricultural and industrial purposes. On the other
hand, the remaining around 1 % solutes and contaminants (human friendly and even with medicinal
effect when within permissible limits) also play a very important role in determining the suitability
or otherwise of water for drinking purposes.
Likely effects of various contaminants on the quality of water and human health are given in
Table 2.1:
17
Table 2.1
Effect of Various Contaminants on Water Quality and Human Health
Effect under Normal and Excessive Concentration on Health
Substance
When present within
When in Excess
Permissible Limits
Calcium
Human friendly / healthy bones
Heart burning, Skin warts
Magnesium
Medicinal
Laxative effect, stomach problems
Chloride
No significant effect
Imparts salty taste in water
Sulphate
Noticeable taste
Laxative effect
Nitrate Nitrite
No effect
Blue baby syndrome (infantile

methaemoglobinaemia), indicator of
pollution
Fluoride
Helps protection against dental

cavities (human friendly)
Bone deformation, children get

mottled teeth
Arsenic
Poison, skin cancer, circulatory

system problems
Lead
Toxic effect on nervous system

(delays mental growth in children)
Chromium
Allergic dermatitis, may cause lung

cancer
Iron
No noticeable effect
Cadmium
May cause stains laundry and

plumbing fixtures
Kidney damage, carcinogenic
Cyanide
Nerve damage, thyroid problems
Coli forms
Indicators of harmful bacteria.
2.2
PRESENT WATER QUALITY SITUATION

The PCRWR, in 2004, as part of its National Water Quality Monitoring Programme,
analyzed water samples taken from 163 drinking water sources in 11 cities of Punjab i.e.
Bahawalpur, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Kasur, Lahore, Multan, Rawalpindi, Sargodha,
18
Sheikhupura and Sialkot. Of these samples, 90% were sourced from tube wells alone. The study
revealed that:
B
Most of the water quality parameters were beyond permissible limits; and
Highest percentage of unsafe water sources was observed in Kasur, Lahore, Multan,
Sargodha and Sheikhupura, where none of the source was found safe either due to
bacteriological or chemical contamination.
The quality of drinking water and its monitoring is therefore of prime concern to the end
users and the people responsible for managing delivery of drinking water to the public. The three
WASAs i.e. at Lahore, Rawalpindi and Faisalabad and the three PHED testing laboratories, one at
the provincial headquarters Lahore, and remaining two regional laboratories at Rawalpindi and
Multan have mostly been engaged in analyzing water samples for developing drinking water sources
for public water supplies in rural and urban areas, and regular monitoring of water quality was hardly
ever done. In the year 2006-07, the Provincial Government of the Punjab started setting up water
testing laboratories at each district to enhance water testing and monitoring capabilities.
2.3
EXISTING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
2.3.1 PSQCA Drinking Water Standards

There are no national drinking water standards as yet uniformly enforced in the country. The
drinking water standards, however, published by the Federally Administered PSQCA are given in
Table No.2.2. These standards are mostly in line with the WHO guidelines for drinking water (1984).
Table - 2.2
PSQCA Drinking Water Quality Standards
Maximum Concentration
No.
Characteristics
Unit
Acceptable
Allowable
a. Physical Requirements
1
Turbidity
NTU
25
Colour
TCU
50
Taste & Odour
pH
7.0-8.5
6.5 - 9.2
Unobjectionable
b. Chemical Requirements
1
mg/l
1000
1500
Chloride
mg/l
200
600
19
Maximum Concentration
No.
Characteristics
Unit
Acceptable
Allowable
Sulfate
mg/l
200
400
Nitrate (NO3)
mg/l
10
Total Hardness (CaCO3)
mg/l
20
500
Nitrite (NO2)
mg/l
Nil
Nil
Total Ammonia
mg/l
0.1
0.5
Hydrogen Sulfide
mg/l
Unobjectionable odour
Fluoride
mg/l
1.5
10
Iron
mg/l
0.3
1.0
11
Zinc
mg/l
15
12
Manganese
mg/l
0.5
13
Copper
mg/l
1.5
14
Calcium
mg/l
75
200
15
Magnesium
mg/l
50
150
16
Alkyl Benzyl Sulfates
mg/l
0.5
c. Limits of Toxic Substances

1
Arsenic
mg/l
0.01
Cadmium
mg/l
0.003
Chromium
mg/l
0.05
Cyanide
mg/l
0.07
Lead
mg/l
0.01
Selenium
mg/l
0.01
d. Limits for Bacteriological Contaminants

Acceptable Bacterial standards for potable water supplies
1
Escherichia Coli
0 / 250 ml
Total Coliform
0 / 250 ml
Enterococci
0 / 250 ml
Pseudomonas acsuginose
0 / 250 ml
Source: Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources
20
2.3.2 PHED Water Quality Standards
The Punjab PHED Design Criteria notified by the provincial government in the year 1998,
contains some 18 water quality parameters. they are indicated in Table No.2.3 and most of them
relate to aesthetic quality and are nearly equivalent to the WHO drinking water standards (1971).
Table - 2.3
PHED WATER QUALITY STANDARDS 1998
Sr. No.
Substance or Characteristics
1.
Colour
Highest Desirable
Level
5 Units*
2.
Odour
Unobjectionable
Unobjectionable
3.
Taste
Unobjectionable
Unobjectionable
4.
Turbidity
5 units**
5 units**
5.
Total Solids
500 mg/l
1500 mg/l
6.
pH range
7.0 to 8.5
6.5 to 9.2
7.
Anionic detergents
0.2 mg/l
1.0 mg/l
8.
Mineral oil
0.01 mg/l
0.30 mg/l
9.
Copper (as CU)
0.05 mg/l
1.50 mg/l
10.
Iron (as Fe)
0.1 mg/l
1.0 mg/l
11.
Magnesium (as Mg)
30 mg/l
150 mg/l
12.
Manganese (Mn)
0.05 mg/l
0.50 mg/l
13.
Sulphate (SO4)
200 mg/l
400 mg/l
14.
Zinc (Zn)
5.0 mg/l
15 mg/l
15.
Phenolic Compounds
0.001 mg/l
0.002 mg/l
16.
Total Hardness
100 mg/l CaCO3
500 mg/l CaCO3
17.
Calcium (as Ca)
75 mg/l
200 mg/l
18.
Chloride (as Cl)
200 mg/l
600 mg/l
Platinum cobalt scale
**
Maximum
Permissible Level
50 Units*
Jackson Turbidity Units
The above drinking water standards notified in the province are silent on the limits for
bacteriological contaminants, limits of toxic substances and the water quality monitoring aspects.
The most common and widespread health risk associated with drinking water is microbial
contamination and its control must always be of paramount importance because microbial
contamination of major urban supplies has the potential to cause large out breaks of waterborne
21
diseases. The PHED claims to follow WHO standards as far as bacteriological contamination is
concerned. These bacteriological standards for drinking water are mentioned below:
Bacteriological Standards for Drinking Water
In 95% of samples examined throughout a year, coliform organism should be absent

in 100 ml of sample.
No sample should contain more than 10 coliform organisms per 100 ml in the
remaining 5% samples.
No sample should contain E-Coli (Escherachia Coliform) in 100 ml sample.
Coliform organisms should not be detectable in 100 ml of any two consecutive

samples.
22
2.4
REVIEW OF EXISTING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

In establishing and monitoring drinking water quality standards one should have the
knowledge of health risks that are associated with varying concentration of the contaminating
substance in drinking water. A review of some important water quality parameters is given below:
2.4.1 Colour
The colour of drinking water is usually due to the presence of coloured organic matter
associated with the humus fraction of soil. Colour is strongly influenced by the presence of iron and
other metals, either as natural impurities or as
COLOUR
corrosion products. It may also result from the

contamination of the water source with industrial
Standards
effluents and may be the first indication of a
USEPA
<15 TCU
India
5 TCU (Acceptable)
hazardous situation. The source of colour in a

water supply should be investigated, particularly
if a substantial change takes place.
Colours above 15 TCU (true colour units)
25 TCU (Marginal)
PSQCA
can be detected in a glass of water by most
5 TCU (Max. acceptable)

50 TCU (Max Allowable)
people. Colours below 15 TCU are usually

acceptable to consumers, but acceptability may
PHED
vary according to local circumstances. As per
5 * Units (highest desirable)

50 Units (Max permissible)
PHED standards the highest desirable level has

* Platinum Cobalt scale
been adopted as 5 TCU and the maximum

permissible level is 50 TCU. The WHO
Guidelines (2004) have not specified any health based guideline value for drinking water. However,
in the WHO Guidelines published in 1984, as i.e. the first edition of the Guidelines for Drinking
Water Quality the standard has been indicated as 5 TCU (desirable value) and 50 TCU as the
maximum permissible value. In the neighboring country India a value of 5 TUC (acceptable) and 25
TUC (marginal) is followed as standard for colour of drinking water.
2.4.2 Taste and odour

Taste and odour originate from natural and biological sources or processes (e.g., aquatic
microorganisms), from contamination by chemicals, or as a by-product of water treatment (e.g.,
chlorination). Taste and odour may also develop during storage and distribution.
Taste and odour in drinking water may be indicative of some form of pollution or of some
malfunction during water treatment or distribution. The cause of changes in tastes and odours of
23
drinking water should be investigated and appropriate health authorities need to be consulted,
particularly if there is a sudden or substantial change. Any unusual taste or odour might be an
indication of the presence of potentially harmful substances.
The taste and odour of drinking water should not be offensive to the consumer. However,
there is an enormous variation in the level and quality of taste and odour that are regarded as
acceptable. As per PHED criteria of 1998, the standard of colour is that it must be unobjectionable.
This is in line with WHO Drinking Water Quality Standards 1971. No health-based guideline value
for taste and odour is recommended in WHO Guidelines, 2004.
2.4.3 Turbidity
TURBIDITY
Turbidity in drinking water is caused

by the presence of suspended or colloidal
matter like clay, silt, organic particles and
Standards
USEPA
5 NTU
India
2.5 NTU (Acceptable)
other microscopic organisms. The appearance

of water with a turbidity of less than 5 NTU is
usually acceptable to consumers.
10 NTU (Marginal)
High levels of turbidity can protect

microorganisms
disinfection and
from
can
the
effects
stimulate
PSQCA
NTU
(Max.
Acceptable)
25 NTU (Max. allowable)
of
bacterial
PHED
5 JTU
growth. The existing standard of turbidity

followed in the province as per PHED criteria 1998 is 5JTU. This is in line with the WHO Drinking
Water Quality Standards (1971) for water turbidity. The WHO has, however, not indicated any
guideline value for turbidity in WHOs Drinking Water Guidelines 2004. The USEPA is using a
standard of 5 NTU. A marginal value of turbidity level i.e. from 2.5 to 10 NTU is being followed in
India.
2.4.4 pH
Although pH usually has no direct impact on consumers, it is one of the most important
operational water quality parameters. Careful attention to pH control is necessary at all stages of
water treatment to ensure satisfactory water clarification and disinfection. For effective disinfection
with chlorine, the pH should preferably be less than 8. The pH of the water entering the distribution
system must be controlled to minimize the corrosion of water mains and pipes in household water
systems. Failure to do so can result in the contamination of drinking water and can have adverse
effects on its tastes, odour, and appearance.
24
The optimum pH required of water will vary in different supplies according to the
composition of the water and the nature of the construction materials used in the distribution system,
but it is often in the range 6.5 8.5. Extreme values of pH can result from accidental spills, and
treatment breakdown. Highest desirable and maximum permissible values of pH i.e. 7.0 to 8.5 and
6.5 to 9.2 respectively are the existing standards of pH published in PHED Design Criteria, 1998.
The ISO has also published the same values. These standards are same as the WHOs Drinking Water
Quality Standards 1984.
2.4.5. Hardness
Traditionally, hardness is a measure of
HARDNESS
capacity of water to react with soap. Hardness

is
predominantly
due
to
calcium
and
magnesium, although strontium, barium &
Standards
USEPA
nd
Japan
100 mg/l - 500 mg/l
India
200 mg/l (Acceptable)
other poly valent irons may also contribute to

it. Hardness is commonly expressed as
milligram of calcium carbonate equivalent per
liter.
600 mg/l (Marginal)
Public acceptability of the degree of

hardness of water may vary considerably from
one community to another. In some instances,
PSQCA :
20 mg/l - 50 mg/l
PHED
100 mg/l - 500 mg/l
water hardness in excess of 500 mg/l is

tolerated by consumers although it may cause problems of incrustation on utensils. The existing
standard of total hardness, as per PHED Design Criteria 1998 ranges from 100 mg/l to 500 mg/l as
CaCO3 . The standard of total hardness i.e. 100 mg/l as CaCO3 (maximum desirable level) was
retained as guideline value by WHO in Drinking Water Quality Guidelines (1984) till the publishing
of WHOs Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 2004, in which no guideline of hardness has been
given.
25
2.4.6 Total Dissolved Solids

The total dissolved solids (TDS) in water comprise inorganic salts. The principal ions contributing to
TDS
TDS are carbonates, bicarbonates, chloride,

sulfate, nitrate, sodium, potassium, calcium
Standards
and magnesium. Total dissolved solids

influence other properties and tendency to
incrustation.
They
are
generally
not
removed in conventional water treatment
USEPA
1000 mg/l
Japan
<1000 mg/l
China
500 mg/l
India
500 mg/l (Acceptable)
plants. They may e originate from natural

sources, municipal waste waters, urban
runoff, industrial waste discharges or natural
1500 mg/l (Marginal)
leaching process. The existing standards of

TDS published in PHED Design Criteria,
PSQCA
1000 mg/l (Max Acceptable)

1500 mg/l (Max. Allowable)
1998 are in line with WHO Drinking Water

Standard 1971. The WHO adopted a TDS
PHED
500 mg/l (Highest desirable)

1500 mg/l (Max Permissible)
concentration of 1000 mg/l in its Guidelines
published in 1984. The WHO had not defined any guideline value for TDS in its drinking water
Guidelines, 2004. It has been observed that increase in TDS beyond 1500 mg/l gives rise to taste
objectionable to the consumers. However, in exceptional situations the standards may be relaxed in
areas of acute water shortage having no alternate dependable water source meeting minimum water
quality standards provided there are no potential health risks involved and the end users are also
willing to accept the relaxed level of service delivery.
2.4.7 Nitrates & Nitrites

The nitrate & nitrite are considered
NITRATES AND NITRITES
together because of their conversion from one

form to the other in the natural environment.
Nitrates Nitrites
Standards
The health effects of nitrate are generally as a

result of its conversion to nitrite in the human
body. Their concentrations in water are
expressed
as
mg/l,
for
(NO3)
(NO2)
USEPA
10 mg/l
1.0 mg/l
Japan
<5 mg/l
Canada
45 mg/l
3.20 mg/l
India
45 mg/l
PSQCA
10 mg/l
PHED
Not defined
Nitrate-Nitrogen
(Nitrate-N) and Nitrite-Nitrogen (Nitrite-N)

Nitrates are present in soil, most subsoil waters and in plants & vegetables;
however the levels of nitrates in polluted
water are invariably much higher than the
26
levels of nitrites..
It is well know that nitrates ingested in the human body are absorbed in the upper
gastrointestinal tract and converted into nitrites by the intestinal bacteria. This is relatively more
likely to happen in infants. The Nitrite reacts with hemoglobin (red blood cells containing ferrous)
and produces methaemoglobin (blood containing ferric ions), which has very low affinity for
oxygen. This condition of human body is called Cyanosis in which the colour of infant babies
becomes blue. This is known as Infantile Methaemoglobinaemia, and can also cause death if the
condition persists for a long period. For nitrates (NO3) and nitrites (NO2) guideline values of 50 mg/l
and 3 mg/l have respectively been given by WHO in 2004; however PHED has not defined any
standard for concentration of nitrates and nitrites in drinking water.
2.4.8 Fluoride
FLUORIDES
Higher concentration of fluorides is often

associated with ground water sources
Standards
located in areas with fluorides-bearing
USEPA
<4.0 mg/l
lithology. Fluorides are used in the
Singapore
<2.0 mg/l
Japan
<1.50 mg/l
India
1.0 mg/l (Acceptable)
aluminum industry, pharmaceutical and

ceramics products and also in fertilizers.
Owing to industrial activity involving so
1.5 mg/l (Marginal)
many fluorine containing substances, there

PSQCA
is
environmental
contamination
with
fluoride. The presence of fluoride in
1.5 mg/l (Max

Allowable)
PHED
drinking water up to a concentration level

of 1.0 mg/l helps protection against dental cavities, but with increased level of fluoride
concentration i.e. 1.5 to 2.0 mg/l mottling may sometimes occur even to an
objectionable degree. Bone deformities / Fluorosis have been observed in persons
when found drinking water containing 3.0 to 6.0 mg/l of fluoride. It has been accepted
that 1 mg/l is a safe level of fluoride concentration in relation to fluoridation of water
supplies. The PHED has not published standard for fluoride.
27
2.4.9 Chloride
CHLORIDE
High concentrations of chloride give an

undesirable taste to water. The taste thresholds for
Standards
USEPA
: 250 mg/l
300 mg/l for sodium, potassium, and calcium
China
: 250 mg/l
chloride. The consumers can become accustomed
Japan
: <350 mg/l
to chloride concentrations in excess of 250 mg/l.
India
: 200 mg/l (Acceptable),

