Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Culture
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Ca\
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978.600497353
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L7WNCP
2008
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CsftJCC-
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Montana State
Library
Oi.
aanssi
aj.va
WE,
THE NORTHERN
CHEYENNE PEOPLE
Our Land, Our
History,
Our
Culture
No
may
O. Box 98
Lame
Deer,
MT 59043
406.477.6215
Library of Congress
Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Project
management:
Suzanne G. Fox,
Red Bird
Publishing, Inc.,
Bozeman,
MT
Graphic design:
Carol Beehler, Bethesda,
MD
minimum
in this publication
MT
meets the
Permanence
dawn
gathering.
The morning
star
man
is
Star, rises
Church
It is
greeted as an
Warner.
located in
Lame
Kathleen Beartusk.
Deer,
MT. Photograph by
This book
is
dedicated
to the
members of the
John
J.
Wooden
Legs,
chairman
District
Lame Deer
Jackie
representative
Muddy
from Busby
District
District
at the
beginning of
this project.
Nesaa'evatonesenehele vo'estanehevehemetsemehaehesevo'estanehevetse.
Naa
tseohketsehe'ohtseo 'o.
We
There
is
can no longer
a
new way
of
live the
life
that
way we used
we
way
and
learn this
new way
to.
are going to
of
life.
know.
Contents
viii
Preface
Cheyenne Creation
Stories
Coming Home
13
23
Language "35
Northern Cheyenne
District
Names
47
Agriculture "53
The
Girl
Who
Bomb
Uriah
in
67
71
73
Lame Deer
75
Two Two 79
Spiritual Perspective
and Objects
Sites
Early Education
81
85
89
loi
115
Energy 131
We Will
Home
Contributors
Forever
157
Appendix A: Veterans
Appendix
63
161
B: Tribal Presidents
173
145
Preface
and Acknowledgments
^
CHIEF
was able
to
Cheyenne People: Our Land, Our History, Our Culture with a grant from the
Montana
State Legislature
Tribal Histories
is
gratefully
of the people
who worked on
It
were, however,
some
research materials.
still
all
for the
acknowledged.
so
many
While the
sources, so
many
who
Another challenge was the plethora of books that have already been written
about both the Northern and Southern Cheyenne people starting with George
Bird Grinnell's accounts.
People written by
Education from
Tom
More
recently
the
is
book
Billings,
MT, under
ation
earliest
It
its
Hap
Gilliland. This
it
book
a challenge because
Cheyenne
culture.
gener-
book posed
became
and those
clear that
some
are the areas that this present effort attempts to address. People
book
in
tandem.
Our book
tries to
History,
Our
who
use
Culture need to
women,
spiritual-
energy
ity,
issues,
Not
potential subjects
is
women
place that
first
The
first
this
who were
all
member of their
is
it
work of subsequent
also
families excluded,
and
several.
Some
skill
this
of the writers
2007, was
31,
still
make
mix of
difficult to find,
assignment on a timely
their
fulfill
were
skills
researchers,
Dec.
to
researchers easier.
to
providing footnotes
in
some of whom
and
anybody who
for citations so the right person received recognition for their efforts
the
of
include
list
justice to the
Some
it
basis.
we
else-
Another
much
But so
museums,
forever.
that
available
is still
fill
There
so
is
much
information in various
This book has been a modest effort when compared with the information
By using
to
the
in the gaps
Cheyenne
history,
interesting,
and
Tom
is
Weist book
no easy
is
and eventually
uplifting.
This
is
is
immense,
attempted
panorama of
tragic,
unendingly
many
losses:
of
with these losses there have always been replacements for those aspects of the
Northern Cheyenne culture that slipped away. Some of them may not have been
the
best
Cheyenne
are learning to
cope with
and drugs
drugs,
and
are the
poverty,
Once
the Cheyennes
hun-
dred Custers and Chivingtons, their ability to cope with the present situations
will
become
easier to address.
lost a
lot of land,
Some Crow
if it
in southeastern
Montana.
Cheyenne would
a convenient fiction
is
which does
complete
home
in the
late 1800S.
01
loved ones,
relatives
is
it
Of spirituality,
good or bad, the people have acquired additional ways of expressing our
ituality
religions,
spir-
the
all
while retaining the Native American Church, the Sun Dance, the fasting ceremony, the
sacred to
sites
Cheyenne
since time
immemorial.
Of the Cheyenne
older people
who
infltiential presence.
become an
much
has been
and anthropologists
and
language
but there
lost,
is still
group of
integral,
to dissect, but as a
as
an
contemporary, viable,
lives.
Cheyennes
buffalo-
alike.
Of
culture,
it
late
Chevennes
still
retain
monies, dances, songs, and ways of worship and interaction with each other.
still
al
enjoy
meal.
jtist
Of
education, slowly
its
Chevenne people
systems.
are
good
We
tradition-
ing from the highly punitive version of this education that was introduced to
Now
there are
Cheyennes with
whole Cheyenne
and
tribe.
as
of Northern Cheyenne people. For example, while the Chevenne value system
emphasizes being the original environmentalists and being good caretakers of the
land, there
is
a lot
material that had not been included in other history books. Ihe writers were not
this.
There was
just
too
much
material. Included
little
people {vo'estanehesono),
Cheyenne humor
{nexoetdhta'hanestdtse),
do
their
own
research,
who
all
The
list
could
which
is
exhilarating journey.
Preface
and Acknowledgments
is
an
Cheyenne Creation
Stories
Introduction
known
is
to
ing for
its
history.
its
generation to generation,
The
had
of people has
still
lit-
told today.
among
to the legends
about
Long, long ago, before there were people, water was everywhere. Maheo'o, the
Creator, was floating
on the
The
last a
mud
in
and other
him some
earth.
duck
(a
them and
earth.
small blue
swimming nearby
and
down through
its bill.
it
to Ma'heo'o,
who
took the
Each
pile
He
mud
and worked
between
it
on was made.
it
is
how
the earth
his
in litde
until, as
we walk
made
He
made
put the
woman
many
man
he
said,
it
woman.
"you
to the south,
will
to the north,
where the
woman
"The
birds
woman
lives,
stood.
be cold, and the grass and trees will not grow well. There will be few of
woman
Ho
is,
takes pity
on no one
for
he
power
is
He
obeys the
that brings
snow and
Winter Man.
in the south
and
is
trees,
and death.
The Thunder
man
man
and
in the north
cold, sickness,
by the
made
it,
from
side and,
kinds of birds and animals that are different from those found in this
direction,"
it
and from
left
stood between them with his back to the rising sun and spoke
find
took from
a rib
far to the
Then Ma'heo'o
He
the earth,
man. He took
Winter
tells
are
fire,
Man come
He is controlled
warmth, and
grass has
been burnt by
want
life.
together in conflict.
to spread
to the place
Toward
the south.
you came!
grow."
spring,
"Go
I
want
Then
when
back!" he
to
warm
the Winter
the Winter
Man. "Return
Thunder
Man
moves back
to the
returns from
to the place
from which
grass
making
shape of a
human
being.
He blew
some
dirt (or
mouth and
in the
it
the person
came
alive.
more
could
eat.
Then he
fruits,
taught them
how
them how
to live,
make and
game.
It is
the buffalo began to eat people. This was before the So'taaeo'o (Suhtaio) and the
tribe.'
young
dream. In
standing
When
it
came
Now
to
his
far
at a buffalo,
but
it
a strange
man soon
him
Then, on the
again.
mean
So'taetane (Suhtai)
it
it.
dream came
men about
Finally,
to
it
his
dream
probably didn't
anything.
On
just
dream came
down
When
to water.
and
cow
buffalo
came
rose,
he awoke, he
bow
he got his
by
a creek
he shot an arrow
closer,
hit
cow
that
where they
at
one, but
true.
wasn't badly hurt. She turned around several times with the
side,
ridge,
When
When
again.
they
distance away.
The
him
started out.
to
started walking.
The boy
followed her.
hoping
hills,
he saw her again, she was even further away. This puzzled the boy.
He would
lar
sundown.
trail until
He
Finally he decided to
by then, she
for,
The
meet him,
"Mother
and you
calling
is
are to
him
in
little
and
boy
and the
little
boy
their son.
and
little
boy's hand,
The
tipi
led
him
into the
tipi.
his wife
the
camp
Later,
He
flat.
When
across a long
was
tipi
it
eat."
the
Inside, there
clay
tipi, a little
"father."
ready," the
come
and followed
trail
As he neared the
tipi.
for tracks.
soon found their tracks and began following them. These led
direction that he
he saw the
As he approached, the
little
before.
He
followed their
in the
trail all
same
morning
tipi.
to greet
Cheyenne Creation
Stories
happened
The
just as
it
next morning,
when
They
before.
and the
little
boy, he
came
meal and
ate a
the
just as
tipi
happened twice
it
He
before.
tracks of the
down
cow with
ear,
will
became
and you
On
woman
the herd and crossed a dry sandy place. Here the tracks disappeared and
the tracks of a buffalo
to bed.
went
later
was gone.
you!
kill
They will
at
line
am. Watch
him. That
many of the
calves in a row,
right,
Everything happened
the
"Come,
ear.
told
him
eye,
and next he
to
watch
raised a
my son." The
hind
The
And
saw one
until he
is
my son!"
him and
tail,
foot.
moved on and
Then
bulls, saying,
tested him.
He watched
Then he
is
"That
said,
harm him.
followed, but
throtigh
many
tests;
each
one he passed with the help of his son, the buffalo calf
One day
to kill you.
Now
you must
came
race
sticks, a
Watch
his horns!
When
And
lined
so the
him and
means you
able to crush
he turns to
come
The
and was
killed.
i6
will
You
a black one.
wishes
still
will first
have to
careful!
ground!
and
grandfather
ledge.
cliff!"
buffalo turned
at
"My
said,
narrow
to
him along
stick, the
Then
still
one on the
outside.
He
running side by
side.
Suddenly the
to the
cliff
came together
Now in
great gathering.
beings;
human
into
to
when
the
those days
Some
beings.
all
close,
men were
old
their
his
human
all
turned
and they
called
neck or shoulders
in the
arms around
in a
as
killed
and
Now
the buffalo
eaten!
all
They painted
great race.
The
themselves.
a spot
back on
his side,
rest of his
body
The
was
buffalo chose a
Woman
to
fast
the buffalo.
The
to race
wont be on
on the
side
over.
to be
on the
side of
The
bear could
rU
live
do
toda)'.
up on the
The
hill,
bald eagle
song, and
Then
They can
Now
made
my home
a
little
chase
I'll
man
wins,
a whistling noise
air
and
won't
live
the
Then he howled
be in the
will
brown
me
and
man
man
wins,
I'll
way
do now.
wins,
I'll
sing this
sky.
in the rosebushes.
to soar, higher
Then some of
faster animals.
buffalo
to
grow
man
sky;
far
tire
and
fall
And
tired,
magpie was
far
all this
time the
ran with such fury that they began bleeding at the mouth,
turning the ground red. Then, one by one, they began falling by the wayside.
When
the bear
came
to the first
fallen,
hini.
Cheyenne Creation
Stories
^7
Now
swoop down
through the
first,
The
now
him. "From
our meat,
skins,
Soon
that
young man
all
he
off,
man
race, they
still
magpie
it
Cheyennes never
when
away
for
its flesh.
They remembered
still
The Cheyenne
West
(thymus gland)
human
fat that
had
hills.
wear.
still
in the throat
had won
has had the right to use animal flesh. After the race,
way.
Sun Dance."
found
own
the
We will
to give a
you how
will teach
over.
the animals.
still call
belonged to the
who
in the
It is
around
Race Track.
So'taa'e (Suhtai),
Gap. There,
is
call
this sacred
WY,
ceremony has
turned out.
the people
This spring
is
camped near
known
as
a knoll
where
a spring
came out of
the
camp
the rock.
faced toward
the spring.
In the morning, the people began playing the
came from
a breechcloth
On
his chest
was painted
around
He had
game."*
Soon
young man
his wrists
a yellow
down
on
and
down
with the
was
feather
on
fingers.
a red half
was painted
his scalplock
and wore
side of the
camp and
i8
all
stripes
hoop
left
stood watching the hoop game. His paint and dress were identical to that worn by
the
first
"My
young man
the other.
to
in
and dressing
just as
"I
is
Km
what
want
to
of me, painting
do."
"Who gave you your paint; where did you get it?" asked the first young man.
"Who gave you yours?" asked the other. The young man pointed to the spring.
"My paint came from there." he said.
"My paint came from there also," said the other. "Let tis help these people,"
the
first
young man
The
said finally.
Then
the other
young man
The
first
his
They came up
lodge.
"Come
it
didn't
one was
"Come,
and they
filled
my
clay
come,
jars.
his
sit
so long?
She
woman
on
must do something
set
of her.
your people."
When
either side
"Why
of
"Why
my grandchild,"
in,
happy
head with
this.
will feel
remained
full.
filled
with corn.
The same
very good,
thing happened
when
still
full.
Then
fire.
the old
woman
untied the feathers they wore and threw them into the
She painted each of them with red paint, striped them, and then repainted
their wrists
and
fire
and
tied
them
to
their scalplocks.
"Look
that way."
to her
left.
"Look
this
"Look
saw the
her.
looked,
fields.
prairie covered
to her right.
with horses.
Cheyenne Creation
Stories
I9
"Look
Now
way
among
woman had
the old
"You
fighting.
painted them.
win
will always
many
take
that
them. "You
will
captives."
And
lage.
Ask
for
"We
have something wonderful to give you." Tell your people that when the sun
goes down,
two
will
large
"When you
men some
among
woman
had
left
came up out
Then
said.
When
first,
vil-
some
to take
of the
of the spring.
camp and
to eat,
first
men
put meat
a little
and,
girl.
finally,
what
left.
in
to
filled.
them
your
the old
Then
one hand and some corn with the other hand. Then she
plate with
out.
to the center of
sent
go
leave here,
The
the children.
The
old people
When
last to eat
they
were two
was nothing
left.
He
the ground; then he turned back and plunged back into the spring.
out of the spring, making such a noise that no one in the village could
The
could
next morning,
see.
when
there
men
then
made
went
sleep.
pawed
Now, sud-
all
in
all
out to find a
damp
place
caches in the earth where they stored their dried meat. Finally they
grotmd.
Every
now and
who was
(also
some
is
how
known
of the seed
when
Red
Tassel or Standing
When
on the Ground)
had been
raise
careless
their
power
to
Some
as
Rustling
Standing).
lived
on the
plains
and
buffalo.
By Henry
tions (siy
known
(also
himted the
Tall Bull
and Tom
Rimrock Road,
Weist.
Billings,
Copyright 1^72 by
MT $9102).
Montana Indian
Publica-
publisher.
So'taaeo'o (Suhtaio)
and Tsetsehestahese
rwo
historical divisions
of the
Cheyenne.
2
Hoop
a stick
A few versions
magpie, sided
hoop.
so
it
3
is
it
in
a circle; this
The
lacing, thus
Horns (Tomosevesehe),
and Sweet
named
as the
Hemapame)
movement onto
the plains
and
their
buffalo.
Cheyenne Creation
the
at a rolling
object of the
counting
contains an allegory
game played by
game was
to strike the
some
old
formed
hoop
"Old Woman's Water" (Matamaahe Hemapame)
An
it
rawhide.
or wheel game:
Cheyenne,
Stories
as a "kill."
Coming Home
rx
WAS A
cold,
damp day
Oct.
i6, 1993,
IT
service
was
different.
procession leading across the high plains carried 18 cedar boxes. Unlike
bloody trench
Museum
Smithsonian
in the
The
when
a skull that
in
in
last
had
century
Washington,
DC.
James Black Wolf, Keeper ol the Sacred Hat bundle that has been handed
down
for nearly
two
The
centuries, prayed.
camp
sky
filled
crier, called
men from
each warrior
society to bring the boxes into the sunlight: the Crazy Dogs, the Elkhorn Scrapers,
hearts strong.
Then
the
two young
crowd
women
White Dirt
led
make
the men's
Highway
212 to the
started trilling to
in 1993.
American Indian
skulls.
United States
made
as
complete
"Our
it
Army Surgeon
They were
was
forced
federal policy
General Madison
as possible."
Government
scientists
want-
ed to measure the skulls to prove the superiority ol the Caucasian race and thus
justify the policies
more
"civilized" people."
tection
skeletal
at
relief
long
came when
last.
The
who
in 1990, there
The
home,
When
in
museums and
private collections.'
three-year-old
girl
who was
23
-5
<^
24
F^
ment
Smithsonian appeared
at the
to a
a small
young man
He saw
there.
her dressed in
hair,
at
Busby,
little girl
her remains.^ In route from Washington to Busby, the delegation stopped at Fort
Robinson, NE, and held a pipe ceremony. At dawn an old lady started crying.
The
'^
delegation could not see her, but at the end of the prayer, they heard her
had been
who
others
a long journey
home
by
ment
neglect
when promised
The
Tom
The
ervation,
guns but
just as often
They fought
their
by govern-
way
back,
rifles,
Rocky Mountains
to the
the
be permitted to
settle
the Indians
"^
first.
treaty.
states of
treaty said,
tribes. In 1868,
Montana, Wyoming,
to
his
men
All Indians
were ordered to
States
Weist in his
women.
some of
the
Chey-
tribe
soldiers'
woman, and
While often
book,
say,
Cheyenne).^
in
were
allies
26, 1876,
treaties
and
United
summer of 1877
to
move.
An
attack
Accustomed
new
life,
tiful
live
to
food supply,
an active
life
all
their belongings,
plains
and
game, they did not adjust well to the hot, muggy climate
rations,
their morale.
Indian Territory
He
testified before a
com-
mittee of the Senate that he never received supplies to feed the Indians for
more
agent there
knew
Co m big Ho me
fairly.
^5
them
The
year.
Wolf went
the sick.
all
is
about
said.
In
all."'
Many
and
John D. Miles.
Little
Wolf said.
We have come to ask the agent that we be sent home to our own country in the
mountains. My people were raised there, in a land of pines and clear, cold rivers.
we were
There,
a
good place
there will be
for us
none of us
left
all.
we may
all
.this
is
to travel north."
had
Wolf told
his
not
be dead, and
remain
to
Some wanted
said.
killed. Little
in the south.
to go; others
his
wanted
to Miles
and
said,
Listen,
my
time.
do not want
own
let
friends,
am
a friend of the
to see
blood
spilt
about
this agency.
am
us get a
little
we can make
Knowing
children,
the
distance away.
Then
ground bloody
if
you want
my
and
at that place.'-
in the early
to fight,
going north to
I
9, 1878,
and
disease,
women,
297 Cheyennes
started north,
many
rose
of them on
Exile
several railroads,
important
some of
Monnett
the
brilliant military
26
troops.
and Escape
on
maneuvers
from Indian
ways
to sustain
them.
An
He
Territory.
old medicine
as
credited
However,
woman
by the
.r---
//'i
MONTANA
^:
NORTHS DAKOTA
SOUTH DAKOTA
Mead
Ft.
x.
'
Ft.
'
A Pi"?
Camp_Sheridan'
Robinson .Q
RidgeAgency^
^Spotted
\A
_
""^
Agency
Tail
^,/
.!?.
P;afte>
.,/^Attacl<
Ft.
on
civilians
Wallace
COLORADO
<-^^
Q(^
'kr.
"P"""^
R.
^^
y^ '^%.
'
K A N S A S-- :-:,.y_^-^^(\sas
----""
o
Srnokey
Hill B
/
(^
Bluff
V<
_ ^^.%^."
_._^
Creek
Sand Creek
..-
Turkey Springs
pr-r'J::i,_/|^ (Canadian ft
NEW MEXICO
i
JIj..^
Little
Dull KnifeLittle
Wolf
The exact
Battles
878
Ft.
1878
1878 and 1879
When
is
Rendija--
-l^'A.
\.
and
.-/
INDIAN TERRITORY
disputed
TEXAS
they escaped from Indian Territory to return to Montana, the Northern Cheyennes traveled
over 1,500 miles under pursuit by government soldiers. Their party included
old people
disease.
