OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

OF
400/220KV SUBSTATION

CONTENTS
Chapter No

Page no.

List of Abbreviations

iv

List of Symbols

List of Figures

Vi

List of Tables

vii

INTRODUCTION

1.1

Introduction

1.2

Construction of a substation

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATIONS
2.1
2.2

TITLE

According to the requirement

According to the constructional features

3
4

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

3.1

Feeder Circuit
6

3.2

Transformer Circuit
6

3.3

Auxiliary supply
7

BRIEF DISCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS IN THE

SUBSTATION
8
4.1

Lightening Arrestors

4.2

Earthing

8
12
4.3

Capacitor Voltage Transformer

13

4.4

Wave Trap
15

4.5

Isolator with ES (Earth Switches)

4.6

Instrument Transformers

4.7

Circuit Breakers

16
17
26
1

Chapter No

TITLE

Page no.

4.8
4.9

Bus
Transformers

31
31

4.10

Capacitor Bank attached to the bus

35

TYPES OF CONTROL

37

5.1

Capacitors

38

5.2

Bus bar systems

38

5.3

Station battery

38

5.4

Insulators

40

PROTECTION FOR VARIOUS EQUIPMENTS

43

6.1

Transformer

43

6.2

Feeder

43

400/220KV SUBSTATION

44

7.1

Substation at Shankarpally

45

7.2

Salient Features of 400/220KV Substation

46

7.3

Important points to be kept in view while

48

laying out the substation

8

AUTOMATION SUBSTATION

50
8.1 Advantages and Limitations

55
8.1.2. Substation Automation Business Factors and Benefits: 55
8.1.3. Reduce operations expense:

56

8.1.4. Reduce capital expense:

57

8.1.5. Enable distributed intelligence:

2

57

8.1.6.

Meet

regulatory

compliance:

57
8.1.7.

Improve

grid

security:

58
8.2

LIMITATIONS:

58
8.3

SUMMERY

58
9 CONCLUSION

59

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
EHVExtra high voltage
SLD Single line diagram
PT Potential transformer
CT Current transformer
HVCT- High voltage CT
LVCT Low voltage CT
CVT Capacitor voltage transformer
LA Lightening arrestors
ES - Earth switches
CB Circuit breaker
HV side High voltage side
LV side Low voltage side
PLCC - Power Line Carrier Communication
OLTC On load tap changer

HG Fuse - -Horn gap fuse

OTI Oil temperature indicator
WTI Winding temperature indicator
IDMT Characteristics Inverse definite minimum time characteristics

LIST OF SYMBOLS
X0 Zero sequence reactance
X1- Positive sequence reactance
R0- Zero sequence resistance
Ip Primary current
Np Primary Winding Turns
Is Secondary Current
Ns Secondary Winding Turns
Vp Primary voltage
Vs Secondary voltage
Zs Impedance attached at the secondary side coil

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig No

Title

Page No.

2.1

Construction of the substation

3.1

Single line dig of a 220/132kv substation

4.1(i)

Surge diverter

Characteristics of Non linear resistor

4.2

Lightening arrestors

4.3.1

Circuit diagram of CVT

14

4.3.2

Capacitor voltage transformer

14

4.4.1

Wave trap

15

4.5.1

Isolator with earth switch

17

4.6.1

Line diagram of CT

19

4.6.2.1

Line diagram of VT

24

4.6.2.2

Potential transformer

25

4.7.1

SF6 Circuit breaker

29

4.9.1.1

Electrical transformer

31

4.9.1.2

Ideal transformer

32

4.9.1.3

Mutual induction

33

4.9.3

Three phase 100MVA Auto transformer

34

4.10.1

Capacitor bank in the Distribution system

35

4.10.2

Reactive Losses

36

5.1

Types of control

37

4.1(ii)

5.3

Station Batteries

41

5.4

Ball and socket type Disc insulator

43

LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title

Page No

4.1.3

LA voltage rating

11

4.1.4

The limits of LA and Transformers

11

4.6.1.5

The specifications of HVCT

22

4.6.1.6

The specifications of HVCT

23

5.4

Insulators

42

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION :
The present-day electrical power system is A.C. i.e. electric power is
generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of alternating current. The electric
power is produced at the power stations which are located at favourable places,
generally quite away from the consumers. It is delivered to the consumers through a
large network of transmission and distribution. At many places in the line of the
power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change some characteristic (e.g.
voltage, A.C. to D.C., frequency, Power factor etc.) of electric supply.
This is accomplished by suitable apparatus called sub-station. For example,
generation voltage (11KV or 6.6KV) at the power station is stepped up to high voltage
(say 220KV or 132KV) for transmission of electric power. The assembly of apparatus
(e.g. transformer etc.) used for this purpose is the sub-station. Similarly, near the
consumers localities, the voltage may have to be stepped down to utilization level.
This job is again accomplished by a suitable apparatus called substation.

1.2 CONSTRUCTION OF A SUBSTATION

At the time of constructing a substation, we have to consider some factors
which affect the substation efficiency like selection of site.

1.2.1 SELECTION OF SITE:

Main points to be considered while selecting the site for EHV Sub-Station are
as follows:

i) The site chosen should be as near to the load centre as possible.

ii)

It should be easily approachable by road or rail for transportation of

equipments. iii) Land should be fairly levelled to minimize development cost.

iv) The source of water should be as near to the site as possible. This is because water is
required for various construction activities;
(Especially civil works,), earthing and for drinking purposes etc.
v) The sub-station site should be as near to the town / city but should be clear of public
places, aerodromes, and Military / police installations.
vi) The land should be have sufficient ground area to accommodate substation
equipments, buildings, staff quarters, space for storage of material, such as store yards
and store sheds etc. with roads and space for future expansion. vii) Set back distances
from various roads such as National Highways, State Highways should be observed
as per the regulations in force.
viii) While selecting the land for the substation preference to be given to the Govt.
land over Private land.
ix) The land should not have water logging problem.
x)

The site should permit easy and safe approach to outlets for EHV lines.

