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SATYENDRA DAS
ROLL NO-
TRIPURA UNIVERSITY
Certificate of supervisor
This is to certify that Sree Satyendra Das , a candidate of the Post Graduate
Degree Examination 2010, in Analytical and Applied Economics, has
completed the dissertation Entitled “EQUITY AND INCLUTION THROUGH
MG-NREGS –A STUDY OF MOHANPUR BLOCK IN TRIPURA” under my
guidance and he has fulfilled all the requirements for the submission of the
Dissertation.
[Dr.AMITABHA SINHA]
Reader
TripuraUniversity
Suryamaninagar,
Agartala.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful to all the faculties of the department whose sincere teaching in other subjects
provided me ample scope and time to complete this dissertation paper.
I have to express my thanks to Ms. Nivedita Chakraborty ,especially , for the pains she took to
help me. It would have been quite impossible for me to submit the dissertation in time without her
selfless support.
I also owe much to the Department of Analytical and Applied Economics, Tripura
University, for faculties provided to me during this course.
Lastly, I am very much thankful to my family too for their Continuous support in every possible
way.
Date:
CONTENT :
CHAPTER 1:-
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Back ground of the study
1.3 Objectives of the study
1.4 Data and methods
CHAPTER 2:-
CHAPTER 3:-
NREGS IN TRIPURA
CHAPTER 4:-
CHAPTER 5:-
The importance of reducing unemployment has been recognized by the GOI since
long. One of the major objectives of national planning in India is to reduce
unemployment in the country.
Our employment policy should cover two major goals: Reducing underemployment by
increasing the rate of growth of the gainfully employed and reducing
Hariram and Vigneswaran’s suggest (Rao and lillemann, 1996) that the
employment programmes should have a twin objective of creating productive assets (or
increasing production) and providing job opportunities.
In the late 1960’s, it was realized that the benefits of growth of the economy
were not trickling down to the poorer section of the society to the desired
extend. As a result, the government of India began to implement a verity of
poverty eradication and employment generation programs. However,
assessment of these programs revealed certain short coming. The major short
comings of this program were of two types. One was the problem of leakage
and the other was the problem of targeting. The government schemes were
targeted towards the poor. But often relatively richer households took advantage
of this program. Therefore, the scheme should be such that it creates
disincentives for richer households to joint the program. The problem of leakage
is that a part of the money was taken away by vested interest groups. As a
result, poverty alleviation programs suffered. MG-NREGS which was
influenced by employment guarantee scheme of Maharastra tried to address
these problems. The present study is an effort to find out whether the problem of
targeting is being address in Tripura by MG-NREGS
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:-
The objective of the study is to the socio economic status of the household involved in MG-
NREGS. The main objectives of this study are as follows:
1. What is the difference between age distribution of male and female NREGS workers
2. What is the difference between marital status of male and female NREGS workers
3. What is the difference between occupational status of male and female NREGS workers
4. What is the difference between educational status of male and female NREGS workers
5. What is the difference between household income before applying for the job card and
after getting the employment in of male and female NREGS workers
There are two types of data are used: primary and secondary. Primary data are collected
through the questionnaire from the study area.
The study area is the Mohanpur Block of West Tripura District. The Lankamura Grampanchayat
is selected .It has been selected because many households are involved in MG-NREGS work.
Selection 0f Households:
The households are selected on the basis of random selection using random number table.
A questionnaire is prepared which will be use for data collection from the households.
Secondary Data :
Tools of Analysis:
The data collected would be analyzed using easy to understand table and chart .Simple statistical
tools like percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation will be
used.
Statistical Package:
For the purpose of poverty alleviation several special programmes for employment generation
are being implemented in rural areas during the implemented in rural areas during the reforms
period .These programmes provide employment to targeted poor, enhance their income and
generate assets to poor families. Following are the major programmes, which have been adopted
during the reforms period.
IRDP aims providing self employment to the rural poor through acquisition of productive assets
or appropriate skills which would generate additional income on a sustained basis to enable them
to cross the poverty line. Assistance is provided in the form of subsidy and bank credit. The target
group consist largely marginal and small farmer, agricultural labourers and rural artisans living
BPL. The pattern of subsidy is 25% for small farmer, 30% for marginal farmers, agricultural
labourer and rural artisans and 40% for SCs and STs Families and physical handicraft person.