600 mg/l (Marginal)
PSQCA
: 200 mg/l (Max. acceptable),

600 mg/l (Max. allowable)
PHED
: 200 mg/l (Highest Desirable)

600 mg/l (Max. permissible)
chloride concentration are in the range of 200 to
The PHEDs standard i.e. 200 mg/l (highest

desirable) and 600 mg/l (maximum permissible) is
well within the values adopted in neighboring
countries.
2.4.10 Copper
The presence of copper in water supply may
COPPER
interfere with the intended domestic uses of the
Standards
water. In public water supplies its presence
USEPA
: 1.0 mg/l
China
: 1.0 mg/l
Japan
: <0.05 mg/l
India
: 0.05 mg/l (Acceptable),

1.50 mg/l (Marginal)
PSQCA
: 1.50 mg/l (Max. allowable)
PHED
: 0.05 mg/l (Highest desirable)

1.50 mg/l (Max. permissible)
increases the corrosion of galvanized iron and steel

fittings. Staining of laundry and sanitary ware
occurs at copper concentrations above 1 mg/l.
Additionally, at levels above 0.3 mg/l, it also
imparts a colour and an undesirable bitter taste to
water. The present standard adopted by PHED i.e.
0.05 mg/l as highest desirable and 1.50 mg/l as
maximum permissible level of copper is almost in
line with other developing countries.
2.4.11 Iron
The anaerobic ground water may contain ferrous iron in concentrations of up to several
milligrams per liter without discoloration or turbidity in the water. On exposure to the atmosphere,
however, the ferrous iron oxidizes to ferric iron, giving an objectionable reddish-brown colour to the
water. Iron also promotes the growth of iron bacterial, which derive their energy from the
oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron and in the process deposit a slimy coating on the piping.
28
IRON
At level above 0.3 mg/l, iron stains

laundry and plumbing fixtures. There is usually
Standards
no noticeable taste at iron concentrations below

USEPA
: 0.3 mg/l
China
: 0.3 mg/l
develop. Iron concentrations of 1.0 to 3.0 mg/l
Philippines
: 1.0 mg/l
can be acceptable for people drinking anaerobic
India
: 0.1 mg/l (acceptable),

1.0 mg/l (Max.)
well-water. Therefore, the present standard of
PSQCA
: 0.3 mg/l (Max. acceptable),

1.0 mg/l (Max. allowable)
PHED
: 0.1 mg/l (Highest Desirable)

1.0 mg/l (Max. permissible)
SULPHATES
0.3 mg/l, although turbidity and colour may
1.0 mg/l (max. permissible) iron contamination

in drinking water followed by PHED is in line
with some other countries.
2.4.12 Sulphate
The presence of sulphate in drinking
Standards
water can cause noticeable taste. The taste
USEPA
: 250 mg/l
China
: 250 mg/l
thresholds have been found in range from 200500 mg/l for sodium sulphate and in the range
of 250-900 mg/l for calcium sulphate. It is
Japan
: 250 mg/l
India
: 200 mg/l (Acceptable),

400 mg/l (Marginal)
generally considered that taste impairment of

water is minimal at levels below 400 mg/l as
established by WHO in its Drinking Water
Guidelines 1984.
PSQCA
: 200 mg/l (Max. acceptable),

400 mg/l (Max. allowable)
The standard for sulphate
contamination followed by PHED i.e. 200 mg/l

(highest desirable) and 400 mg/l (max.
PHED
: 200 mg/l (Highest Desirable)
permissible) is in line with other countries.
400 mg/l (Max. permissible)
29
2.4.13 Arsenic
Arsenic is a naturally occurring inorganic element, found in soils and ground water. It is introduced
into
underground
drinking
water
sources
ARSENIC (AS)
primarily through the dissolution of naturally

occurring minerals and ores. Untreated effluents
of Agro chemical industries may also cause
Standards
arsenic
contamination
to
drinking
water
sources. Ingestion of large quantities of arsenic

through drinking water can be hazardous due to
China
0.05 mg/l
India
0.05 mg/l
its harmful affect on human lungs, kidney, liver,

hair, skin and may even cause cancer, in some
cases.
At present there is no existing standard
Japan
<0.02 mg/l
USEPA
0.06 mg/l
PSQCA
0.05 mg/l
PHED
of arsenic contamination in drinking water

specified in PHED Design Criteria (1998) or
otherwise enforced in the Province. As per
WHO Guidelines (2004) maximum allowable concentration of arsenic contamination in drinking
water is 0.01 mg/l. Therefore, maximum allowable concentration of arsenic contamination in
drinking water sources may be adopted in line with WHO Guidelines and other international
standards keeping in view health risks associated with likely contamination of water by arsenic. It is
also worth mentioning here that in most of countries of South Asian region maximum allowable
concentration of arsenic contamination in water of0.05 mg/l has been adopted as standard.
30
2.4.14. Chromium
Chromium is very toxic. It makes compounds of potassium di-chromate (K2 Cr2 O7) and
chromic acid after solving in water. Chromium is
used
as
oxidizing
reagents
for
CHROMIUM (Cr)
dyeing,
electroplating, leather processing and in textile

industry. These industries emit chromium in their
Standards
USEPA
0.10 mg/l
Phillpines
0.05 mg/l
Singapore
0.05 mg/l
India
0.05 mg/l
WHO
0.05 mg/l
PSQCA
0.05 mg/l
PHED
effluents. If such effluents are discharged into

receiving water bodies used as source of drinking
water
then
drinking
water
will
become
contaminated with chromium and will be very toxic

for the people using this water because chromium
may be accumulated in liver and kidneys.
Chromium concentration of 1.4 to 12 mg/l will
make the color of water slightly yellow. The WHO
has given a value of 0.05 mg/l. Many countries have
standard of 0.05 mg/l. The drinking water quality standards in vogue in the province do not include
chromium which may be added with 0.05 mg/l concentration in drinking water as acceptable level.
2.5
INTERNATIONAL DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
2.5.1 Water Quality Standards of WHO

The
WHO
published
international
GUIDELINE VALUES
drinking water quality standards in the years

1958, 1963 and lastly in the year 1971. The
WHO,
however,
shifted
its
focus
from
International Standards to Guidelines in the
The quality of water defined by the guideline values

is such that it is suitable for human consumption for
all usual domestic purposes including personal
hygiene.
year 1984. The Guidelines published by WHO

are of advisory nature based on state of the art scientific research and epidemiological findings. The
Guidelines for drinking water quality are intended for use by various countries as basis for the
development of their standards. The WHO Guidelines and drinking water quality standards being
used by various countries are given in the following tables.
31
Table - 2.4
Water Quality Standards of WHO
(Concentration mg/l)
i)
Aluminium
WHO
Guidelines
2004
0.2
ii)
Arsenic
0.01 (p)
0.01
0.05
0.2
iii)
Cadmium
0.003
0.003
0.005
0.01
iv)
Chloride
n.d.
250
600
v)
Chlorine
5.0
5.0
vi)
Chromium
0.05 (p)
0.05
0.05
vii)
Copper
2.0
2.0 (p)
1.0
1.50
viii)
Cyanide
0.07
0.07
0.1
0.05
ix)
Fluoride
1.5
1.50
1.50
0.6-0.8
x)
Iron
n.d.
0.30
1.0
xi)
Lead
0.01
0.01
0.05
0.1
xii)
Manganese
0.4
0.5
0.1
0.5
xiii)
Mercury
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
xiv)
Nickel
0.02
0.02
xv)
Nitrate (NO3)
50
10
10
45
xvi)
Nitrite (NO2)
3.0
3.0 (p)
1.0
xvii)
pH
n.d
6.5-8.50
6.5-9.2
xviii)
Sulphate
n.d
400
400
xix)
TDS
n.d
1000
1500
xx)
Total Hardness
n.d
500
500
xxi)
Turbidity
n.d.
5 JTU
xxii)
Uranium
0.015 (p)
xxiii)
Zinc
n.d.
5.0
15
Sr.
No.
Parameters
(p) Provisional,
WHO
Guidelines
1993
-
WHO
Guidelines
1984
0.2
WHO
Standards
1971
-
(n. d.) Not determined
32
2.5.1.1 Bacteriological Qualities

Source / Organisms
Guideline Value
a. All water intended for drinking (E. Coli

or thermo tolerant Coliform bacteria).
b. Treated water entering the distribution
system (E. Coli or thermo tolerant
Coliform and total coliform bacteria).
c. Treated water in the distribution system
(E. Coli or thermo tolerant coliform and
total coliform bacteria)
Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample.

Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample.
Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample. In
the case of large supplies, where sufficient
samples are examined, must not be present in
95% of samples taken throughout any 12-month
period.
2.5.2 Indian Water Quality Standards

The Table 2.5 represents various existing water quality standards in India.
Table - 2.5
Indian Water Quality Standards
Sr.# Characteristics Acceptable Marginal
Sr.# Characteristics Acceptable Marginal
2.5
10
15
Turbidity
(NTU)
Colour (TCU)
0.2
1.0
16
Anionic
Detergents
Arsenic
25
0.05
0.05
Taste & Odour
Unobjectionable
17
Cadmium
0.01
0.01
pH
7-8.5
6.5-9.2
18
Chromium
0.05
0.05
TDS
500
1500
19
Cyanide
0.05
0.05
Fluoride
1.0
1.5
20
Manganese
0.05
0.5
Nitrate
45
45
21
Copper
0.05
1.5
Calcium
75
200
22
Zinc
5.0
15
Magnesium
30
150
23
Lead
0.1
0.1
10
Iron
0.1
1.0
24
Selenium
0.01
0.001
11
Hardness
200
600
25
Mercury
0.001
0.2
12
Chloride
200
1000
26
0.2
13
Sulphate
200
400
27
Polynuclear
aromatic
hydrocarbons
Gross
Alpha
3 (pCi/l)
30
30 (pCi/l)
Activity
14
Phenolic
Components
0.001
0.002
28
Gross
Beta
Activity curie/l
33
The figures indicated under the column Acceptable are the limits up to which the
water is generally acceptable to the consumers.
Figures in excess to those mentioned under acceptable render water not acceptable
but still may be tolerated in absence of alternative and better source but up to the
limits indicated under column Marginal above which the supply will have to be
rejected.
2.5.2.1 Bacteriological Standards

a.
For water entering the distribution system coliform count in any sample of 100 ml
should be zero.
b.
Water in the distribution system shall satisfy all the three criteria indicated below:
E. Coli count in 100 ml of any sample should be zero.
Coliform organisms no more than 10 per 100 ml should be present in any sample.
Coliform organisms should not be detectable in 100 ml of any two consecutive

samples or more than 50% of the samples collected for the year.
c.
Individual or small communities supplies.
E. Coli count should be zero in any sample of 100 ml and coliform organisms should
not be more than 3 per 100 ml.
2.5.2.2 Virological Aspects

A level of 0.5 mg/l of free chlorine residual for one hour is sufficient to inactivate viruses,
even in water that was originally polluted. This free chlorine residual is to be ensured in all
disinfected supplies in areas suspected of endemic infectious Hepatitis to take care of the quality of
water supplied from virus point of view, which incidentally takes care of the safety from the
bacteriological point of view as well. For other areas 0.2 mg/l of free chlorine residual for half an
hour should be insisted.
34
2.5.3 US-EPA Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality

The tables 2.6 to 2.8 give the US-EPA guidelines for drinking water quality.
Table - 2.6
Inorganic Chemicals
Inorganic
mg/l
Inorganic
Mg/l
Inorganic
mg/l
0.07
Antimony
0.006
Copper
1.0
Molybdenum
Arsenic
0.01
Cyanide
0.2
Zinc
Barium
Fluoride
Nitrate(N)
10.0
Beryllium
0.004
Lead
0.015
Nitrite(N)
1.0
Cadmium
0.005
Manganese
0.05
Selenium
0.05
Chromium
0.10
Mercury
0.002
Aluminum
0.05-0.2
Table - 2.7
Other Parameters
Parameter
mg/l
Parameter
mg/l
Parameter
mg/l
Color
15 TCU
1,2 dichloropropane
Zero
pH
6.5-8.5
Atrazine
0.003
o-Dichlorobenzene
0.6
Sulphate
250
Toluene
p-Dichlorobenzene
0.075
Iron
0.3
Xylenes (total)
10
Endrin
0.002
Sodium
200
Ethyl-Benzene
0.7
Ethylbenzene
0.7
Sulphate
250
Styrene
0.1
Methoxychlor
0.04
TDS
1000
Chlorobenzene
0.1
Vinyl chloride
0.002
Corrosivity
Non-Corrosive
Benzene
Zero
Chloride
250
Oxamyl
0.2
Glyphosate
0.7
Table - 2.8
Disinfectants
Parameter
mg/l
Parameter
Chloramines
Chlorine dioxide
Chlorine
Chlorine
mg/l
0.8
1
35
2.5.4
Water Quality Standards in different countries

Water quality standards in different countries are given in Table 2.9 to Table 2.11.
Table - 2.9
Water Quality Standards of Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand & Philippines
Substances
Chemical Quality
Unit
Indonesia
Singapore
Malaysia
Thailand
Philippines
Arsenic
mg/l
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
Barium
mg/l
Borate
mg/l
0.03
30
Cadmium
mg/l
0.1
0.01
0.01
0.005
0.01
Chromium
mg/l
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
Chloride
mg/l
250
250
Chlorine
mg/l
Copper
mg/l
0.5
0.1
COD
mg/l
Cyanide
mg/l
0.05
0.01
0.01
Fluoride
mg/l
Hardness (CaCo3)
mg/l
170
100
Iodine
mg/l
0.3
Iron
mg/l
0.1
0.05
Lead
mg/l
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
Manganese
mg/l
0.05
0.002
0.1
Mercury
mg/l
0.001
0.001
0.001
Mineral Oil
mg/l
n.d.
n.d.
Nitrate
mg/l
n.d.
45
45
45
Nitrite
mg/l
n.d.
0.005
0.005
0.01
Organic Matter
mg/l
0.003
Selenium
mg/l
0.01
0.01
0.01
Silver
mg/l
0.05
Surfactant
mg/l
n.d.
n.d.
Sulfide
mg/l
ND
0.05
0.05
Sulphate
mg/l
200
250
Phenolic
mg/l
n.d.
n.d
0.001
0.001
Ra 226 activity
mg/l
30
Total Beta activity
mg/l
TDS
500
500
Zinc
36
Microbiological Quality
Total Plate Count/ml
Coliform (MPN/100
ml)
CFU/ml
MPN/100
Max 1 x
Max 1 x
104
105
<2.20
0/250 ML
Max 10
<2.20
<2.20
negative
1/100 ml
ml
Escherichia Coli
MPN/100
ml
Salmonella/100 ml
CFU/100
ml
Staphylococcus
CFU/250
Aureus/250 ml
ml
Pseudomonas
CFU/250
Aerugiosa 250 ml
Faecal Streptococci/20
ml
MPN/20 ml
ml
Source: PCRWR
Table - 2.10
Water Quality Standards of Japan, China, Hong Kong, Korea & Taiwan
Substances
Chemical Quality
Unit
Japan
China
H.Kong
Korea
Taiwan
1-Arsenic
mg/l
<0.02
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.05
2-Ammonium
mg/l
<0.5
1.5
0.5
3-Barium
mg/l
0.7
4-Borate
mg/l
0.3
5-Cadmium
mg/l
<0.05
0.01
0.003
0.01
0.01
6-Chromium
mg/l
<0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
7-Chloride
mg/l
<350
250
250
150
250
8-Chlorine
mg/l
9-Copper
mg/l
<0.05
0.01
10-COD
mg/l
0.8
11-Cyanide
mg/l
<0.01
0.01
0.07
ND
12-Fluoride
mg/l
<1.5
0.8
1.5
13-Hardness (CaCo3)
mg/l
100-500
250
300
250
14-Iodine
mg/l
0.3
15-Iron
mg/l
<0.1
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.05
16-Lead
mg/l
<0.1
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.001
17-Manganese
mg/l
<0.1
0.05
0.5
0.3
0.001
37
Substances
18-Mercury
mg/l
Unit
Japan
-
China
0.001
H.Kong
0.001
Korea
ND
Taiwan
-
19-Nitrate
mg/l
<5.0
10
50
10
10
20-Nitrite
mg/l
n.d.
ND
21-Organic Matter
mg/l
0.1
0.01
22-Selenium
mg/l
<0.05
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
23-Silver
mg/l
0.05
0.05
24-Sulphate
mg/l
<250
250
250
200
250
25-Phenolic
mg/l
<0.001
0.005
26-Total Beta activity
mg/l
1.0 Bq/l
27-TDS
mg/l
<1000
500
1000
500
28-Zinc
mg/l
<5
100
<100
CFU/ml
Coliform
(MPN/100 ml)
Escherichia Coli
MPN/100 ml
<15.10
<2.2
MPN/100 ml
0/100 ml
Source: PCRWR
Table 2.11
Water Quality Standards of Saudi Arabia, Australia, Argentina, Mexico, Canada
Substances
Unit
Saudi
Arabia
Australia Argentina
Mexico
Canada
Chemical Quality
1-Arsenic
mg/l
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.025
2-Ammonium
mg/l
0.2
0.5
3-Barium
mg/l
0.7
4-Borate
mg/l
30
5-Cadmium
mg/l
0.01
0.005
0.01
0.005
0.005
6-Chromium
mg/l
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
7-Chloride
mg/l
250
350
250
8-Chlorine
mg/l
0.01
0.5
0.1
9-Copper
mg/l
10-COD
mg/l
11-Cyanide
mg/l
0.05
0.1
0.1
0.2
12-Fluoride
mg/l
1.5
13-Iron
mg/l
0.3
0.3
14-Lead
mg/l
0.05
0.05
0.02
0.01
38
Substances
Unit
15-Manganese
mg/l
Saudi
Arabia
0.05
16-Mercury
mg/l
17-Nitrate
Australia Argentina
Mexico
Canada
0.1
0.05
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
mg/l
45
45
10
45
18-Nitrite
mg/l
0.01
0.1
3.2
19-Selenium
mg/l
0.01
0.05
0.01
20-Silver
mg/l
0.05
0.05
21-Surfactant
mg/l
0.5
22-Sulfide
mg/l
0.05
23-Sulphate
mg/l
250
500
250
24-Phenolic
mg/l
0.001
0.001
25-Ra 226 activity
mg/l
26-Total Beta activity
mg/l
27-TDS
mg/l
1500
500
28-Zinc
mg/l
CFU/ml
<1
500
100
100
Max.10
<2
Negative
Negative
Coliform
(MPN/100 MPN/100
ml)
ml
MPN/100
Escherichia Coli
ml
Pseudomonas
CFU/250
Aerugiosa 250 ml
ml
Source: PCRWR
2.5.5 Modifications proposed in Water Quality Standards