CHAPTER 2
CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATIONS
There are several ways of classifying sub-stations. However, the two most
important ways of classifying them are according to (1) service requirement and (2)
constructional features.

2.1 ACCORDING TO THE REQUIREMENT:

A sub-station may be called upon to change voltage level or improve power
factor or convert A.C. power into D.C. power etc. According to the service
requirement, sub-stations may be classified into:

(i) Transformer sub-stations: Those sub-stations which change the voltage level of
electric supply are called transformer sub-stations. These sub-stations receive power
at some voltage and deliver it at some other voltage. Obviously, transformer will be
the main component in such sub-stations. Most of the sub-stations in the power
system are of this type.
(ii) Switching sub-stations: These sub-stations do not change the voltage level i.e.
incoming and outgoing lines have the same voltage. However, they simply perform
the switching operations of power lines.
(iii)Power factor correction sub-stations: Those sub-stations which improve the power
factor of the system are called power factor correction sub-stations. Such sub-stations
are generally located at the receiving end of transmission lines. These sub-stations
generally use synchronous condensers as the power factor improvement equipment.
(iv)Frequency changer sub-stations: Those sub-stations which change the supply
frequency are known as frequency changer sub-stations. Such a frequency change
may be required for industrial utilization.

(v) Converting sub-stations: Those sub-stations which change A.C. power into D.C.
power are called converting sub-stations. These sub-stations receive A.C. power and
convert it into D.C. power with suitable apparatus (e.g. ignitron) to supply for such
purposes as traction, electroplating, electric welding etc.

(vi)Industrial sub-stations:- Those sub-stations which supply power to individual

industrial concerns are known as industrial sub-stations.

2.2 ACCORDING TO THE CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES:

A sub-station has many components (e.g. circuit breakers, switches, fuses,
instruments etc.) which must be housed properly to ensure continuous and reliable
service. According to constructional features, the sub-stations are classified as:

Indoor sub-station

Outdoor sub-station

Underground sub-station

Pole-mounted sub-station

(i) Indoor sub-stations:- For voltages up to 11KV, the equipment of the substation is
installed indoor because of economic considerations. However, when the atmosphere
is contaminated with impurities, these sub-stations can be erected for voltages up to
66 KV.

(ii) Outdoor sub-stations:- For voltages beyond 66KV, equipment is invariably installed
out-door.

It is because for such voltages, the clearances between conductors and the
space required for switches, circuit breakers and other equipment becomes so great
that it is not economical to install the equipment indoor.

(iii)Underground sub-stations:- In thickly populated areas, the space available for

equipment and building is limited and the cost of land is high. Under such situations,
the sub-station is created underground.

(iv)Pole-Mounted sub-stations:- This is an outdoor sub-station with equipment installed

over-head on H-pole or 4-pole structure. It is the cheapest form of substation for
voltages not exceeding (220 KV in some cases). Electric power is almost distributed
in localities through such sub-station.

Fig: 2.1 CONSTRUCTION OF THE SUBSTATION.

CHAPTER 3

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM (SLD)

A Single Line Diagram (SLD) of an Electrical System is the Line Diagram of
the concerned Electrical System which includes all the required electrical equipment
connection sequence wise from the point of entrance of Power up to the end of the
scope of the mentioned Work. As in the case of 132KV Substation, the SLD shall
show Lightening Arrestor, C.T/P.T Unit, Isolators, Protection and Metering P.T & C.T.
Circuit Breakers, again Isolators and circuit Breakers, Main Power Transformer, all
protective devices/relays and other special equipment like CVT, GUARD RINGS, etc
as per design criteria. And the symbols are shown below. There are several feeders
enter into the substation and carrying out the power. As these feeders enter the station
they are to pass through various instruments.

3.1 FEEDER CERCUIT:

1. Lightening arrestors; 2. CVT; 3. Wave trap; 4. Isolators with earth switch
5. Current transformer; 6. Circuit breaker; 7. Feeder Bus isolator
8. BUS; 9. Potential transformer in the bus with a bus isolator

3.2 TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT:

i) HV side:
1. Transformer bus Isolator

3. Current transformer

2. Circuit breaker

4. Lightning Arrestors
5. Auto Transformer 100MVA (220/132KV) ii)

LV side:
1. Lightening arrestors
2. Current transformer
Circuit breaker

5. Bus
6. Potential transformer with a bus isolator 3.
7. A capacitor bank attached to the bus

4. Bus Isolator.

3.3 AUXILIARY SUPPLY:

220V.Battery system: To control and protect the substation equipment the 220
volts DC battery system is necessary. It is provided in the main control room. It will
be discussed below.

Fig: 3.1 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF A 400/220KV AUTOMATION

SUBSTATION SHANKARPALLY

CHAPTER 4
BRIEF DISCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENTS IN THE SUBSTATION
4.1 LIGHTENING ARRESTORS:
4.1.1 Lightening Arrestors :
Lightening arrestors are the instruments that are used in the incoming feeders
so that to prevent the high voltage entering the main station. This high voltage is very
dangerous to the instruments used in the substation. Even the instruments are very
costly, so to prevent any damage lightening arrestors are used. The lightening
arrestors do not let the lightening to fall on the station. If some lightening occurs the
arrestors pull the lightening and ground it to the earth. In any substation the main
important is of protection which is firstly done by these lightening arrestors. The
lightening arrestors are grounded to the earth so that it can pull the lightening to the
ground.
These are located at the entrance of the transmission line in to the substation
and as near as possible to the transformer terminals.