No
it.
women,
children,
and
courtesy of University of
Oklahoma
Press)
Co))ii>ig
Home
27
By using
sacred
ceremonies, she told the people what to do and, using the powers of Heseeota'e, she
The
hid them.
soldiers
One
most of the
way...
said,
"We dodged
men
were
killed,
women
But
Dakota
to the
know
Our young
country."''^
dysentery.
that
fight,
fall
Some wrapped
ing.
killed.
to catch us.
warriors, angry
six
weeks of walk-
horses and supplies, attacked white settlers in western Kansas and Nebraska,
When
camped
women, according
led
Nebraska.
The
Wolf's band
ing to the
children, elderly,
and
kill-
Monnett's documentation."'
to
to
in
women,
few warriors.''
On
Oct.
23, 1878,
Nebraska Sandhills
who
to
told
Dakota
them
Territory."^
food and shelter that they went to Fort Robinson with the
prisoners taken to Fort Robinson were Iron Teeth
Little Finger Nail. Little
their trek
his clothing.
Thomas D. Marquis,
horses.
Women
The
ledger
May
1928,
a local physician
who
and
in happier days
28
as
was
fully
tragic
were referred to
the
artist
to Fort Robinson.'''
own
Among
under
so desperate for
soldiers.
in battle.
women parwomen
These
accepted these
women.
Initially,
Dull Knife and his followers had limited freedom to hunt near Fort
Robinson, and they tried to nourish hope of reuniting with the other Cheyennes
and Lakota
room
that
Jan.
3,
manding
feet
women, and 20
'"
to 30 children.
On
measured about 30
officer,
When
cut off
news
that they
Henry W.
Wessells,
Then
fully
zero.
After watching so
felt
for
many of their
women
women
windows
com-
the
tempera-
tures
Jr.,
all
two
for
in
left
were preparing for the escape or lor death. They had hidden
rifles
under
household knives. Iron Teeth had concealed a revolver under the bodice of her
dress for her son, Gathering His Medicine, 22, to use.-'
made
Medicine put
his
youngest
sister
on
his
their break.
in
falling. It
women, some
carrying
'-
We stayed in
tore the
stated:
afraid to build a
fire.
We
small store of dry meat and melted snow for water. Each day
nibbled
we could
at
my
hear the
horses and the voices of soldiers searching for Indians. Finally a soldier found
our
tracks,
and the
soldiers then
in a
washout
at
Antelope Creek,
35 miles
Fort Robinson. Troopers fired into the pit for three-quarters of an hour.
Then
from
they
charged, firing their weapons, withdrawing and reloading and charging until the
silent.
alive
In
when
all
slit
killed, too.
a lieutenant reached
down
The
to
comfort
her.
She spat
in his face.-''
Coming Home
29
ledger.-''
to ask
After being imprisoned again at Fort Robinson, Iron Teeth was afraid
soldiers
It
Then
trial
While the
Lakota. For
some
white
time,
it
When
ry, Little
several
again, the
Ridge Agency to
Hump were
live
and
Muddy
creeks.
However,
main body of
later.
enough
Cheyennes
Other Cheyennes
settled near
Keogh
in too
leave Fort
the
killed.'
lead-
November. Once
Cheyenne
to Pine
on March
in
after waiting
asked
settlers,
Meanwhile,
me.
to
were put on
ers
came
little girl
Rosebud
Lame Deer
Creek.-**
this time,
most of the
tribes in the
West had
reservations,
United
States.
The Tongue
so
much
The
back
reservation
was established.
acres.-''
by
Dull Knife,
who
on Nov.
sacrificed
He was
originally buried
on
Rosebud Creek, approximately eight miles west of Lame Deer, but he was moved
to
Lame
Deer.
of the bishop,
the governor wired the Secretary of Interior for assistance for them. In
March
19,
1900, the reservation was increased to 444,157 acres by Executive Order under
President William McKinley,
boundary.^"
30
Wolf led
the Northern
Cheyenne people on
their
long
trip
home from
Indian Territory, a heroic journey immortalized in the novel Cheyenne Autumn by Mari Sandoz. Little
it
religious symbol.
Coming Home
31
white
allies,
ernment
of the county
citizens
some
tried to
still
Cheyennes
area families,
also
had many
officials
undisturbed.
is
no
of the compact
[to
good reason or
remain
at peace],
where they
doing
justice in
...
now
are
They have
so.
located.^'
Conclusion
Recent research has revealed that American Indian people are
still
experiencing
and
mental
illness
and
spiritual
Out
The
January.
Cheyenne Reservation.
the Northern
who
first
In 1999 they
Spiritual
Run
each
full
400-mile
run from Fort Robinson through the Black Hills to the reservation in Montana.
The annual
event
is
amongst
1
family, youth,
Cheyenne
close.
Nov.
skulls brings a
15).
and
The
elders.
and
It
creates a
also
bond
^^
return of the
9 Dull Knife
a
(Morning
25(21).
is
Northern Cheyenne, he
is
known
among
as
the
Vooheheva
Star).
Bones of contention:
The
American human
repatriation of Native
Thornton,
R., (1998).
Who owns
Human
Giarelli,
The
return of the
6 Weist, T. (1977).
people
and prospects
of the
of
Eastman
cites
11
Oklahoma
Press.
Weist, T. (1977).
skulls.
Cheyenne
for
12
Eastman,
13
Weist,
14
Little
history
history
history
Wolf
of the Cheyenne people
(p. 80).
anthropologist Grinnell, G.
(p. 80).
Indian Education.
7 Weist, T. (1977).
14.html.
(p.
Press.
Montana Council
from http://www.
authorama.com/indian-heroes-and-great-chieftains-
(1956).
p. 386.
Cheyenne
hisloiy
Remains
(Ed.),
4 Thornton,
1-2.
(p. 68).
2007
from:http://www.nit. blm.gov/mcfo/cbm/eis/
8 Weist, T. (1977).
(p. 76).
32
history
NCheyenneNarrativeReport/Chap2.pdf
15
Monnett,
J.
Norman, Oklahoma:
we
in
Monnett,
Tell
art.
Francis Hardie, as a
now on
book
to an
18
Weist,
19
(p. 81).
Army
of-
Museum
history
ficer,
is
University of Oklahoma
Press.
17
25
ledger
(p. 77).
27 Charles Eastman's story, for example, mistakenly says that Dull Knife was killed there at Fort
Robinson.
12,
20 Monnett,
Tell
28 Weist,
histoiy
29 Weist,
history of the
30 Weist,
history
(p. 103)
Cheyenne people
(p.
(p.
104)
106-107)
21
11 Monnett,
23
Tell
them
ive
The
return of the
Cheyenne
came from
&
Deschenie, T.
stress in
24 Giarelli,
M.
oil
skulls.
The
the Antelope
33
13).
Coming Home
33
IS
fact
IT
of indigenous
extensively
unspoken consensus
save
them
it
seems to be giving
in to the
we can
lives that
only we
them
Perhaps languages have built-in obsolescence based on the very fact that they,
too, are alive. They, too, die after they have served their purposes. For those
as horrific as that
it is
comet
can be almost a
it
article,
only when
who
the
last
person
who
speaks
it
dies.
One day it
gone."'
its
The
an hour, and
who
The only
it
who
is
now
much
longer,
was Rhoda
year 2036,
speaker
life
to talk to in
receptive ears or
85,
talk
would be the
The
area
She
to herself
it
in the world.
filling
She
rapidly
35
many
rea-
However, we
also
This language has a long history, and the Cheyenne people have
sons to keep
many
have
We have
alive.
it
it.
obstacles.
Cheyenne language,
the
Tsesenestsestbtse,
is
Mohegan,
Oji'owa,
It is
when two
two once-distinctly
were
effectively
dolphe
He
language dictionary.
Cheyenne language
has 14
smaller
to
Oklahoma
in
meaning
at the
its
the
when
fits
the
Cheyenne
first
when he began
to study the
to create long
This alphabet
parts.
to
to
which combine
letters,
merged
Petter, a
changed
identifiable languages
It
words that
are
many
comprised of
Cheyenne
The
letter "z"
was used
letter
bilingual education
program
"ts. "
in the
Lame
Deer,
linguist
MT,
sound,
Danny
schools,
changed the
to
understandable changes.
cil
took a significant
language of the
In 1997
On April
step. It
21,
created a
man
is
an SIL linguist
35 years.
He and
SIL International
in
official
tribe.
Wayne Leman
about
more
is
who
his wife
now
live in
pronuncia-
Northern Cheyenne
in
Montana
documents, and
assists
Some other tribes have put their languages into writing only reluctantly
cause members believed that they should only be spoken. However, there
36
for
be-
has
been
little
moves
to
change
by people who
nomena. In some
world
is
cases, the
in
this
way.
Cheyenne
talking, reading,
it
does
rattle
tosa'e nevee'e
Cheyenne
tosa'e nevee'e?
the
clarity or
When
are
you camped?"
live?"
is
older)
means "where
and
the nerves of
(50 years
communication, but
The younger
the
phe-
says
social
37
phenomena
social
ended
in the 1960s;
After
we have no words
Cheyenne language
or football. As a
some thought,
called
new words
There
this
for the
changing times
words
for automobile,
are
teacher,
was asked
to translate "ketchup."
it
just
combined
think
is
translated
it
to me'esekevotseenahano
the
linguists like
gravy,"
which
Rodolphe
Petter,
Dan
major contribu-
Alford,
easier.
Dictionaries of the
language even
to preserve the
some of
as
the
obsolete.
guage.
make
was asked to
"baby
become
tomato
self-explanatory.
The development of
talking
for
HIV,
language
spoken lan-
as a
standardizing the language so that reading materials can be constructed with uni-
form standards
people.
and render
it
static.
some uniformity
subject,
It is
is
needed
is
rapidly
becoming
classroom
at local
Lame Deer
districts,
area.
at
how
how
to
do those three
material.
is
in
At
least 13
its last
to read, write,
year.
tribe. It
is
now
part of the
Montana
tribal
group
qualifies
Colstrip
this
38
Mabel
Kills
Night,
is
its
own
lan-
a progressive
states.^
One
Class
program
is
is
very successful.
The
college plans to
expand
Cheyenne Immersion
Camp
Instructor Patt}'
Oldman
Students learned to
dr\-
meat
at
the C^heyenne
b\'
Conrad
Hisher)
39
many
For
sion
anticipated by
Why Keep
It
Alive
saving
Why would
successful
Cheyenne youth.
it.
One
is
want
is
many obsta-
to perpetuate a
It is
the
We
it
may
sound,
it
it
are
stereotypical terms
tant.
The debate
little
or no relevance to
and
it
in
against the
is
.but the
erations...".
The
lie
These
are
reasons that
below the
surface,
all
Cheyenne language
speakers:
Cheyenne
is
logical
make
deep
the
Cheyenne
Cheyenne language
so important to us.
difficult to
".
is
is
measured
is
linguistic,
and
deems impor-
arguments
on
own
the surface.
Cheyenne language
down
society
Cheyenne
.but
".
any
trite
that contain
Chey-
as relevant as
spiritual,
couched
terms
is
culturally.
is
and
ments against
individually
Cheyenne language
communicative relevance
as
it
Cheyenne people
to
in the collective
relevant to
Cheyenne people
spirit.
Perhaps this language can help unite or re-unite the Cheyenne people and bring
us back into balance
of the
many
and hamper
us.
and
presenting barriers.
We
ervation. Perhaps
language.
40
all
loss
res-
of land and
It
should be
who
is,
easy,
now
to
for
economic purpose)
g)-ound ofcoherence.
It is,
to force
The
local earth
them from
is
their
to render
to dislodge
them
in the
name of "progress"
...
must be understood,
in this
of cultural genocide.''
of our minds.
It is
this
It
a reserva-
forced us out
play an influential
and loved ones. The Cheyenne people who inhabit the skid rows and
indirectly,
feel
but
jails
may
not
language:
emotional and spiritual pain. This inability to articulate pain leads to rage that
either needs to be vented or suppressed. Either alternative
is
dysfunctional because
vented rage can lead to considerable harm to one's loved ones or to one's
self.
Sup-
Making
this
is
reason
enough
to maintain the
the family
Cheyenne language.
And
as parents
and
grandparents age, they expect the support of younger generations. Yet a lack of
jobs
many of the
lives
government was
of Cheyenne kids.
still
Family involvement
Identity: Individual
in
education
is
key,
When
forcing kids to go to
own
language.
families involved.
and Cultural
tied.
Embedded
4^
our daily
lives.
We cannot
"It
it,
the people
artist
when
said that
is
who we
are,
unique,
that's
said,
me
"When
what makes
Harjo Lonefight
said,
behind
Watahomigie
ex-
leave
"My
Navajo,
me
language, to
that's
are going."
that's
Navajo
me
what makes
I
am." William
spiritual
world."*^
Cheyennes the
right to speak
our
own
lan-
guage, and the foundation of a healthy individual identity was severely shaken.
We
ability to
other than the one ensconced in and identified by the Cheyenne language.
bound
to
tail,
and
fail it
up reverberated
ture,
and
if
until
this culture
economics,
is still
and
to
cul-
socially.
was
was punished
It
not able to
spirituality,
first
boarding school
still
as a child
happening
where
as
as
lost contact
he
to return
home
thousands of Navajos
time he was
16,
who were
Kee was an
nonlingual
alcoholic, uneducated,
and despondent
without
identity.'
Thus
to exact tolls
effects
on
all
from individuals.
Stereotypes
Many
Cheyenne
culture
and have,
not only to misinformation and myth within the larger culture but also hmction
as
42
economic and
American Indians.
artist
who
BiUings,
lives in
MT,
often about stereotypes. If most citizens of the United States see American Indians
only
as
cartoons like the mascot of the Atlanta Braves and Cleveland Indians
who
"Chief Wahoo,"
only
as
will hire a
meaningful way? he
their families in a
who
asks. If the
American Indians
are seen
American Indians
he argues.
that
American Indians
of the
classic
his-
torical artifacts, a
Greek
tragedy.
living cultures
with their
their
to all
A phenomenon
in
American Indians.
White
about
real
is
a stereon^pe
Native Americans,
who
and not
really
White people
called
it
informative or accurate
are of
type "Indian"
One
is
that
it
is
the dangerous,
lived in idyllic
stories
who
harmony
Thanksgiving
our culture and are subliminal backdrop to any of our interactions with Native
people or concepts"'"
Stereotypes have instilled cultural and self-hatred
especially
stereoU'pes
help
among Cheyenne
instill a
more
society.
positive self-image
in
people,
among
the
Cheyenne
people.
Recommendations
After the 1996 survey,
The Northern
Cheye>i>ie
Language
43
important
it
is
Whether or not
we know
that
its
there
viabiUt)'
is
depends upon
all
of
us.
become both
English language:
tion with fellow
the
Cheyenne
Cheyenne
for
our language
as
we
are
and
speakers)
literate
we
read,
language fluently;
own
No
Being fluent
in the
is
is
literature
Cheyenne language
it
skills are
last to
to
These
forever.
it
generation wants to be
written literature
scripts utilizing
Cheyenne
then
hear,
we do not want
Cheyenne language
duce our
skills,
takes
and contemporary
is
the
first
is
now
and movie
events.
to teach
about second language acquisition principles, learn lesson planning and curricu-
skills.
to
to learn
all
to the
it
Cheyenne language
Cheyenne language
make
supreme
effort
effort, application,
and
persistence.
Cheyenne language
Cheyenne language
ers,
in
aimed
at
issues.
it
should return.
is
the venue to
is
it
political issues.
back
this
is
it
was meant
it.
to be passed
on
in the family.
To do
on while
which
teach-
The Cheyenne
perpetuating
the
In fact,
more
that
means going
details
of the lan-
when
Conclusion
What
aspects of the
44
Cheyenne
mean
culture. If the
to
Cheyenne people?
whole
tribe
It
transmits
all
would be
a reverence for
show
and non-living
living
we
things.
It
are
from
understanding of Cheyenne
a better
all
to
we did
which
spirituality,
a sacred language.
is
It
who
human
mortality.
Cheyenne
D. (Nov.
as the
1999).
life
and
in
to
do
that.
Millennium
briefing:
The
McCarty, T.
L.,
Romero, M.
http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/
counter-narratives
revitalization.
aspects of this
succumbing
spirituality. Present
all
headsmen and
this
rituals.
languages comprise the present day Cheyenne language. Over time the
Two
So'taahe
specific references
Somehow,
its
and female,
es-
privy only to
Cheyenne language,
is
(pp. 9-10).
New
J.
E.,
& Zepeda, O.
Indigenous youth
on Native language
Nebraska
and
Press.
rights,
loss
9 Reyhner,
http://www.geocities.com/cheyenne_language/al-
gift:
DC:
4 http://www.geocities.com/cheyenne_language/al-
tural.html
Rathbun,
S.
found learning
178).
The
(1996).
and language
New York:
in
spell
(April 1995).
Wanting
to be Indian:
1(7).
Boston:
Women's Theologi-
Center.
a more-than-human world
(p.
Vintage Books,
Truancy takes
M.
Abram, D.
tion
10 Johnson,
When
its toll.
Report. Missoula,
MT:
&
missing out:
Indian Education:
Special
University of Montana
umt.edu/journalism/student_work/Native.
45
rx
THE
Tongue River
of 371,200
to 444,157 acres
acres.'
On March 19,
The
reservation con-
the second Executive Order, the reservation was referred to as the Northern Chey-
earlier
Tongue
There
mid stream
River."
much
as the
districts
many
have
is
true.
stories
The
is
some
areas that are not officially recognized as political districts, but they have a history
of their own. Other areas are also being developed. Clusters ol homes are springing up south of Busby, west of
area called
Muddy
Highway
212 in the
at
an
Cluster, about four miles from west of Lame Deer. These areas
Cheyenne population.
Ashland District
Stubborn/Shy People [Totoemaim)
The Cheyenne
families
who
People from
While some
their area
last
minding
Totoemana
this district
is
their
own
difficult; Rev.
is
Rodolphe
"Unwilling Place.
The
meaning
as politics.
They
stayed in
translation for
as "Standoffish,"
"^
47
These
families
them
ably describe
last to
come
their
St.
who were
own
like the
gatherings, their
Amish
They
is
today.
why
own
world.
During the
in school there.
is
happening.^
Before 1900
families
had
when
settled east
its
current
size,
these
within the reservation boundaries, the families were not eligible to receive any
assistance
in
an impoverished
it
state.
The
St.
Labre Mis-
Executive Order changed the boundary to the middle of the Tongue River, James
McLaughlin,
they
left their
Tongue River
home
sites
on the
east side
and
payment of $25
valley.''
each,
of the
BiRNEY
There
are really
named
unique history
all its
Oevemanaheno: Birney
The
called
after
other Birney
is
located
own.
District
There was
settled
with him in
name of this
place.
this area
no
leaders called
trees,
like
much
cactus growing,
tion,
this district
rash.
do not
as
is
lound.''
Weist
However,
this
was
poor
transla-
Busby District
Vohpoometaneno
community came
the reservation,
L.
the reservation.
to be
named
some white
originally
settlers
who
had
move
homesteads
in this area,
and
White River
White River People {Vohpoometaneo'o)
In 1879 after the Little
the remaining
Cheyenne
families
under
Little
left
Oklahoma
Ridge Agency where they occupied the lands near White River
These Cheyenne
vation.
the
When
families
were the
last to arrive
Territory,
South Dakota.
called
it
the
White River
place.**
after
Chief
Lame
Deer, a Minneconjou
Names
49
who was
Lakota
town
Cheyenne, and
Lame Deer
to
of
possible that
it's
as well.
White
south of
Lame
Deer.
The
creek
name
is
life
the town.''
letter
i,
"There
1889, he stated,
no good reason or
is
justice in
removing
the Indians from this area." In the winter of 1877, the Indians surrendered in
The
faith.
principal ones
to
come
in
Bull,
camp of Sitting
Bull
good
for the
Lame
several principal
hostilities in this
lodges.
territory.
well treated
They were
do, the
band of 60
Deer's
and allowed
remained
Government would
part of the
compact and
is
it
at
them
treat
would be but
and
justly.
They have
Government
fulfilled their
to allow
them
to remain."'"
was
pine.
mean
The
joke
is
all
it
any thing
the agency.
they
left
was
out, the
for
name
Deer,
Muddy Creek
called the
The people
The people
go out
living in
to miss
Lame
out on
MT.