It is recommended that at least the important water quality parameters including
microbiological quality and water quality monitoring standards may be added to the existing PHED
Standards 1998. The proposed Drinking Water Quality Standards are accordingly indicated in
Table 2.12. These standards are in line with WHO Guidelines and other international drinking water
quality standards.
39
2.5.5.1 Physical and Chemical Parameters

Table 2.12
PHED WATER QUALITY STANDARDS 1998
Sr. No.
Substance or Characteristics
Highest Desirable
Level
Maximum
Permissible Level
Unobjectionable
Unobjectionable
Taste & Odour
Colour
5 TCU
50 TCU
Turbidity
5 NTU
25 NTU
pH
7.0 to 8.5
6.5 to 9.2
500 mg/l
1500 mg/l
Anionic detergents
0.2 mg/l
1.0 mg/l
Mineral oil
0.01 mg/l
0.30 mg/l
Copper (as CU)
0.05 mg/l
1.50 mg/l
Iron (as Fe)
0.1 mg/l
1.0 mg/l
10
Magnesium (as Mg)
30 mg/l
150 mg/l
11
Manganese (Mn)
0.05 mg/l
0.50 mg/l
12
Sulphate (SO4)
200 mg/l
400 mg/l
13
Zinc (Zn)
5.0 mg/l
15 mg/l
14
Phenolic Compounds
0.001 mg/l
0.002 mg/l
15
Total Hardness
100 mg/l CaCO3
500 mg/l CaCO3
16
Calcium (as Ca)
75 mg/l
200 mg/l
17
Chloride
200 mg/l
600 mg/l
18
Arsenic
0.05 mg/l
19
Cadmium
0.01 mg/l
20
Fluoride
1.0 mg/l
1.50 mg/l
21
Chromium
0.05 mg/l
22
Nitrate (NO3)
45 mg/l
23
Nitrite (NO2)
3.0 mg/l
24
Lead
0.05 mg/l
40
2.5.5.2 Microbiological Standards

B
In all water intended for drinking purpose E-Coli count must be zero in any 100 ml;
no water sample should contain more than 10 Coliforms organisms in 100 ml of any
two consecutive samples or; and
in case of large water supplies, in 95% of samples examined throughout the year,
Coliform organisms should be absent in 100 ml of sample.
2.5.5.3 Monitoring Frequencies
Treated water, as it enters the distribution system should be examined

bacteriologically at least once a day; and
with regard to samples to be collected from the distribution system, whether the water
has been subjected to treatment or not, the following maximum interval between
successive sampling and minimum number of samples to be examined in each month
are proposed in line with international standards:
Table 2.13
Maximum interval and Minimum Number of Samples
Population Served
Maximum interval between

successive samplings
Up to 20,000
One month
20,001 50,000
Two weeks
50,001 100,000
Four Days
More than 100,000

One Day
Minimum number of samples

to be taken from entire
distribution system
One samples per 5000 of

population per month
One
sample
per
population per month
10,000
41
CHAPTER-3
WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION TECHNICAL
STANDARDS
3.1
BACKGROUND
The Punjab Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) was established in 1961 under
West Pakistan with headquarter at Lahore. At that time the Department was administrated by a Chief
Engineer with other offices at different places in the then West Pakistan.
To begin with the PHED was a part of B&R Department of the Government and Sir InamUllah Khan, the then Chief Engineer/Secretary to Government of West Pakistan, issued certain
Technical Memos for different components of Public Health Engineering to serve as standards for
various activities that the Department was to undertake.
These were the first standards set for the
PHED for working in water supply, sanitation and drainage sectors.
3.1.1 Design Criteria 1986

In 1986 PHED, for the first time, issued a Design Criteria duly approved by the Government
of the Punjab. These Criteria were followed up till 1998, except for certain changes that were made
from time to time. In 1997, Government of the Punjab entrusted the job of revising the Design
Criteria to the consultants hired with the assistance of ADB for the Punjab Rural Water Supply &
Sanitation (Sector) Project (PRWSSP). On the recommendations of the said consultants, the Design
Criteria was notified by the PHED, duly approved by the Government of the Punjab, in the year
1998.
3.1.2 Design Criteria 1998

The PHED Design Criteria 1998 is currently being used for the design of all the Public
Health Engineering structures for water supply, sewerage and drainage. The Water and Sanitation
Agency, Lahore has also framed its own Design Criteria with certain changes in the PHED Design
Criteria.
3.2
REVISION OF DESIGN CRITERIA 2008

Now in 2008 the Design Criteria is again being reviewed under this assignment. No major
changes in the Design Criteria are being proposed; however some amendments in the Design Criteria
will be proposed keeping in view the technological advances in the sub-sectors of water supply,
sanitation and drainage etc.. Furthermore, certain additional changes are also being proposed in
consultation with the stakeholders.
42
3.2.1 Methodology for the Revision

The proposed changes are based on past experience and proven at site solutions that emerged
from the field during the monitoring and evaluation of the two ADB projects i.e. PRWSSP and
PCWSSP in which more than 1000 integrated water supply and drainage schemes were constructed
and operated successfully.
As the situations stands now, there is no Design Criteria or technical standard notified for
wastewater treatment plants and solid waste management. This is for the first time that technical
standards for wastewater treatment plants and solid waste management are being proposed in this
document.
43
SECTION 3.3
REVIEW OF WATER SUPPLY TECHNICAL STANDARDS
The existing technical standards concerning planning and design of water supply schemes,
both in urban and rural areas of the province, are reviewed against the following parameters and
where necessary, some changes and modifications are proposed for their refinement.
3.3.1. Population Projection

Existing Design Parameters
Review of Existing Parameters and

Amendments Proposed
As per PHED Design Criteria 1998 the The same mathematical formula should be used
population projection are to be determined for
according to the following expression:-
population
projection
for
particular
community using annual growth rate of that

village/city indicated in the latest District Census
Pn
= Po (1+r)
Report. However, if population growth rate of

that particular city / village is not mentioned in
Where:
the District Census Report, then for the purpose

of design, the population growth rate of the
Pn = Projected population by the end of nth year
respective TMA should be used.
Po = Population of base year, year of known

population
r = Population growth rate per year to be taken
from related District Census Reports.
n = No. of years, counted from base year i.e. design
period
3.3.2 Design Period

Tube wells and Treatment Works
Review of Existing Parameters and Modification

Proposed
Tube well
The existing standard for design period Experience reveals that majority of drinking water
of tubewells and treatment work in case tubewells installed in the province, about 15 to 20 years
of urban and rural water supply back, are still in satisfactory working condition. For
schemes is 10 years. The capacities of optimal utilization of resources it is advisable to adopt for
tube wells are to be based on maximum a design period of 15 years as far as tubewells are
day demands.
concerned. Furthermore, the design of tubewells should be

based on maximum day demand.
44
Review of Existing Parameters and Modification

Proposed
Treatment Works
There are generally two types of water treatment methods
being used for water supply schemes based on canal water
sources;
Slow sand filter beds and
Rapid sand filter plant.
Slow Sand Filter Plants

From the discussion held with PHED Engineers, it was
revealed that slow sand filter beds commissioned for
water supply schemes in brackish water zones of the
Province somewhere in early 70s remained operative till
1995. Therefore, the design life of slow sand filter units
may be considered around 20 years.
Source:
WHO, 1974, Slow Sand Filtration.
45
Rapid Sand Filter Plants

Rapid sand filters use relatively coarse sand and
other granular media to remove particles and
impurities that have been trapped in a floc through
the use of flocculation chemicals - typically salts of
aluminum or iron. The water and flocs flows
through the filter medium under gravity or under
pumped pressure and the flocculated material is
trapped in the sand matrix.
There were only two such filtration plants

constructed
by
PHED
at
Rawalpindi
and
Faisalabad. The first Rapid Filtration Plant for

urban water supply scheme Rawalpindi was
constructed in the year 1968, while the Rapid Sand
Filtration
Plant
for
Faisalabad
city
was
commissioned in early 70sand both these plants are

still in operation owing to their continued proper up
keep
and
maintenance.
Although
efficiency
decreases with passage of time but the useful life of

these facilities may be safely considered as 25
years.
Tubewells Pump Houses
Tubewells Pump Houses
The existing standard for the design period of Although, it has been experienced that majority of
pump houses on tube wells for water supply tubewell pumping chambers constructed in 1960s,
schemes is 25 years.
are still in good working condition with proper

maintenance and repair, it is proposed that the
existing standard of their design period as 25 years
should be preferably continued.
Pumping Machinery
Pumping Machinery
The existing standard for design period of There appears no need to modify the existing
pumping machinery to be provided on water standard of 10 years design life for pumping
46
supply schemes is 10 years.
machinery. However, it is not possible for pumping

machinery to work for 10 years without proper
maintenance and repair and
replacement of the
pumping unit is necessary after every 10 years of

its operation.
Distribution System
Distribution System
The existing standard for the Design Period of The existing 20 years standard for the design
Distribution system and rising mains is 20 period of distribution system is quite in accordance
years. The capacities of distribution system with international norms. It is added that the water
are to be based on peak hour demand while supply distribution network capacities should be
tube wells and rising mains are to be based on based on peak hour demands.
maximum day demands.
Rising Mains
Rising Mains
The existing design period for rising main is 20 Rising mains are designed for a period of 20 years.
years.
It has been observed that with the passage of time

and increase in demand the size of the rising mains
becomes small, resulting in low pressure at the
remote ends and nodes located at higher altitudes.
So the existing standard for the design period of
rising mains should be increased from 20 years to
25 years. Furthermore, the size of rising mains
should be based on maximum day demand.
3.3.3 Requirement of Water

Domestic Water Consumption

Modifications Proposed
Domestic Water Consumption
The existing standard for the determination of Following modifications are proposed in the
domestic water consumption is based on the existing standard to determine domestic water
following population slabs.
consumption.
Population up to 100,000
The existing water consumption rates for
communities living in plain areas of the Province
with population below 100,000 persons should be
modified as follows. However, in hilly areas and
those areas of the Province where sources of
47

drinking water are scarce, the water consumption
rates should be flexible i.e. 3 to 5 gpcd or more
depending on the availability of drinking water
from the proposed source of water supply.
Design
Population
Up to 5000
Per capita
consumption per day
(Inclusive of
unaccounted for
water)
10 gallon
Up to 5000
10 gallons
5,000-10,000
15 gallon
5,001-10,000
15 gallons
10,000-25,000
20 gallon
10,001-20,000
20 gallons
10,000-25,000
30
20,001-50,000
30 gallons
50,001-100,000
40 gallons
gallon
(with
sewerage facilities)
25,000-1 lac
Above 1 lac
40
gallon
Design
Population
Per capita consumption

per day
(Inclusive of
unaccounted for water)
(with
Population above 100,000
50
In the existing Design Criteria of PHED a figure
gallon
(with
of 50 gpcd is recommended for all cities having

population more than 100,000 persons. Actually
there are many cities in the Province with
population more than 500,000, such as Lahore,
Faisalabad, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Rawalpindi and
Multan
and
other
cities
with
population
surpassing two, three and four hundred thousand

such as Sargodha, Bahawalpur and Jhelum etc. So
there is a need for establishing more water
consumption slabs, as suggested below:
Design
Population
(Thousands)
Per capita
consumption
per day
(Inclusive of
unaccounted
for water)
100,000-200,000 50 gallons
200,000-300,000 55 gallons
300,000-400,000 60 gallons
48

400,000-500,000 65 gallons
500,000-600,000 70 gallons
600,000-700,000 75 gallons
700,000-800,000 80 gallons
>800,000
Institutional Water Consumption
85 gallons
Institutional Water Consumption
For institutions such as hospitals, hostels, The
existing
design
standard
for
the
schools etc. an allowance @ 10 gallons per determination of institutional water demand is

boarder and @ 5 gallons per day scholar is to adequate. Therefore, no modification is proposed.
be made.
Short term variation in demand

a)
Short term variation in demand
Maximum day demand is to be taken as The existing design standard for computing
a)
1.5 times the average day demand.
Maximum day demand as 1.5 times the

average day demand is quite in line with
principles
of
engineering
and
no
modification is, therefore, proposed.
b)
b)
Peak hour demand to be taken as

1.5 times the maximum day demand
Peak hour demand should be calculated as

1.5 times the maximum day demand.
Therefore, no modification is proposed.
3.3.4. Terminal Pressure:Existing Design Parameters

a)
For
urban
residential
areas
the a)

modifications Proposed
Keeping in view the trends of multistory
existing standard of terminal pressure
building construction it is advisable to
is 30 feet as minimum.
adopt at least 12 meters minimum

terminal pressure.
b)
For
rural
residential
areas,
the b)
The
existing
standard
of
terminal
49

pressure i.e. 8 meters (minimum) being
existing standard of terminal pressure

is 25 feet (8meters) (minimum)
followed for the design of rural water

supplies
is
reasonably
adequate.
Therefore, no modification is proposed.
3.3.5. Velocity of Flow in Pipes:Existing Design Parameters
a)
Distribution mains 1-5
b)
Rising mains
Comments/ Review of Existing

Parameters and Amendments Proposed
feet/second
a)
Distribution mains 0.5to2 m/second
1.5-7 feet/second
b)
Rising mains
0.3to1.5 m/second
3.3.6. Minimum Pipe Size


Recommended minimum size of distribution For plane areas the existing 3 inches (80
mains 3 inches in plain areas and as per mm) standard of minimum pipe size
is
actual calculated for hilly areas. However appropriate; however for hilly areas a
velocity shall be the controlling factor.
minimum pipe size of 1 inches (38 mm) is

recommended to be adopted.
In case where either the width of pacca

roads or the sheet widths are more than 30
feet, then distribution pipelines should
preferably be provided on both sides of the
roads and street pavements.
50
3.3.7 Cover Over Pipes


3 feet of earth cover for all sizes of pipes is An earth cover of 3 feet (about one meter)
being followed except in hilly areas. should be provided over laid water supply
However all road cuts are to be filled in with pipe lines of all sizes except in hilly areas.
pit sand / river sand.
Road cuts are to be backfilled with pit/river

sand.
3.3.8 Public Stand Posts (PSPs)

a)

The location of the stand-posts shall a)
Public stand posts should not be
be made in such a manner that it is at
provided in urban areas, as it is
an approximate distance of about 350
wastage of water and revenue. Stand
feet from the end consumers in the
posts can however be provided only
rural areas and should be avoided in
in those rural areas where house-to-
the urban / semi urban areas as far as
house connections are not possible
possible to reduce losses of water and
and revenue is collected from each
revenue.
house hold without giving connection

in the houses, otherwise the scheme
will never be sustainable.
b)
Each stand-post shall serve about 200 b)
Each stand-post shall serve about 200
persons.
persons.
c)
c)
PSP to be provided only after study
PSP to be provided only after study
of Revenue Collection Data of
of Revenue Collection Data of
concerned village.
concerned village.
51
3.3.9 Fire Hydrants