LA will be provided on the support insulators to facilitate leakage current

measurement and to count the no of surges discharged through the LA.

LA bottom flange will be earthed via leakage ammeter and surge counter. Leakage
current is to be recorded periodically. If the leakage current enters into the red range
from the green range, the LA is prone for failure. Hence, it is to be replaced.

There should be independent earth pit for LA in each phase so as to facilitate fast
discharging and to raise the earth potential.
The lightning arresters or surge diverters provide protection against such
surges. A lightning arrester or a surge diverter is a protective device, which conducts
the high voltage surges on the power system to the ground.

Fig.4.1 (i) Surge diverter

(ii)Characteristics of the non linear resister

Fig 4(i) shows the basic form of a surge diverter. It consists of a spark gap in series
with a non-linear resistor. One end of the diverter is connected to the terminal of the
equipment to be protected and the other end is effectively grounded. The length of the
gap is so set that normal voltage is not enough to cause an arc but a dangerously high
voltage will break down the air insulation and form an arc. The property of the
nonlinear resistance is that its resistance increases as the voltage (or current) increases
and vice-versa. This is clear from the volt/amp characteristic of the resistor shown in
Fig 4 (ii).

Fig: 4.2 Lightening arrestors

4.1.2. The action of the Lightning Arrester or surge diverter is as

under:
(i) Under normal operation, the lightning arrester is off the line i.e. it conducts no current
to earth or the gap is non-conducting.

(ii) On the occurrence of over voltage, the air insulation across the gap breaks down and
an arc is formed providing a low resistance path for the surge to the ground. In this
way, the excess charge on the line due to the surge is harmlessly conducted through
the arrester to the ground instead of being sent back over the line.

(iii) It is

worthwhile to mention the function of non-linear resistor in the operation of arrester.

As the gap sparks over due to over voltage, the arc would be a short circuit on the
power system and may cause power-follow current in the arrester. Since the
characteristic of the resistor is to offer low resistance to high voltage (or current), it
gives the effect of short circuit. After the surge is over, the resistor offers high
resistance to make the gap non conducting.
4.1.3. Guide for selection of LA:
(i) Before selecting the LA it should be ascertained whether the system is effectively
earthed, non-effectively earthed or having isolated neutral.

(ii) The system neutrals are considered to be effectively earthed when the coefficient of
earthing does not exceed 80%.
In this case, the reactance ratio X0/ X1 (zero sequence reactance/positive sequence
reactance) is positive and less than 3 and at the same time the resistance ratio RO/X1
(zero sequence resistance/positive sequence reactance) is less than 1 at any point on
the system. For this system the arrestor rating will be 80% of the highest phase to
phase system voltage.

10

(iii)The LA voltage rating corresponding to the system voltages normal are

indicated below :
Rated system

Highest system

Voltage (KV)

Voltage (KV)

Arrester rating in KV
Effectively earthed systems

11

12

33

36

30

66

72.5

60

132

145

120/132 (latex)

220

245

198/216 (latex)

400

420

336

Table: 4.1.3 LA voltage rating

4.1.4 LOCATION OF LIGHTING ARRESTORS:
The LAs employed for protecting transformers should be installed as close as
possible to the transformer. The electrical circuit length between LA and the
transformer bushing terminal should not exceed the limits given below:

Rated system

BIL

Max. distance between L.A and

Voltage

KV

Transformer bushing terminal

KV

Peak

(inclusive of lead length) (in metres)

Effectively earthed

11

75

12.0

33

200

18.0

66

325

24.0

132

550

35.0

650

43.0

900

Closes to Transformer

220

1050
400

1425
1550

11

4.2 EARTHING:
The earthing practice adopted at generating stations, sub-stations and lines should be
in such a manner as to provide: a) Safety to personnel
b) Minimum damage to equipment as a
result of flow of heavy fault currents
c) Improve reliability of power supply 4.2.1
The primary requirements are:
The impedance to ground (Resistance of the earthing system) should be as low as possible
and should not exceed,
Large sub-stations -1 ohm
Small sub-stations -2 ohms
Power stations -0.5 ohms
Distribution transformer stations- 5 ohms

4.2.1.1 All exposed steel earthing conductors should be protected with bituminous
paint.
4.2.1.2 PLATE EARTHING:
i) EHT Substation - 1.3 M x 13 M.Ms cast iron plates 25mm thick Plates are to be
buried vertically in pits and surrounded by finely divided coke, crushed coal or char
coal at least 155 mm all round the plates. Plates should not be less than 15 m apart
and should be buried to sufficient depth to ensure that they are always surrounded by
moist earth.
4.2.1.3 PIPE EARTHING:
a) EHT substations Cast iron pipes 125 mm in diameter 2.75 m long and not less than
9.5 mm thick pipes 50.8mm in dia and 3.05m long. Pipes are to be placed vertically at
intervals of not less than 12.2 m in large stations surrounded by finely broken coke

12

crushed coal and charcoal at least 150 mm around the pipe on the extra depth. a)
Peripheral or main earth mat- 100 x 16 m MS flat
b) Internal earth mat-