{heovon^heo'he'e)
50
this
leave to
stuck.
Cheyennes
Lame
The
a ration point
lazy,
were
who
are
from
Muddy
Creek)
Muddy
Creek got
its
name
mud
holes.
Creek," and they wintered their horses in this area due to the
there.
The
went into
him
self-exile
to
hunt
Wild Hog
in the
salt
Basin.
When
Little
WoU
'-
to this area.
Other
and with
Horse
the area of
is
Great Lakes area to eastern North Dakota once lived in villages near the
Tribes.
Mandan
Pofw'e:
Stories
call
part of the
is
Muddy
It is
Creek
not con-
District.
Downstream
who
live in
who
Muddy
Creek,
live in
to
itself
Hearneohee: Upstream
For those people
from Busby
areas,
who
Busby
live in the
He'ameo'he'e
Weist, T. (1977).
is
history
McLaughlin,
Montana Council
for Indian
(1899).
McLaughlin
report
on
4 B. Rogers (personal
5
McLaughlin
7 Weist,
pp. 164
8
J.
He'ameo'he'e
live in
communication)
(1899).
& 172.
A
&
9 Powell,
Histo)-y
P. J.,
I,
The continu-
p. 6).
Hat
in Northern
Norman;
Universin,'
Cheyenne
McLaughlin, 1899
L. Tall Bull (personal
12. L.
13
communication)
communication)
Names
and
history
of Oklahoma
Press.
10
People,
1~2.
11
Weist,
pp. 164
is
Education.
2
area,
who
THE
rooted in their
long migration from the Hudson's Bay and Great Lakes region westward.'
late i8th
Cheyenne
in villages
of earthen lodges grew squash, beans, and corn there prior to 1770.
Another part of
Corn Dance
ennes
this legacy
remembered
is
left their
emonies."^
also
Cheyenne
were
accompanied by
in the 1950s as
in the wars,
remarking, perhaps a
or
Hills.
"*
Corn
was
a special
Corn Woman,
to cer-
and performed by couples while men sang and kept time with
The ceremo-
in ceremonialism, the
or the Ree Ceremony, which survived to 1877, long after the Chey-
as the
elk
horn
scrapers.
Today, the
Tassel
even today.
After the Northern Cheyennes acquired horses and began to pursue the buffalo in the late 1700s, the cultivation
Still,
the harvest-
ing of plants was important for a balanced diet, medicine, and ceremonial uses.
plants, adapting
no weeds on the
as
he and
of plants
his
them
William
alive.
53
when
the Northern
cre-
important. At
seemed unsuitable
first
to farming, yet, as
is
for the
probably
of the agency,
who
The
as a
Chicago
cattle business
54
many
as
market.'^
fend for
Cheyenne eovvboys
left to
prices in the
Lame Deer
Hog
in the
(standing).
annual
ritual ot
branding. Lett
Lame
1910 near
One
which
killing.
Northern Cheyenne
when no
The
history.
is
beiiL-vcd to
h.i\'i
collection)
occurrence of cattle
in
in this picttire,
Mennonite
on the
When
cattle for
food
white ranchers, tensions between the Cheyennes and their white neighbors rose
significantly, especially since these ranchers
killing.
to a
With
a teenaged friend
neighboring rancher.
No
Brains and
self in battle.
to
Rivers.
When
cattle
killed a
Hugh
cow belonging
two butchering the meat, Head Chief shot him and hid the body. Nevertheless,
Boyle's
day
but
On
to
Cheyennes with
be prepared:
would come
He was
to
on Friday
arrest
tell
the
ration
at the
top of a
ridge to the northeast of the present location of Chief Dull Knife College. In an
act of suicidal bravery, the
who
shot
them down
at the
bottom of the
hill,**
a line
of Indian police,
Cheyennes
interfere
The
cow
slaughtered a
agent to
make
sure that
none would
try to
him. Although
kill
to
violence.''
No
in the
in sufficient
lawless.
The
rations
They
Ranching
v.
Farming
some
tribal
first
He was
an
idealist
with Cheyenne
cattle,
his
sell
grazing
To
increase the
number of Indian
cattle,
manage
the herd
and
make
additional appropriations.
To
to convert
the fences on the reservation to telephone wires and send the Indian police along
the reservation perimeter ready to call in any infractions, just as Grinnell noted
policemen did
in
In addition,
New York
City.'~
Eddy envisioned
probably
is
no accident
library,
and toward
with a circulating
young men's
cattle killing
and even
clubhouse
agreed with further Congressional appropriations for the herd or Eddy's manage-
ment
Eddy and
fulfilled.'^
collective
work
cattle raising,
56
could be developed.
and although
its east,
The southern
seemed adaptable
to
portion
farming
if
Tongue River
In 1907, the
Irrigation Project,
commonly
Ditch, was begiui. Bad luck plagued the project almost from the beginning.
contributed to a
much of
acre,
to the
'**
ol his idealism,
all
$300 per
final cost ot
Eddy, for
very low water level in the canal, alkali seepage, and land slides
was
in 1914
he
Thus
The
struction projects
and
to the north
siring
fell
years of construction
on the
Cheyennes meant
after the
1918.
find
it
But
completed
into disrepair
on
this project,"
1950s.'''
marked decrease
The
this period,
availability
in cattle killing
who
and other
related problems.
Birney Ditch, the Milwaukee Road Railroad, and other projects were
when work
disappears,
Rowdy
From
left to
right are
pan
ut
lite
on
ihc
Nouhcin Cheyenne
Reservation in the
Sr.
(branding);
Alexander; Allen Fisher (on the horse); Kermit Spang; and Merlin Kilisnight. (Photo by John
Warner)
57
ern
Cheyenne farmers
to
show
You
by
and statewide
Do
larger,
Buntin, a
'^'
them
it
at the
can select very good exhibits by taking them as you are going around in connection with your other work.
and you
it
World War
years
creditable, to
in
is
to
when wheat
fetched a
premium
at the
market. By 1918, sales of farm produce exceeded those of livestock, and by 1920,
farming and
stock raising
were doomed
to failure
cattle
his successors
more
flexibility to
in
1932.''^'
Cheyennes
The
made
federal policy
it
from
the late 19th century until 1934 was to divide reservations into allotments for individual Indians
steading by non-Indians.-"
made
all
On
the Northern
to
Cheyenne Reservation,
home-
to
the bureau
hills,
which
could have provided a few Cheyennes with a reasonable living selling timber. As
the drought of the 1920s grew increasingly dire,
lor
it
was
Cheyenne farmers
to raise the
kind of
its
Cheyenne
Steer Enterprise,
The
purchased
early years.
tribe
Cheyenne Res-
steers
Southwest, fattened them on the reservation range, and then sold them
at
II
so successful that
one of Montana's
the neighboring
The
58
largest
Crow
it
Reservation.
who
market.
years
by
on
--
little like
in that
it
able to
it;
sell
far
beyond sim-
sell
calves to the
business.-'
ranchers clamored for the business to buy their stock instead ol steers purchased
An
in the Southwest.
profits
new
were disbursed
stock.
By
its toll
had ended. -^
as the Civilian
New Deal
to the
men
living
on
anything, the
New
in a state
CCC
provided good
less
jolt to
Indian reservations,
many
Indian
At
it
to
first,
Yet by
fall
of
1933, over
the reservation.
The
supervisor of
90%
Indian unemployment
New
work
reliel
men
of able-bodied
is
Among
their
eradicated prairie
in five
camps on
projects, the
work
at
absorbed."-' Elder
many
believing
men
to
CCC,
CCC
necessary.
War
the
II,
CCC
miles offences, and even repaired and restored the Birney Ditch. And, like
camps
that
CCC
sports pro-
significantly
increased the value of their range by building corrals, wells, and 240 miles of
trails for fire trucks.-*'
farmers,
The
Indian
Cheyennes sometimes
criticized
Henry Standing
Elk,
left
tribal
them with
hope
for the
members
Agriciilture on the
little
(Pius Shoulderblade,
that the
government pro-
59
The
effectively killed
just at the
prices
were
at their
choice to forsake the family farm for wage labor was a rational one and
CCC
Bureau of the Census in 2002 reported only about 50 Indian-owned farms and
ranches (out of a total of 64) on a reservation that
people.'^
is
home
credit worries
among Cheyenne
owned
ranching nevertheless
4,000
in 1991 eased
ranchers,
prosperous.
to a little over
Montana
people
who
engaged
some
in
culti-
politics
can be ferocious
really a lesson
about economic
at times, leaving a
few Cheyennes
is
tribal
munity looking
projects
cies
as
ways for
for
opposed
its
to the individual
well in this
Birney Ditch and other construction projects of the early 20th century; the
first
more
sector,
bers.
Dam
The
employed
by the Cheyennes
in
what
is
many Cheyennes
and
isn't
to
successful
(Vol.
i,
4).
New
York:
Wood, W.
R. (1971). Biesterfeldt:
coalescent site
ton,
M.
(1989). Early
13,
W.
cultural
69-88.
Lore
and Hntory}2(i),
4 Ibid.
60
61.
what
H.irt, J. (1981).
A post-contact
DC: Smithsonian
commitment of
Their history
mem-
over 200 years ago. Perhaps that memory, and the continuing
is
tribal
4(1).
Cheyenne
3"*
Session,
^ Anderson, R. (1951).
Cheyenne. Doctoral
dissertation, 186.
(Ann Arbor,
10 Weist,
Cheyenne People,
p. 137.
11
NS
was
reservation
Order
in 1900.
when
announced
Indiatis in the
19 Ibid., 61.
still
is
20 Washburn, W. W.
tribalism:
(1975).
The
assault an Indian
entirely
to avoid
District
No. 2, Memorandum,
Billings,
Affairs,
MT,
Administration (Denver), 8
12 Pringle, R.
M.
(1958).
NS
19
15.
thesis, 41.
Northern Cheyenne
history.
13 Ibid.,
63-64.
26
Ibid., 75-78.
163-164.
15
Pringle,
history,
192-193.
41-42.
p.
p. 194.
27 Anderson,
14 "Weist,
and grass
Press).
Pringle's
thesis at
21 Ibid.,
honors
28.
18 Pringle,
when
officially
28
Cf
<<http://www.nass.usda.gov/mt/county/pro-
files/reser\'ations/nchevenne.htm>>
in the
Buntin
16
J.
17
August
MT.
to the
1917,
tion (Denver), 8
NS
28.
61
n
can be poisonous. Readers are advised not
or
make
tea
to eat plants
identification.
Use in
moderation.)
ARE MANY
THERE
many
still are. It is
lite,
and ol
all
things
all
life.
Even the
Forever."
Teas
The
Cheyenne word
ervdav use, and
by the Cheyenne
for tea
as
is
The
many plants,
with
are:
Wild Mint
This plant grows along the banks of streams, springs, and ponds and should be
harvested before
blossoms turn to seeds. All of the plants from the mint family
its
can be identified not only by their smell but by the square stems.
How to
you can
pick:
to pick plants
is
to use a cutter of
some
your mint home, wash the plants with cold water, and
tie
sort so
year.
Take
Before you take them in the house, shake the water from them. Find a good place
to
hang them
not useable.
The mint
gives
How
leaves
to
hang them
to dry; never
make
tea:
sun to dry
them
to last
in the
in a plastic
them through
bag
as
Cheyennes
the winter.
When
63
and
let
tree,
which
is
member
their tea
family.
as a medicine:
Use
The mint
tea
is
that suffer
is
we
One
are each
born with
and hearing).
feel,
Rose Bush
The
The Cheyenne
vitamin C.
trimmed
all
and eaten
in the
the stickers
The
How to
cook: The
rose
a knife,
of tea.
The
rose bushes
bush
tea
The
grow
availability.
and put
in
with water and boiled for several minutes and then allowed to steep
a vessel filled
for a
rose
and using
for a pot
tea
is
bush root that has been cut into one-inch pieces can be carried with you and
tea;
Name:
Botanical
June Berry
Rosa arkansasa
Sarvisberry
and the
winter,
tributaries.
and
this
wood
is
when
stories
and
was
in the
large
tribal
feasts held. It
The
The Cheyenne
and various
families
berries.
it
was
Many
wild game.
How to
in a vessel
the
fire
usual
64
cook: The green leaves or bark was stripped from branches and put
and allowed
When
amount needed
for
brewing
tea.
of minutes.
it
handful of leaves
is
the
it
came
My father
tea.
to the table
say, "It
on crutches.
Berry Plants
Buffalo Berry
for berries
menotse.
is
is
tart
to pick.
Some
to the bushes
picked
all
berries
were dried on
given
the
Cheyenne
is
comment
fruit.
and
The
My
is
fruit
is
very
grandmother hand
when
smudging and
elders,
a small berry
is
is
produce yellow
The
buffalo berry
buffalo berry
that
damaging
The
The
some bushes
The
is
a healer
and most
feel that
is
offered food,
is
doctoring a
and the
first
a very frightening to
The
majority
of the people that spend long periods in a hospital will give up and slowly starve
themselves
pudding
them
feed
to
let
make
a thick mixture.
sugar to your
meat
to
Pour
this
appetite,
taste.
The
in a
of flour
to the
the hunters
duced
How to
and
women
add
that gathered
wheat
to thicken soups
flour
wood and
was
intro-
and puddings.
Name:
Shepherdia canadensis
Chokecherry
The chokecherry
it is
is
animals (deer,
year.
The Cheyenne
Native Plants
and
all
berries.
Unlike other
berries,
oftlie Nortljern
Cheyenne Reservation
65
red.
This was the time when the animals' young could survive on their own. As
it
can be eaten fresh and the seed spit out, but usually the
pounding
a hide
The pounded
stone.
and allowed
pounded-up
to dry, at
The chokecherry
tree
and coup
berries
and
pits
cherries constituted
shafts, spears
The
off.
berries
was used
to
make
tipi stakes
and other
and
were pounded on
patties
and put on
for
pins,
The
pemmican.
field,
wood
trains
and the
How
to cook:
and boiled
the pudding.
box elder
The
The
tree
and
a flour
to thicken
sweeteners that the Cheyenne used were honey or sap from the
(maple family).
Linwood
Name: Prunus
virginiana
of his
66
Ann
father,
William
Foote)
Tall Btill,
at
The Girl
MOST
tremely brave
Cheyenne heard
the
Woman who
Calf Road
that General
WY, and
fiercely
with great
him vulnerable
Woman
to safety
to rally
and
battle as
skill,
but
his horse
on her
Fight
The
Crow
to defeat
The
recorded as
lost sight ot
her brother.
When
him
Calf Road
the
hundred Cheyenne
When
Busby,
During the
present-day Sheridan,
to war.
and
bullets,
Where
killed
Road
Woman
on her
soldiers.
Her
The Cheyenne
Cheyenne
refer to the
is
girl
battle Buffalo
Calf Road
Woman
was
mid
twenties
Woman
was the
in her
woman to accompany the warriors and to fight in the battle. There were two
Crow women that fought as scouts for General Crook's army.
One week later, the Battle of the Little Big Horn was fought, and Buffalo
Calf Road Woman was the only woman to fight in the battle against Custer. She
only
'
proved to be so brave and courageous the Cheyenne gave her an honorary name.
Brave
Woman. The
events in
American
few
67
Despite her
many heroic
efforts to
style
and other
bits
of information that
letters, diaries,
interpreters.
women and
yond
and Indian-white
Photographers such
early 20th
women
interest in
be-
politics.
as L. A.
little
in chiefs, battles,
and
demonstrated
tribes.
in-
portrayed
Northern
Captions would often read, for example, "Dull Knife and wife" or "Cheyenne
woman."
Woodenlegs,
the
same
a warrior
battles, notes
who knew
Buffalo Calf
Road
Woman
and fought
Horn. There
Bull
and Tall
Bull,
are only a
two
to these
White
battles.
Woman,
failed to
With
who
mention her
also did not
acknowledge
of the
same events
accounts, the
women
A Sioux warrior,
men were
many
fought in
in interviews.
statement about her role in the Rosebud Battle, the Northern Cheyenne
silent
women
as Buffalo
Calf Road
Woman.
attended
In their autobiographical
two
presence at the Custer fight. Kill Eagle reported seeing Buffalo Calf Road
her,
and took an
Woman
killed.'*
exodus
to
Okla-
subsequent escape. During the cold winter of 1877, the Cheyenne were
women and
starving,
and some
Army
in
When
of 34 Cheyenne
who
resisted the
Road
to
all
move
to Indian Territory
to surrender, Buffalo
68
battles.
homa and
at the
completely
in
her role in the Battle of the Rosebud and relates the birth
refuse.
move
Woman
Calf Road
(Oklahoma).
to a reservation in
Oklahoma. During
this
pUVA4
urni.f ^iwH'i'i -W
'
'
.'
i^Lifiit
i
TT^
u^fll mmymmfmmmmmmmm
#//
Bullets soar
and
leather belt,
tailed
Road
a decorative choker
is
his right
Chief Comes In
arm and
leg
by the
split ears.
from a
Sight,
broad
wearing a long-
his left
hand holding
Bureau of
band decided
to surrender. In
Cheyenne. Hunt-
ing rights were denied, and diseases such as measles and malaria spread
the people.
Unaccustomed
to the
humid
among
When
Cheyennes longed
for their
homeland.
Road
Woman
Buffalo Calf
to
Montana was
The Army
people to persevere.
Woman
left
Indian Territory,
1,500 miles.
wanted
300 Cheyenne
to return to
With
Little
on
the soldiers
Red Cloud's
their trail
reservation. Black
some wanted
Some
followed Little Wolf's party to return to the north. Black Coyote, Buffalo
Calf Road
Woman, and
and hid
in the
Sand
Hills
of Nebraska for
the winter.
some
acts that
compromised the
The Girl
safety
He commit-
69
among
wounded
the
Wolf ordered
their children
Cheyenne and
Coyote
for these
in the
Sand
Hills
of
Nebraska where there was plenty of game and few white people. Later that spring,
Black Coyote killed a
soldier,
in 1879. Black
Woman's
Woman
American Indian
own
women
life.""
are extraordinary
and thorough
historical records
to be other Native
ten
if
women.
Road
women
Woman may
reliable
have proven
woman.
War, ceremonies,
Nebraska
and religion.
2;
women:
J. (1981).
Resurrecting
Indians. Frontiers:
Agonito
4 Graiiam,
W.
(1953).
& Agonito,
history's forgotten
Cheyenne
Vol.
Lincoln: University of
Press.
2 Agonito, R.,
70
Buffalo Calf
The most
Iron Teeth and Kate Bighead had not conveyed the important acts of this
distinguished
at Fort
Agonito
Company.
rx
in
drilled
keep
it
from
on top
splitting.
a pipe in the
at
the
straight
Cheyenne
that the
first
first
pipes the
this
tied
was good
it
way by
fiar
Cheyenne
with sinew to
tells
When
same way,
Timber
this
made
into
it
purpose.
be one large one pipe and three smaller pipes that were be kept in the Sacred
Hat. In fact
all
way they do
In the
done
Cheyenne
alter prayer.
begins without
first
is
how
is
they
came
to
man
make peace
now."'
culture,
The Cheyenne
say,
is
fails."
Nothing sacred
who
directions, to Ma'heo'o.
the truth
made straight
and
to
Grandmother
When
Earth.
smoking the
pipe, only
Stories have
cine Arrow's
been told that in March 1869 Custer had met with Chief Medi-
on Washita Nov.
27, 1868.
to attack the
Cheyenne
women
for fear
after the
Attack
captives at this
camp,
of
Custer in a peaceful meeting smoked the ceremonial peace pipe with Chief Medicine Arrow.
on
at the Battle
of
Little
Big
Horn
they are
shown with
is
in 1876.^
DC,
bad
White Father
in
Washington,
71
For Northern Cheyenne people Hke Chief Dull Knife, smoking a peace pipe
a person
is
Stands In Timber,
Cheyeyme Memories
J.,
&
Libert)-,
(p. 81).
New
M.
(1967).
P. J.
The Continu-
and the
72
Oklahoma
University Press.
2 Powell,
signifies that
Press. Vol.
i.
Press.
JOSEPH
On
Dec.
25,
PFC Whitewoll
as a prisoner.