TRYSEM (Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment): The scheme of TRYSEM, a
facilitating component of IRDP, aims at providing basic technical and entrepreneur skills to the
rural poor in the age group of 18 to 35 year to enable them to take up income generating
activities. The 8th plan has emphasized the important of proper assessment
of the training of the rural youth in relation to self and wage employment opportunities, quality of
training and group training.
The MWS was launched as a sub scheme of the NREP and RLEGP during year 1988-89.The
scheme was primarily intended to provide open irrigation wells free of cost to poor, small and
marginal farmer belong to SC/ST and free bonded labourers with a 30% ear marking of JRY
fund.
The main objective of this plan is to initiate a process of development which will raise living
standard and open our opportunities to the people for richer and more varied life. During first
plan priority was given to agriculture. Out of total outlay 31% was allocated to agriculture,
community development and irrigation.
More emphasis was given to Industrial sector during second plan. Total food grain production
increased from 68.8 millions tones in 1956-57 to 79.3 millions tones in 1960-61.
Twin objectives of Third plan were to produce enough food grain to be self sufficient and to
produce enough commercial crops to meet the needs of export and industry.
Main objective of Fourth plan in agricultural sector was to achieve growth of 5% per annum and
help small, marginal cultivators and agricultural labourers.
The main objective of Fifth plan was removal of poverty and attainment of economic self-
reliance.
The main approach in Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-85) was growth with social justice achievement
of full employment and removal of poverty.
Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90) emphasized policies and programmes, which aimed at rapid
growth in food grains production, increased employment opportunities and
productivity within the fame work of basic tenets of planning namely growth, modernization, self
reliance and social justice.
Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-97) was launched immediately after the initiation of structural
adjustment policies and macro stabilization policies which were necessitated by the worsening
balance of payments position and inflation position during 1990-91.
Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002) was launched in the fiftieth year of India’s Independence. The
targeted GDP growth rate of 7% per annum for the Ninth plan period was decided.
Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007):
Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007) aims at higher growth rate and common minimum
programme.
Table: 1 No. of Average Working Days in Different State in India during 2008 - 09
Table: 2 No. of Average Working Days in Different North-Eastern State in India During 2008 - 09
From Table 3 it is clear that in Bishalgarh block the number of households and persondays are
31337 and 1662970 respectively which are the highest numbers and in Mungiakami block the
number of household and persondays are 6328 and 277910 respectively which are the lowest
numbers. In Mohanpur block the number the number of household and person days are 29741
and 1324205 respectively.
Table: 3 Employment Provided House Hold and Person Days for the Year 2008-09 in West
Tripura
Table: 4 Average Working Days for the Year 2008-09 in Different Blocks in West Tripura
From Table 5, it is found that in Bokafa block in South Tripura the households and person days
are highest in number and these are 24867 and 1205384 respectively. In killa block these
numbers are 6782 and 339128 respectively which are the lowest.
Table: 5 Employment Provided House Hold and Person Days for the Year 2008-09 in South
Tripura
Table: 6 Average Working Days for the Year 2008-09 in Different Blocks in South Tripura
Table 7 reveals that the number of household and persondays for the year 2008-2009 in North
Tripura are highest in the block Gournagar.The number of household and persondays are 20170
and 830086 respectively. On the other hand Jampui Hills possesses the lowest position. In this
block the number of household and persondays are 2472 and 164327 respectively.
Table: 7 Employment Provided House Hold and Person Days for the Year 2008-09 in North
Tripura
From Table 8, it is found that the rank of Jampui Hills is 1 in respect of average working days for
the year 2008-2009 in North Tripura and the number is 66.The rank of Kadamtala is 7 and the
average working days are 40.
Table: 8 Average Working Days for the Year 2008-09 in Different Blocks in North Tripura
Table: 9 Employment Provided House Hold and Person Days for the Year 2008-09 in Dhalai
In Table 10 it is found that the average working days for the year 2008-2009 in Chawmanu block
in Dhalai are 84. This is the highest average working days and the lowest in Salema. It is 56.
Table: 10 Average Working Days for the Year 2008-09 in Different Blocks in Dhalai
Block Days
AMBASSA 62
CHAWMANU 84
DUMBURNAGAR62
MANU 77
SALEMA 56
Table 11 shows the total number of rural female peoples in different blocks in Tripura according
to 2001 census. It reveals that, in Dhali total rural female peoples are 139873. This is the highest
number. Jampui hills possess the lowest position. In this block the total number of rural female
peoples is 4637.