50 x 8m MS flat to be placed at 5m apart

c) Branch connections-

Cross section not less than 64.5 square meters

Joints are to be kept down to the minimum number. All joints and connections
in earth grid are to be brazed, riveted, sweated, bolted or welded. For rust protection
the welds should be treated with barium chromate. Welded surfaces should be painted
with red lead and aluminium paint in turn and afterwards coated with bitumen. Joints
in the earthing conductor between the switch gear units and the cable sheaths, which
may require to subsequently broken should be bolted and the joint faces tinned. All
joints in steel earthing system should be made by welding except the points for
separating the earthing mat for testing purposes which should be bolted.
These points should be accessible and frequently supervised.
4.2.1.4 In all sub-stations there shall be provision for earthing the following:

a) The neutral point of earth separate system should have an independent earth, which in
turn should be interconnected with the station grounding mat
b) Equipment frame work and other non-current carrying parts (two connections)
c) All extraneous metallic frame work not associated with equipment (two connections)
d) Lightning arrestors should have independent earths which should in turn be connected
to the station grounding grid.
e) Over head lightning screen shall also be connected to the main ground mat.

4.2.1.5 The earth conductor of the mat could be buried under earth to economical
depth of burial of the mat 0.5 meters.

13

4.3 CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (CVT):

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power systems
to step-down extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for
measurement or to operate a protective relay.
These are high pass Filters (carrier frequency 50KHZ to 500 KHZ) pass
carrier frequency to carrier panels and power frequency parameters to switch yard. In
its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the
voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune the device and a transformer
used to isolate and further step-down the voltage.

Fig: 4.3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF CVT.

The device has at least four terminals, a high-voltage terminal for connection
to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least one set of secondary
terminals for connection to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically
single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred KV where
the use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice the first capacitor,
C1, is often replaced by a stack of capacitors connected in series. This results in a
large voltage drop across the stack of capacitors, that replaced the first capacitor and a
comparatively small voltage drop across the second capacitor, C2, and hence the
secondary terminals.

14

Fig: 4.3.2 CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER.

4.3.1 Specifications of CVT:
CVT type

: CVEB/245/1050

Weight

: 665 kg

Total output simultaneous

: 250 VA

Output maximum

: 750 VA at 50O C

Rated voltage

: A-N, 220/3

Highest system voltage

: A-N, 245/3

Insulation level

: 460/1050 KV

Rated frequency

: 50Hz

Nominal intermediate voltage

: A1-N, 20/3 KV

Voltage factor

: 1.2Cont. 1.5/30 sec

HF capacitance
Primary capacitance C1

: 4400pF +10% -5%

: 4840pF +10% -5%

Secondary capacitance C2

: 48400 pF +10%-5%

Voltage ratio

: 220000/3/ 110/3/110110/3
: 110/3
110-110/3
: 150 100

Voltage
Burden
Class

: 0.5

3P

4.4 WAVE TRAP:

Wave trap is an instrument using for trapping of the wave. The function of this
wave trap is that it traps the unwanted waves. Its shape is like a drum. It is connected
to the main incoming feeder so that it can

15

trap

the

waves

which may be dangerous to the instruments in the substation. Generally it is used to

exclude unwanted frequency components, such as noise or other interference, of a
wave. Note: Traps are usually unable to permit selection of unwanted
or interfering signals.

Fig: 4.4.1 WAVE TRAP.

Line trap also is known as Wave trap. What it does is trapping the high
frequency communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation and
diverting them to the telecom/tele protection panel in the substation control room
through coupling capacitor.
This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for
communication among various substations without dependence on the telecom
company network. The signals are primarily tele protection signals and in addition,
voice and data communication signals. The Line trap offers high impedance to the
high frequency communication signals thus obstructs the flow of these signals in to
the substation bus bars. If these are not present in the substation, then signal loss is
more and communication will be ineffective/probably impossible.
4.5. ISOLATOR WITH EARTH SWITCHES (ES):
Isolators are the no load switches and used to isolate the equipment. (Either
line equipment, power transformer equipment or power transformer). With the
isolators, we are able to see the isolation of the equipment with our naked eye. The
line isolators are used to isolate the high voltage from flow through the line into the
bus. This isolator prevents the instruments to get damaged. It also allows the only
needed voltage and rest is earthed by itself.
Isolator is a type of switching device. It has non control devices. Isolator are
operated after the circuit breaker is opened. While closing the circuit, first close the

16

isolator and after the circuit breaker is closed. Strictly speaking Isolators are operated
under no current condition. In the following cases it is permissible to use isolator for
making and breaking of the circuits.

Fig: 4.5.1 ISOLATOR WITH EARTH SWITCH.

Air break isolators or disconnecting switches are not intended to break load
though these are meant for transfer of load from one bus to another and also to isolate
equipment for maintenance. These are available mainly in two types vertical break
type and horizontal break type. The later type requires larger width. However the
space requirement can be reduced in the horizontal break isolators by having double
break with a centre rotating pillar.
Pantograph and semi-pantograph disconnects involve vertical movements of
contact arm and therefore require less separation between phases and thereby require
less separation between phases and thereby help in reducing the sub-station area to a
larger extent. The isolators could be operated mechanically or hydraulically or
pneumatically or by electric motor. Earthing facility shall be provided wherever
required.
4.6. INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS:
Instrument Transformers are defined as the instruments in which the
secondary current or voltage is substantially proportional to the primary current or

17

voltage and differs in phase from it by an angle which is approximately zero for an
appropriate direction of connection.
Basic Function of Instrument Transformers:
Direct measurement of current or voltage in high voltage system is not possible
because of high values and insulation problems of measuring instruments they cannot
be directly used for protection purposes.
Therefore an instrument transformer serves the purpose and performs the
following function:
Converts the higher line voltages or line currents into proportionally reduced values
by means of electromagnetic circuit and thus these values can be measured easily.
Protects measuring instruments and distribution systems by sensing the abnormalities
and signals to the protective relay to isolate the faulty system.
Types of Instrument Transformers:
Instrument transformers are of two types:
Current Transformers
Voltage Transformers
4.6.1 Current transformers:
Current transformer is a current measuring device used to measure the currents in
high voltage lines directly by stepping down the currents to measurable values by
means of electromagnetic circuit.
4.6.1.1 Basic Design Principle of Current Transformers:
The basic principle induced in designing of current transformers is
Primary ampere turns = Secondary ampere turns

18

Ip Np = Is Ns
Where, Ip - Primary current
Np - Primary Winding Turns

Is - Secondary Current; Ns - Secondary Winding Turns

Ampere turns plays very important role in designing current transformers.