Germany, according
work camp
in
lost 50
In 1993,
PFC Whitewoll
month
for a
He
was held in
to the family.
a bayonet.
When
freed,
he had to be hospitalized
medal.
Joseph Whitewolf
Sr.
73
Bomb
Balloon
in
Lame Deer
acquainted with
Japanese were
DURING World Warblow from
towards North America. The
II
vailing
Japan
of
per hour.
'
air called
jet
the pre-
well
the
winds that
If the
winds
jet
at
tactic. Utilizing
able destruction
Wind
Ship
The Japanese
and 500
fires
casualties
ful.
wanting
Japanese
in 1944. Japanese
were
a result
propaganda
of the balloons.
order, not
The
soil.
to
air
The
U.S. Office
of War
told
issued a silence
was success-
During 1944 there may have been 300 balloon bomb incidents throughout the
United
States,
occurred about
Bear was
just
15
bomb
miles outside of
when
landed near
silent.
Lame
Deer,
from
first
to
MT The incident
one-room
sky.
school.
There were
six
Normally, she and her brother rode on horse back to school, but
this cold
Janu-
75
'a)wm
of panels of laminated
book, Silent
ary
site,
and the
were
a well disguised
weapon.
(Illustration
from the
Siege)
to school instead.
The Rowland
children accompanied
home.
Franklin Rowland, a friend ofJuanita's and James, saw the balloon and thought
the
is
moon was
falling."
The
dangling by a rope.
The
falling.
The
The
children ran
home
went out
that evening
on horseback
search. Juanita
and her
folks
The
hill
really
fallen.
The Rowlands
in the family
ended the
pickup truck
a steep creek
Sixty-seven years
later,
object and what a close call they had. She said: "At the
76
"The moon
bank.
moon
trees,
small box that was connected to a rope. There had been other ropes, but they had
examining
it.
We wondered what
There was
trees
to be
no
it
We were
on
earth
it
The Japanese
much
publicity,
in to the
agent in
we were
balloon.
It is
their
Lame Deer
Lame
she said.
a cycle; however,
like the
end of
was."
"The
a torpedo-
at the
intact
mak-
it
realized
Webber, B.
attacks on
2
15,
Lone
If
and
my brother would
and
it
dirt
it."
North America
OR: Webb
how
in
Research Group.
Bear,
J.
2007.
Balloon Boih in
Lame Deer
11
At
Sgt.
Uriah
Two Twos
victory dance,
tiie
face,
combined with
his
Army
uniform, captivated photographer Gwendolen Gates (author of the photo book, Indian Country).
rx
THE
LOOK
Uriah Two Two. At
IN
least that
is
word
you
"noble," and
people about
tells
with
the
Army
and
in 1998
in 2006,
"I
am
year of anxiety, worry, sleeplessness, and fear of watching the news." However, she
said, "I
do since he was
Two Two
port
when he
a Purple
in
my
heart that he
received a hero's
returned
home
is
is
he's
wanted
to
welcome
at the Billings
a roadside
In a traditional Northern
blessed
A war
Cheyenne ceremony
at the airport.
Two Two
Women's high-pitched
until the
feathers.
to
air.
remove the
No
one touched
aftereffects
of war,
He and
Uriah,
Jr.
(CDKC)
his wife,
children as a single
mom.
at
Bresais,
and
five
Dull Knife.
(Reprinted with permission from Tribal College JournaL Vol.
ter
17,
No.
3,
Win-
2006, www.tribalcollegejournal.org)
79
THE
SUBJECT OF
and
a spirit,
to
many
but
somehow
went
was
that he
to see
told
him
to
be
make
and
told
man;
a great
him
to
to this office,
that
in a
to
remain.
all
focus
will take
when
it
him
that
spirit.
I
that he
him
that
comes back,
We watched
It is
quite
it
saw
buried
Not only
this
box on
all
his
his
people and
many
him
said
we
will
went
to the countryside,
came from
the south.
The
Then
a table.
70 years with
to return
to be buried
I
lived
many
would be honored
you back
had
when he was
told
a shelf somewhere.
to the reservation.
acknowledge the
that are
box
They decided
to be studied.
box on
wind.
sprits
on what
going
went back
people
But they
sitting in a
is
who had
man
had
has
spirit
little.
years.
and
know everyone of us
all
are gone.
going to
came
who
we
Your
after
would put him back and bury him. [The skeleton had been
As we
difficult.
to the spirit.
that,
is
is
tribe differ a
had an opportunity
people
Spirit
will
it
the valley,
right
spirit of
as a whirl-
on by
as
if
ritual.
diffictilt to
spoken to him
after
We
"Now
that
you have
left,
go.
You do
may
take
81
We
with them.
a child
it;
we have
animal
lived
We
it.
The
life.
at night. All
we understand
do not
may
visit
of you have a
understand the
spirit
understand
to
We
We tend
to do.
they will
spirit.
we want
home and
it is
We bury them
once to
me.
He
going to go.
I
when
said
It's
think this
house the
is
spirit
why many
spirit
my
pass on;
when
was
My grandfather
little.
spirits go.
And
come
will
Who
Who
you
to
in times.
mounds
world people.
told
is
they
who answer
our prayers?
young
by children
child.
And
When we
spirit
world,
a river
on the
playing in a cave.
They found
day
is
come
over.
That
would
Tongue
moment and
gist isn't
disappear.
down,
this
is
things that
we understand
else sees
how
it,
are
was found by
girl
there.
days,
when
the spirits
I'll
it.
There
we going
to convince
We have
where they
we
are
it.
are go-
spirit
If this archaeolo-
valley before
and important
anyone
world, our
River]
probably see
out.
the archae-
like to walk.
come
when
is
when our
the time
is
who
the remains of
that.
found
believe she
talk to archaeologists,
up
is
playing children.
ologist hangs
of the spirit
But
to us.
life
if
no one
in the valley?
One of the reasons that the burial/ reburial is taught is that it depends upon
who is being buried. Some of these people are powerful people, and indeed they
may be very fond of this spot, and so we have to deal with this in the reburial. One
of the things
They have
have to rely on
to appear as one.
is
And
ceremony
my elders.
It's
just
not
if
had
To bury
done the
I
was willing
82
that old
right thing.
to take
man
But
bothered
me
had sworn
whatever
to take the
didn't
lot
know
it
to the grave.
about.
We
all
lives.
When
significant to
our way of
life
such
we had
The Creation
We
very beginning.
it
life,
of our
were very
ever since
we
strive to
life
is
May 2-6,
were published in
from
article
is
J
William
William
Tall Bui
Tall Bull
at
Muddy
MT
who
Indian Reservation.
He became
was born
He
in
Colorado
in
at
Spiritual Perspective
83
to
Army Air
Force.
He served in
the
II
Army during
much of his
life
serv-
ing his tribe, including a position as a councilman for the Northern Cheyenne.
He became
oral traditions
and ethno-botany
at
From
classes.
first
American
tection
was instrumental
in the passage
and Repatriation Act, having worked with former U.S. Sen. John Melcher
of Montana on the
initial draft
of that
legislation.
on
that committee.
Bozeman
He
Jr.,
He was
to sit
later
appointed by
on the committee
served as an at-large
member of
that
to serve
Trail Association.
heritage,
in the
Bighorn
Mountains.
This commitment to landmark preservation led former President Clinton
in
first
a national panel
He
84
passed on
March
7,
1996.
to serve
on
committed
to
on Historic Preservation,
rx
sites
A:'
and objects
eing.
tribes,
the Northern
as
Some of these
BEAR BUTTE
This sacred mountain near Sturgis, SD,
meaning "The
Hill
Where
and
is
known
is
as
Cheyenne sacred
mountain resembles
places
Sweet Medicine, a prophet of the Cheyenne people, received the Four Sacred
J.
two-volume
(All
at
Noavose.'
to fast at
Noavose (Bear
Butte). Pledges
of fasting are made in times when loved ones are sick so that they will recover from
their illnesses or other
prayers are
Lately,
tial
made
such reasons.
When
family
members
home.
for residen-
motorcycle
rally in Sturgis,
tribes
have
come
site is
Cheyenne Reservation on
private land.
to the Battle
of
85
He
brother,
Bull's
Jumping
of Sitting
Bull's flesh
from each of
Sitting
arms.
When
his
as
he
sat
Sun Dance
down
laid
him down on
the ground.
The
announced
He
ears."
down and
vision the
Little
to
They were
like grasshoppers,
Big Horn. Thus the dream portended the results of the Cheyenne, Lakota,
86
Btill
had a vision
at
Custer."
Medicine Rocks.
He
LAKE DESMET
These accounts of Lake DeSmet
lost
stories
The
go for
lake
is
spiritual quests.
During one
WY,
After
raft.
It
raft,
of these times
it
Cheyenne would
was
as Sitting Bull's
the middle
this lake
Roman
some time
people.
of the lake on a
Cheyenne
who were
to worry; he
Roman Nose
he went home.
Weasel told
The
Roman Nose
to
make
Roman
Nose.
Roman
made
that
would have
him.''
spotted.
cap was
rites
that
Nose,
stick in the
would
and
to be thrown,
wear
at their
if
ceremonies.
they
if
the
The weasel
weasel
According
Wolf wearing
parfleche
somewhere
man Wolf
is
protec-
cape the U.S. Cavalry. This band of Cheyenne had camped near Lake
to replenish their supplies.
Little
There
photograph of
the food
shot
is
women
DeSmet
were drying
meat and making moccasins and clothing before winter. Soldiers had come upon
them, and there was no place for the Cheyenne to escape since
this area
is
in the
open. With no place to hide, they decided to go into the lake. There were dogs
that
sometimes
a person can
87
hear children playing on the water, dogs barking, or see people on the lake.
Cheyenne honor
into the
The
lake.''
SACRED HAT
Esevone
('the
is
renev/-
ing power. Esevone's power renews the buffalo herds of the past, as well as the
cattle herds
first
came
offers her
natural
in
of the present.
It
body
as a
Sun Dance
there
is
a Sacred
power of the Arrows and Buffalo Hat, the male and female
Cheyenne
life
Woman who
relationships
life
"^
and
their world.
SACRED ARROWS
The
four sacred, black painted Arrows were given to Sweet Medicine at Bear
Butte.
Cheyenne
called the
life
into
Cheyenne
lives.
Maahotse
continue to be the means by which the Cheyenne are united with the All Father.
After
Morning
November
Star
and
that
Powell,
P. J.
The continu-
I,
p. 19).
no female dares
McKenzie on
the Arrows to
Powell,
J.,
DVD
recording in Chief
library.
Sweet Medicine.
November 2007)
2 Powell,
3
Powell,
J.,
Sweet Medicine,
p. in.
P. J.,
Sweet Medicine,
p. 95.
P.
are
to look at them.^
7 Powell,
P.
J.,
Sweet Medicine.
8 Powell,
P. J.,
Sweet Medicine,
p. xxiii.
^
STEEPED
THOSE
without
forced
upon them,
through
is
misconception espe-
cially
a type
the
tribes
The main
and grandparents.
Children learned through observation in settings similar to today's "open
classrooms," l^ollowing the examples set by older tribal members. Education during the adolescent years
Mann
in her
respect-
book on Cheyenne
roles, traditions,
and
religion
tribal
members.
and war
heroes,
and promoted
With
drastic
stories.
The Cheyenne
lile-long learning
and
tribal history,
mys-
survival.'
change
as the
dering white
Henry
settlers to
St.
Augustine, FL.
The
mur-
warriors
one woman,
Cheyenne by
name of
the
The
most
captives included
He
"kill
military
The
drills.
He
put the
men
in
at Fort
most
citizens.
Marion
as
an opportu-
and write
lessons
in
English.
Christian religious instruction was also part of the rigorous routine. Pratt called
the warriors the "Florida Boys."
his
Cheyenne
Vekeseoxhaestoxese
Head: Netsehemeko
Long Back:
Tsehe'esepa'o
Limpy: Nohne'kdheso
Bear's Heart:
Nahkohehesta
Hotohke
Star:
Vo'aa'e
Medicine: Mdheo'oxhaahketa
Roman
Nose: Vohkdxenehe
Oxhaahketahtse
Match: Tlehesehasedo
Buffalo Meat: Hdevoobtse
Buzzard: Oohehe
Bear
Left
Killer:
Nahkohkendhane
Hand: Namosestse
90
prisoners, there
Marion were:
Out of the 72
Heap of Birds:
They
were
33
though
Cheyennes. The
in captivity the
crowd
the
end
lack of funding.
of
them
By
who
later
and
a reputation as a
late
said to be
Marion discharged
The men
felt
quite
of 1883, Fort
all
By
tourists.
went
to
lives. ^
Fiampton
Most returned
some
to Indian
Institute in Virginia.
Those
1878 Pratt was told he could continue the education of the prisoners being released from Fort
Marion.
He
had converted
(Courtesy of
Hampton
Many
of working
"after"
photographs resembled
this picture
adaptfor his
of posed students
civilization.
University Archives)
91
who
many
met with
by
distrust
ways. Buffalo
Meat
members. People
tribal
became
eventually
Often the
obstacles.
men were
new
appearance and
criticized their
as
head chief of the Southern Cheyenne. Before landing the deacon position he
wrote a
letter to Pratt
worked
Killer,
his friends.
new
known
when he was
never
were
Chief
He
at
wood, dug
wells,
made
bricks,
and became
Upon
his release
Hampton
Institution,
Institute.
working
Later he
in various
became an
departments. There
He
Cushing
to study the
While
in
museum. He
Native people of
and police
col-
New
He
MT.
Lame
active
Deer,
member of
the
Mennonite church.
Several of the
Roman Nose
men went on
as scouts.
Many
returned
men
trail
importantly
new and
refused to
most
foreign
become
culturally extinct.
Boarding Schools
One
of the most damaging and catastrophic federal Indian policies was the
still
being
felt
for
Cheyenne children
at a
very young
age were forcibly taken from their families and taken to the Catholic boarding
school, St. Labre Indian School, at Ashland,
were forced to
92
MT,
This was
live a sedentary,
non-warlike
lifestyle.
pictured by
Over 2,000
Cohoe were
men
Oklahoma
from
their
suits,
a striking contrast
and top
hats.
former culture.
An
7 p.m. to rush
at
Press)
up
spectators at
Keogh
was opened
It
soldier stationed
in Miles City
On April
first
''
The
at St.
all
Some
ol the parents
dance:
Washington,
"first
DC,
however, that he
accompanied
let out."
visors in
named
3,
after St.
is
Some of
too
much
praying and
knew how
their chil-
the parents
his super-
93
The
as
at
Busby
Thompson
to the superintendent
of the
of the Tongue
River Agency, he said, "All boarding pupils were lined up on the porches of the
dormitory on Sunday morning and from there marched under the direction of a
teacher to the church of their choice for
Then
a.m.
to 11:00
The
like
white people. Their hair was cut; their diet changed; and their language,
look
religion,
to
and culture were suppressed. The boarding school program was designed
remove
children were immediately confronted with a language barrier and were removed
from
their families
and
all
that
was
familiar.
Unaccustomed
from
to separations
family and home, they became quite homesick and often became physically
The
ill.
children could not acclimatize to the regimentation and were often overcome
with depression. School attendance was a problem throughout the years. Parental
resistance to the acculturation took
on
nvnr
5nr
^'
ff
The
girls
church.
94
The
in
Busby
of the Mennonite
An
Indian
less
home visits.
Compulsory Attendance Law was passed by Congress
and reinforcing
'-
customs during
tribal
in 1891.
Indian Bureau agents were responsible lor school attendance and keeping schools
filled.
il
The
empowered
One
to
attendance problem was separating children and their families for longer periods
of time. Advocates of boarding schools argued that educational training, in combination with several years of separation from family, would diminish tribal cus-
toms and take care of school absenteeism. The separation from family was the
foundation of
As
Lt. Pratt's
a result,
it
educational philosophies.
home
remember
St.
the school
for
Home
Some
home
visits.
Tongue
at the
visits
home
officials,
and
childhood created a
month
if
as
visit.
families.
Some
parents voluntarily
placed their children in school, whereas others evaded or opposed the mandatory
enrollment.
In
false
some
situations parents
went
and make
tom they
are allowed to
in the
them
week
to go
to cus-
home again.
The mother contended
The
week
before.
that
was
it
mother came
later their
for
their time
now, and
after
con-
siderable argument, she took the children against the principal's protest.
The
who
means
would have
him
to
to
his protest.
should be ready
He phoned
when
at
Lame Deer
to prevent her,
the superintendent
tell
She told the policeman positively that she would not go to Lame Deer.
During the night the husband missed her from the house and went in search of
He found her in a small outbuilding hanging from the rafter with a rope
her.
live.
but
it
way about
95
Parents were, also aware of the health risks of enrolling their children in boarding
where
schools
Communicable
could
they
be
diseases thrived in
exposed
Agency Superintendent C.
Commissioner of Indian
He
sleep in 10 beds.
total
measured
for boys
The
diseases.
letter April
Tongue River
The beds
in the dormitories.
wrote a
B. Lohmiller
said,
contagious
serious
er
to
39.5
28.5
by
32.5 feet
girls,
24
by
16.5 feet,
and
and has
19
boys
The
larg-
12 single-size
beds and
beds.
mitories."'^
44%
of the children
of the pupils
at the
at the
Birney
a report
on Education
where
Day
School had
it.
(Trachoma
is
a chronic contagious
He
described horrific
The
months probably
The
lack of a
supply of both hot and cold water was mentioned in section one of this report.
Boys washing
very clean.
in a
No
individual
no toothbrushes were
mitories
is
warm
due
unsanitary plumbing
to be found. Ventilation
On
clogged
the boys'
of the dor-
toilets
and drain
pipes.
and
to
'^
Tuberculosis was also a huge problem. Pupils with contagious diseases were
theoretically excluded
became
According to
31% of
nearly
diseases
a threat to not only boarding school students but also to the reservation
The
statistics
the poptilation
home
mem-
more
physician
96
DC,
dated 1923
we have had
here.
our physician
is
we
to time,
many of
them
ol:
to
no hope
is
room."'" Tuberculosis
the class
prepared by Dr. H. W. Kassel and Field Nurse Miss Francis Cleave they said
tistics
sis.
tions
sta-
indicated that 800 cieaths per 100,000 population were due to tuberculoprevalent and special care and precau-
still
'-
The
schools.
fully
spread oi disease.
It
also
meant
and contributed
to the
the daily operations. Pupils assisted with building repairs, washed and ironed
laundry, fixed uniforms, milked cows, grew
and harvested
At the time, the administrators believed they were providing the children with
skills that
So
far as
developing the boys into farmers, one of the most gratifying endeavors
society:
school
all
is
They were
also given a
Now
if
direction,
produced
its
own
of grains such
as
the
is
first
isn't
would
results
and
them,
a right start
rye, barley,
heifers,
that
wheat,
oats
and much
alfalfa.'''
At the Tongue River Boarding School, the supervisor of home economics, Carrie
A. Lyford, described her program with
II,
much enthusiasm
in a letter dated
March
1936:
The
detail
work
milk, carry
carried on.
The
room
and pillow
mend,
girls
and
amount of
The boys clean,
the limited
clean.
in small
cases
work through
iron, cook,
hem
both day and boarding pupils, join the 4-H Club aher they are
ten years old. Each of these girls sews one-half day each
week on
carehilly
box
in
room
to
do homework. The
carefully,
girls are
and she
takes
it
to her
girl
home
has a
or
97
and
goods
at a party
which they
Looking back
at the
on
When
them.
they
dry
happy
girls are
learning poise
times.-
dull.
who
ly "vocational" training. It
and
for
as well as to the
much
county Achievement Day. Once a year they entertain the Boy Scouts
to the
work
trip
stores.
They
go
shopping
materials. Their
go to
skills
skills
much
for girls
real-
made
was not
1.
Mann, H.
1871-1982.
Cheyemie-Arapaho education:
(1997).
Lookingbill, B. (2006).
2.
War dance
at Fort
12.
13.
OK:
ences.
Stevens,
C,
Report, April
to
by Office of Indian
3.
Lookingbill,
4.
Lookingbill,
War dance
at Fort Marion.
5.
Lookingbill,
War dance
at Fort Marion.
Monthly
supervisor of schools.
15
May
i,
Affairs,
1923.