Fire hydrants to be provided in urban / semi Fire hydrants are to be provided in urban and
urban areas. The capacity of fire hydrants to semi urban and rural areas. The minimum
deliver water should not be less than 7 size of the fire hydrant should be 2.5 inches
gallons per second.
(50 mm).
For water supply schemes with design

population of up to 10,000 persons the fire
hydrants are to be located at every water
works locations, and for larger schemes at
appropriate locations.
3.3.10 Sluice Valves & Non Return Valves


Valves shall be located at main control a)
Sluice Valves:points for balancing and regulations. Non-
Sluice valves will be located at main
return valve to be provided in rising main
control points for balancing and
with length exceeding 5,000 feet.
regulating the flows.
b)
Non Return Valves: Outside the delivery main of the

tube well.
In the rising main after 2000
meters.
52
3.3.11 Air Valves and Washout


Air valves only at summits and washout at a)
Air valves:lowest points. For long rising mains in flat
At the summits and
areas provide air valve at 5000 ft interval to
After 2000 meter intervals in
escape trapped air.
straight
reaches
to
facilitate
escape of trapped air.
b)
Washouts: At the lowest points to wash out

all kinds of debris.
53
3.3.12 Overhead Reservoirs


The existing criteria for the design of over Following modifications are proposed in the
head reservoir are as under:-
existing technical standards for provision of

elevated / overhead reservoir and storage
reservoirs:-
Provide overhead reservoir where it
Overhead storage reservoirs should
is needed.
be essentially provided in all urban

and rural water supply schemes
The capacity of overhead reservoir
except in cases of such hilly / semi
will be 1/6th of the average daily
hilly
demand subject to minimum of 5,000
located ground storage reservoirs can
gallons.
provide
areas
where
and
appropriately
maintain
requisite
minimum terminal pressure in the

system.
Capacity of overhead reservoirs in

case
of
communities
having
population more than 10,000 persons

should be based on around 1/10th of
average day demand.
Minimum
capacity
of
overhead
reservoir should be 10,000 gallons.
54
3.3.13 Pumping Machinery

a)

Spare parts, tools are recommended a)
Spare parts, tools are to be provided.
to be provided.
b)
c)
Large units are economical. It may be b)
Units may be provided keeping in
kept in view that combination of unit
view that combination of units may be
is possible for average and peak
required to cater to average and peak
flows.
hour flows.
Working hours for Tube wells:
c)
Working hours for Tube wells:
Rural
8-12 hours
To be on safe side, while deciding
Urban
16 hours
about the pumping hours of the

pumping machinery at tubewells one
should have the information / data
about underground lithology and
hydro geological regime and water
bearing aquifer. This is necessary to
ascertain the safe yield which can be
drawn at a rate less than the
replenishment and thereby maximum
pumping hours can be fixed. For
large well fields such evaluation of
ground water potential should be
carried out. However for small
community water supply schemes the
following pumping hours may be
taken.
i)
Rural areas:It has been observed that although

schemes are designed on 812
55

hours, but practically the community
runs the tube wells only for 46
hours. If complete metering is done,
which has other benefits also, the
scheme hardly runs for 4 hours. So 4
hours are recommended as working
hours for rural areas. Provided the
design
of
the
scheme
remain
economical and hydro geologically

safe and continuous pumping do not
affect the quality of water.
ii)
Urban areas:In semi urban areas 16 hours is

appropriate, but in big urban areas
sometimes one has to operate the
tube wells for 18---20 hours. So, it is
recommended to use two slabs in
case of deep tube wells.
(d)
Working hours for Machinery at d)
Working
Treatment Works
machinery at treatment works.
hours
for
pumping
For semi urban areas:-16 hours

For big urban areas:- 20 hours
However, in case of shallow /

skimming wells, the daily operating
time
for
tube
well
pumping
machineries should not exceed 8

hours and these eight hours should
never be continuous. One may select
4 hours in the morning & the
remaining in the evening.
56

For population
16 hours
Above 25,000 persons
For population

For population
18 hours
Above 100,000 persons
8-12 hours
Less than 25,000 persons
For population
8-12 hours
less than 100,000 persons
3.3.14 Chlorination

0.1-PPM residual at the farthest end of the The existing standard to maintain 0.1 mg/l as
distribution system. Hypo-chlorination may residual chlorine level at the farthest end is
be provided where chlorine gas is not easily quite
available.
adequate
and
is
in
line
with
international practices. In case of town/cities

where chlorine gas cylinders are available,
gas chlorination is advisable. In areas where
chlorine
gas
is
not
available,
simple
hypochlorinators are recommended to be

provided otherwise use of chlorine solution
for
disinfection
is
recommended.
For
monitoring the concentration of residual

chlorine
in
the
field,
the
concerned
agencies/department should procure and

make use of comparators or chlorine kits.
57
3.3.15 Ground Water Storage

i)
Ground
water
storage
tank

Amendments Proposed
at i)
When the length of the rising main is
intermediate point to be provided due
such that the loss of head is too high,
to excessive head.
which
makes
the
capacity
of
pumping machinery uneconomical

then intermediate pumping stations
are
advisable.
An
intermediate
pumping station comprises of a

storage tank and pumping machinery
installed in a pump house.
ii)
Capacity of ground water storage

tank @ th average daily demand ii)
The capacity of ground storage tank
will be provided.
at intermediate pumping station is

recommended to be based on 6 hours
storage
of
total
average
daily
demand.
3.3.16 High Level Tank (Raw Water)

One-hour
requirement.
capacity
of
average

Amendments Proposed
daily High level tanks are to be provided only to
maintain gravity flow in slow sand filters.
The capacity of high level tanks should be
based on 1/10th of the average day demand
but in no case less than 5000 gallons.
58
3.3.17 Slow Sand Filtration

i)
Raw water storage

Amendments Proposed
i)
Raw water storage
50% of 21 days average
During 15 to 21 days of annual canal

closure periods the per capita supply
should be considered as 50% and the
capacity of raw water storage tanks /
sedimentation
tanks
should
be
accordingly worked out. Minimum

number of sedimentation / raw water
storage tanks should be two.
ii.
Rate of filtration
ii)
40 gallons per day per Sq.ft. of
Rate of filtration
30 gallons per Sq.ft. of sand area per
sand area
day. It is an average figure because

the
rate
of
filtration
gradually
decreases till the upper layer of sand

is finally choked and removed and
fresh sand is re-laid.
iii.
Filter sand
iii)
Depth =30 to 36 inches
iv.
Filter sand
Depth =30-36 inches
Effective size of sand (d10)
iv.
Effective size of sand (d10)
From top of Gravel to 1 feet = 0.300.35 mm From top of Gravel to 1 feet =0.300.35 mm
1 to 2 feet
= 0.25-0.30 mm
Top layer 9 inches
=0.180.22 mm Top layer 9 inches
1 to 2 feet
= 0.25 0.30 mm
= 0.18 0.22 mm
Minimum
Uniformity Co-efficient of sand
Minimum
Uniformity Co-efficient of sand
not greater than 2.5 of sand
= (d60/d10)
not greater than 2.5 of sand
Depth of water over the sand
= 3-4 feet
Depth of water over the sand
= (d60/d10)
=3-4 feet
59

Amendments Proposed
Velocity of water in under drainage system Velocity of water in under drainage system
should not be more than 0.75 ft/seconds.
should not be more than 0.75 ft/seconds.
Minimum number of sedimentation tanks in Minimum number of sedimentation cum

water treatment plant should be two.
storage tanks in case of slow sand filtration

plant should be two.
Sedimentation tanks will be constructed in Sedimentation tanks will be constructed in

series to achieve stage sedimentation prior to series to achieve proper sedimentation prior
filtration.
to filtration.
v.
iv.
Filter Gravel:Size Range
Depth
Size Range
Depth
3 to 1 inches
6 inches
3 to 1 inches
6 inches
1 to 3/8 inches
2 inches
1 to 3/8 inches
3 inches
3/8 to 3/16 inches
2 inches
3/8 to 3/16 inches
3 inches
Total:-
12 inches
Total:
Filter Gravel:-
10 inches
The gravel should be placed over the
The gravel should be placed over the
under drains but not within 2 feet from
under drains but not within 2 ft from the
the side walls, so that only sand will rest
side walls, so that only sand will rest in
in the 2 feet zone along sides of the
the 2 ft zone along sides of the filters.
filters.
The outlet systems will be provided with
The outlet system will be provided with
telescopic arrangement of pipes to adjust
telescopic arrangement of pipes to adjust
required flow of filtered water according
required flow of filtered water according
to varying resistance in filter media. The
to varying resistance in filter media. The
difference in inlet and outlet will be kept
difference in inlet and out let will be kept
24-30 inches.
2430 inches.
Care must be taken to provide air vent

pipes to avoid air locking of filter beds.
60
3.3.18 Water Metering

Existing Technical Parameters

Modification Proposed
At present urban water supply schemes For ensuring sustainability of water supply
under the control of WASAs in the province schemes both in rural and urban areas water
are partially managed through water meters metering should be mandatory except in case
at the consumers ends. In case of rural water of those community water supply schemes,
supply schemes water metering has been which are based on LLR (Low Level
successfully pioneered in some 60 villages Reservoir) or ground service tanks.
of the province under ADB assisted PCWSS
Project.
61
SECTION 3.4
REVIEW OF TECHNICAL STANDARDS FOR SEWERAGE:The technical standards for sewerage system include the prescribed directions, requirements,
explanations, terms and provisions pertaining to the various features of the work to be done, or
manner and method of performance.
3.4.1 Location of Disposal Works

i)
The disposal station should be located at i)

The waste water disposal station
a place where from sullage water can be
should be located at a place from
disposed of safely, economically and
where sullage water can be safely,
hygienically.
economically
and
hygienically
disposed of into a permanent and

final disposal preferably through
some receiving natural water body.
ii)
The sewers will be designed as Partially ii)
The
Combined System allowing surcharging
designed
of the system for some time.
system allowing surcharging of the
sewers
as
will
be
generally
partially
combined
system for some time depending upon

the
financial
capability
of
the
sponsoring agency.
iii)
By-Pass arrangements at disposal station iii)
Bypass
must be planned where level permits.
station must be provided wherever
arrangements
at
disposal
possible in order to meet emergencies

and to avoid un-necessary pumping.
62
3.4.2 Design Period

i)
Civil works including sewers 20 years
i)

The design period for Civil works
and sewers should be 25 years. There
are a number of considerations for
selecting design period of sewers and
allied civil work, which includes
expansion trends, economies of scale
and
financial
position
of
the
sponsoring / client institutions. It has

however been observed that sewers
laid in various cities of the province
for the last more than 30 years are
still functioning well. In view of the
present economic condition of the
country it is advisable to use 25
years as design period for sewers and
allied civil works.
ii)
Machinery
= 10 years
ii)
Machinery
=15 years
The machinery needs continuous

upkeep and maintenance, if properly
maintained, it can last for 20 years.
For replacement purposes 15 years
period is recommended.
iii)
Sufficient area for the Disposal Station iii)
Sufficient area for the disposal
should be acquired to accommodate
station
further extension for next 40 years
accommodate future expansion for
should
be
acquired
to
the next at least 40 years.

iv)
Master Plan for Sewerage Scheme vi.
Master plan should be prepared for
should be prepared and phasing out be
the
done according to priority of work/area.
implementation should take place in
sewerage
system
but
phases, according to the priority of

work/area.
63
3.4.3 Design Flows

a)

The sewage contribution of the water a)
The sewage flow contribution of the
consumed will be as follows:
water supplied will be as follows:
For Semi Urban / Town Committee 70%-75%

For Urban area
b)
For population more than 100,000
85%
b)
350gpd/inch dia/mile
Sub-soil water level
Sewer below
80%
80%-85%
In-filtration Rate
Sewerage above
For population up to 100,000
Infiltration Rate
Sewerage above
700 gpd/inch dia/mile
Sewer below
c)
c)
Peak Factor
Population in thousand
Peak Factor
Peak factor*
Population in thousand
Peak Factor
Up to 50
4.50
Up to 5
4.50
5-10
4.00
5-10
4.00
10-15
4.00
10-25
3.50
25-50
3.50
25-50
3.00
50-80
2.50
50-100
2.50
80-100
2.00
More than 100
2.00
100-200
2.00
Above 200
2.00
*It is ratio of peak demand or peak flow over

the maximum demand or flow.
64
d)
e)

Multiply the average daily rate by the d)
Multiply the average daily flow by
peak factor to calculate maximum dry
the peak factor to calculate the
weather flow.
maximum dry weather flow.
Add allowance for industrial waste as per
e)
Allowance
should
to
be
actual assessment on treated industrial provided for industrial waste as per actual
waste as per National Environmental assessment of the treated industrial waste
Quality Standards (NEQS) is allowed.
according to the Environmental Quality

Standards (NEQS).
f)
Storm water allowance
i)
For rural areas
ii)
For urban areas is as under
Nil
Take 50% of peak flow in Northern areas and
f)
Storm water allowance
i)
For rural areas
ii)
For urban areas, it will be as under
Nil
Take 50% of peak flow as storm water

allowance in case of the Northern Zone; and
Take 33% of peak flow in Southern areas
take 33% of peak flow as storm water

allowance in the Southern Zone.
The storm water allowance for urban areas in Proper arrangements for connecting storm
north and south zone will be subject to the water drainage appurtenances and sewerage
condition that proper arrangement for connecting system are to be adequately provided.
storm water drainage appurtenances and
sewerage system are adequately provided.
g)
Design flow (Qd)
b+d+e+f
h)
All sewers will be designed on

Running full (Qf) with Mannings
formula.
g)
Design Flow (Qd) = b+d+e+f
h)
All sewers will be designed on

running full (Qf) conditions with
Mannings formula.
65
3.4.4 Velocity at Design Flow

(In difficult situations)
= 2.00 feet/second

Desirable minimum velocity= 2.5 ft/second
Desirable minimum
=2.50 feet/second
In difficult situations
= 2.0 ft/second
Maximum in hilly area
=7 feet/second
Maximum in hilly areas
= 7 ft/second
3.4.5 Spacing of Manholes

a)

Spacing of manholes in straight lines a)
Spacing of manholes in straight lines
shall be as under:
shall be as under:
Sewer Size
Spacing
Sewer Size
Spacing
9 -12 inches
100150 feet
inches
50 feet
1524 inches
200 250 feet
12
inches
100 feet
2742 inches
300 feet
15
inches
150 feet
4260 inches
400 feet
18
inches
200 feet
Above 60 inches
500 feet
2124 inches
250 feet
27-42 inches
300 feet
4860 inches
400 feet
Above 60 inches
500 feet
b)
Manhole should be provided at every b)

change of alignment, change in size of
sewer or at junctions.
Manholes should be provided at

every change of alignment, change in
size of pipe or at junctions.
c)
Where-ever drop is more than 3 feet, c)

drop manhole should be constructed
Where-ever drop is more than 3 ft,

drop manhole should be constructed.
66
d)
Sewer above Sub-soil water level

Size of
Depth Manhole
Sewer
Remarks
(Feet)
(Feet)
(Inches)
912
Up to
2 x 2
Masonry
4
1:3
9-21
47
4 dia
Cement
mortar
2430
820
5 dia
Up to 8 ft
depth 9
inches
Masonry
From
3342
820
6 dia 8 ft to 15 ft
depth
d)
Sewers above sub soil water level

Size of
Sewer
(Inches)
Depth
(Feet)
Manhole
(Feet)
2 x 2
9-21
Up to
4
47
2430
820
5 dia
3342
820
6 dia
912
4 dia
Remarks
Masonry
1:3
Cement
mortar
Up to 8 ft
depth 9
inches
Masonry
From
8 ft to 15 ft
depth
4554
820
7 dia
13- to 9
13- to 9
inches
inches
60
820
8 dia
Masonry.
60
820
8 dia
Masonry.
From
From
66
820
8 dia
15 ft to 20
66
820
8 dia
15 ft to 20
ft,
ft,
72
820
9
dia
Depth,
18
72
820
9 dia
Depth, 18
to 13-
to 13-
inches
inches
For manholes under sub-soil water, core- e)
For manholes under sub soil water,
wall and floor will be designed as per
core-wall and floor will be designed
actual depth of water.
as per actual depth of water
4554
e)

820
7 dia
encountered.
f)
For depth more than 10 feet, RCC slab f)

will be put at 7 feet from invert and then
4 feet dia masonry will be constructed up
For depth more than 10 ft, RCC slab

will be placed at 7 ft from invert and
then 4 ft dia masonry will be
constructed up to surface.
to surface.
3.4.6 Minimum Size of Sewers


Minimum size of sewer shall be 9 inches Minimum size of sewer shall be 9 inches
nominal dia.
nominal diameter.
67
3.4.7 Earth Cover

2.5 feet over crown of the sewer.