Table: 11 No. of Total Rural Female Peoples in Different Block in Tripura (2001 census)
In Table 12 , it is found that number of total female workers are maximum in Dhalai. It is 42636.
In Baxanagar block the total number of rural female workers is 2139. It is the lowest number.
Table: 12 No. of Total Rural Female Workers in Different Block in Tripura (2001 census)
According to Table 13 the highest number of employment provided household and persondays
are in Bishalgarh. The numbers are 31337 and 1662970 respectively. On the other hand
Damchara possesses last position. The number of employment provided households and
persondays are 4602 and 289593 respectively. Comparing all the blocks in Tripura we find that
the rank of Mohanpur is 2 . The number of employment provided households and person days
in this block are 29741 and 1324205 respectively.
Table: 13 Employment Provided House Hold and Person Days for the Year 2008-09 in Different
Block in Tripura
Source:Web site:www.nrega.nic.in
Table 14 reveals that among the different blocks in Tripura the rank of Chawmanu is 1. In this
block the average working days are 84. On the other hand 3 blocks possess lowest position. In
these three blocks average working working days are 38. Comparing all the blocks we find that
the position of Mohanpur is 20.
Table: 14 Average Working Days for the Year 2008-09 in Different Blocks in Tripura
The analysis of the findings are reported in this chapter . Table 1 reveals that there is no
difference between the male and female workers at the age between 18-22 years. In this age
group the involvement of male and female in NREGA is zero. In the age group of 23-27 there is
no participation of male workers in NREGA whereas there is 50% participation of female
workers in NREGS. Between the age group of 28-32 the participation of male workers is 8.33%
but there is no participation of female workers. The result is same between the age group of 43-
47. Between the age group of 33-37 and 58-62 the male workers involvement is same. It is 25%.
Again between the age group of 38-42 and 53-57 the involvement of male workers is same. It is
16.67% and the percentage of female workers between the age group of 38-42 is 50. From the age
66 there is no participation of male and female workers
Table 1:
Table 2 reveals that all male workers are married and there is 100 percent participation of them in
NREGS. Among the female workers one is married and other is widow.
Table-2:
In table, 3 it is found that 8.33% male workers are shop keepers, 50% are farmers, 41.67% are
daily labour. Among the female workers 50% are daily labour and 50% are made servant.
Table 3:
Occupational Status of the male and female NREGS workers in the village.
From Table4, it is clear that below 18 years there are no male and female workers. All male and
female workers are above 18 years.
Table 4:
Educational Status of the male and female NREGS workers in the village.
Age (years) No. of male workersNo. of female workers% of male workers% of female workers
Below 18 0 0 0 0
18 and above12 2 100 100
Total 12 2 100 100
In table5, it is found that there are 16 households whose income was between Rs. 1000-6000, 1
household whose income was between 13000-18000 and 1 household whose income was between
Rs.25000-30000 before applying for the job card
Table-5:
Household’s Income Before Applying for the Job Card and After getting the Employment in
NREGS. There are 16 households Between the income range 1000-6000, 1 household between
the income range 13000-18000, and 1 household between the income range 25000-30000.
Income RangeNumber of household(Before Applying for the Number of household(After getting the P
Job Card) Employment) J
Rs. 1000-6000 16 16 8
Rs.7000- 0 0 0
12000
Rs.13000- 1 1 5
18000
Rs19000- 0 0 0
24000
Rs.25000- 1 1 5
30000
1. Most worker (males and females) belong to age 25-62.From the age 66 there is no participation
of male and female workers. No child labour was found .
4. Household’s Income before applying for the Job Card and after getting the employment is equa
is improved though marginally.
2. It should be studied why farmers come for such work. Agriculture is perhaps becoming less
remunerative for marginal farmers.
REFFERENCES:
Bagchi, K.K (Ed.), 2007: Employment and Poverty Alleviations Programmes in India: An
Appraisal, Vol-I,Avijit publication Delhi.
Rao, Hanumantha and Hans linnemann (EDs), 1996: Economic Reforms and Poverty Alleviation
in India, Say’s publications Delhi.