Report received
Record Group
3,
6. Little Bear,
Cheyenne education,
p. 6.
Schonenbach, M. A.
7.
received by
Lame
Deer,
MT.
(n.d.). History
Lame
8.
Roth,
M.
Deer,
of St. Labre
J.
of St.
Deer,
Affairs,
Records of
CO.
Nov.
30).
Commissioner of Indian
p.i.
Lame
75,
15.
Cheyenne Indians,
Administration, Denver,
MT.
Commissioner of Indian
Washington,
College Library at
Record Group
75,
Affairs,
Washington DC,
MT.
National
Bill Historical
Museum,
CO.
16.
p. 4.
30, 1911.
10.
Thompson,
J.
(1940, Feb.
13).
Letter
on
reli-
Interior.
June
Indian Affairs,
p. 152.
Record Group
4, Proselytizing Files,
8NS07597013,
Denver,
11.
CO.
Davis,
].
(2001).
Magazine of History,
15(2), 20-22.
17.
Letter
on education/health matters
at the
Correspondence
Files,
9,
General
ONS-075-97-010, National
CO.
i8.
Kassel,
H.W.
Report on health
&
issues
Washington,
C, McCracken Research
Letter
on education/health matters
at
the
cation at the
Indian Affairs
Files,
1926-1956, iONS-075-97-013,
Denver,
21.
CO.
K.T. {2000).
&
Lomawaima,
Indian
Museum.
99
THE
Northern Cheyenne
leaders
on the
to encotirage schooling
Northern
reservation.
Chief Dull Knife emphasized the importance of schools in 1878 even before the
"The time
Education
Their
past
is
is
their
own
when we have
reservation.'
to
down
way.
Cheyenne
learn a
wanted
ety
needed
for the
which
Cheyenne
culture.
to survive in a soci-
Among
the
many
issues to
been
now are
and John Wood-
Northern Cheyennes
Among
eventually led
Cheyenne
the
most important
local
schooling and to minimize the effects of racism on students and parents. Another
important factor
is
poverty. Nearly
40%
reservation.
on the
in
live
One might
a
well say
hundred years
of
level,
center).
According to the 2000 census, unemployment fluctuated from 60-85%, for jobs
are scarce
42%
18
and
i8,
64.'
many Cheyenne
scarce,
demands of high
school, access the academic resources needed to succeed, take care of family
financial needs,
and
and
cation,
a national
movement
Busby
in 1972,
same
and the
making
facilities
it
one of the
first
was chartered
on Colleges and
BIA and
it
full
Lame
Cheyenne decide
concerned, they do
one of the
as
children
Then
the
community
And
Chief
Commis-
initiated another
to tackle
in a big way.
its
Universities in 1995.
the Northern
first
this time,
During
was supported by
of the governance
in
role.
when
Overview
Over the
last several
decades. Northern
increased dramatically
among
adults.
By
this time.
though
it
was
still
lower than
to
Chey-
Northern Cheyenne
Cheyenne
new
among
12 years
just
had completed
20%
of
12 years
at that time.
of schooling.
80%
Impor-
had achieved
two
thirds
12 years
among
their
than
less
60%
adults.
Only
had completed
among young
(ages 19-24)
adults.
^'
The
become
find
new ways
to help
ary education.
Such changes
and conditions of
schooling that each generation has faced. Earlier generations sometimes lacked
When
schools to attend.
the Northern
ducted in 1989, some older Cheyennes reported that they only received a third
grade education because there were no higher grades to attend. Several of these
people even went to the third grade several times because they wanted to continue
to
go to school.
In the past. Northern
schools
12
Cheyenne
private, tribal,
and public
schooling opportunities.
With
are
now
the educational circle was completed for providing education opportunities from
now
are trying
St.
School (formerly
known
School.
St.
as
described in the
sion in Ashland,
boarding
St.
is
MT,
facilities. It
(just east
ago.
It is
is still
a privately administered
St.
educate and
serves both
initially to
Roman
founded
a century
St.
Labre
is
known
io3
of the schools serving the reservation because of its successful national direct-mail,
fund-raising activities.
it
As
and
The
Older Cheyennes
St.
academic de-
relate
how some
at St.
tribal
down
ing
decades
of
last several
private donations.
velopment.
tion.
over the
endowment from
relatively stable
sweat lodges.
While some
recall
boarding school, others express gratitude for the care they received during
difficult
Today,
St.
activities
tional
Roman
traditions of the
community.
special education
programs
Due
St.
its
commitment
to provide educa-
However,
to be offered.
it
An
in 1978.
From
St.
is
the Bureau of Indian Affairs. During that time, the school was governed by a
facilities
St.
Labre
Mission. In 1985, however, the governance was again assumed by the Catholic
diocese of Great
Falls,
MT. A community
Northern Cheyenne Reservation area but including one member from the Crow
Tribe, provided input to the school management.''
Funding
improved
it
radically
St.
became
a private Catholic
its
staff was
non-Indian;'" there was one Cheyenne and one Sioux teacher, one
counselor and
15
$400,000
it
At that time,
when
Cheyenne
paraprofessionals. In
primar-
Cheyenne
at St.
Labre
was about 500 students, with about 210 elementary students, 120 middle school
students,
In the 1980s
and
early 1990s,
between
a third
and
Crow
ing
St.
just
at St.
reservation, located
90%
of the students
'
104
Labre are
home
economics, busi-
Native American
and
tive language,
culture.
In recent years,
literature, history
and
tribal
governments. Na-
'-
money
they have
its
assets
made
brought
in
felt
$27 million
that St.
and pov-
in contributions
to $89.4 million.'"'
"There
some
is
on
often friction
tribal
Montana
contributions,
many
tribal
remembered
are
for positive
many
Indians, mission
won
tribes
members
in 1972
under the Indian Education Act, the Northern Cheyenne Tribe contracted with
the
ity
BIA
of an interim
who was
all
elected to the
first
school board.
'^'
It
to Dr.
Richard
first
strict
The unhealthy
its
M.
schools in
members had
policies
were directed
at
Daniel
Little Bear,
BL\
still
very bad.
day school, which served 98 boarders and 223 elementary and secondary day students.'''
M. Kennedy
that "the
was reputed
to be
to have
an
rate.^"
effort
community and
Title
and
a "Paren-
tal Involvement Program in Education" project kmded by the Donner Foundation of New York. Gradually, he said, a consensus formed among the community
that it, rather than the BIA, should operate the Busby School. The BIA, in turn,
i5
seemed eager
an elected Busby
School Board assumed control of the school under a $795,000 contract.-' Thus,
to
Busby
Tribal School.
The
He was
first
eager to transform the school from the assimilationist school that he re-
membered from
Everything was
boys,
his
we would
get
was
in
ashamed of our
want
to
come back
became deaf
deafness.
school.
families.
But
I still,
When
[to school.]
to feel
my
it
my
if
cried that
as a child.
hearing sometimes.
The
my name
[in
me
I
back to the
think
was expected
Ted Risingsun.
more about
problems
to
a great deal.
to use
hung
who wants
goes
didn't even
With more
"I'd
never
know
that
teaches
mandate
it.
my
it
--
at school
English] was
did not
a physical
my
must go back. So
little
pieces of paper
punished
was not
me
when
But
little
We were
learn to be "responsible."
dress
and things so we
we spoke to each other
ashamed that we were Indians and
would
a little boy,
it
has
it
Cheyenne students
to
number
of students
Among
Busby Tribal
School had the smallest resource base with which to provide comprehensive
vices for grades
through
12.-^
ser-
the school and about $332,000 in federal grants for special programs such as bilingual education, special education, and Title
IV Indian education.
in 1972 to
80
students in 1985. Declines in the early 1980s were related to the school being closed
because the building was assessed as hazardous; there was not enough funding for
106
this time,
a five-person board elected within the portion oF the reservation located in Big
Horn
changed
accurately reflect
rates
name
its
to
more
to
its
Busby
to
Crow
in
is
one oi the
member
included
nator,
and
athletic facilities
Cheyenne Reservation.
teachers
51
and
staff in
and one
as
The budget
boom
wide
It
prides
variet)'
of
its
the Northern
worked
itself
boom town
Facult)'
and
staff
one
as a counselor,
composition
Only
one
member
three
as the
elected
from
in the 1980s
American Indians
home
school coordi-
an elementary teacher.^
for Colstrip
a little
under
a million
authorized funding for reservation students in lieu of taxes from residents) and
When
this
special
funding to school
effect, the
enne students.
surrounding
Colstrip's student
area,
hoods of these
which
is
body
reflects the
and
ranching.
In the late 1980s about a third of the students
enne Reservation, primarily from Lame Deer, although there were students from
Busby
as well.
Some
the Indian students comprised a minority of the student body, the Indian students
at Colstrip
most reservation
28%
to
38%
of the
total
in the
lo?
end of construction on
as
it
local
power
plants.
high
as
High School
also
in the 1990s,
fall
2006 enrollment
in the
in Colstrip
elementary schools.
Lame Deer
elementary and junior high students. In the 1940s, two buildings housed the kindergarten through
8'''
grades in
Lame
Deer.-''
While the
Lame Deer
Cheyenne members
Lame Deer
school to the
high schools.
Cheyenne
initiated efforts to
rates
(42-54%) for
its
students
who
were bussed
School
miles from
in
Some
Lame
high
largest concentration
without
St.
Labre Cath-
Lame
add
its size
com-
traveled to other
a public high school; each of the other six reservations in the state
rural students
and
teachers
Cheyenne
sing
to assimilate students,
up
to
Lame
Deer.
of Northern Cheyenne
30%
of students enrolled
report^'
showed
that about
42%
to only
of Cheyenne students
8%
typically
of white students.
to
choose from and some services for American Indian students, they also reportedly
experienced more prejudice and discrimination than at other local schools. Native
Studies were not offered at Colstrip until recently.
"They
'-
remembered what
boom
years.
"We
were
it
was
like to
really treated
badly
as
Indian
We had to really fight just to hold our ground."'' While Small went on to graduate
from the University of Montana and
108
in
Lame Deer
in 1984,
her
left
later
school.
its
surveyed young people and discovered that a high school was their
priority.
number one
two county school superintendents. One of the Native Actions donors, Archie
Alexander, a retired administrative lawyer, volunteered to be the lead attorney.
Indian school superintendents from around the country donated their time
expert witnesses.
The
by
all
new high
opposed
the neighboring school districts. Every Indian child was worth $10,000 in
federal
impact
aid; the
new high
permanent
new
Montana
district
'^
facility.
Lame Deer
in 1994.
This decision
required Congressional approval for the federal funds to build the school.
the high school was built, students
as
"'"
Having
who had
a public
When
high school in
to leave their
community
or reservation to
Despite
the
its
successful beginning.
in school
has faced
many of
community members
all
from schooling
and
to the
in the boarding
failure in
high
jobs in the local economy.^'' Additionally, students are negatively affected by the
high turnover
reservation.'
and teachers
levels of staff
math and
to a lack
on the
in instruction in
of continuit)'
use.''*
as
high
as at the
The completion
rate at
in 2003,
45%
109
in 2004,
and 56%
in 2005.
According
to these figures,
as
schools.^''
An
rates at
ditional attention
to
School. Students
and individualized
now
moving toward
shown by
Montana
the
the
Cheyenne educators
feel
Cheyenne
of the
have contributed to
One
still
57%
as well as
the increasing
numbers
positive sign
is
all
Montana high
Labre students
St.
for
math and
enrolled in college,
ern
they can.
who
at all levels
Cheyenne students
Nevertheless, Northern
to
Although
Reservation Initiatives
Educators on the reservation are involved in
many programs
designed to increase
the performance of students, beginning with the very youngest and including
older students
who need
as
Upward Bound,
serve several
For more than 40 years, the Northern Cheyenne Tribe has obtained
support for Head Start centers to provide early learning experiences for pre-school
children.
Start
program administers
In addition a disability
five years.
With
is
skills that
help to prepare
them
Cheyenne
Head
program
early
to help
participated in
GEAR UP
pre-
programs. Chief Dull Knife College partners with the Northern Cheyenne
Start
meet
to
many Head
program
services to 3-
program
Head
eight years,
Lame Deer
in
graduate Programs). This provides tutoring, computer access, and a wide range of
enrichment
activities
GEAR UP
GEAR UP
works
such
as access to
computers,
programs such
as
at
and prepare
with
The
members work
closely
receive credit
Lame Deer
in
ef-
math.
Club
developing a
Lame Deer
go
after school
where they
as well as recreational
When
1993,
the Boys
it
and
Girls
mission
Its
is
Girls
Club occupies
The
St.
and kitchen
facilities.
Lame Deer
in
This
is
Ashland.
The
total
membership
METHSmart
are
among
the
most
methamphetamine
to recognize
its
excellence
and
money
The
abuse.
risks
Reno
Cheyenne
a foothold
ment
movement
St.
tising the
Lame
like
to address their
it.
Educators
common
con-
Schools,
Tribal Elementary
GEAR-UP initiative,
the Northern
is
(el-
Cheyenne Head
an outgrowth of the
It
was gaining
until an ill-conceived
move-
future efforts
35.
United
to establish a
in the
Start
statewide P-20
Ashland serves
group
Lame
children.
High Schools,
700
offices,
in
effectiveness.
for this
is
and consequences of
The
both clubs
critically at-risk
cerns.
in
Cheyenne children
Deer
on an Ameri-
and leadership
lifest)4es
to be established
promote healthy
to
in
stopped
this effort,
and the
any
College.
at various
venues. Chief Dull Knife College's involvement in this Circle stems from statistics
of students
who were
and
The
at
Schools
is
over-all goal
from
of the Circle of
all
The
college.
all
who come
especially in
to
to
Conclusion
As the information presented shows, the Northern Cheyenne Nation's education
institutions have
fulfill
the goals
made remarkable
progress in the
like
last several
decades in trying to
all
rates, there
is
skills at
good evidence
also
that schooling
is
improving
Northern Cheyenne.
The
fact that
2001 and 2005 shows that more students are looking to local schools to help them
prepare for their futures.
Now
board
member
tor
this
Knife's statement.
2
Montana
State University.
Knife College
3
tribal
is
named
The
(SF
4 Ward,
in his honor.
0, wri
&
Wilson,
A case study
D. (1989). Northern
among
The
Native
& Wilson,
household census.
F.
Montana
^j^^
^ ^^^^^ ^
3).
C,
Rowland,
^f Northern Cheyenne
File
until 1968
to
W.
L.,
1-35-
& Yellowtail, W
P.
(1985).
Future
,
,u
("L
J
Cheyenne educational
Northern
VI
9 Bryan,
Chevenne
Tribe:
An
education v
planning
& and
'
Cheyenne
Tribe.
Affairs, Office of
Northern
Department of the
Interior.
&
10 Bryan
Stark,
at St.
M.
MT.
at St.
Labre School.
at St.
Labre School.
Stark,
at St.
Labre School.
communication), Dec.
Bryan
& Yellowtail,
D. M.
18 Rosenfelt,
Cheyenne
to have
sister,
is
of
in its
in
Busby (then
called the
Tongue
practitioner.
their
freshmen
White
large,
by
left in their
Fox. Hart, D.
8,
L.
Ph.D., to Edward
M. Kennedy,
Cahn
ed. 1970).
ment.
Lanham,
27 Bryan
BIA agency on
Office in Billings,
the reservation
MT,
Busby,
28 Bryan
MD:
AltaMira
& Yellowtail,
29
Press.
& Yellowtail,
31
Cheyenne
Tribe.
website: http://www.
Ward, C.
(1990).
via satellite
from Chief
200/ (2008).
22,
Lame
Deer,
MT,
Native Action.
/i(8), p. Ai.
36
37
Ward, C.
tion of the
& Widdison-Jones,
Ward, C.
& Wilson,
html
11,
38
the
35 Clifford,
Jan. 7,
1969, in
21
2008.
Arthur
6(16), 44.
& Yellowtail,
33
class at
40
25
Bryan
Week
Although
Bliss,
& Yellowtail,
lamedeer.k12.mt.us.phtemp.com/aboutus.htm
no graduate
completed college
class
of bilingual educa-
become
special case
2^(4),
489-550.
Bears
Tribe.
the
The
2007.
17
J.
Stark,
15
Crawford,
14 Stark,
13
23
24 Bryan
net/articles/2005/o4/io/state/export/20i984.txt.
p. 8.
12 St.
11 Northern
proposal (1980),
41
III
Ward, C.
& Widdi.son-Jones,
1971.
College.
113
1878,
IN
live
the
way we used
to.
said to his
There
is
that
we
are
going to know.
Let us ask for schools, that way our children can attend them and learn
this
called
him
man," accord-
ing to Ted Rising Sun, a charge of treason at the time. Dull Knife
as
knew
as well
anyone the danger of empowering the white man. Yet he also recognized that
education was essential for his people to survive and adapt to the changing times.
He
believed in adaptation, not assimilation. However, from the 1880s until the
1970s, the only educational options were schools designed to assimilate students
From
encouraged
dom
first
of Western civilization.
The
goal has
their tribes.
sel-
Educa-
tion based
and others
in similar circumstances,
and these
policies have
had
a residual negative
effect.
When
the Northern
to attend college,
Cheyennes sent
many dropped
many
reasons.
their best
Young people on
the Northern
political disenfranchisement,
The
in larger
academic institutions
school
encountered
in
"dumb."
"5
2006
21 m is -
for the
2005-2006 academic
year.
Maxwell
is
member
of the Northern
Cheyenne
Tribe.
It
was a
struggle for her to attend college because she has six small children, but because of her determination
and dedication
to her studies,
CDKC
She was a
Indian Business Leaders Club for two years, including one year as president.
in
to
Montana
State University-Billings.
After she receives her Bachelor's Degree in Elementary Education, she plans to get her Master's Degree
in
116
Tommy
Robinson
B.
When
is
part
he was
in
He made
the
is
majoring
in
is
an enrolled
member
of the Crow-
He
to be the
Robinson
While attending Chief Dull Knife College, he was the student senate president
CDKC
year.
in
to
List
two
times.
Robinson
OK.
Montana and
117
many of their
Unlike
were
stitutions
no
at least
own
colleges
from
or for caring
and four-year
in-
Nor were
larger
academic
institutions. Colleges
Cheyenne students
who
and
under prepared
are
American Indian
also lack
at
the
country struggle
Northern
role
became obvious
therefore
a successful educational
to a
program must
could provide learning experiences related to the students, their culture, and their
college
first tribal
opened
on
their
own
reservations,
and continues
and
tribal colleges
to thrive today.
started colleges in
and although
As word spread
its
promoted the
initially
universities
across the
idea of creating
Northern
Plains, tribes
The
as
program, housed in
Army
tents, in
boom
Ashland,
MT,
in 1972.
train-
ing Northern Cheyennes for mining and construction jobs as well as forestry.
the Northern
Cheyenne Tribe
received funding
Assistance Center of the Bureau of Indian Affairs for construction and operation
The
Ordinance
program
staff,
and
liberal arts.
satellite
first
soon
rec-
education
College.
During
Tim
The
trustees
as well as general
that quarter, a
naming contest
Wilson, a
medical
Cheyenne
Tribal Council
Ordinance
5(79) subsequently
authorized the college to award degrees. Although the academic curriculum from
118
1978-1979 was limited, the vocational curriculum grew to include wastewater disposal
through
Fall
Quarter 1979, when Dull Knife Memorial College was given accredi-
From 1979
wide
of student
fered a
variet)'
expanded
activities
In 1985,
its
curricular offerings
and
also of-
men
dinance 8(85) chartered Dull Knife Memorial College, granting autonomy to the
revising the charter to provide for an elected rather than an appointed
college
and
board.
To extend
for
both Fort Belknap College and Stone Child College. The Northwest Commission
Universities granted [ull accreditation to Chiel Dull Knife Col-
on Colleges and
lege in 1995.
In 2001, the
(CDKC)
to
name
enne, he
known
In
ties in
Cheyenne
is
changed
as
is
Vooheheva or Morning
of the Northern
the Northern
Chey-
Star.)
as a chief
among
and
tribal colleges
Montana
universi-
their
The
leges
two-year institution
and
Universities.
land-grant institution.
Cheyennes and
arts
It is
Its
is
Commission on Col-
and
liberal
education.