A 3.0 ft earth cover should be provided
above crown of the sewer. However, in case
of sewer laid under road crossings, sand will
be filled to provide cover instead of earth.
3.4.8 Pipe Roughness Co-efficient

RCC Pipes
Co-efficient n

RCC Pipes
Co- Efficient n
New lines
0.013
New lines
0.013
Old lines
0.015
Old lines
0.015
3.4.9 Outfall Works

a)

The capacity of pumps shall be such that a)
The capacity of pumps shall be such
combination for minimum average and
that
combination
for
minimum
maximum flow is possible.
average flow and peak flow is

possible.
b)
Stand-by arrangement = 50% of peak b)

flow
c)
Stand-by arrangement= 33% of
peak
flow.
Detention time of collecting tanks for c)
Detention Time.
design flow.
For the design of collecting tanks

(Wet Well) following detention times
will be used.
68
i)
Population up to 25,000 10 minutes

i)
Population up to 25,000 10 minutes

25,000---50,000
ii) 25,000 to 50,000
5 minutes
ii)
iii) 50,000 to 100,000
5 minutes
iii) 50,000---100,000
4 minutes
iv) 1 Lac to 500,000
2 minutes
iv) 100,000200,000
3 minutes
v) Above 500,000
2 minutes
v)
2 minutes
Above 200,000
5 minutes
3.4.10 Bedding of Sewers

a)
Above sub-soil water level

For Sewers 9"-12"
For Sewers 15" dia
and above
b)

a)
Above sub-soil water level
- Sand
- Crush stone
-1 size
For sewers below sub-soil water:-
For Sewers 9"-12"

For Sewers 15" dia
and above
b)
- Sand
- Crush stone
-1 size
Below sub-soil water
Decision to be taken as per and for slushy
Decision to be taken as per site
soil Conditions at site.
conditions, PCC or RCC.
3.4.11 Class of Pipe


ASTM pipes class II (C-76) as amended by ASTM pipes class 11(C-76) as amended by
PHED, for use of class-III pipes, decision to be PHED, for class-111 pipes, decision to be
taken as per specific site conditions.
taken as per specific site conditions.
69
3.4.12 Pipe Reinforcement


As per ASTM specifications (as amended by As per BSS and ASTM specifications (as
PHED)
amended by PHED)
3.4.13 Slope of Sewer Lines


Minimum gradient of sewers to attain velocities Minimum gradient of sewers to attain
as per Section 4 above.
velocities as per section 4 above
3.4.14 Design Flow of Drainage


The capacity of storm water drainage is The capacity of storm water drainage is
calculated according to Rational method, which calculated according to Rational Method,
relates the flow to the rainfall intensity, the which relates to the flow of rainfall intensity,
tributary area, and a coefficient, which represents the tributary area, and a coefficient, which
the combined effects of ponding, percolation, represents the combined effects of ponding,
and evaporation. This discharge is calculated as percolation and evaporation. The discharge
follows:-
is calculated as follows:-
Q = CIA
Q = CIA
Where:-
Where:-
Q = Discharge in cusecs
Q =Discharge in cusecs
C = Run Off Co-efficient
C = Run off coefficient
I = Rain fall intensity
I = Rainfall intensity
A = Drainage area in acres
A = Drainage area in acres
Type of Surface
Run off Co-
Type of Surface
efficient
Water tight roof surface
0.70 0.95
Asphaltic cement streets
0.85-0.90
Run off Coefficient
Water tight roof surface
Asphaltic
cement
0.70 0.95
0.85-0.90
streets
70

Portland cement streets
0.80-0.95

Portland cement streets
0.80-0.95
Brick paved driveways
0.75-0.85
and walks with tightly
and walks with tightly
cemented joints
cemented joints

and
walks
with
0.70-0.80
un-
0.75-0.85
0.70-0.80
and walks with un-
cemented joints
cemented joints
Inferior block pavement
0.40-0.50
with un-cemented joints
Inferior
pavement
block
with
0.40-0.50
un-
cemented joints
Gravel
driveways
and
0.15-0.30
Gravel driveways and
walks
walks
Lawns, sandy soil
Lawns, sandy soil
0.15-0.30
2% slope
0.05-0.10
2% slope
0.05-0.10
2-7% slope
0.10-0.15
2-7% slope
0.10-0.15
> 7% slope
0.15-0.20
> 7% slope
0.15-0.20
Lawns, heavy soil
Lawns, heavy soil
2% soil
0.13-0.17
2% soil
0.13-0.17
2-7% slope
0.18-0.22
2-7% slope
0.18-0.22
> 7% slope
0.25-0.35
> 7% slope
0.25-0.35
Business
Downtown area
Neighborhood area
Business
Downtown area
0.70-0.95
Neighborhood area
0.70-0.95
71

Residential (Urban)
Residential (Urban)
0.50-0.70
Single Family area
0.50-0.70
Single Family area
Multi-units, detached
0.30-0.50
Multi-units, detached
0.30-0.50
Multi-units, attached
0.40-0.60
Multi-units, attached
0.40-0.60
Residential (Suburban)
0.60-0.75
Residential
0.60-0.75
(Suburban)
Apartment areas
0.25-0.40
Apartment areas
Industrial
Industrial
Light
0.50-0.70
Light
0.50-0.70
Heavy
0.50-0.80
Heavy
0.50-0.80
Parks, cemeteries
0.60-0.90
Parks, Cemeteries
0.60-0.90
Playgrounds
0.10-0.25
Playgrounds
0.10-0.25
Railroad yards
0.20-0.35
Railroad yards
0.20-0.35
Unimproved areas
0.25-0.40
0.20-0.40
Rain Fall Intensity
Unimproved areas
0.20-0.40
Rainfall Intensity
For Southern Punjab an intensity of 1/30
For Southern Punjab an intensity of
inch/hour may be taken except for
1/30 inches per hour may be taken
industrial cities where higher intensity (
except for industrial cities where
inch/hour) be assumed. For Northern
higher intensities (1/4 inches/hour)
Punjab intensity of inch/hour is
are assumed for small towns while
assumed for small towns while
inches/hour should be used for larger
inch/hour or a figure based on rational
cities.
assessment should be assumed for larger

cities.
72
3.4.15 Design of Outfall Works


Outfall Pumping Stations are proposed to be Outfall pumping stations are proposed to be
designed to cater for the maximum peak load designed to cater to the maximum peak load
plus a 50% stand-by (50% of peak load)
plus a 33% stand by (33% of peak load).
Capacity
Capacity
i)
ii)
Present average flow (if it be less than, i)
Present average flow (if it is less
of ultimate average) or ultimate
than of ultimate average) or
average.
ultimate average.
Present and ultimate peak flows
ii)
Present and ultimate peak flows.

(Coarse screens with 2 inches mesh
should be installed on the screening
chamber).
Type of Pumps
Type of pumps
The pumps would be located in dry well adjacent The selection of sewage pumping units should be
to collecting sumps with at least 10 minutes made
retention
centrifugal
of
keeping
in
the
following
horizontal aspects/recommendations:-
capacity
in
case
pumps
or
submersible
pumps
horizontal
pumps
in
the
far as possible. Theses may be used for
preceded by coarse screens with 2 inches mesh.
smaller discharges because the cordon
The pumps will be horizontal centrifugal type in
shaft pumps of smaller discharges may
dry sumps or submersible pumps designed for
not be available.
powered by A.C electric motors. For safeguard

against power failures at least 50% pumping
of
depressed chamber should be avoided as
installed in wet wells. The sump will be
passing solids of 2 to 3 inches size. These will be
Use
Submersible pumps may be used where

the system has no surface drains.
Cordon shaft pumps may be used for
capacity will have additional diesel engine drive
greater discharge where the quality of
if desired in addition to the normal electric
sewage is not good and the system is
driven 50% standby prescribed above.
connected to surface drains as well.
All such pumps will be discharged for

passing solids of 2-3 inches size. These
will
be
powered
by
AC
electric
connections.
73

Stand by arrangements:For safeguard against power failure, at least
33% pumping capacity will have additional
Electric Power Generator (diesel driven).
This is in addition to the normal electric
power driven 33% stand by capacity,
prescribed above.
74
SECTION 3.5
REVIEW OF TECHNICAL STANDARDS FOR DRAINAGE:The technical standards for drainage works include the prescribed directions, requirements,
explanations, terms and provisions pertaining to the various features of the work to be done, or
manner and method of performance.
3.5.1 Open Surface Drains in Streets


Punjab standard open surface drains are to be Open surface drains will be constructed as
constructed in villages with population up to per Punjab Standard Type Drains.
5000 persons.
i.
ii.
iii.
Initial house at upstream may be first i.
First house at upstream side may be
provided with House Drains.
provided with House Drain
Tega only to be provided along house at ii.
Tega is only to be provided along
starting length without drain
house at starting reach.
4 in. Drain on one side if street width is iii.
Standard type-1 drain should be
less than 6 ft.
provided on one side of the street if

streets width is less than 6 ft.
However, for wider streets, drain to
drain distance should not be more
than 16 feet from outer edge of
reimbursement on both sides but not
exceeding 16 feet.
iv.
v.
vi.
Precast drains instead of situ type are to iv.
Precast drains should be preferred
be preferred.
instead of in-situ type.
Proper toe wall to be constructed at the v.
Proper toe walls are to be constructed
outfall point
at the outfall points.
Existing ponds to be eliminated as far as vi.
Existing ponds to be eliminated as far
possible
as possible.
75
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.

Convert existing ponds into oxidation vii.
The existing ponds should preferably
ponds preferably
be converted into oxidation ponds.
Provide screen before sullage collecting viii.
Provide
pit
collecting pits.
Reduce the number of collecting pits as ix.
Reduce the number of collecting pits
far as possible
as for as possible.
Provide at least 2 number pumping units x.
Provide at least 2 number pumping
for a village
units for a community.
L-section of drains to be drawn in Tech. xi.
Hydraulic Profiles of drains to be
Sanction estimate.
drawn
screen
and
before
incorporated
sullage
in
the
technically sanctioned detailed cost

estimate of the scheme
3.5.2 Review of Standards for Brick Pavement


First class bricks sand grouted are to be used in First class bricks sand grouted are to be used
brick pavement in streets of villages up to 5000 in streets.
persons.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Full pavement of street with width up to i.
Full pavement of streets with width
15 ft. with open drains on both sides.
up to 15 ft open drains on both sides.
In streets over 15 ft. pavement will be ii.
In streets over 15 ft, pavement will be
provided for 10 ft. width only in the
provided for 15 ft width only in the
centre.
center.
Storm water to be guided through brick iii.
Storm water to be guided through
pavement.
brick pavements.
PCC soling in hilly areas.
iv.
PCC instead of brick soling will be

provided in hilly areas.
76
SECTION 3.6
STANDARDS / DESIGN CRITERIA FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PLANTS
As for as wastewater treatment is concerned, there is no existing treatment plant in Punjab
except a treatment plant at Faisalabad and an oxidation pond at Bahawalnagar. All other wastewater
treatment plants are in Karachi (Trickling Filters), Peshawar (Stabilization Ponds) and Islamabad
(Activated sludge). Almost all of them are abandoned or working at very low capacity with very low
efficiency.
However there are no standards or any design criteria for the design of water treatment plants.
Most of them were constructed as either pilot projects or by the foreign consultants as per their own
design criteria. This is the first time that some kind of design criteria is being given for the design of
different treatment plants for wastewater.
3.6.1 Standards/Design Criteria for Oxidation Ponds

Length of Pond
2* Breadth of Pond
L=2*B
Depth of Pond
D = 1-2 Meter
Free Board
Detention Period
20-30 Days
Organic loading
300 kg/hectare/day
One Hectare Land Area
750 persons Approximately
BOD Removal
up to 90 %
Coliform Removal
99%
Sludge Accumulation
25 cm Depth Per Year
Meter
3.6.2 Standards/ design criteria for stabilization ponds

In wastewater stabilization ponds, all unit processes and unit operations may be carried out in
the same unit, or a combination of similar units may be used. If only one stage of treatment is used,
the pond will normally be anaerobic or facultative. However, a secondary pond for additional aerobic
77
biological treatment should follow an anaerobic pond. The design criteria for each of the above three
ponds are given below:
3.6.2.1 Standard/Design Criteria for Anaerobic Ponds
From the available literature, all existing procedures adopt one of the following three criteria
as basis:
(a)
Surface loading rate (in term of kg BOD/ha/d)
(b)
Volumetric loading rate (in term of BOD5 or volatile solids as g/m3/d)
(c)
Hydraulic retention time
Now all the above three design criteria will be discussed.

(a)
(b)
Surface Loading Rate
Loading
280-4500 kg BOD5/ha/d
Depth of pond
2.5-5 m
BOD removal
50-80 %
Volumetric Loading
Volumetric loading is expressed in term of grams BOD5 per cubic meter per day.
(c)
Loading
300 g BOD5/m3/d
Depth of pond
2.5-5 m
BOD removal
50%
Hydraulic Retention Time
Hydraulic Retention Time
5 Days
BOD removal
80 %
The BOD5 removal efficiency also depends on the ambient air temperature.
Coliform Removal = Negligible
78
A comparison is given below for theoretical BOD5 reduction with respect to time at a
particular temperature.
Table - 3.1
Theoretical BOD5 Reduction at 22 Degree Centigrade
Retention Time
(Days)
0.12
BOD5 Reduction
(%)
20%
0.40
30%
0.71
35%
1.30
40%
2.40
45%
4.70
50%
9.40
55%
It is clear from the above table that BOD5 increases at a regular interval of 5% with the
increase in time.
It has been observed that the actual BOD reduction is a function of retention time, which is clear
from the following table:
TABLE - 3.2
Actual BOD5 Reduction as a Function of Retention Time
Retention Time
(Days)
1
BOD5 Reduction
(%)
50%
2.40
60%
70%
The above table reveals that after five days the BOD is reduced up to 70%. From the above
two tables a comparison can be drawn for BOD reduction with the temperature and time separately.
The following table gives a combined comparison of BOD reduction with respect to the temperature
and retention time.
79
TABLE - 3.3
Table Showing Relationship Between
Anaerobic Pond Temperature, Retention Time and BOD5 Reduction
TEMPERATURE
(DEGREE C)
10
RETENTION TIME
(DAYS)
5
BOD5 REDUCTION
(%)
0-10
10-15
4-5
30-40
15-20
2-3
40-50
20-25
1-2
40-60
25-30
1-2
60-80
3.6.3 Standards/Design Criteria for Facultative Ponds

Surface Area Loading (Temp 20-25 degree C)
200-- 400 kgBOD5/ha/day
Surface Area Loading (Temp 30 degree C)
300-- 400 kgBOD5/ha/day
Depth of facultative pond
1.5 m
BOD5 removal efficiency
80 %
Settled sludge accumulation
30 liters per person per year
Retention time
5 Days
Coliform Removal
99 %
Volume Evaporation
10 %
3.6.4 Standards/Design Criteria for Maturation Ponds

Maturation ponds are used for the additional removal of pathogenic agents such as bacteria,
fungi, protozoa and viruses. They can remove soluble BOD that has been carried over from the
Facultative pond. However they are justified where land cost is low and sufficient land area is
available. The main parameter to be considered for killing bacterial is the retention time.
80
No. of Maturation Ponds
Retention Time (Days)
Single Maturation Pond
5 Days
Two or more ponds in series
3 Days per pond
Depth of Maturation Pond
1.01.5 m
Length to Breadth ratio
1:1.5
3.6.5 Standards/Design Criteria for Aerated Lagoons5

It is a deeper Oxidation Pond, with oxygen introduced by mechanical aerators rather than
relying on natural photosynthetic oxygen production. For these ponds less area and less detention
time is required because these ponds are deeper than the oxidation ponds and are artificially aerated.
Depth of Lagoon
2.4-3.6 m
Detention Time
4-10 Hours
Land Area Required
5-10 % of oxidation pond
BOD Removal
65-90 %
The aerated lagoons are used frequently for treating industrial wastes.
An aerated lagoon or aerated basin is a holding and/or treatment pond provided with artificial aeration to
promote the biological oxidation of wastewaters.
81
3.6.6 Standards/Design Criteria for Oxidation Ditches6

Length of Ditch channel
1501000 m
Width of Ditch channel
1-5 m
Depth
1-1.5 m
Diameter of cylindrical cage
70 cm
Length of
15 cm
cylindrical cage
Speed of cylindrical cage
75 RPM
Detention Time
12-15 Hours
Load of Sewage Admitted
800-2500 Liters/kg BOD
Concentration of suspended solids
4000-5000 mg/l
Volume of the ditch (approximate)
120-150 cubic meter/meter of the length

of the rotor
Removal of suspended solids
95 %
Removal of BOD
98 %
Power consumed
4.4 K.W/kg of BOD
This method is used for treating small wastes from industries like pharmaceuticals, canning,
dairy, etc., located in densely populated areas.
In some areas, where more land is available, sewage is treated in large round or oval ditches with one or more
horizontal aerators typically called brush or disc aerators which drive the mixed liquor around the ditch and provide
aeration. These are oxidation ditches, often referred to by manufacturer's trade names such as Pasveer, Orbal, or
Carrousel. They have the advantage that they are relatively easy to maintain and are resilient to shock loads that often
occur in smaller communities (i.e. at breakfast time and in the evening).
82
Oxidation Ditch at Pelican Bay State Prison in Northern California, USA.
3.6.7 Standards/Design Criteria for Trickling Filters