Current transformers must be connected in series only.

Current transformer has less no of turns in primary and more no of turns in

secondary.

The secondary current is directly proportional to primary current. The

standards applicable to CT's are IEC-60044-1 and IS 2705.

4.6.1.2 Simple Line Diagram of Current Transformer:

The line diagram of a current transformer
ontainsc differen
t components:
P
S

Fig: 4.6.1 LINE DIAGRAM OF CT.

Primary Winding: It is the winding which is connected in series with the circuit, the
current of which is to be transformed.
These are of two types:
1. Single turn primary winding 2. Multi-turn primary winding

19

 Magnetic Core: Performance of any current transformer depends on its accuracy of

transformation and characteristics of the core material used.
Design of a current transformer depends on the frequency of excitation.
Secondary Winding: The winding which supplies the current to the measuring
instruments, meters, relays, etc.
Burden: The relay, instrument or other device connected to the secondary winding is
termed as 'burden' of a current transformer.
Ex. Burden for Metering is CT 20 VA, 15 VA.
4.6.1.3 Tests generally to be conducted on CT:

Insulation resistance values (IR values): Primary to earth, primary to secondary core1,
primary to secondary core2, core1 to earth, core2 to earth and core1 to core2. Primary
to earth and primary to secondary cores are to be checked with 5KV motor operated
insulation tester (megger) and secondary to earth values are to be checked with
1000V insulation tester or preferably with 500V insulation tester.

Ratio test: Primary injection test is to be conducted for this purpose

TAN-DELTA test: on 132KV CTs and above

Polarity test at the time of commissioning (at least on the CTs connected to revenue
meters)

Excitation (saturation) characteristic check

Secondary and lead resistance check

Secondary injection check

Primary injection check

4.6.1.4 The accuracy of a CT is directly related to a number of factors including:

* Burden
* Burden class/saturation class
* Rating factor

20

* Load
* External electromagnetic fields
* Temperature and
* Physical configuration.
* The selected tap, for multi-ratio CTs
Number of secondary cores in the current transformer is based on its usage.
CTs used for 11KV and 33KV feeder will have 2 secondary cores. Core 1 is generally
for Over current and earth fault protection. Core 2 is for metering. Usage of core is
decided by the accuracy class of the CT .Core material decides the accuracy class
Core with accuracy class 1.0, 0.5 and latest is 2.0 is used for metering.
Allowable errors are +/-1.0% in case of 1.0 accuracy class CTs.
CT secondary current is proportionate upto120% of the rated primary current
with +/-1% error in case of 1.0 accuracy class CTs. This indicates that 0.2 accuracy
class CTs are expensive than 0.5 and 1.0 accuracy class CTs. Beyond 120% of the
rated primary current, the metering core get saturated.
Core with accuracy class 5P10, 5P15 and 5P20 is used for o/c & e/f
protection. In 5p10, the 5 denotes allowable errors i.e. +/-5%, P denotes protection
and 10 denotes accuracy limit factor. CT secondary current is proportionate upto10
times the rated primary current with +/-5% errors in case of 5P10 accuracy class CTs.
This indicates that 5P20 accuracy class CTs are expensive than 5P15 and 5P10
accuracy class CTs. CT with 2cores (protection core and metering) is used for 11KV&
33KV feeders and capacitor bank protection. CT with 3cores (protection, special
protection and metering) is used for 132/11, 132/33KV ptrs&132KV feeders
protection 220/132KV PTR LV CT is also having 3 cores.
CT with 4 cores (protection, special protection, special protection and
metering) is used for 220KV Bus couplers for the twin bus substations. CT with 5
cores (4 cores for special protection, and metering) is used for 220KV feeder
protection, In all the above cases, protection means O/L &E/L protection, special
protection means differential protection and REF protection in case of power
transformers, bus bar protection (bus differential protection) in case of bus, and

21

distance protection in case of feeders. At the rate of 220KV level we should use 1:5
cores Current transformer.
4.6.1.5 Specifications of HVCT:
Type

: IT-245

Frequency
H.S.V

: 50 Hz
: 245 KV

BIL

: 460/1050KV

Oil weight

: 360kgs

Total weight

: 1250kgs

Lth

: 40/1 KA/sec
RATIO

800-600-400/1-1-1-1-1
2
3
4

CORE NUMBER
RATED PRIMARY
CURRENT (A)
RATED
SECONDARY
CURRENT(A)

OUTPUT(VA)

--------

----------

ACCURACY CLASS
I.S.F/A.L.F

PS
----

PS
---

800

TURN RATIO
RCT at 75 C AT 800/1
(ohms)

2/1600
6

1
----------PS
---

------- -

30

PS
---

1200

800

0.5
<=5

---

Table: 4.6.1.5 Specifications of HVCT.