2.
To be
members
3.
financially stable
and
To provide educational
in acquiring
To maintain an
improved
self-sufficient.
resources
skills for
and experiences
work and
skills
to assist
community
life.
on the Northern
college transfer
programs and
To provide
effective
successful completion of
5.
To provide
traditional
a language
Cheyenne
program
culture, language,
college.
and
and support
history.
"9
Cultural Mission
Throughout
Almost
its
foundation ior
42%
its
young people,
and fewer
them prepare
provided a cultural
for a
changing world.
of the reservation's people were under the age of 18, and another
who
elders,
it
18
and 64
in the
follows that
Cheyenne knowledge,
50%
high propor-
this
find fewer
to learn from.
Research on the reservation has shown that knowledge of the Cheyenne ways
is
and
ture
"*
The
They have
to
students
know who
There
a healthy
is
Indian cultures
as
need
in Indian
need
munity
survival in education,
The
es,
college
CDKC
fulfills its
an active and
critically
community's
cultural mission in
many ways.
Whiteman
Cultural
Center) that sponsors programs in Cheyenne language, history, and culture from
the
sion
Cheyenne
perspective.^
Programs from
this center
staff in a variety
and
contest; a
of activities, such
"handgame" tournament;
as a
making
frybread,
Cheyenne language
also certifies
In 2007, student
Roman
is
traditions
on
to pass these
to others:
There are so many Native Americans who think that high school
is
the last
why
I'm here
is
on
The
MTV or TV and
becoming acculturated
focus of their
pretty weird to
me
growing up
in a traditional family."
so
much
oppression.
It's
to
knowledge of our
many
have
tribes that
They
identities.
programs
and
way of life,
lost their
CDKC,
who may
modern
services
not
their origins.
However,
it
The funding
their
has been difficult for the colleges to find funds for cultural programs.
formulas for
and
ways.''
in a culturally
for others
way of thinking,
cational
Fisher
my
that
as
teaching mathemat-
Thus
cultural projects,
leges, often
Dean of Cultural
the college.
the
CDKC has received some funding in the cultural area, getting a grant
for Native
to teach fluent
Montana under
and Equipment
Tribal Histories
Americans
Cheyenne speak-
book
Initiative,
an
also
initiative that
made
this history
possible.
has been said that tribal colleges and universities are imder-fimded miracles.
CDKC definitely
fits
it
and the
chal-
their
CDKC,
community
like
several generations.
it
The
tribal college
from surroimding communities, many of whom share the obstacles that the
dian students
face.
Of the
American Indian;
70%
are female;
year,
and
In-
85% of
number of
approximately
a significant
the students are either heads of households or are un-married, primary caregivers
to
young
80%
children. In addition,
90%
When
Some
and
were raised
in,
it is
not sur-
prising that
sistance,
nearly
and
90% of- the students are eHgible for federal student financial aid as80% are fully eligible for Pell Grants. According to the 2000 census,
50% of Cheyenne
fluctuated from
ern
Cheyenne
families live
60-85% because
Reservation.'' Clearly,
level,
and unemployment
Knife College, most of these students would not have had the opportunity to
pursue and
realize their
In 2007,
his circle of
join the
to right)
John
Renee Beartusk,
Lett
Hand,
.1
J.
Wooden
a student
student
who
and
"When
tribal college to
was away
in the
in Iraq
and
expand
b\-
Kathleen Beartusk)
where
Having
a strong identity
forward
to. It
would
tell
was, and
is
would
them
is
gives people
it
wrong about
Some
tell
important because
something
a certain identity,
to look
whether that
is
disabled," he said.
much
but he was determined. Attending Chief Dull Knife College helps him be
jury,
more
and
learn
more about
It
my
identity,
being
obstacles.""'
Nearly
60%
of
all
To make
The
and
college also
Montana
credits
makes
it
and maintains
a tour-
possible for
at
CDKC.
community members
to earn bachelor's
a private
four-year college located in Billings. In 2007, the college also had three staff
members
the
most
enrolled in an on-line
CDKC
MBA program
stafi
a local school
members completed
system or
tribal
bachelor's degrees
and one
a master's degree
Bureau of Indian
CDKC
Student
Affairs,
two employees
Activities Director,
at St.
Student Success
CDKC
The
is
levels,
one graduate
at a time.
graduates have been employed in a wide range of both general labor and
professional positions.
Many
in the areas
of carpentry,
welding, heavy equipment operation, and secretarial science held positions both
reservation.
20
years.
office personnel
sistant to the
They worked
as utility
that
employment
company
the
as-
another was involved with the company's personnel department. Other vocational
^3
Cheyenne
such
Utilities,
own
employment with
as
Graduates of the Associate in Arts degree programs had also found employ-
ment
in a
CDKC
at
(Judith Davis) was a graduate of the college after completing her bachelor's degree
ment
to the college.
own
his
for
Other
went on
to
The
both on and
off the
own
its
were several
as
graduates
Little
tribal
who went on
to
complete bachelor's and master's degrees (Michelle Spang, Rae Peppers, Verda
King, Debra Reed, Michelle Curlee).
The dean of
graduate
as
CDKC
CDKC
alumni
own
hard work.
CDKC
expanded
who would
its
like to
The
Over the
last several
years
them
Montana
ter
State University-Bozeman.
for col-
for successful
in
Missoula and
feel bet-
prepared to pursue bachelor's and gradtiate degrees alter they graduate from
CDKC."
CDKC was
major participant
it
124
a grant
It
devel-
High School
became the
first
He went on
to
superintendent of the Northern Cheyenne Reservation. After a distinguished career with the BIA,
and
Initiative (RSI)
The
USDA Extension
community and
program
whom
tribal college
program.
It
developed innovative
math
at the college
labs to assist
courses.
expanded
it
The
ervation
in 1994.
to target
community
needs.
some of
cultural exchanges
members
dispel stereotypes
by everyone
125
how
to
Management
pest problem.
it
'-
the University of
information,
Although most
and communities.
lege preparation
has
rates
is
and the
compelled
felt
are high
to help
improve schooling
lor
col-
CDKC
by coordinating with and supporting pre-K-12 schools that serve the Northern
closely with
in
an
CDKC.
Other
included
initiatives include
assistance to
math and
providing math
science teachers at
CDKC
its
Rural Systemic Initiative (RSI) to develop math and science courses for
lo-
classroom instruction. This project, which was very successful in attracting teachers
from
ence
all
skill levels
Foundation
project,
to the
School, where
many
also coordinating
in 2007,
curriculum in both
math and
science.''
which
in
CDKC
awarded
sci-
math and
CDKC
With
students.
in
improvements
at the
secondary
Bound program
levels.
that
to
work
This effort
CDKC
was
Lame Deer
Tribal School.
and Staffing
Limits
on
When
the U.S. Congress enacted the Tribal College or University Assistance Act
in 1978,
126
it
Facilities
at
leges
up more
The
tribal col-
as little as
recently to $4,200 per ISC, tar below actual costs per student.''*
is
CDKC
who
number of Indian
students at each
some funds
tribal colleges
CDKC
supplements the
launch
of Montana approxi-
yearly.
must depend
or services.
it is
state
largely
CDKC
fiscal sense,
upon
but
it
10%
student headcount by
its
each year.
The
funding
20%
special
CDKC
increased
and
facilities.
to
meet accreditation
standards and institutional effectiveness, the college had to cut two faculty positions, the
dean of cultural
and culture
affairs,
to
assume additional
responsibilities,
making
The
it
remaining
in staff, the
increased student enrollment and the identified need for expanded programs and
services has seriously
Like most
ties
Army
tribal colleges,
tents in Ashland,
feet)
MT, and
was
in
built in
Lame Deer
facility
the
The
facility. It
subsequent
college to
original
USDA, and
remodel the
facili-
meager
program. The
facilities
1^7
propane
coal-fired boilers co
expanded technolog}'
well,
While an
heat.
in the classrooms
electrical retrofit
and
was completed
as
complications.
In I9''9, the college acquired a tacilirv tor the college library;
it
was originally
An
students remodeled
it.
With
tion grants, the colleges building trades students remodeled the facilirw
Many
The
children.
center. Later
college
it
was conyerted
to
which
bookstore, a
students haye
make
day care
Untortunately, these remodeled buildings were not originally created as college tacilities so their designs are less than ideal,
and they
meetings
is
1,200 square
feet,
By working
tions,
creatiyely with
more than 60
many
tor classes
college
tacilin^
and/or community'
people.
different agencies
CDKC has been able to build some new tacilities on campus and make some
older ones
more
efficient.
Center funded by
HUD
The new
the Florence
of these
tacilities
funded by
USDA.
utilizing sustainable
This
is
The
initiatiye
ered
utility-
Penn
State
The
Xeyertheless, as
CDKC
grows,
it
will
new
are for a
library,
new
and
classroom/office
new maintenance
tacilirw
Conclusion
Chief Dull Knife College and other
tural
128
education
as well as a
tribal colleges
and
to .American Indian
Through education,
students.
the
economy and
tribal
to do.
government and
preser\'e
and
culture.
fies
to the
changing world,
can help to
revitalize their
socierv",
language
come from
forti-
their
modern
as
studies at other universities, take positions in the private or public sector, or create
own
their
businesses.
Roman Fisher told the Tribal College Journal: "A lot of people
now beginning to understand that we are losing our culture and
language. Having our own histor\\ our own secrets, our own songs, stories of how
we came to be that s \\\\zi separates us from the rest of the world because we
student
^As
mv
kno\\'
where
T. Risingsun
college
who
\\
come from.
tribal
statement.
files.
File 3
college remediation.
Washington,
200-
hom
http://wn-w.aU4ed.org/files/archi\-e/pub-
lications/remediation.pdt
3
File 3
SF
3).
Winter 2004.
3).
4 Ward, C.
ment.
Braun (2008).
(SF
system:
10
J.
(2005).
SaniY .Afnencans
in the school
it
Centers
on
Winter 2003.
college
T,
cam-
Press.
alrve:
13
Wmier 2006.
Research/intro.pdf
6 Btaun.
J.
(200S1.
Whats
in a
name?
Tribal
- Houser,
S. (1991).
Underfunded miracles:
DC: Department of
fiill
text
http://www.eric.ed.gov
lis
We
are
can no longer
live
way we used
the
to.
There
is
that
we
going to know.
LITTLE
would be
ennes,
who had
what
than a century
to rip their
Mother
"new way of
that
and
mine
apart to
life"
later,
in 1878
as
coal.
stewards of
And
if
they
In the early 1920s the Northern Pacific Railroad was looking for land in
eastern
Montana.
railroad
Its
mine
locomotives.
at
More than
that, the
to a
new
coal
decided to shih
camp
its
its
name
its
in 1913
some corpo-
No
become
Rosebud country
coal to fuel
(It
Washington
left
development
at
Colstrip
the
at the
would
Northern
sota, to operate
its
new
coal mine.
make
They
originally
planned
to use
It
just so
happened
The only
power
would have
that
seriously
of Minne-
steam shovels to
company
in
Montana was
mining camp.
It
avail-
was the
of a great
131
Big business in
one time
this collection
and accounted
and mineral
of businesses owned
all
Montana's payroll.
for three-fourths of
whose ap-
alloys alike
Some
state's
in 1915.
At
newspapers
tively called
the
simply
The Company,
meant the
electrification
Montana Power
in the
Anaconda owed
its
success partly
of its mines.''
open
in 191 2. Collec-
to Ryan's vision
In 1924,
the
its first
built. Colstrip
pit
from
became the
first
Billings to
at the
time the
electrified.^
worked occasionally
the
The Yellow
Painted
but
'50s,
cliffs
cliffs
Man
also
brought problems.
in Colstrip,
as
in their
Wallowing Bull
to
v.
No Cheyenne
work
ers,
has seen
him
since,
Termination
Cheyenne Reservation
as a federally-recognized
Beeler,
Indian
The
its
tribal
make
tribe), there
child
the Northern
13
years earlier
would be
reservation.
a hefty
They
Cheyenne people
payment
under the
if
status
to every
rich.''
in
Interior.
132
on the
its
The
When
the tribe were to petition the Secretary of the Interior to terminate (end
oil
Man.
spiritual
few Cheyennes
Cheyennes refused
it
mines
in the Foley
The
loss the
Cheyennes' homeland
members
as a tribe.
Man. Wallowing
like the
that survival lay in the strength, not the dissolution, of the tribe.
had petitioned
for
termination in the 1950s instead oi the 1940s, the Interior Secretary would have
accepted their decision. By then, termination was the federal policy. In particular,
became
many
Indeed
tribes
The
would put up
Drinnon
writer Mari
a statue
of^
Wallowing Bull
called
and he served
in 1948,
a "tribal patriot.
Lame Deer."
Historian Richard
"'-
town
oi Colstrip, racism
was
as
few
in
other reservation
who worked
there lor a
and some Cheyenne children attended Colstrip High School. Dr. AJonzo Spang
graduated from Colstrip High School in 1953
on
Spang went
as class valedictorian.
first
College (now
known
as
who
doesn't
a year
in 1994.
problem.
"When went
I
to school,"
bers McRae, "roughly half of the graduates came from the reservation.
two
was
factions.
in the middle.
There was
on both
sides.
Wholly
slurs,
reflect
on
"For instance,
we were
the darlings
either place.
But
a youngster," explained
homes
on the
subtlety,
it
"is that
you
don't
know
things.
never invited to
invited to their
come from
other
different Colstrips
you
didn't
a cohesive
After,
remem-
The
Racial, cultural,
feelings
Memo-
homes over
in Colstrip.
to a
there,
home.
My
brother and
and
others,
We were
on the
baseball
football field or
on
I33
134
Cheyenne from
He
final
whisde blew,
all
that evaporated,
the reservation."'*
certainly
seemed
to have
him
Montana's Boys'
as their delegate to
Go
this
back and get another candidate, they told the principal. Another election
won
time Spang
Spang
him
to
by
go to Boys'
State.
he was rejected.
long
State, so
as a co-delegate.'"' Yet
as a
what happened
to
to the
next.
an
oil
embargo
motion
a frenzy
sources of
fuel.
of activity by
states
The
"energy
and corporate
crisis"
declared
new
Montana
historian K.
Ross Toole called the Northern Cheyenne "the most important Indian tribe in
country.""'
He described them
quoted the
tribal
as
"'^
attorney calling the Cheyennes "the American Arabs.
made
inquiries to the
The
which
unemployed, and
Montana
average.
Bureau of Indian
reservation were
this
tribal
indi-
the
less
income was
He was
government and
overruled by the
BIA
Billings
$1,152
Area Office,
For the
first
a public coal
two months of 1966, area and agency BIA officials pieced together
permit
was
sale.
They persuaded
the Northern
and
Interior regulations
and
permit
The BIA
permits
Cheyenne
Reservation.-'
Cheyenne
When
Peabody Coal
BIA considered
it
Company
a "very good"
and wanted
to
offer. Naively,
make
it
BIA
consid-
as attractive as pos-
I35
Only
sible to industry.
later
Gradually
did
BIA
lOO
tribal
what
lands and
on Indian
was
why
their coal
of tribal members to
mines looked
They formed
several council
bid."'
and
and
like
travel to
to talk
with
who owned
allottees (people
burial grounds.
Rowland and
President Allen
about
strip
Cheyenne
had received
to
drilling
on
their
17.5 cents a
ton in royalties
when
their gravel
astounding
Consol wanted
offer.
a $1.5 million
it
important
bonuses plus
in
Cheyenne
into an industrialized
community
city.
coal
on
In exchange,
economy
a better
result
that energy
When
from coal mining, however, nearly one third (104 out ol 346 respondents)
The respondents
cited
many
negative effects
and
social
The
most
of the
same
issues
with which
ties.'''
workers was particularly disturbing. With only 600 families on the reservation,
it
coming
to
in,
the
fill
an interviewer. "There
will
will
jobs.
woman
said
The
tribal
reservation,
members
construction
boom
Southwest.'
She
jtist
in reservation border
said,
"The
social
finished a dissertation
towns
in the
newcomer
to the
bad enough, but Cheyennes carry over a hundred years of negative experience
with the very people
The continuing
Ted
became
136
in the majority
can their
lives
be led in relative
tribal
members. In response
dignity."'**
tribal council,
to the
Consol
offer,
"One
might do
he
said,
to
thing
on mine.
the country
I'd
serious,
my own
where
used to
buy the
and dance
Turning
with
tions, the
scalps
tie
in all the
he
on
scalp shirt
said, "I
could find.
would
tie
pieces of
drive
I'd
around
Indian powwows."
think
would
own way of
rather be poor in
than be rich
life
to their constituents
and doing
Then
my own
in a
country,
torn-up land
lo to one by strangers."'''
months of listening
seek cancellation ol
is
am outnumbered
After
it
the permits
and
The new
leases.
their
own
o on March
to
ii
investiga5,
tribal attorneys,
1973, to
Alvin
J.
Ziontz and Steven H. Chestnut, petitioned the Secretary of Interior saying the
permits and leases violated 36 federal regulations.^" According to the
tribe's attor-
Affairs
it
tribe relied
had been
inept,
on
overmatched. "''
The BIA
is
part of the
Department of
and
third
of the land
in question.
late
The new
its
The
sales.
Interior,
on Indian lands
itself
regulation."*-
1960s and early 1970s were a period ol dramatic changes in the nation's
apparently
own
on June
tion,
4, 1974,
The
tribe
companies
and
Morton placed
a face-saving
the leases
measure
lor
on
bureau employees.
in the
world and won. The Cheyennes knew they had defeated BIA
"We
it
tribal elder
Ted
Northern Plains learned from the Cheyennes' example. Both the neighboring
Crow
Tribe and the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation in
North Dakota
tribes
and permits on
their reservations.
Other
imposed temporary moratoriums on energy development while they studan act of Congress
Cheyenne
It
also
137
and
NCRP
dependent on the
less
federal trustee
Research Project
ing
make them
institutions designed to
for guidance.
community and
The
NCRP
to tribal
members
research-
cultural attitudes.^''
continued
work throughout
its
the 1970s
and
ing natural resource inventories of the reservation and anthropologists' papers that
Cheyenne worldview.
NCRP
also
documented the
attitudes,
clean
air,
the
Clean Air
v.
NCRP
Jobs
new energy
construction of a
Vilified as little
the
trailer
court by
many
people in the
to earn a living to
tion
center.
of a boomtown.
Rosebud County.
state, Colstrip's
when
rates.
Once
promoted by
when
interest rates
there, they
and
infla-
found themselves
When
the
ditional generators
on
its
coal-fired
war
growing
in
later
plant,
it
members discovered
had
to
that they
flexed
power
power plants
in the
Protection Agency (EPA) had adopted regulations under the Clean Air Act that
air.
138
I.
States
and
local
II,
EPA
where the
air
was reasonably
clean, but
some new
desig-
or the Class
designation
III
The
the
EPA and
to redesignate
The
Units
new
to
game
work within
the Class
II
tell
it
can't
The Cheyenne
Patrick Stands
ervation.^-
Over
tribal
members supported
of the
Crow Coal
told a reporter.
EPA
to play
games
the
from
own
res-
Cheyenne
two members
For several years, the Crows had negotiated coal leases with a
Shell,
Amax,
number
ol
"It's
also
Bull, a
Montana
lives."*'
companies but
I.
"Somebody,
McElwain
too costly lor the people and businesses ol this nation lor the
energ)'
On
standard would be
generators.^"
decision infuriated
and 4
Project,
EPA announced
applied to the
social,
Cheyenne Research
and protect
Washington Post reporter observed, "have hired a dozen public relations men'
Crow
fluent both in
and English
dialect
to circulate
among
The Crow
dis-
pute spilled over the border to the Northern Cheyenne Reservation and to the
EPA
offices in
Washington,
In August, the
EPA
DC.
temporarily shut
down
Their signs
streets
pipefitters, laborers,
and
and union
Electricians,
Work
ply a battle between the faceless capitalist exploiters of nature versus the protectors
who would
their families.''^
The Environmental
Protection
Agency held
a series
of public meetings in
I39
pep
local
Ted
Lame
hearing in
at its
w^ere
councilmen. All three were about the same age and had grown up
But
in different
in the
and Bear
costal pastor,
Mormon
same
"we want
it."
much
were not so
Knowshisgun argued
was
all
Cheyenne Native
was
that
the tribe;
left to
that the
human
speakers, including
dillerences as prefer-
as well as any.
keep
to
a Pente-
bishop.
ences,
all tribal
as friends.
rights.