The diagrammatic presentation of the trickling filters is given below:-
There are two types of trickling filters. Design parameters for both of them are given below:
3.6.7.1 Standards/Design Criteria for Conventional or Standard Rate Filters
Depth of Filter Media
1.6-2.4 m
Size of Filter Media
25-75 mm
Dosing Interval
Hydraulic Loading
3-10 minutes
20-44 M.l/ha/Day
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Organic Loading
900-2200kgBOD5/ha-m of filter
media/Day
Type of Effluent
BOD less than 20 mg/l
BOD Removal
80-90 %
A conventional or standard rate filter plant is very useful in medium towns and industrial
cities requiring full treatment of sewage.
3.6.7.2 Standards/Design Criteria for High Rate Filters
Depth of Filter Media
1.2-1.8 m
Size of Filter Media
25-60 mm
Dosing Interval
Hydraulic Loading
Organic Loading
Less Than 15 Seconds

110-330 M.l/ha/Day
600018000 kgBOD5/ha-m of
filter media/Day
Type of Effluent
BOD more than 30 mg/l
BOD Removal
70-80 %
A high rate filter plant is very useful for industrial cities requiring full treatment of sewage,
i.e. both Municipal and Industrial sewage.
3.6.8 Standards/Design Criteria for Activated Sludge Process

Activated sludge is a process dealing with the treatment of sewage and industrial
wastewaters. Atmospheric air or pure oxygen is bubbled through primary treated sewage (or
industrial wastewater) combined with organisms to develop a biological floc which reduces
the organic content of the sewage. The combination of raw sewage (or industrial wastewater)
and biological mass is commonly known as Mixed Liquor. In all activated sludge plants, once
the sewage (or industrial wastewater) has received sufficient treatment, excess mixed liquor
is discharged into settling tanks and the treated supernatant is run off to undergo further
treatment before discharge. Part of the settled material, the sludge, is returned to the head of
the aeration system to re-seed the new sewage (or industrial wastewater) entering the tank.
This fraction of the floc is called Return Activated Sludge (R.A.S.). Excess sludge which
84
eventually accumulates beyond what is returned is called Waste Activated Sludge (W.A.S.).
W.A.S is removed from the treatment process to keep the ratio of biomass to food supplied
(sewage or wastewater) in balance. This is called the F: M ratio. W.A.S is stored away from
the main treatment process in storage tanks and is further treated by digestion, either under
anaerobic or aerobic conditions prior to disposal.
The diagrammatic presentation for the process is given below:-
3.6.8.1 Aeration Tanks

Depth of tank
3-4.5 m
Width of tank
5-6 m
Length of tank
10-20 m
Detention period
Quantity of air required
Volume of returned Activated Sludge
Power Requirement
4-8 Hours
4000-8000 cubic meter/million liters
of sewage
25-50 % of sewage flow
55-110 H.P/million of sewage flow
BOD Removal
80-95 %
Bacteria Removal
90-95 %
In big cities with large sized plants, the Activated Sludge plant is better.
85
3.6.9 Standards/Design Criteria for Detritus Tanks

Flow Velocity
0.09 m/second
Detention Period
3-4 minutes
Depth of tank
1-1.5 m
Width of tank
1.5-2.0 m
3.6.10 Standards/ Design Criteria for Skimming Tanks

Detention Period
3-5 minutes
Amount of Compressed air required
3006000 cubic
liters of sewage
Surface Area Required
A = 0.00622*q/Vr Where as
meter/million
q
= Rate of flow of sewage in
m3/day
Vr = Minimum rising velocity of
greasy material to be removed in
m/minute = 0.25 m/ minute in most
cases
Passing of Chlorine Gas
2 mg per liter of sewage
Skimming tanks are not provided in hot climate for treatment plants. They may be provided
in particular industrial towns or at colder hill stations like Murree, where the greasy material may
congeal easily.
3.6.11 Standards/Design Criteria for Septic Tanks7
Minimum Capacity for 8 to 10 Persons
2250 liters
Free Board
0.3 m
Detention Period
12-36 Hours
Length to Width Ratio
2-3
Depth of the Tank
1.2-1.8 m
A septic tank, the key component of a septic system, is a small scale sewage treatment system common in
areas with no connection to main sewerage pipes provided by local governments. Septic systems are a type of On-Site
Sewage Facility (OSSF).
86
Inlet from the top of the sewage line
30 cm
Invert level of the outlet below the inlet 5-7.5 cm

invert level
Height of baffle walls above sewage line 20 cm
Rate of accumulation of sludge
30 liters/person/year
BOD from the Effluent
100-200 mg/l
Septic Tank and Septic Drain Field

They are best suited for isolated rural areas, and for isolated hospitals, buildings,etc.
3.6.12 Standards/Design Criteria for Imhoff Tanks8

Imhoff tanks have two portions, Sedimentation Chamber and Digestion Chamber. The design
criteria for each of the two are given separately.
The design criteria for Sedimentation Chamber are as under:
Detention Period
2-4 Hours
Flowing through Velocity
up to 0.3 m/ minute
Surface Loading
up to 30,000 l/m2/Day
The Imhoff tank, named for German engineer Karl Imhoff (18761965), is a chamber suitable for the reception and
processing of sewage. It may be used for the clarification of sewage by simple settling and sedimentation, along with
anaerobic digestion of the extracted sludge.
87
Length of Tank
up to 30 m
Length to Width Ratio
3-5
Depth of Tank
3-3.5 m
Free Board
0.5 m
The design criteria for Digestion Chamber are given below:

Minimum Capacity of Chamber
35-40 liters per capita
Side Slopes of the Hopper
1:1
Area of Scum /Vent Chamber
25-30% of Digestion Chamber
Width of Vent
60 cm
Removal of Solids
60-65 %
Removal of BOD
30-40 %
Imhoff tanks are useful only for small cities and institutions.
3.6.13 Standards/Design Criteria for Humus Tanks9

These tanks may be hopper bottomed or flat bottomed and are provided next below the filters.
Capacity of the Tank
1/6 of the Dry Weather Flow (DWF)
Detention Period
2-3 Hours
The Humus is collected and dried on sludge beds. If the filtered effluent is disposed of on
land, the humus tanks are not necessary.
A humus tank is also sometimes called secondary settlement tank or final settlement tank and is a tank in
which settable solids or humus is separated from the effluent after it has been through biological treatment or biological
reactor.
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SECTION 3.7
STANDARDS / DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
3.7.1 Introduction
There are a number of concepts about waste management which vary in their usage between
countries or regions. Some of the most general, widely-used concepts include:
Waste hierarchy - the waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which
classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste
minimization. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimization
strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from
products and to generate the minimum amount of waste.
MostFavoredOption
LeastFavoredOption
Diagram of the waste hierarchy
Extended producer responsibility - Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a strategy

designed to promote the integration of all costs associated with products throughout their life
cycle (including end-of-life disposal costs) into the market price of the product. Extended
producer responsibility is meant to impose accountability over the entire lifecycle of products
and packaging introduced to the market. This means that firms which manufacture, import
and/or sell products are required to be responsible for the products after their useful life as
well as during manufacture.
89
Polluter pays principle - the Polluter Pays Principle is a principle where the polluting party
pays for the impact caused to the natural environment. With respect to waste management,
this generally refers to the requirement for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal
of the waste.
3.7.2 House Storage

Normally we use single bin in our houses for storing the garbage. In developed countries like
Japan and USA more than one bin are used: one is for organic matter and the other is for mineral
matter and another for paper. Such type of storage is called SEGREGATION of solid waste AT
SOURCE. The material of house dustbin may be plastic steel or preferably any other light material
that is easy to lift, empty and place back on its original position.
3.7.2 Single Container System

These may be of 30 liters, 60-70 liters and in some cases of 100 liters capacity. The collection
of single containers may be once in every 24 hours.
3.7.3 Multiple Bin System

In case of double bin system or triple bin system the size of the container may be kept at 30
liters or even less. The collection of multiple dust bins may be after one week for each type of solid
waste. The collection vehicle can collect on a particular day the dustbins of organic material for
taking it to composting plant and another day mineral dustbin for segregation and recycling purpose.
3.7.4 Street Dust Bin

On each street at a reasonable place and distance a large steel dust bin may be placed so that
all the residents of the area may use this street dustbin for throwing away garbage. These may also be
placed on footpaths of streets. These should be 2 ft above the ground level to avoid disturbance by
the dogs and other wild animals.
These dustbins are also called TEMPORARY DUSTBINS and theye may be manufactured of
Cast Iron or Mild Steel. They should ideally be water tight and rust resistant. Two handles on each
side should be welded for lifting the street dustbin and emptying into the municipal SWM vehicle for
transport to the transfer station or landfill site. This dustbin should be emptied at night or early in the
morning at 5-6 O clocks.
90
THE SIZE OF THE STREET DUSTBIN MAY BE KEPT AT 150 LITERS.
3.7.5 Transport of Solid Waste

The solid waste from the house dustbins or from the street dustbins are collected at suitable
time and transported to the sanitary landfill sites by different mode of transport. For leads up to 2.5
km animal drawn vehicles are used while for distances more than this petrol, diesel or gas driven
vehicle may be used.
THE CAPACITY OF THE VAN TO BE UPTO 13.75 CUBIC METER
LOW LOADING LINE MAY BE KEPT NOT MORE THAN 1.4 METER
The van should ideally have hydraulically operated ram, which is loaded from side. It should
be closed from all sides and the garbage collected should not be visible. Additionally it should be
protected from wind.
3.7.5.1 Frequency of Solid Waste Collection
The solid waste should be collected daily except holidays. For hotels and restaurants the
collection should be once in a week in cold season and twice in a week in warm climates.
3.7.5.2 Time of Solid Waste Collection
The solid waste must be collected during working days from the houses and residential hotels
and restaurants. From the business centers the solid waste must be collected at night.
3.7.5.3 Teams for Solid Waste Collection
The teams for collection of solid waste should consist of even number of personnel i.e. 2--8
persons in one team depending upon the quantum of the work. In some special cases a single person
can handle the vehicle but the efficiency is likely to suffer.
3.7.5.4 Route of Transport
The route of the vehicle for transport must be selected in such away that it is the shortest
possible route keeping in view the number of houses, density of houses, truck capacity and time
taken to the transfer station or landfill site as the case may be. The efficient use of the resources both
man and material with least wastages is to be ensured.
91
3.7.6 Disposal of Solid Waste

The standards for each type of solid waste disposal system are different and they are given
below:
3.7.6.1 Tipping
Each layer of solid waste must not be more than 2 m.
The layer of earth on solid waste should not be more than 20 to 25 cm.
Sufficient time is given for settlement of the solid waste.
The height of the layer from the surrounding land should not be more than 6m.
Spray 50% solution of Creosote or Paraffin.
For preventing the papers and other light debris screens should be provided.
Lanes should be 7.25 m long, 1.25 m wide and 1.75 m high.
A 2 m layer of solid waste compressed by wagon is reduced to 30cm in 6 to 12

months.
In this method the solid waste is converted to harmless material by biological action.
3.7.6.2 Incineration
This system is useful for the solid waste which has comparatively less moisture
content and greater calorific value.
The heat such produced may be used for raising steam and running turbines to
produce electric power for pumping sewage or compressing air.
In this system separation/segregation of the solid waste is necessary before

incineration which reduces load by 45% to 50%.
The ashes left after the incineration of the solid waste are 25% to 40% of the original
weight of garbage. These are easy to deal with for further disposal.
92
3.7.6.3 Composting
This is best of all the processes and its product is useful.
This process is best suited to Punjab conditions. This process is recommended for
small and medium towns of Punjab.
This system is best suited in the following conditions;
i)
The solid waste is rich in organic matter.
ii)
The nitrogenous matter is in abundance.
iii)
The moisture content is more than the solid waste.
The site selected for composting should be away from the town.
The site selected for composting should be on leeward side.
This system is suitable for large cities, 2 to 3 sites may be selected to avoid transportation at
one site.
The standard size of the trench may be:
Length of the trench
5 -10 m
Width of the trench
1.5-2.5 m
Depth of the trench
1m
Vacant
spaces
between
two
2-2.5 m
trenches
93
3.7.7 Example for Design of Compost

For a town with a population of 10,000 following dimensions are recommended for the whole
year:
No. of trenches
180
Length of trench
4.5 m
Width of trench
1.5 m
Depth of trench
0.75 m
Cover of trench
5-8 cm
Temperature after 2-3 days
65 Degree Centigrade
Time for completion of process
4-6 months
The manure prepared by composting must be sieved with 12 mm sieve to exclude broken
glass, small stones, brickbats etc. Necessary arrangements should be made for diverting the rainwater
from the trenches.
94
CHAPTER-4
SERVICE DELIVERY STANDARDS
4.1
SERVICE DELIVERY STANDARDS

The local governments in Punjab are responsible for providing services viz. water supply,
sewerage, drainage, solid waste management and vector control to the customers. Presently, there is
no standard to measure quality of services provided by the local governments. As a result, it is
difficult to gauge customer satisfaction and bring about improvements in service delivery.
Service delivery standards indicate the quality or objective of a service that a local
government aims to achieve and maintain, measured in terms of the corresponding indicators.
4.2
PURPOSE OF SETTING SERVICE DELIVERY STANDARDS

The purpose of setting Service Delivery Standards (SDSs) is to establish a systematic basis
for monitoring and evaluating service delivery levels. In other words, the SDSs is an important
management tool for informed decision making by the local governments. The SDSs enable
customers to objectively appraise service delivery levels, and provide opportunity to staff of the local
government to make comparison with services provided by other LGs.
4.3
KEY INDICATORS
The SDSs are measured by defining Key Indicators (KIs) for various services. KIs are
quantifiable measurements, agreed to beforehand, that reflect the critical success factors of a local
government, established on the basis of performance data for measuring progress against intended
targets. The KIs and the data collected on them assist in motivating the service delivery staff toward
achieving intended targets. The KIs are designed to be SMART i.e.
4.4
S - Specific
M - Measurable
A - Achievable
R - Results oriented
T - Time bound
APPLICATION OF WATER AND SANITATION STANDARDS

The Water and Sanitation Standards have been designed for use by Local Governments,
Water and Sanitation Agencies, private water supply and sanitation companies, Community Based
Organizations, Non Governmental Organizations, and individual users at domestic and commercial
levels.
95
4.5
HOW TO USE THE SERVICE DELIVERY STANDARDS

The Standards have been divided into the following main sections:
Water Supply
Vector Control
Sewerage
Drainage
Solid Waste Management
Each section is arranged as follows:
Standards:
These indicate the level at which the services would be operated and maintained by a local
government.
Key Indicators:
The key indicators numerically measure the standards for a service. They also provide a basis
of comparison of services amongst various local governments. This comparison can be used to
determine ranking of the local governments based on their performance.
In this document, the key indicators have been divided into the following three levels. This
division has been done to facilitate local governments to progressively improve their services from a
minimum to an excellent level thus instilling a sense of competition amongst them.
i)
Minimum:
This indicates the minimum level of the service which should be provided by the local
government to its customers.

ii)
Progressive:
The local governments which are in a position to provide services above the minimum
level should strive to meet the progressive indicators.

iii)
Excellent:
This is the highest level of indicators for service delivery which can be attained by a
local government.
96
Guidance Notes:
These notes provide necessary explanations about service delivery standards as well as
indicators.
Service Delivery Standards for Water Supply and Sanitation
Water Supply
Vector Control
Sewerage
Drainage
Solid Waste
Management
Standard 1: Access,
Quantity, Availability and
Affordability
Standard 1: Individual,
Family Protection and
Chemical Control Safety
Standard 1: Access
Standard 1: Access
Standard 1: Storage and

Collection
Standard 2: Quality
Standard 2: Physical,
Environmental and
Chemical Protection
Measures
Standard 2: Treatment
and Disposal
and Disposal
Standard 2:
Transportation
Standard 3: O&M
Standard 3: Customer
Services and Complaint
Redressal
Standard 3: O&M
Standard 3: O&M
and Disposal
Redressal
Redressal
Standard 4: Emergency
Response
Redressal
Standard 5: Awareness
Campaign
Guidance Notes for
Standards
Guidance Notes for