At the rate of LV (132KV) side we can use 1:3 core CT. The specifications of LVCT
are given below:

22

4.6.1.6 Specifications of LVCT:

Type

: IT-145

Frequency
HSV/NSV

: 50 Hz
: 145/132 KV

BIL

: 650/275 KV

Oil weight

: 75Kg

Total weight

: 550Kg

Lth
Ldyn

:
31.5/1
kA/sec.
: 78.75kAp

500/1-1, 0.66-1
RATIO
CORE NUMBER

RATED PRIMARY
500

CURRENT (A)
PRIMARY &

500/1

500/1

500/0.66

500/1

SECONDARY

1s1-1s2

2s1-2s2

2s1-2s3

3s1-3s2

0.66

OUTPUT(VA)

20

-------

------------

20

ACCURACY CLASS

5p

I.S.F/A.L.F

20

--------

---------

<=5

Rct at 75o C (Ohms)

--------

<=5

---------

-------------

CONNECTION
RATED SECONDARY
CURRENT(A)

PS

0.2

Table: 4.6.1.6 Specifications of LVCT

23

Important:
a)

CT secondary circuit and PT primary should never be open circuited. It is vulnerable

to the CT/PT

b)

CT primary circuit and PT secondary should never be short circuited.

NOTE:-Loose connections should not be allowed in the electrical circuit. It increases
the contact resistance which in turn the rises the temperature in that area due to load
current. It damages the oil seals in CTs and transformers bushings causing oil leak
and in term entry of moisture in to the equipment causing falling of IR values and
damages O rings in circuit breaker causing SF6 gas leakage. Entry of moisture in to
the VCB insulator chamber cause vacuum interrupter failure and pull rod failure due
to electrical break down. Hence loose connections should not be allowed.

4.6.2 Potential Transformers (PT):

An instrument transformer in which the secondary voltage, in normal
conditions of use, is substantially proportional to the primary voltage and
differs in phase from it by an angle which is approximately zero for an
appropriate direction of the connections.
Basic Functions of Voltage Transformers are:

To reduce the line voltage to a value which is suitable for standard measuring
instruments relays etc.

To isolate the measuring instruments, meters, relays etc. from high voltage side an
installation.

To sense abnormalities in voltage and give signals to protective relays to isolate the
defective system.

24

4.6.2.1 Simple Line Diagram of Voltage Transformer:

Fig: 4.6.2.1 LINE DIAGRAM OF VT.

Basic Design Principle Involved in Voltage Transformers:
The basic principle involved in the designing of Voltage Transformer is
Voltage Ratio = Turns Ratio
VP / VS = NP / NS
Thus NS VP = NP VS
As heavy primary voltages will be reduced to low secondary voltages, it will have
more turns in the primary & less turns in the secondary. It must always be connected
in parallel only. Even if we connect it directly from high voltage to earth, it is not
going to be a short circuit as its primary winding has very high resistance. Its core is a
set of assembled laminations. It operates at constant flux density. The standards are
IEC 600044 2 and IS 3156.

25

Fig: 4.6.2.2 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER.

4.6.2.2 Tests generally to be conducted on the PTs:

Insulation resistance values (IR values): primary to earth, primary to secondary core1, primary to secondary core-2, core1 to earth, core 2 to earth and core-1 to core-2.
These values are to be checked with 1000V insulation tester (megger) or preferably
with 500V insulation tester.

Ratio Test: By applying single phase voltage across primary the voltage induced in
the secondary winding is to be measure. This is approximately equal to voltage
applied in the primary winding or voltage ratio of the PT.

Polarity test at the time of commissioning (at least on the PTs connected to revenue
meters)

PT secondary injection check

PT combined primary and secondary injection check

4.6.2.3 General checks for PT:

Mechanical alignment for PT power jaws

PT primary winding star earthing

Tightness of all connections

Primary/secondary fuse ratings

PT specifications
In PTs no of secondary cores is 1 or more than 1 based on the requirement.
Generally in 11KV or 33KV bus PTs, there is one secondary winding which is used
both for protection and metering and in 132KV and above, there are two secondary
cores. First core is of metering core with 1.0 or 0.5 or 0.2 accuracy classes. This will
be used metering, directional over current protection and distance protection.
The second core is protection core with 3P accuracy class. This will be used
for the directional earth fault protection (open delta voltage) of power transformers
and 132KV feeders.

26

Accuracy class 0.5 means +/- 0.5% errors are allowable and 3P means +/- 3% errors
are allowable and P denotes protection.
Permissible load to be connected on PT secondary winding is decided by the burden
of the PT secondary winding. It is expressed in volt-amperes (VA). If more than rated
burden is connected then error will be increased.

4.7. CIRCUIT BREAKER:

The circuit breakers are used to break the circuit if any fault occurs in any of
the instrument. These circuit breaker breaks for a fault which can damage other
instrument in the station. For any unwanted fault over the station we need to break the
line current. This is only done automatically by the circuit breaker.
These are load switches. It is able to make or break the normal load current as
well as the fault currents. The basic construction of any circuit breaker requires the
separation of contacts in an insulating fluid, which serves two functions. It
extinguishes the arc drawn between contacts when the CB opens and it provides
adequate insulation between the contacts and from each contact to earth. For
successful operation of the circuit breaker, two functions are to be performed.
a) Operating mechanism function, b) Arc quenching function.
There are
various operating mechanisms:
Spring charge mechanism, Pneumatic mechanism, Hydraulic Mechanism
Arc quenching medium:

Bulk oil (called bulk oil circuit breakers-BOCB)

Minimum oil (called minimum oil circuit breakers-MOCB)

Natural air (called air circuit breakers-ACB) (415v)

Forced air (called air blast circuit breaker-ABCB)

Vacuum (called vacuum circuit breaker-VCB)

SF6 gas (called Sulphur Hexafluoride-SF6 gas CB)

27

The present trend is up to 33KV, VCBs are preferred and beyond 33KV, SF6 gas
circuit breakers are preferred.