Other
Charles Whitedirt, said that the construction in Colstrip would do violence to the
tribe,
The
tribe held
undermining
to
up construction on the
tribal sovereignty.^^
the
Then on
on Units
Sept.
and 4
could continue. While some viewed the construction of the power plants
defeat for the tribe, the Class
ally.
As
a result of the
battle
had
I air,
the
had
to
pay for
the plant
air.
met
air
its
tribe
to
meet
Cheyenne
contractors.'"^
Edwin Dahl,
tribal
monitor the
to
required
Montana Power
and nation-
company was
as a
it
had resulted
200 of
in jobs for
on the
reservation tenfold.^'
Cheyenne
Tribe's action
ment
state, local,
or tribal
in the
laws.
The
was the
tribe
I.
first
govern-
Congress adopted
regulations in 1977 that formalized the tribal authority for redesignation, thus
adding weight
Once
the
to the earlier
EPA
and Flathead
140
administrative decision.
Cheyenne breached
obtained
Class
the
Two
other reservations in
redesignations.
Those
Montana
tribes also
Fort Peck
decided to pro-
it
imposed upon
their
own
plans.
Fort Peck's Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes were most concerned about coal-fired
power
plants,
and the
worried about
Tribal
tribe
own
Salish
sawmills.'"'^ Later,
the Northern
its
own
its
Surface
v.
Mineral Ownership
lay just
One
American West so
owns the
When
bitter
is
much
the minerals are strip mined, the landowner completely loses the use of
methods have
on the
serious impacts
surface, too.
Congress had long recognized the potential value of the Northern Cheyenne
coal.'- In 1926,
This was part of a national policy that opposed communal land ownership and
divided reservation lands up amongst individual tribal members, often opening
the "surplus
"
The Cheyenne
to the tribe,
American
society,
and
their
commitment
to tribal or
communal
to
where land
is
more than
real estate
to shift
Hollowbreast Case.
Native community
tribal
The
person
is,
not
lives.
known
''^
from
tribe to individuals in
Supreme Court
own
in
what became
confirmed that
the
own
natural resources.
between the
tribal
more
conflict
H^
Company (ARCO)
field
created a constitutional
powers to protect
its
crisis
on the reservation
as the tribe
oil.
and
gas.
used
its
The
when
Rowland, a
fierce
tribal
tribal
conflict
The
governmental
less
that oil
and gas
He was
1970s
officials in the
reservation
demanded some
sort oi response,
Cheyennes were
their minerals.
on the
swung
who would
receive benefits
to the
members. The
said off-res-
$6 million bonus
local referenda
bitterness of the
many
and
ARCO
had
ARCO's
question.^''
The
is
feelings
of the traditional community were made clear by the holding of the Sacred Arrow
Worship ceremony
country's
and direction
of one of the
in the face
In the end,
ARCO
The
all
of
them
and found no
dry,
or
rift
between
Hollowbreast
case, the
oil
decide.^**
Conclusion
American Indian activism since the 1960s
licized national milestones,
Trail
such
is
as the
Wounded
offices in
Movement
Washington,
DC,
(AIM)'s occupation
in 1972,
much
attention, the
Northern Cheyennes were working behind the scenes toward nationhood, achieving milestones, not headlines.
They
air,
142
and
utilized
modern
some
of the
in
When
industrial center.
on
research
sociologist Joane
book on Indian
AIM
own
W.
Decision
pit
in
Cheyenne
Knife's
(personal
B.,
The Northern
at Colstrip:
mining operation.
Pacifies
open-
an
eighty
of extremes
of the
Interior,
to
Rogers
Norman: University of
Howard, J. K. (1943). Montana,
Press.
high, wide,
and handsome
(84).
New
Haven: Yale
University Press.
& Ernstoff,
al..
20 Chestnut,
Commission on
Development
(1979).
November
7 Wolcott, V. A. (12
equipment
is
1925). Colstrip's
663.
21
Coal development
communication)
23
Papers, University of
Box
Montana.
and
J.,
(1977),
J.
Boggs,
Vol.
Economic
Lame
25
Investigations.
(p. 20).
Lawrence:
1953,
reel
Drinnon, R.
camps: Dillon
of the concentration
Myer and American racism (p. 237).
(1987). Keeper
S.
W. McRae
i:
14 A.
15
16 Toole, K. R. (1976).
ment,
Boston:
Little,
and
MT: Northern
and IV-6.
1:
and energy
develop-
164.
Owens, N.
(1979).
The
effects
of reservation
303-337.
ment,
i:
and energy
develop-
167.
star,
black sun:
31
T. Risingsun (personal
communication)
Cheyenne Reservation,
cattle
Social, Cultural,
Deer,
Northwest America,
&
164-165.
Company.
(personal communication)
J.,
Economic Anthropology
to
i.
27
65.
Owens, N.
Naddy.
(1990). Breaking the iron bonds: In-
J. P.,
ment,
Mike Mansfield
M.
DC: Govern-
Washington,
Office.
Cheyenne
Northern Cheyenne elder (personal
8 B. Tall Bull,
Hunter,
Cheyenne
(p. 173).
ment Printing
Sooktis,
11
and
Pirtle,
1974, II-4.
H.
S.
24 Nordstrom,
10 Ambler,
Morton,
leases
MS
B.
concerning coal
Petition of the
(loi).
Oklahoma
electrical
Plains, 66-67.
Ernstott, Attorneys
8.
&
18
Tribe: II-4.
4 Foley Brothers,
17 Toole,
19 Ziontz, et
communication)
resources to create
Morisset
M. Holswarth,
year story,
own
for the
&
(5/(3), 130-131.
activist groups.''''
communication).
2 Evans,
in 1993 for
road to sovereignty.
and other
own
an
ttirned into
mined and
Plains:
50-68).
?2
165-166.
Chevenne Reservation,
165.
143
We
Home Forever
Lame Deer,
not just a subject that people study in school and then forget.
became
powwows
from
to school
and
will
keep forever."
However, there
is
less
20th century.
Wolf on
Little
won
law,
this
tribal stationery,
"Out of defeat
Some
chapter provides
its
people have
both In-
more
earlier
recent examples.
set in the
book, and
The official
and environmental
They know
in this
the Northern
first tribes
trolled school
new
during the
American Indian energy policy, preventing some of the largest multinational energy companies in the world from strip mining the reservation and turning
into an industrial complex.
Other
tribes
on the same
it
state's
basis.
to
knees for several years by utilizing federal environmental law to protect the
reservation airshed.
The Environmental
utilities to install
145
other tribes
manage
leaders
own
their
In 1986, Northern
who demanded
The
tribe
was the
first
in the nation to
air quality
Cheyenne
programs.
museum
storerooms.
He
Melcher write the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
1990 and
later
in
passing was noted in the Congressional record by U.S. Sen. Ben Nighthorse
Campbell March
19, 1996.
In 1991, the Federal Reserve Board sent a shock wave through the banking
world when
it
Bank merger.
It
how
communities.
The Land
the
in
2ist
Century
land, culture,
opment companies,
about what
it
means
to be
when
of Ted Risingsun
they turned
(a
down
War
hero,
and
my own
country, with
my own
am outnumbered
With
all
the
think
"I
money
offered to the
Cheyenne
The words
would
rather
many at
The
of time
a direct descendant of
outsiders' ignorance
and
than
"'
the time
The
and
later.
why
it
as a
form of apart-
heid where Indian people are segregated from others. As a result of this misunderstanding, misguided "friends" of the Indians have tried for
to integrate
them
into the
combined with
years
and
resources.
146
who
championed
we ought
So
all
of
if
"We ought
saying
zeal,
to give
why do
them
to give
do
about one-third
all
more
there were
They
their land.
jobs.
of
all
and
tribal
American Indians
Those who
They
get
elders.
returning to work.
It is
live
on
and
on
their reservation.
Not
and one-half
reservations
their reservation."
More might
and
who
and often
rettirn
They
love
and
their language
on
They
they want
Hberty,
them
to give
their rights."
benefits
live elsewhere.
from the
Many feel
re-
federal
strongly that
culture.
to hear
Many of
and speak
their ances-
Culture
may wear
silk suits
members
with their beads and braids and have degrees from Harvard
or Boston Universit)'. Their culture often thrives within them, invisible to outsiders,
not necessarily hanging across their chests in a medicine bag. All cultures
face pressure
magazines,
etc.
Within
television,
and language.
to retain
nearly complete ownership, unlike most other tribes in the West. Elsewhere, non-
example, the Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation in Montana
lost
over half of their reservation, mostly the rich agricultural land of the Flathead
Then
in the 1950s,
Cheyenne,
their land
was not
to prevent allot-
assisted
formed
(a
tribe.
The
tribe
nonprofit organiza-
result of the
in this
book, the tribe also controls the minerals under the reservation.
However,
tribal
cultural resources,
and
air
to
worry about
threats to
its
land,
pecially in the area of the Tongue River Valley. In 2004, Fidelity Exploration
Production
Company
court to determine
We
Home Forever
if
es-
&
the Northern
^47
half
and gas
leases
in 2002. Fidelity
wanted
The energy
and
historical
owned
river.
unique cultural
camp from
at least the
i8oos
They make
cloth
and the Sun Dance, Sacred Hat, and Ghost Dance ceremonies have been
Tongue River
development occurs
performed
in the
the Northern
go to
area
A cottonwood
identity.
sweats,
The
and tobacco
oil
tained several
Cheyenne people
will
the springs
William
there."'
Powder River
in the
region,
He
them
told
that off
reservation pollution
plants unsafe.^'
In
November 2007,
erbed dispute by dismissing the company's case because the statute of limitations
had expired.
However,
That
Once
Fidelity's
was successful
in retaining
coal-strip
mine and
2007 by
coal
its
land rights.
railroad.'*
South of the reservation, coal bed methane development had begun. Skyrocketing
the
electric
that
new century
in
pump
so
many
Lame Deer
tribe,
little is
full
It
for
of wells
drains
ir-
of salts, min-
The
substances. Very
Cheyenne
drilling a grid
of
fuel
the water out of the coal beds and discharge the methane.
It
draining
to Native Action,
'^
methane development
in the
Tongue River
Valley and the Power River Basin areas outside the reservation, and as of 2007,
its
it.
Gail Small of Native Action said, "Over the years, the tribe
148
on the land
So kr, the
vation,
and the
oil
tribal
its
are ready to
manage
it."'
reser-
In a referendum election in
resist forever.
The
2006, a majority of people actually voted for coal development (664 to 572).
topic of coalbed
twice as
many
no
is
November
at the time,
Some
hundfed years of
lESS
VIOLENCE TO THE
A SURVEY
IN 200I
ways high;
With few
between
fluctuates
it
businesses
60%
50%
on the
of Cheyenne families
reservation,
found
and one-
live
unemployment
under
al-
is
and 85%
jobs.'^
as
this
are poor,
live
line
of dollars flow into the reservations each year in the form of con-
and
most of
all
money
as grocery stores
salaries. If
the local
economy
and
owned
businesses such
and invested
in
banks
far
report
on
federal
funding
Indian Country published by the U.S. Civil Rights Commission in 2003 said
that
more
are
likely to die
and lack of
It
650% more
from diabetes,
670% more
likely to die
The
disparities
on
death
American
likely to die
when compared
its
50%
less
hospitals
per
and
Indians.'^
We
Home Forever
Chey-
H9
services
own
bank.
whole
now
demanded and
When
received a
demanded and
received their
they were the only area of their size to lack a high school in the
won
their
reservation,
clinic.
state,
fate.
new
one graduate
own
The high
high school.
school
is
is
at a time.
is
it
TSEATY
in
kjralAm erica.
"'
never been adequate for the needs. Health care was a function of the Department
when
to the
Lame
diseases
when
various
as described in
The
the education history chapter. In 1955, the hospital was reduced to a clinic.
poor
services provided
the Cheyennes,
who
the
way
downgraded
Crow Agency
all
to
lelt
compelled
to seek treatment.
to travel
who was
Cheyenne Autunuh
its
to write President
Harry
flight
from
exile,
Truman about
S.
the
conditions.'**
to the
to build a
ground
in
the Northern
crisis for
May
new
clinic.
1996.
The
Twenty
Cheyenne people.
Initially, services
trailers
in
Crow
Out
cause of the
receive a
fire,
new
the Northern
facility.
hope sprang
Cheyenne
under federal
self-
determination statutes. Three years after the old clinic burned, the new, 62,000
square-feet Northern
new
services
The num-
were added.
150
in 1999.
for the
and
"The
root,
patients are treated in a sparkling btiilding that rivals medical clinics in the
The
facility also
The
a place
It's
design
where
families
more
is
and
room
that's
the people."''^ In 2007, the clinic continued to serve the needs of the Northern
Cheyenne people.
Bank
First Interstate
In the iate 1980s, Native Action recognized the need for the tribe to be able to
control
and
its
leverage
it
to build
local researchers to
stylists, fur
if
buyers,
their ranches,
and
and
Some of the
start
wanted
own
expand
of talent that we never realized we had," Native Action Executive Director Gail
Small
said.-"
The
survey looked at
all
the
money coming
money
if it
and
MT,
in Billings,
claimed to serve the reservation. However, the reservation lacked even an Automatic Teller Machine (ATM).
ers believed
little
known
meet the
requires banks to
it
was
just a piece
Bank applied
to federal regulators to
merge with
a sister
bank
in
Up
until that
First Interstate
Wyoming, how-
reservation. In January
tion.
MT,
of
profiting
to tribal
credit
members.
The
were infuriated
could be reached.
So on Oct.
It
at the
Montana
uppity organiza-
to see if
agreement
could not.
7, 1991,
CRA.
It
We
first
satisfy
Home Forever
three to
^S'
The
first
often ask to deal directly with Barbara Braided Hair, branch manager of First
tribe's elders
Interstate
Bank
in
Lame
Deer,
who
them
has helped
feel
A front-page
tie
breaking vote.
The
bank
for the
all
New York
City-based
The
front page of
the Billings Gazette proclaimed, "Fed Sides with Native Action." First Interstate,
the third largest commercial
bank
in
It
was the
By
and eventually
wanted
their
own
bank.
The
Chamber of Commerce
tribal
to take
members wanted an
million in
fill
new
loans,
ATM
and they
After holding up the merger for nearly two years, the agreement was signed Sept.
18,
1992,
the process
152
in
Chamber of
Commerce,
the Northern
the Northern
Cheyenne
Livestock Association."
To make
the
bank
possible, the
attractive
on the
adopted
commercial
interests in a
some
to enact
membership passed
tribal
jurisdictions, In-
dian reservations must provide a similar guarantee in order to attract business investments. Native Action drafted a Tribal Uniform Commercial Code, which after
much
Council
in 1998.
relationships
unique
on the
it
Cheyenne Tribal
and the
allies.
made
Bank and
The
the Northern
ATM
Bank reached
draw
amongst
tribal
to
Today. Valandra
helped
also
is
an enrolled
member of
tribal colleges.
tribal
tribal
not
is
successful, the
to
from
and was
Hair,
CRA
recruits
Bank
the
the tribe
trust
tribe's
cultural heritage.-''
While they
became
The code
not something we
just
comply with.
who
community development.
It's
also
"I believe
we can
the
give back
our communities."
involved in several programs on the Northern Cheyenne
promote home
hosted a "minibank" in
Lame Deer
own
and handled
set their
counts
policies
at First Interstate
bank invested
managers
in
Bank
schools,
cash.
how
to save.
lairs to
The branch
by
Thus
the
who may
Montana
We
"You have
to include
both
Edwin Dahl.
Home
Forever
^53
Conclusion
The Northern Cheyenne people do not spend much time congratulating themSED/ES on the MIIESTONES THEY HAVE ACHIEVED IN THE NATIONAL ARENA. ThEY E\CE TOO
MANY PROBLEMS IN THEIR COM M UNITIES EVERYDAY TO DO THAT. NeVERIHEIESS, KNOWLEDGE OF THESE VICIDRiES CAN PORHFY THEM
BuiLUSED TO
SAY,
IF
making
still
and
may
janitors.
not be
NoW IN THE
2ISt
odds
for
their people,
WlULAM TaLL
Many
all
and
known by
their
their
community members.
In-
btit also
crisis
(pp. 92-93).
Mead,
Lame
Deer,
MT,
Native Action.
T. Rjsingsun (personal
communication),
10 Small, G. (personal
communication)
)an.
15,
2008.
2
The
total
the total
Tobacco/ gas
tax
11
Retrieved Jan.
15,
nenation.com/newso6.html
Nation
Youngstrom,
/(y), 4.
Press, p. 120.
Montana Council
for Indian
Education.
5
tion to nutritional
The
participa-
March 2007,
equipment
to
The
(SF
3).
Ogunwole,
S.
U., (2006).
We
the People:
DC:
Wishington,
in the
United
pp. 11-12.
15
11,
Billings Gazette.)
Summary
File
8,
8).
The
2007. from
(2003).
Quiet
in Indian
DC:
16 Kappler,
C. (1972). Indian
Washington,
DC:
Treaties, 1778-188}.
Glenn
Commission
Federal Funding
17
Retrieved Nov.
Crisis:
mt.blm.gov/mcto/cbm/eis/NCheyenneNarrati-
veReport/Chap7.pdf
L.
Emmons.
(1957,
October
30).
Affairs
Depart-
ment of the
NARA: RG
http://www.billingsgazette.net/articles/2007/11/08/
Affairs,
news/state/25-tongueriver.txt
MT, Decimal
Subject
Files,
From 10NS-075-97-013.
154
program
13
Billings Gazette.
E.,
(Oct. 2001).
security
(Report to
The Tall
and health
M.
Statement.
6 In
Ward, C, Feinauer,
Lemperle,
and food
4 Weist, T. (1977).
C&
1926-1952,
Box
Trans.
i8
Mari Sandoz
1949,
MS00016,
19
to
Harry
S.
Truman,
lo
October
reel
The
(1999, Nov.
15).
India}!
Country
21,
Braitman,
merger
16).
Billings Gazette.
in
E., (1991,
Oct.
10).
CRA report
Banking on
own
gets
Retrieved Dec.
7,
tradition:
bank.
2007 from
http://billingsgazette.net/articles/2003/03/16/busi-
2007.
21
March
ness/export99468.txt
Todiiy,. 2.
23 Shay, B. (2003,
trips
156(197),
law,
bank
finds
Prodded by
good business on
federal
reservation.
7,
2007,
1.
from http://www.indiancountry.com/content.
22
cfm?id=ioi223i275
We
Home
Forever
155
Contributors
rx
Coming Home
the
ing chapter
She
Forever).
first
in 1974 as a journalist
covering the Northern Cheyenne coal lease controversy. Since then she has specialized in
From
issues.
1995 until
2006, she was the editor and publisher of the Tribal College JouniaL a quarterly
Consortium. In 1990, the University Press of Kansas published her book, Breaking
the Iron Bonds: Indian Control
ofEnergy Development.
A member
(CDKC)
CDKC
from
She does a
in 1993.
A fifth generation
through
34.
in this
lot of
as a single
mom. Four
of her
children got degrees from or are beginning their educational journeys at Chief
is now working on his Master's in Business
Two Two, 28, is doing his third tour in Iraq.
He went
into the
Army
and Balloon
Coming Home
Bomb
chapter.
in
Lame
A Montana
She has
Early Education,
six
The
grandchildren.
Girl
Who
Saved her
native, she
is
Montana. She received her Library Science Degree from the University of Arizona.
She has worked
at the Dr.
in
Lame Deer
sons.
Hantz
first
library director
six years.
She met
157
Records Administration
and
was
Making
Richard E.
Little
15
this
with names
book.
Bear wrote the Preface and the Language chapter and edited
of the chapters.
was
at the
many documents
all
do research
in
years of age.
known
Boarding School)
the only
He
as the
Tongue River
He gradtiated
from Lind High, attended Centralia Community College, Wenatchee Valley College in
Washington
State,
in Kansas,
employed
at
first as
and the
president.