Standards
Guidance Notes for

Standards
Guidance Notes for

Standards
Redressal
Redressal
Guidance Notes for

Standards
97
4.6
STANDARDS FOR WATER SUPPLY:Everyone has the right to clean and potable water. This right is recognized in international
legal instruments and provides for sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable
water for personal and domestic uses. Providing access to sufficient quantity of potable water at
affordable rates to meet basic needs of customers is of crucial importance for a local government.
4.6.1 Standard-1: Access, Quantity, Availability and Affordability:Safe and equitable access to a sufficient quantity of water for drinking, cooking and personal
and domestic hygiene will be made available to the customers at affordable rates. Stand posts will be
located sufficiently close to households to facilitate easy access to potable water.
Key Indicators
i.)
Access
Indicator
Minimum
Progressive
Excellent
Maximum queuing 60 minutes

time at potable water
source
Maximum distance 1000 meters
from any household
to
a
developed
potable water source
30 minutes
15 minutes
500 meters
200 meter
Maximum time for 30 days

providing connection
in case of piped water
supply
15 days
7 day
Provision of water Twice a week

through water tankers
and other means,
where
is
no
established source of
water
Alternate daily
Daily
ii)
Quantity
Indicator
Quantity of water
from non-piped
source per person per
day
Quantity of water
from communal stand
post per person per
day
Average quantity of
water per person per
day at household
Minimum
15 liters
Progressive
20 litres
Excellent
25 litres
20 litres
25 litres
30 litres
20 litres
80 litres
160 litres
98
level
Delivery of potable
water to customers in
areas where the water
supply has been
interrupted
Time required to fill a
10 litre container
iii)
Within 12 hours
Within 8 hours
Within 4 hours
4 minutes
3 minutes
2 minutes
Availability
Indicator
Availability of water
per day
Height at which water
is available
Minimum
6 hours
Progressive
12 hours
Excellent
24 hours
Up to 1st floor
Up to 2nd Floor
Up to 3rd Floor
Each house will keep containers with covers to store sufficient quantity of water to
ensure availability of water round the clock.
iv)
Affordability:Indicator
Affordability for
consumers in terms of
monthly income
Excellent
2%
Progressive
3%
Minimum
5%
Guidance Notes
i)
Equitable Access
This means that every individual in a society must have equitable access to sufficient
quantity of water regardless of his/her sex, caste, creed or affiliation.

ii)
Queuing time
Queuing time in case of stand post indicates the efficiency of the water providing
system. Long queues reflect inefficiencies of the system and the water providing agency
should take necessary steps for development of necessary infrastructure and augmentation of
water supply.
iii)
Quantity
The quantity of water to be supplied to an area depends on a) source of water, b)
location of the area and c) water demand. Maximum quantity can be provided in case of
piped water supply based on a tube well drilled in sweet water zone.
iv)
Availability
99
The availability of water is a function of source of water, financial position of water

providing agency, and water demand. Ideal standard for availability of water is 24/7, which
means that water is available round the clock, seven days a week. In Punjab, the availability
in case of piped water supply varies from 4 hours to 14 hours. By using underground water
tanks and overhead reservoirs, availability can be increased by the customers to 24 hours.
v)
Affordability
Affordability relates to rates which are charged for using water. Recovery of cost of
service is of primary consideration while setting tariffs. However, paying capacity of

consumers plays a significant role in deciding tariffs.
4.6.2 Standard-2: Water Quality:Water is palatable, and of sufficient quality to be drunk and used for personal and domestic
hygiene without causing significant risk to health.
Key Indicators
Indicator
Appearance
Taste
Odour
Contamination
Minimum
Colour
acceptable to
consumers
Taste acceptable
to consumers
Odourless
Water free from
bacterial
contamination
Progressive
Colourless
Excellent
Colourless
Tasteless
Tasteless
Odourless
Water free from
bacterial
contamination
Odourless
Water free from
bacterial
contamination
Guidance Notes
i)
Quality
The quality of water needs to be in accordance with the WHO or PHED Water
Quality Standards. In areas where it is difficult to stick to the WHO Standards, the water
providing agency should ensure provision of water having quality acceptable to consumers.
100
4.6.3 Standard 3: Operations and Maintenance

Regular operation and maintenance to ensure uninterrupted water supply to the users will be
carried out.
Indicator
Leakage of main
water supply pipes
Leakage of
distribution water
supply pipes
Tracing of leaks
related to water
meters
Replacement of
defective water meter
Repair / replacement
of Stand Post
Replacement of worn
out pumps and
motors
Minimum
Within 24 hours
Progressive
Within 12 hours
Excellent
Within 6 hours
Within 48 hours
Within 24 hours
Within 8 hours
Within 72 hours
Within 48 hours
Within 24 hours
Within 14 days
Within 7 days
Within 3 days
Within 48 hours
Within 24 hours
Within 12 hours
Within 48 hours
Within 24 hours
Within 12 hours
Guidance Notes
i.
O&M:
This has a direct impact on delivery of water supply. An efficient O&M system
results in improved performance and greater customer satisfaction. Water providing agencies
should try to implement preventive maintenance schedules to follow a proactive approach to
O & M.
4.6.4 Standard-4: Complaint Redressal

An effective and efficient system for redressal of complaints related to water supply will be
established.
Key Indicators
Indicator
Timing of Customer
Services Centre
Referral time for
complaints
Redressal time for
complaints
Observance of
response time
(referral and
redressal)
Maximum time for
providing connection
in case of piped water
supply
Minimum
8 a.m. to 4 p.m.
Progressive
8 a.m. to 8 p.m.
Excellent
Round the clock
Within 24 hours
Within 12 hours
Within 2 hours
Within 48 hours
Within 24 hours
Within 6 hours
60% of
complaints
75% of complaints
90% of
complaints
7 days
3 days
1 day
101
Change of faulty
meters and removal
of illegal connections
Processing time for
applications and
installation of new
connection
Processing time for
application and
installation of a new
fire hydrant
Processing time for
application and
relocation of fire
hydrant
Investigation and
resolution of water
ponding on private
property and water
pressure complaints.
Processing resolution
of complaints
regarding water
contamination
14 days
7 days
3 days
72 hours
48 hours
24 hours
Within 6 weeks
Within 4 weeks
Within 2 weeks
Within 6 weeks
Within 4 weeks
Within 2 weeks
Within 14 days
Within 7 days
Within 2 days
Within 14 days
Within 7 days
Within 2 days
Guidance Notes
An effective complaint redressal system results in improved service delivery and enhanced
customer satisfaction. Water providing agencies should try to maintain a database of complaints
received from various localities. This will help them in planning targeted capital investments.
4.7
STANDARDS FOR VECTOR CONTROL

Vector is the main cause of spreading diseases in a community. The prevalence of disease can
be checked by adopting various preventive measures, which may include appropriate water supply,
excreta disposal, solid waste management and drainage. Other things which may contribute in
prevention of disease are adequate health services, use of suitable chemical and protection of food.
4.7.1 Standard-1: Individual, Family Protection and Chemical Control Safety

Awareness about vector borne diseases exists amongst the people and ways and means are
provided to control these diseases. Chemical control safety measures are employed in an appropriate
manner to safeguard health of staff and customers.
Key Indicator
Indicator
Awareness campaign
Presentation to
schools on
water, sanitation, and
environmental
education
Minimum
Annually
Quarterly
Progressive
Biannual
bimonthly
Excellent
Quarterly
Monthly
102
Guidance Notes
i)
Awareness campaign:
The awareness campaign, amongst others, will include information about the
following:
Avoidance of exposure to mosquitoes during peak biting times by using all

non-harmful means available to them.
Use of mosquito nets effectively.
Coverage of water storage utensils with lids or cover in households.
Control of human body lice by appropriate preventive methods.
Regular washing and airing of bedding and clothing.
Protection of food to avoid contamination.
Provision of training, protective clothing, storage and handling of chemical,

and use of bathing facility by LG staff to avoid health hazards.
Anticipated health hazards associated with use of chemicals.
Cleanliness of neighborhood.
4.7.2 Standard-2: Physical, Environmental and Chemical Protection Measures

Control of disease and nuisance vectors will be eliminated or kept to a minimum level for
well being of the people.
Key Indicators
Indicator
Fly and mosquito
spray
Fumigation
Vector breeding sites
are inspected and
modified
Minimum
Quarterly
Progressive
Bimonthly
Excellent
Monthly
Biannually
Annually
Quarterly
Biannually
Bimonthly
Quarterly
Guidance Notes
i)
Spray and Fumigation:

Local governments make suitable arrangements for protection against diseases by
ensuring periodic chemical spray and fumigation to eliminate vectors.
103
4.7.3 Standard-3: Complaint Redressal

An effective and efficient system for redressal of complaints related to water supply will be
established.
Key Indicators
Indicator
Timing of Customer
Services Centre
Referral time for
complaints
Redressal time for
complaints
Observance of
response time
(referral and
redressal)
Processing time for
applications and
spray and fumigation
Minimum
8 a.m. to 4 p.m.
Progressive
8 a.m. to 8 p.m.
Excellent
Round the clock
Within 24 hours
Within 12 hours
Within 2 hours
Within 48 hours
Within 24 hours
Within 6 hours
60% of
complaints
75% of complaints
90% of
complaints
72 hours
48 hours
24 hours
Guidance Notes
i.
Customer Services and Complaint Redressal:

An effective customer services and complaint redressal centre results in improved
service delivery and enhanced customer satisfaction. Local governments should try to
maintain a database of complaints received from various localities. This will help them in
planning targeted capital investments.
104
4.8
STANDARDS FOR SEWERAGE

An effective and efficient sewerage, treatment and disposal system with maximum coverage
to satisfy customer needs supported by quick complaint redressal mechanism will be provided.
4.8.1 Standard-1: Access

Sewerage facility will, as far as possible, be provided to all clusters of houses with number of
units in excess of:
Key Indicators
Indicator
Access to sewerage
Minimum
100 houses
Progressive
50 houses
Excellent
25 houses
Guidance Notes
i.
Access:
The units which do not fall in any cluster will make arrangement for properly designed
soakage pits keeping in view environmental considerations.
4.8.2 Standard-2: Treatment and Disposal

Sewage treatment and disposal system will ensure that environmental effect of affluent on
water bodies is minimized and aquatic life is sustained.
Key Indicators
Indicator
Location of treatment
plant
Extent of treatment to
maintain dissolved
oxygen in water
bodies
Location of disposal
stations
Minimum
0.5 Km
Progressive
1 Km
Excellent
1.5 Km
11 mg per litre
8 mg per litre
6 mg per litre
0.5 Km
1 Km
1.5 Km
Guidance Notes
i.
Treatment and Disposal:

Appropriate level of treatment brings contamination levels of sewage within the limits
prescribed by National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQs).

The compliance of NEQs helps in minimizing harmful effects of sewage on receiving
water bodies and aquatic life.
4.8.3 Standard-3: Operations and Maintenance

105
Regular operation and maintenance to ensure uninterrupted flow of sewage will be carried
out.
Key Indicators
Indicator
De-silting of sewer lines
Attendance to Sewer overflows/
blockages/ smells/ damage
Attendance to sewer blockages
on private property
Replacement of broken or
missing manhole covers
Rehabilitation of sewer lines
(main)
Rehabilitation of sewer lines
(branch)
Replacement of worn out pumps
and motors
Minimum
After every
two years.
Within 48
hours
Within 24
hours
Within 72
hours
Within 3
weeks
Within 3
months
Within a week
Progressive
Annual
Excellent
Biannual
Within 24
hours
Within 12
hours
Within 48
hours
Within 2
weeks
Within 2
months
Within 2 days
Within 8
hours
Within 4
hours
Within 24
hours
Within 1
week
Within a
month
Within 12
hours
Guidance Notes
i.
O&M:
An efficient O&M system results in improved performance and greater customer
satisfaction. Sanitation agencies should try to implement preventive maintenance schedules to

follow a proactive approach to O & M for reduction in operational costs. .
106
4.8.4 Standard-4: Customer Services and Complaint Redressal

A rapid response customer services and complaint redressal system for improved service
delivery and customer satisfaction will be established.
Key Indicators
Indicator
Timing of Customer Services
Centre
Capturing of all telephone
queries with regards to
engineering service faults
Minimum
8 a.m. to 4
p.m.
NIL
Progressive
8 a.m. to 8
p.m.
NIL
Excellent
Round the
clock
immediately
Referral time for complaints
Within 24
hours
Within 48
hours
Within 12
hours
Within 24
hours
Within 2
hours
Within 6
hours
60% of
complaints
Within 6
weeks
75% of
complaints
Within 4
weeks
90% of
complaints
Within 2
weeks
Redressal time for complaints
Observance of response time

(referral and redressal)
Processing of applications to
discharge industrial
trade effluent to sewer and/or
via road tanker
4.9
STANDARDS FOR DRAINAGE

In areas where proper drainage is not available, waste water or storm water is conveyed
through drains to the final disposal point. Additionally for waste water drains, allied infrastructure
such as lift stations, treatment plants and disposal stations are provided.
4.9.1 Standard-1: Access

Waste water drainage facility will, as far as possible, be provided to all clusters of houses
with number of units in excess of:
Key Indicators
Indicator
Minimum
Access to waste and storm water 100 houses
drains*
Progressive
50 houses
Excellent
25 houses
*Appropriate arrangement for final disposal of waste water will be made by the dwellers of housing
units in consultation with the concerned Local Government.
Guidance Notes
i.
Access to storm water drainage system:

Public access to an appropriately designed and operated drainage system ensures
quick disposal of storm water and reduces ponding. This has an effect on vector control.
107
ii.
Access to waste water drainage system:

Public access to adequate waste water drainage system, in areas without sewerage
system, facilitates quick conveyance of waste water to the nearby connecting sewers,
treatment facilities or disposal sites.

Sewage treatment and disposal system will ensure that environmental effect of affluent on
water bodies is minimized and aquatic life is sustained.
Key Indicators
Indicator
Location of treatment
plant
Extent of treatment to
maintain dissolved
oxygen in water bodies
Location of disposal
stations
Minimum
0.5 Km
Progressive
1 Km
Excellent
1.5 Km
11 mg per litre
8 mg per litre
6 mg per litre
0.5 Km
1 Km
1.5 Km
Guidance Notes
i.
Treatment and disposal:

Storm and waste waters contain suspended particulates and other contaminants,
therefore, they require treatment before disposal into water receiving bodies.
4.9.3 Standard-3: Operations and Maintenance

Regular operation and maintenance to ensure uninterrupted flow of sewage will be carried
out.
Indicator
De-silting of drains*
Replacement of
broken or missing
slabs
Maintenance of
drains
Replacement of worn
out pumps and
motors
Minimum
1 year
Within 3 weeks
Progressive
Biannual
Within 2 weeks
Excellent
Quarterly
Within 1 week
Within 3 weeks
Within 2 weeks
Within 1 week
Within a week
Within 2 days
Within 12 hours
*The indicator is only for the routine maintenance. Incase of any blockage or any emergency, de-silting
will be carried out as and when required.
108
Guidance Notes
i.
O&M:
An efficient O&M system results in improved performance of drainage system, and
enhanced customer satisfaction. Sanitation agencies should try to implement preventive

maintenance schedules to follow a proactive approach to O & M for reduction in operational
costs.

delivery and customer satisfaction will be established.
Key Indicators
Indicator
Minimum
Progressive
Excellent
Timing of Customer
Services Centre
Referral time for
complaints
Redressal time for
complaints
Observance of
response time
(referral and
redressal)
8 a.m. to 4 p.m.
8 a.m. to 8 p.m.
Round the clock
Within 24 hours
Within 12 hours
Within 2 hours
Within 48 hours
Within 24 hours
Within 6 hours
60% of
complaints
75% of complaints
90% of
complaints
4.10 STANDARDS FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Solid Waste Management is one of the essential services provided by the local governments.
It is critically important to provide sustainable and integrated waste management system to minimize
associated risks to human health and environment. Provision of well integrated system helps to
achieve greater customer satisfaction.
4.10.1 Standard-1: Storage and Collection