VCB is to be meggered periodically to know the healthiness of the vacuum interrupter

and the insulating pull rod. Vacuum integrity test is the correct test to know the
healthiness of the vacuum interrupter.

SF6 gas pressure is to be noted in log sheets at least twice in a day. If it is reaching to
SF6 gas pressure low alarm stage, it is to be brought to the notice of the maintenance
personnel.SF6 gas circuit breaker goes to lockout conditions after falling to lockout
pressure close and trip circuits will be blocked and circuit breaker operation cant be
performed N<0 contacts of 63GLX were used in close and trip circuits of the CB and
63GLX contactor is in picked up conditions when the gas pressure is sufficient. Some
of the SF6 gas circuit breaker automatically trips while going to lockout stage N<C
contacts of 63GLX contactor were used in close and trip circuits and 63GLX is in
drop off condition when the gas pressure is sufficient.

Oil condition in the

air compressor is to be checked periodically. And it is to be replaced based on

condition of oil.
There are mainly two types of circuit breakers used for any substations. They are
(a) SF6 circuit breakers;
(b) Vacuum circuit breakers.

4.7.1 SF6 circuit breakers:

Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) is an inert, heavy gas having good dielectric and
arc extinguishing properties. The dielectric strength of the gas increases with pressure
and is more than the dielectric strength of oil at 3 kg/cm2. SF6 is now being widely
used in electrical equipment like high voltage metal enclosed cables; high voltage
metal clad switchgear, capacitors, circuit breakers, current transformers, bushings, etc.
The gas is liquefied at certain low temperature, liquidification temperature increases
with the pressure.
28

Sulphur hexafluoride gas is prepared by burning coarsely crushed roll sulphur

in the fluorine gas, in a steel box, provided with staggered horizontal shelves, each
bearing about 4 kg of sulphur. The steel box is made gas tight.
The use of SF6 circuit breaker is mainly in the substations which are having
high input KV, say above 220KV and more. The gas is put inside the circuit breaker
by force i.e. under high pressure. When if the gas gets decreases there is a motor
connected to the circuit breaker. The motor starts operating if the gas went lower than
20.8 bar. There is a meter connected to the breaker so that it can be manually seen if
the gas goes low. The circuit breaker uses the SF6 gas to reduce the torque produce in
it due to any fault in the line. The circuit breaker has a direct link with the instruments
in the station, when any fault occur alarm bell rings.
Some of the properties of SF6 are,

Very high dielectric strength

High thermal and chemical inertia

Superior arc extinguishing capability Low decomposition by arcing

29

Fig: 4.7.1 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKERS.

30

4.7.2 Vacuum circuit breakers:

Vacuum type of circuit breakers is used for small KV rated stations below
33KV. They are only used in low distribution side.
4.7.3 Control Circuit of Circuit Breakers:

In closing circuit of the Circuit Breaker there are no. of series inter locks we can say
that it is an AND Gate and tripping circuit there are no.of parallel paths it is an OR
Gate.

For closing the Circuit Breaker following conditions are to be met.

a) Local/Remote selector shall be in Remote for closing the CB from remote and it
shall be in Local for closing the CB from Local.
b) Spring is in charged condition in spring type CBs, Air pressure shall be sufficient in
kinematic CBs and Hydraulic Pressure is sufficient in Aero shell fluid CBs.
c) SF6 Gas pressure is sufficient.
d) Master Trip is resettled.

For tripping the circuit breaker,

a) Local/Remote selector Switch shall be in Remote for tripping the CB from Remote
and it shall be in Local for tripping the CB from Local.
b) SF6 Gas pressure is sufficient.
c) Air Pressure is sufficient/Hydraulic Pressure is sufficient.
d) Protection trip bypasses the local/Remote selector switch.

Trip circuit healthiness is to be ensured immediately after closing the circuit breaker.
It is to be ensured at regular intervals at least once shift, as there is no trip circuit
supervision relay and annunciation relay for 33KV feeders and in case of old panels
of 132KV feeders If any deviation is found it is to be brought to the notice of
maintenance personnel.

31

4.8 BUS:
The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into and get into the
instruments for further step up or step down. The first bus is used for putting the
incoming feeders in la single line. There may be double line in the bus so that if any
fault occurs in the one the other can still have the current and the supply will not stop.
The two lines in the bus are separated by a little distance by a conductor having a
connector between them. This is so that one can work at a time and the other works
only if the first is having any fault.
4.9 TRANSFORMERS:
Transformers come in a range of sizes from a thumbnail-sized coupling
transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of
tons used to interconnect portions of national power grids. All operate with the same
basic principles, although the range of designsis wide. While new technologies have
eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still
found in nearly all electronic devices designed for household ("mains") voltage.
Transformers are essential for high voltage power transmission, which makes long
distance transmission economically practical.

Fig: 4.9.1.1 ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER.

32

4.9.1 Basic Principle:

The transformer is based on two principles: firstly, that an electric current can
produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism) and secondly that a changing magnetic
field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil
(electromagnetic induction).
Changing the current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is
developed. The changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil.

Fig: 4.9.1.2 IDEAL TRANSFORMER.