He
is
married to Jan
and now
Little Bear,
as the
dean of cultural
who works
for the
affairs
Northwest
they share
five
Means wrote
Whitewolf She
also contributed
research for several chapters, including the concluding chapter ("We Will
Cheyenne
list
Home
Forever),
in the appendix,
chapter.
enjoyed working on
Objects.
the
Cheyenne Peace
Coming Home
life.
first at
the chapters
Pipe,
chapter. She
and
is
District
an enrolled
sacrifices so that
left
ties
her back home. She comes from a family of 12 children, and she
158
went
this project,
generations of
years, she
and
Sites
stories
est.
as
Tribe.
and then
An
Keep our
tribal presidents
is
always brought
the second old-
SD.
to Cleveland,
OH, where she attended business school. She met her husband there; he is from
the Omaha Tribe in Nebraska. They have 3 children, 13 grandchildren, and 2 great
grandchildren. When she started work at Chief Dull Knife College in 2005, her
desire to take college classes became a reality. In May 2008, she planned to receive
her Associate of Arts degree in Native American Studies.
Linwood Tall
He
is
an enrolled
member
of the Northern Cheyenne Tribe and a descendent of Tall Bull, the leader of the
Dog
a
who was
Soldiers
Summit
killed at
Springs in 1869.
Headsman
as well as a
for the
Linwood
Dog
Tall Bull
is
Soldiers Society, an
ancient society that has always protected and preserved the ways of the people.
He
(WiUiam
ing qualities of plants and teaching Ethnobotany at Chief Dull Knife College.
He
Montana
is
in
has a colorful, interesting history; strong stories and legends; knowledge about
plants
survival skills.
start to learn
will
to
history
and
culture,
all
children in
work on
Carol
is
When they
our schools
why he
is
proud
Ward wrote
the
Knife College chapters. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Chicago
in 1992.
Her
interest in
led to her
work
as a research
worked
DC,
for
as a
member from
work, she completed a dropout study on the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation,
by AltaMira
University in
as a
Press in 2005.
classes in racial
and ethnic
Brigham Young
at
relations, sociology
of
education, community, and qualitative and survey methods. She has continued
to
work with
the Northern
last 17 years
on
issues related to
effects
of welfare
reform on food insecurity and health conditions. These projects have involved
community surveys
community. She
is
as well as interviews
math and
science curriculum
and expansion
of student
Wertman co-wrote
Contributors
(CDKC)
chapter and
'59
Coming Home
CDKC,
years.
He
He
chapter.
college,
is
employment
Busby Schools
master's degree
from Montana
southeastern Montana,
son (Devin),
all
oi
Wertman
whom
at
his
life-long resident of
State University-Bozeman.
at
for seven
CDKC.
at
Devin
is
currently
ing at the college because he likes assisting students as they explore and ultimately
realize their
ties for
new
the Agriculture
He
was on the
University.
He began working
considered Rosebud
County
home.
as his
at
from 1986
He
is
and
to 1990,
now an
Ph.D.
"
assistant professor
of His-
Orem. He
says
Tall Bull,
on
his
160
History
in
Bull.
The
research for
few interviews.
APPENDIX A
Northern Cheyenne Veterans List
THIS
on
LIST
list
from the
i88os. If
477-6460.
Last
Name
Museum
in
Lame Deer
{406)
Last
Name
Last
Name
Last
Name
Last
Name
Last
Name
Last
Name
Last
Name
Last
Name
Last
Name
Last
Name
Last
Name
APPENDIX B
Tribal Presidents
Rufus Wallowing
Eugene
December 1935-September
September 1952-March
1936
Fisher, Sr.
1955
March
Eugene Fisher
Allan Rowland
Windy
John Stands
March
in
Timber
1943-July 1943
Mark
1955
- September 1968
Shoulder Blade
Elk Shoulder
December
1985
August
18,
-January
30, 1986
Eugene
Fisher, Sr.
John Russell
July 1947-September 1948
Robert Bailey
Edwin
Dalile
173
Jr.
Edwin Dahle
January 1990 - November 1992
Llevando Fisher
Norma Gourneau
January 1998 - March 1998
March
1998
Sr.
- November 2000
Geri Small
Little
Coyote
This
by Patti
list
ern_Cheyenne/NC_Presidents. htm
174
TeCH Project.
It
was retrieved
Indiex
rX
Note;
Ittilicized pa.ge
illustrations
numbers
indicate
Abram, David,
arrow
41
shafts,
66
Achievement Day, 98
Ashland
47-48, 48 (map)
District,
agriculture, 53-61
Automatic
128, 149
Machine (ATM),
Teller
Alexander, Rowdy, 57
banking
Algonquian languages, 36
Algonquian-speaking peoples, j/ (map)
allotment laws, 6in20,
no
27 (map),
American Banker
(periodical), 152
American Horse,
55
American Indian
activism, 142-143
Bear Butte,
Initiative, 128
Bear
85,
Killer, 90,
Bear Shield, 90
Anderson, Robert,
53,
132
86
from Indian
Territory, 26-28,
83, 145
88
92
90
59-60
humans appearing
as,
28
Bechtel, 139
Antelope, 90
BIA.
Antelope Creek, 50
and
spirit lite,
82
51
Arrows, Sacred,
85, 87, 88
see
Bureau of Indian
Affairs (BIA)
Bia, Fred, 42
archaeologists,
Bear's Heart,
aquifers,
153
Horn,
animals,
75-77, 76
Rosebud, 67, 68
battles in escape
64-65
II,
147
141,
Amelanchier
War
Alford, Danny, 36
Treaty, 25
Big Moccasin, 91
Big Nose, 90
birds, in creation stories, 17
175
Cannon, James,
135
57. 59
Gates,
cattle
Black
Hills, 18
branding,
^4,
$7
CCC
CDKC.
to
25
remove
aftereffects
of war, 79
retention of x
Sacred
sites
Arrow Worship,
of
Wolf
Woman
142
87, 148
Chamber of Commerce,
2in3
45
Territory, 28
reburial, 82
55
Brave
152
752, 153
50
(Buffalo Calf
Road Woman),
jy,
40
Cheyenne language
animacy and inanimacy
67-70, 69
Brondel, John, 94
dictionaries
of
in,
37
36, 38
history
Buffalo Calf 90
in
Buffalo Calf
Road
Woman
(Brave
Woman),
of 36-38
Montana,
preservation
and
67-70, 6^
35
of, x,
38-40
spirituality, 45
Buffalo Gap, 18
Buffalo Hat, 88
website, 36
Chief Comes
Buffalo People, 18
Bull
Hump,
Affairs (BIA)
community needs
employees of
at Colstrip coal
camp,
133
and
and
tribal control
burial
and
of school, 102
Busby, Sheridan
Busby
District,
69
(CDKC)
57, 58
Bureau of Indian
and
in Sight, Gj^
30
Buntin, John,
(CDKC)
for healing, 53
on journey home,
GG
see
136, 138
shafts, G(>
tree, 64,
Hugh,
Boyle,
problems oh
social
106
boarding schools
boomtowns,
loi,
90
Gwendolen, 78
L.,
49
48 (map), 49
cultural mission
curriculum of
at,
and, 121-123
of 120-121
119, 124,
126
enrollment of 127
facilities
of 127-128
Buzzard, 90
Chief
Start
no
of 127
Killer,
90, 92
Camp
Camp
Merritt, 56
Sheridan, 27 (map)
Civilian Conservation
176
38-40
111-112
Corps (CCC), 59
Class
138-140
air qualin-,
25,
2j (map)
Deafy, James, 96
141
deaths
Cleave, Francis, 97
Clinton, William
174
153, 173,
Darlington Agency,
J.,
at Battle
84
causes of for
ofChiefDuU
60
at
The
25,
Knife, 30
Territory, 28-30,
Keogh, 70
at Fort
in Indian Territory, 26
town
in,
from tuberculosis, 97
139-140
of, i}4
townspeople of 133-135
depression remedies, 64
Women's Club,
Colstrip coal-fired
135
power
Divesbackwards, Nancy,
151,
domestic training
Downstream
of 157-160
and education,
iii,
120,
Crazy Horse, 50
at Fort
harmony
name
13
18-21, 2ini,
2m3
origin,
Wolf
j/
14
on
Crook, George, 67
139
Eagle's
Head, 90
139
economic
35
survey, 151
Eddy John
education
teachers, 38,
(CDKC)
150
and language
32n9
in, 83
Robinson, 28-30
R., 56, 57
achievement
44
advocates
Gushing, Frank, 92
George
109-110, 126
41-42, 109,
32,
^4, jj
creation stories
Custer,
133
Dull Knife
53
culture
105
128, 149
David,
53
vocational training, 98
36, 38
District, 51
Drinnon, Richard,
dropout
Montana)
Cr)'stal,
vs.
Donner Foundation,
15^. 153
spiritual
Cheyenne language,
(CETA), 60
cowboys,
diarrhea remedies, 64
dictionaries, of
I54n6
Corn Dance,
70
Her
Brother, 67
at Fort
Colstrip
68
in, 102,
120
for, loi
Index
no
177
education (continued)
Out
in
4-H Clubs,
Cheyenne language, 44
European-based
vs. tribal,
Run,
98
89
Spiritual
85
funding
on the
127
for,
painful connotations
of
GEAR UP
x, 41
reservation, 110-112
110 III
97-98
Who
Girl
Giving Place,
of 1970s,
energy development,
Gonzaga
135
123, 131-132,
138-140,
145-146, I54n6
Great Depression, 59
(story), 14-18
Greenspan, Alan,
grief
students from, 95
oi"
government,
Hampton
Exploration
Where
ix,
&
151
Production Compan\',
Her
Brother, the,
Head
Chief,
Head
Start,
56
Highwalker,
Roman,
120-121, 129
Hill
141,
14^
Hollowbreast Case,
(Ailtiiral
Outer,
t20, 128
home economics,
homestead
Foley Brothers,
hoop game,
131, 132
George
(Weist),
14^
training in, 98
laws, 147
18-19, 2in4
horses, 19,
70
53,
60
Howling Wolf 90
"How
Mead, 27 (map)
Made"
(story), 13
Hualapai people, 42
Huffman,
humans, appearing
178
141,
The, 85
Horse Roads, 50
A., 87
Fort
are Taught,
86
Whiteman
^4
Where People
Forsyth,
55,
no
Heap of Birds, 90
Fisher, Allen, 57
Florence
91-92
67
flesh offerings,
Institute, Virginia,
First Interstate
Fisher,
41
headache remedies, 64
U.S. entries
147. 148
Fight
Bird, 56
Harris, Bessie, ix
George
ground of coherence,
see also
25
56-60
fasting, 85
federal
trear\',
152
Grinnell,
53,
25
Gray Beard, 90
138-140, 145-146
farming,
of
Universitv, 123
families, separation
67
43-44
35,
51
the, ix,
the, 50
Glenmore, Rhoda,
102, 105
131
crisis
Rosebud country,
geological surveys of
energy
L. A.,
68
as buffalo, 28
viii, ix
humans, creation
hunger,
hunting
Lame Deer
Lame Deer
of, 14
149
languages,
41,
38,
44
languages
91
Hand, 90
Leman, Wayne, 36
Limpy, 90
Left
Richard
Little Bear,
Little
E.,
105-107
Litde Chief, 90
Indian Territory
Little
Little
Medicine, 90
Little
Wolf
68-70
44-45
35, 36,
individual ownership
126
Lawrence, Jason, S7
Lean Bear,
89-91
indigenous languages,
iii,
60, 6in20,
41-42, 44-45
35, 36,
58,
141-142, 147
identity,
48 (map), 49-50
70
rights,
District, 30,
and production,
58
self-exile of, 51
of Lake DeSmet, 87
Iron Shield, 50
in story
on
Lohmiller, C. B., 96
Japanese balloon
Weapons), 75-77, 76
Jimtown,
Bear, James,
Bear, Juanita,
75-76
75-77
51
Long Back, 90
Jumping
Lone
Lone
Lookingbill, 92
Bull, 86
alnifolia),
64-65
Lujan, Manual,
Jr.,
84
H.
W,
97
magpie, in creation
man, creation
Kills
Mandan
68
Mann,
Marquis,
Kirby,
Match
51
Ellis
Knowshisgun,
Sylvester, 140
Kootenai Tribe,
141,
"Rabbit,
of,
Tribe,
14
51
manly-hearted women, 28
Night, Mabel, 38
Killsnight, Merlin, 57
Knowshisgun,
'
147
139
Henrietta, 89
Thomas
D., 28-29
St.
Benedict Joseph, 94
90
Labre,
stories, 17-18
Making Medicine, 90
23
McLaughlin, John,
30,
47
48, 54
McRae, Wally,
Lakota Tribe, 25
Index
133
179
Medicine Arrow,
71
Medicine Rocks, 86
102,
103
no
Medicine Water, 90
memorial
Mentha
services, 23,
abuse,
methane production,
METHSmart
Miles,
iii
148, 149
program, in
Community
Miller, George,
Mills,
fossil fuel
resources
land allotment,
College, 118-119
58,
153
of
132
60,
6m20,
141-142, 147
96
Madison,
Bank and,
First Interstate
Miles
program,
Clinic, 150
Inc., 118
24
methamphetamine
Start
see also
23
139, 141,
153
147
138-139
Monnett, John,
26, 2j, 28
Montana, 2/ (map),
127, 145
Montana
Star, see
motorcycle
mud,
rally at Sturgis,
Creek
District,
(ARCO),
SD,
13,
85
14
and
48 (map), 50-51
federal
132
and
151
53,
Nez
Universities, 119
North Woman,
59-61
Brains,
55,
27 (map), 28
stereotype, 43
Equipment
56
Oldman,
nonlingual people, 42
Initiative, 121
Patty, S9
merce, 152
180
ix,
Perce, 26
Noble Savage
No
153
63-66, 148
nausea remedies, 64
New Deal,
St.
Northern
153
leases, 137
Company
141-142
123
B., 137
in creation stories,
Muddy
Award, 84
Dull Knife
Morton, Rogers C.
presidents of 173174
138-140
policy, 145
iii
tries
(OPEC),
135
orphans, in creation
Owens, Nancy,
stories,
20
reservations (continued)
importance of
136
ownership, individual
poverty on,
P-20 movement,
paint, as
resources, control
iii
adornment
Program
Parental Involvement
sale
Education
in
see also
stories,
20
of 142
of surplus land,
58, 141
project, 105
Pawnees, in creation
Rising Bull, 90
Risingsun, Ted
135, 139
and
pemmican,
and Colstrip
66
65,
to
146-147
147
project, 140
on Dull
Rodolphe,
Petter,
36,
Knife, 115
47
Petter Alphabet, 36
as tribal
spokesman
Tommy
Robinson,
Platero, Dillon, 42
Roman
Rosebud/Ree
Powell, Peter
rose hips,
Pratt,
85
J.,
138
District, 51
64
Rowland, Allen,
Rowland, Franklin, 76
tions, 138-139
M.,
57,
6ini2
123
Pringle, Robert
B., ///
Rosebud County,
programs, 59
to Consol, 136-137
World War
II,
73
125,
126
Rustling
Corn
Leaf, 21
Public
Law
Sacred
874, 107
Arrow Keeper,
Sacred Arrows,
85, 87,
88
88
Rabbit Town, 48
Race Track,
Sacred Hat,
18
racism, 42-43,
115,
Woman,
Sacred
ranching
farming, 56-59
88
Sand Creek
Sand
28
of Nebraska, 70
Scabby People
Tribe),
27 (map), 83
20
53
Hills
Battle,
131
Ree Ceremony,
Place, 49
51
6870
Reno, Janet, in
Seminole, Louie, 54
sexism, 68
Shave Head, 90
reservations
agriculture
142
Sacred Mountain, 18
133-135
rage, suppressed, 41
vs.
53,
88
23,
and economy
of,
60
Index
181
students (continued)
Sioux Tribe,
see also
of 123-126
success
141
Lakota Tribe
SD,
Sturgis,
Sun Dance,
Slim Walking
Woman,
Small, Clinton,
St.,
Small, Geri,
surplus land,
in creation story, 17
88
58, 141
j/
85
x, 18, 86,
HO'
Sweet Medicine,
148. i53
21,
2in3, 85, 88
ix
21
Small, Vernon, j/
Smithsonian Institution, 92
Soaring Eagle, 90
Tall Bull,
Spang, Alonzo,
12^, 133
iii
Linwood,
53,
66
Spang, Bently, 43
Spang, Kermit, 57
tea plants,
spiritual
harmony,
63-65
83
spirituality,
spirituality,
evolution in expression
of,
Three
Reservation, 137
"Thunder and
spiritual quests, 87
split estates, 141, 142,
the
(story),
14
147
Tichkematse, John, 92
Spotted Elk, 91
Spotted Tail Agency, 2j (map)
tipi stakes,
Title
by, 6g
I,
66
Squint Eye, 90
St.
St.
121,
St.
110,
126
95-97.
Wolf
Standing
Corps (CCC),
in creation story,
20
see also
71, 173
mines and
of 42-43,
strip
115
tourist attractions, 91
119
trachoma, 96, 97
Tribal College
(TCUP),
students
home
visit
limitations
107-108
and minibanks,
Tommy
at
153
CDKC,
Council
of
124-125, 126
on, 95
challenges of college, 115-118
182
trauma, historic, 32
treaties, 25, 150
145. 148
profile
57. 59
Tongue River
92
47,
6inn, 97
Reservation
stereotypes, effect
Civilian Conservation
59
91
94,
1131119
iii
Valley, 147-148
121-122
B. Robinson, ///
Tribal Histories
and Equipment
Initiative, 121
tribal politics,
60
Tom,
Weist,
Tribal
Tribal
Water Standards,
Wessells,
153
WTiite Birney, 49
Tschergi, Matt, 58
White
White
Tully,
J., 94
Turkey Springs
Battle,
Dirt, Gilbert, 23
White Fox,
ij (map)
Elizabeth, ii3ni9
79
White
River,
49
white
Tribe, 147
unemployment,
28
settlers,
white soldiers, 67
Whitewolf, Joseph,
Wild Hog,
S4
Upstream
Wild Hog
Basin,
District, 51
139
141
iii,
Wilson, Tim,
126
Wind
125,
St., 73,
75
51
118
bombs), 75-77, 76
128
Winter Man,
Development (HUD),
in creation stories, 14
winter of 1877, 68
128
WolfBlack,Jay, 109
Wolf Road, 87
138-140, 145-146
Wolf's Marrow, 90
Valandra, Maria,
women
153
venereal disease, 97
veterans of armed forces,
ix,
manly-hearted, 28
overlooked
161-172
Veteran's
in history, viii-ix,
67-70, 6g
in stories, 88
73
Woodenlegs, John,
Wooden
Legs,
Woodenlegs
123-124, 128
loi, 112,
John
J.,
n2n2, 147
122, 173
(warrior), 68
Walks Night,
Wallowing
55-
World War
56
II,
59. 73.
75-77- 76, 84
War Dance
Fort Marion, gj
55
in creation stories, 13
weasel, at Lake
Ziontz, Alvin
DeSmet, 87
hide.
J.,
137
183
life
The
past
Cheyenne
and the
life.
The Gid
Who
as
it
a broad spectrum of
ride side
by
is
Northern
before the Battle of the Little Big Horn, she charged a group of
Northern Cheyenne
culture.
Crow
Two more modern heroes are also featured, Joseph Whitewolf, who earned a POW
Medal in World War II, and Uriah Two Two, who received a Purple Heart in Iraq. A photo
of Sgt. Uriah Two Two's victory dance shows him dressed in his Army uniform with ceremonial smudges on
his face.
Today, Northern Cheyenne warriors also win their victories in court rooms, classrooms,
and the
halls
precedents set by the Northern Cheyenne Tribe from the i8oos through 2007. Other sub-
ject areas
as the history
Some
reservation.
col-
The
and
material
from
with
state. It is also
is
designed as a college
of read-
something of interest.
Rather than perpetuating romanticized images of Northern Cheyenne people, the book
strove for realism.
The
culture
and
is
buffalo
Cheyennes
still
retain their
honoring
cer-
They
still
good
|
enjoy just getting together, w
traditional meal.
as
it
^^^siass:^.
was