An efficient system, responsive to customers needs, for sufficient storage and waste
collection will be established to minimize health and environmental concerns.
Key Indicators
Indicator
Minimum
Progressive
Excellent
At source storage of solid waste
Households
and healthcare
establishment
s to use
containers /
bags
Households,
commercial
and healthcare
establishment
s to use
containers /
bags
Households,
commercial,
healthcare and
educational
establishment
s use
containers /
bags
109
Indicator
Minimum
Progressive
Excellent
Manual street sweeping in

commercial areas
On alternate
days
(before 9 a.m)
Once a day
(before 9.a.m)

residential areas (without doorto-door collection)
Once a day
(before 10
a.m)
Once a day
(before 7 a.m)
Twice a day
(before 9 a.m
& before 4
p.m)
Twice a day
(before 7 a.m
& before 4
p.m))

residential areas (with door-todoor waste collection)
Manual Sweeping of parks and
green belts
On alternate
days (before
12 p.m)
Twice a week
(between 10
a.m & 3 p.m)
Mechanized sweeping of major

roads
On alternate
days (before
10 a.m)
On alternate
days (before
11 a.m)
On alternate
days (between
10 a.m & 3
p.m)
Once a day
(before 9 a.m)
Quality of service in case of

manual sweeping
Removal of
loose dust
particles,
wind blowing
objects, tree
trimmings and
heaps of
waste
(a) Brushing
with water
sprinkling
(b) Removal
of loose dust
particles,
wind blowing
objects, tree
trimmings and
waste
On alternate
days
(before 11
a.m)
(a) Within
walking
distance of
15-20 minutes
or within
radius of 500
meters)
(b)
Healthcare
establishment
having
sufficient
place will be
provided with
communal
Quality of service in case of

mechanized sweeping
Door-to-door waste collection
Location/accessibility of
individual / commercial
establishments to communal
storage points
Removal of
loose dust
particles,
wind blowing
objects, tree
trimmings and
heaps of
waste
(a) Brushing
with water
sprinkling
(b) Removal
of loose dust
particles,
wind blowing
objects, tree
trimmings and
waste
Once a day
(before 10
a.m)
(a) Within
walking
distance of
10-15 minutes
or within
radius of 350
meters)
(b) Healthcare
establishment
having
sufficient
place will be
provided with
communal
storage
Once a day
(before 10
a.m)
Once a day
(between 10
a.m & 3 p.m)
Twice a day
(before 9 a.m
& before 6
p.m)
Removal of
loose dust
particles,
wind blowing
objects, tree
trimmings and
heaps of
waste
(a) Brushing
of with water
sprinkling
(b) Removal
of loose dust
particles,
wind blowing
objects, tree
trimmings and
waste
Once a day
(before 9 a.m)
(a) Within
walking
distance of 510 minutes or
within radius
of 250 meters)
(b)
Educational
and healthcare
establishment
having
sufficient
place will be
provided with
110
Indicator
Minimum
Progressive
Excellent
storage
bins/points
bins/points
(c) For
healthcare
establishment
s having area
restrictions,
the indicator
at (a) will be
observed.
(c) For
healthcare
establishment
s having area
restrictions,
the indicator
at (a) will be
observed.
On payment provision of
container(s) to commercial
establishments for temporary
storage of construction / waste
material.
(a) Within 15
days of
submission of
the formal
request within
the premises
or as close as
possible to the
construction
site.
Frequency and timings for

lifting container(s)
On alternate
days between
6.a.m to 12
p.m
Area around
each container
will be kept
clear of any
solid waste
and swept on
alternate days
before 1p.m
50 % of the
area
Less than 25
% of
collection
crew
60 % of the
times during
year
(a) Within 7
days of
submission of
formal request
to be placed
within the
premises or as
close as
possible to the
construction
site.
Once a day
between 6.a.m
to 12 p.m
communal
storage
bins/points
(c) For
educational
and healthcare
establishment
s having area
restrictions,
the indicator
at (a) will be
observed.
(a) Within 3
days of
submission of
formal request
within the
premises or as
close as
possible to the
construction
site.
Cleanliness around container /

communal storage point
Collection Coverage
Absenteeism
Observance of indicators
Area around
each container
will be kept
clear of any
solid waste
and swept on
daily basis
before 1p.m
60 % of the
area
Less than 20
% of
collection
crew
80 % of the
times during
year
Once a day
between 2.a.m
to 8 a.m
Area around
each container
will be kept
clear of any
solid waste
and swept on
daily basis
before 9a.m
80 % of the
area.
Less than 15
% collection
crew
90 % of the
times during a
year
111
Guidance Notes
i.
At source storage:
The concept of at source storage of solid waste is promoted to avoid continuous
littering of streets and roads. A behavioral change campaign is generally needed to bring this
change at the community level.
ii.
Door to door waste collection:

At source storage accompanied by door to door waste collection besides minimizing
environmental impact, reduces the requirement for daily sweeping. Moreover, door to door
collection eliminates double handling of waste thus saving useful resources.
iii.
Location of Communal Storage Points:

The communal storage points are located at easily accessible places for public
facilitation.
iv.
On payment provision of containers:

Provision of containers on rent to commercial / residential establishments carrying out
construction activities helps in temporary storage of construction waste thus improving

environment and reducing inconvenience to the general public.
v.
Observance of indicators:
This helps the waste management agency in monitoring and evaluation of key
indicators, which assists in planning desired improvements in service delivery.
4.10.2 Standard-2: Transportation

Transportation of waste is an important component and together with waste collection, it
accounts for almost 70 80% of annual spending of solid waste management agency in developing
countries.
Therefore, operational routes will be carefully designed and monitored for cost
effectiveness.
112
Key Indicators
Indicator
Minimum
Progressive
Excellent
Proper covering of
waste transportation
vehicles to avoid
littering of roads and
streets
Route
50 % of the open
vehicles during
80 % of the
times during a
year.
The
transportation
vehicles, as far
as possible, will
not pass through
congested areas
75 % of the open
vehicles during 80
% of the times
during a year.
100 % of the
open vehicles
during 90 % of
the times during
a year.
The
transportation
vehicles will not
pass through
congested areas
The transportation
vehicles, as far as
possible, will not
pass through
congested areas
Guidance Notes
i.
Covering of Waste Transportation Vehicles:

While plying on city roads, uncovered open trucks / tippers cause littering of roads
and streets by light blowing objects. This problem can be minimized by covering the trucks /
trippers with tarpaulin sheets or nets.
ii.
Route:
Transportation of waste through congested areas is avoided to reduce littering of roads
and streets, inconvenience to general public, and time and fuel savings.

Treatment and disposal of solid waste will be done to reduce toxicity and volume, and make
it less harmful to human health and environment.
Key Indicators
Indicator
Minimum
Progressive
Excellent
Location of waste
treatment / disposal
facilities
Minimum
distance of 2
kilometer from
residential area.
Weekly
Minimum distance
of 3 kilometers
from residential
area.
On alternate days
Minimum
distance of 4
kilometer from
residential area.
Daily
Twice a week
On alternate days
Daily
Less than 5
kilometers
Less than 3
kilometers
Less than 2
kilometers
70 % of the
times during a
year.
80 % of the times
during a year.
90 % of the
times during a
year
Record keeping of
quantity of waste
received at treatment
/ disposal facilities
Cleanliness of access
roads
Length of access
road from the main
road to the treatment
/ disposal facility
Observance of the
indicators
113
Guidance Notes
i.
Treatment:
This would include facilities viz. composting, recycling plants and incinerators.
ii.
Disposal:
It includes landfill sites.
iii.
Location of Treatment / Disposal Facility:

For health and environmental reasons, treatment / disposal facilities are generally kept
at appropriate distance from the residential areas. The location criteria help in countering
NIMBY Syndrome and reduce resistance amongst the people about establishment of
treatment / disposal facility.
iv.
Record keeping of quantity of waste:

A complete record of waste delivery at treatment / disposal sites is maintained to
ensure optimum delivery of solid waste at the designated site. This helps to monitor
operational staff as well as dumping alongside roads and open spaces. The data generated
helps planning extension of land fill sites.
4.10.4 Standard 4: Emergency Response

Local governments will ensure emergency response in case of emergencies to reduce
environmental and health hazards.
Key Indicators
Indicator
Minimum
Progressive
Excellent
Cleaning of roads
after rains / floods /
dust storms during
day time.
Cleaning of roads
after rains / floods /
dust storms during
night.
Removal of animal
waste / offals etc.
during Eid-Ul-Azha.
Observance of the
indicators
Within 8 hours
Within 4 hours
Within 2 hours
Before 12 Noon
Before 9 a.m
Before 7 a.m
Before 12
midnight
Before 9 p.m
Before 6 p.m
75 % of the
times during a
year.
85 % of the times
during a year.
90 % of the
times during a
year.
Guidance Notes
i.
Emergency Response:
Prompt response by a local government in case of emergencies greatly helps in image
building of the agency, as well as improving citizen/customer satisfaction.

114
ii.
Emergency Arrangements:
Local governments are required to ensure necessary arrangements to meet various
emergencies. This may include provision of additional transport facility for removal of
animal waste / offal during Eid ul Azha.
4.10.5 Standard-5: Awareness Campaigns

Awareness amongst the general public will be created about the 4 Rs of solid waste
management i.e. Reduce, Reuse, Recover and Recycle.
Key Indicators
Indicator
Minimum
Progressive
Excellent
Awareness campaign
Annually
Biannual
Quarterly
Presentation to educational
institutions on solid waste
management
Quarterly
bimonthly
Monthly
Guidance Notes
i.
Awareness:
Creating awareness amongst the people helps in improving their understanding of
sustainable solid waste management. This, in the long run, facilitates the operation of local
government besides positively impacting health and environment.
ii.
Awareness campaign:
These may include leafleting, door stepping, corner meetings, TV commercials,
newspapers, sign boards, presentations in educational institutions, etc.

delivery and customer satisfaction will be established
Key Indicators
Indicator
Minimum
Progressive
Excellent
Timings of Customer
Services Centers
Timings of customer
care centers during
special events like
Eid-Ul-Adha,
Muharram-Ul-Haram
etc.
Redressal of
complaints about
noise, dust, odor,
traffic, appearance
7 a.m. to 3 p.m.
7 a.m. to 7 p.m.
7 a.m. to 11 p.m.
7 a.m. to 7 p.m.
7 a.m. to 11.p.m.
Round the clock
Within 3 months
Within 2 months
Within one
month
115
Indicator
Minimum
Progressive
Excellent
Within 24 hours
Within 12 hours
Within 2 hours
Within 12 hours
Within 6 hours
Within 4 hours
60 % of the
times during a
year.
75 % of the times
during a year.
90 % of the
times during a
year.
and increase in
vectors from waste
treatment and
disposal facility
Referral time of
complaints to the
concerned
department
Redressal time of
complaints
Observance of the
indicators
Guidance Notes
i.
Customer Services and Complaint Redressal:

An effective customer services and complaint redressal centre results in improved
service delivery and enhanced customer satisfaction. Local governments should try to
maintain a database of complaints received from various localities. This will help them in
planning targeted capital investments.
116
4.11 MONITORING AND EVALUATION FRAMEWORK

An effective monitoring and evaluation framework is essential to ensure that services
provided by the local governments are in accordance with the standards notified by the HUD &
PHED.
4.11.1 Monitoring:
Monitoring involves collecting information regarding compliance to service delivery
standards and assessing required changes for improvements.
4.11.2 Evaluation:
It is the assessment of the overall impact of service delivery to determine the effectiveness of
the services.
M&E Framework for ensuring effective implementation of Standards and Key Indicators is
provided in the figure below.
The standards key indicators will be prepared in consultation with major stakeholders and
notified by HUD & PHED. This would ensure uniform application of standards throughout the
province. The local governments will adopt one of the three levels of indictors (minimum,
117
progressive and excellent) in accordance with available resources, socio-economic level of the area
and customer needs.
The local governments will make necessary arrangements for bringing their service levels in
accordance with the adopted standards and indicators. The standards and indictors will be given wide
publicity for awareness of the consumers. At the same time the local governments will also put in
place an effective monitoring and evaluation framework to ensure that services follow standards and
indicators. The monitoring and evaluation framework will also include feedback from the customers,
which will be obtained through customer surveys.
During the implementation if the local governments find that changes are required to be made
in the indicators to suit their local requirements, they will inform the HUD & PHED accordingly.
The HUD & PHED will make necessary changes in the indicators after obtaining feedback of other
stakeholders.
118
ANNEX-1
LIST OF PERSONS CONTACTED / WHO
CONTRIBUTED TO THE REPORT
HUD & PHE DEPARTMENT:1.
Mr. Khizar Gondal
Secretary, HUD&PHED
2.
Mr. Shabbir Ahmad
Special Secretary, Govt. of the Punjab
3.
Mr. Shabbir Ahmad Qureshi
Chief Engineer (South)
4.
Syed Sajjad Haider Bukhari
Chief Engineer (North)
5.
Mr. Shoukat Ali
Additional Secretary (Tech)
6.
Mr. Zahid Hussain
Project Director,PCWSS Project.
7.
Mr. Abdul Sattar Khan Lillah
Director (A & W)
8.
Mr. Khalid Saeed
Superintending Engineer, PHE Circle,

Lahore
9.
Mr. Nasir Abbas
Assistant Director (Technical)
10.
Mr. Sajjad Ahmad Bhatti
Assistant Director (P&D)
11.
Mr. Shahid Latif
Executive Engineer
12.
Mr. Nasir Iqbal
Executive Engineer
13.
Mr. Khalid Zia Cheema
Executive Engineer
14.
Mr. Zahid Javed
Research Officer, Central Testing Lab.
15.
Hafiz Fateh Muhammad
Jr. Research Officer, Central Testing Lab.
16.
Mr. Shamshad Gohar
Ground Water Specialist, PCWSS Project
17.
Mr. Kevin Taylor
Consultant, PHED
URBAN PLANNING UNIT, GOP, P & D DEPARTMENT:

18.
Dr. Nasir Javed
Project Director
19.
Mr. Abid Hussaini
WSS Specialist, (Consultant)
20.
Mr. Naveed Alauddin
Governance Specialist
21.
Mr. Khalid Majeed
WSS Specialist
COOPERATIVES DEPARTMENT, GOVT. OF THE PUNJAB:

22.
Mr. Mazhar Ali Khan
Secretary, Govt. of the Punjab
PUNJAB MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMNET FUND COMPANY (PMDFC)

23.
Mr. Iftikhar Rasool
General Manger, Engineering, PMDFC
24.
Mr. Muhammad Ashiq
Technical Consultant, PMDFC
119
REFERENCES
1.
WHO (1971), International Standards for Drinking Water, Geneva.
2.
WHO (1987) EMRO Technical Publication No.10, Wastewater Stabilization Ponds

Principles of Planning and Practice
3.
S. Kapoor, Baljit (Dr.) (1989), Environmental Engineering An Overview
4.
PHED, Design Criteria for Water Supply Sewerage & Drainage Schemes (1998) Lahore
(Pakistan).
5.
Tudor Roade, Freshwater Future, (2003) England.
6.
WHOs Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 3rd Edition (2004) World Health
Organization.
7.
PCRWR, Govt. of Pakistan, Water Quality Standards, May (2006)
8.
PCRWR, Govt. of Pakistan, Water Quality Standards, May (2006)
120

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PHED Criteria (Latest)

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Technical and Service Delivery Standards

Ch. Safdar Ali Cheema

American Society of Testing Materials specification

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Colony Formation count Unit of Bacteria

Department for International Development, UK

Environment Protection Department

Housing Urban Development & Public Health Engineering

Millennium Development Goals

Maximum Probable Number

National Environmental Quality Standards

National Engineering Services, Pakistan

Nephelometric Turbidity Units

Planning and Development Department, Punjab

Plain Cement Concrete

Pakistan Council for Research in Water Resources

Punjab Community Water Supply & Sanitation (Sector)

Punjab Municipal Development Fund Company

Program Support Unit

Reinforced Cement Concrete

Service Delivery Standards

1.2 SITUATION ANALYSIS IN PUNJAB

Storm Water Drainage....................................................................................................................... 44

Waste Water Treatment..................................................................................................................... 44

Solid Waste Management.................................................................................................................. 44

1.3 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF SERVICE DELIVERY

Waste Water ...................................................................................................................................... 77

Waste Water Treatment..................................................................................................................... 99

Solid Waste Management.................................................................................................................. 12

DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS............................ 16

2.1 DRINKING WATER QUALITY GLOBAL PICTURE AND BASIC REQUIREMENTS

Basic Requirements for Drinking Water Quality .............................................................................. 16

2.2 PRESENT WATER QUALITY SITUATION

PSQCA Drinking Water Standards ................................................................................................... 19

PHED Water Quality Standards ........................................................................................................ 20

Taste and odour ................................................................................................................................. 23

Total Dissolved Solids ...................................................................................................................... 26

Nitrates & Nitrites ............................................................................................................................. 27

2.5 INTERNATIONAL DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

Water Quality Standards of WHO..................................................................................................... 31

Indian Water Quality Standards ........................................................................................................ 33

US-EPA Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality .............................................................................. 35

Modifications proposed in Water Quality Standards......................................................................... 39

WATER SUPPLY & SANITATION TECHNICAL STANDARDS .. 42

Design Criteria 1986 ......................................................................................................................... 42

Design Criteria 1998 ......................................................................................................................... 42

3.2 REVISION OF DESIGN CRITERIA 2007

Methodology for the Revision........................................................................................................... 43

SECTION 3.3 REVIEW OF WATER SUPPLY TECHNICAL STANDARDS

Population Projection ........................................................................................................................ 44

Design Period .................................................................................................................................... 45

Requirement of Water ....................................................................................................................... 47

Velocity of Flow in Pipes.................................................................................................................. 50

Minimum Pipe Size........................................................................................................................... 50

Cover Over Pipes .............................................................................................................................. 51

Public Stand Posts (PSPs) ................................................................................................................. 51

Sluice Valves & Non Return Valves................................................................................................ 52

Air Valves and Washout .................................................................................................................. 53

Ground Water Storage ..................................................................................................................... 58

High Level Tank (Raw Water)......................................................................................................... 58

Slow Sand Filtration ........................................................................................................................ 59

Water Metering ................................................................................................................................ 61

SECTION 3.4 REVIEW OF TECHNICAL STANDARDS FOR SEWERAGE:-

Location of Disposal Works.............................................................................................................. 62