An ideal transformer is shown in the adjacent figure; Current passing through

the primary coil creates a magnetic field. The primary and secondary coils are
wrapped around a core of very high magnetic permeability, such as iron, so that most
of the magnetic flux passes through both primary and secondary coils.
4.9.1.1 Induction law:
The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated from Faraday's
law of induction, which states that, where VS is the instantaneous voltage,

33

NS is the number of turns in the secondary coil and equals the magnetic flux
through one turn of the coil.
If the turns of the coil are oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, the
flux is the product of the magnetic field strength and the area A through which it cuts.
The area is constant, being equal to the cross-sectional area of the transformer core,
whereas the magnetic field varies with time according to the excitation of the primary.

Fig: 4.9.1.3 MUTUAL INDUCTION.

Since the same magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary
coils in an ideal transformer, the instantaneous voltage across the primary winding
equals Taking the ratio of the two equations for VS and VP gives the basic equation
for stepping up or stepping down the voltage Ideal power equation The ideal
transformer as a circuit element.
If the secondary coil is attached to a load that allows current to flow, electrical
power is transmitted from the primary circuit to the secondary circuit. Ideally, the
transformer is perfectly efficient; all the incoming energy is transformed from the
primary circuit to the magnetic field and into the secondary circuit. If this condition is
met, the incoming electric power must equal the outgoing power.
Giving the ideal transformer equation Transformers are efficient so this
formula is a reasonable approximation. If the voltage is increased, then the current is
decreased by the same factor. If an impedance ZS is attached across the terminals of
the secondary coil, it appears to the primary circuit to have an impedance of ZS =
(VS/IS).

34

4.9.2 Detailed operation:

The simplified description above neglects several practical factors, in
particular the primary current required to establish a magnetic field in the core, and
the contribution to the field due to current in the secondary circuit.
Models of an ideal transformer typically assume a core of negligible
reluctance with two windings of zero resistance. When voltage is applied to the
primary winding, small current flows, driving flux around the magnetic circuit of the
core. The current required to create the flux is termed the magnetizing current; since
the ideal core has been assumed to have near-zero reluctance, the magnetizing current
is negligible, although still required to create the magnetic field.
The changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) across
each winding. Since the ideal windings have no impedance, they have no associated
voltage drop, and so the voltages VP and VS measured at the terminals of the
transformer, are equal to the corresponding EMFs. The primary EMF, acting as it does
in opposition to the primary voltage, is sometimes termed the "back EMF". This is
due to Lenz's law which states that the induction of EMF would always be such that it
will oppose development of any such change in magnetic field.
There are three transformers in the incoming feeders so that the three lines are
step down at the same time. In case of a 220KV or more KV line station auto
transformers are used. While in case of lower KV line such as less than 132KV line
double winding transformers are used.

35

Fig: 4.9.3 THREE PHASE 100MVA AUTO TRANSFORMER.

4.9.3 Specifications of 220/132KV Auto transformer:
Rated MVA: 100MVA
Frequency: 50HZ
No of phases: 3
Insulation level:
HV
LI 900 AC
395
HVN LI 95 AC 38
IV
LI 550 AC
230
LV
LI 170 AC
70
Type of cooling:
ONAN
DNAF
Rated MVA :
75
100
Rated KV at no load: HV
220KV
-IV
132KV
-LV
11KV
-Line Amperes :

HV
IV
LV

196.8
328.0
1299.0

262.4
437.4
1732.1

Temperature Rise oC: Top oil

- 50oC
Avg.WDG - 55OC
Impedance volts
HV-IV
Normal Tap conditions) HV-LV
24.55
23.59

36

7.667
32.72 IV-LV

10.222
17.69

4.10 CAPACITOR BANK ATTACHED TO THE BUS:

The capacitor banks are used across the bus so that the voltage does not get
down till at the require place. A capacitor bank is used in the outgoing bus so that it
can maintain the voltage level same in the outgoing feeder.

Fig: 4.10.1 CAPACITOR BANK IN THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.

Capacitor Control is usually done to achieve the following goals:
Reduce losses due to reactive load current; Reduce KVA demand, decrease customer
energy consumption, Improve voltage profile, and increase revenue.
Indirectly capacitor control also results in longer equipment lifetimes because of
reduced equipment stresses.
Experience shows that switched feeder capacitors produce some of the fastest
returns on equipment investment Sources of Energy Loss. Energy losses in
transmission lines and transformers are of two kinds: resistive and reactive. The
former are caused by resistive component of the load and cannot be avoided. The
latter, coming from reactive component of the load, can be avoided. Reactive losses
come from circuit In the case of concentrated industrial loads, there should be a bank,
sized to almost equal the reactive load current, located as close to each load as
possible (Fig. 5.10).

37

Fig: 4.10.2 REACTIVE LOSSES.

CHAPTER 5
TYPES OF CONTROL
VAR control is the natural means to control capacitors because the latter adds a
fixed amount of leading VARs to the line regard less of other conditions, and loss
reduction depends only on reactive current. Since reactive current at any point along a
feeder is affected by downstream capacitor banks, this kind of control is susceptible to
interaction with downstream banks. Consequently, in multiple capacitor feeders, the
furthest downstream banks should go on-line first and off-line last. VAR controls
require current sensors.
Current control is not as efficient as VAR control because it responds to total line
current, and assumptions must be made about the load power factor. Current controls
require current sensors. Voltage control is used to regulate voltage profiles; however it
may actually increase losses and cause instability from highly leading currents.
Voltage control requires no current sensors.

38

Fig: 5.1 TYPES OF CONTROL

Temperature control is based on assumptions about load characteristics.

Control effectiveness depends on how well load characteristics are known. Not useful
in cases where those characteristics change often. Temperature control does not
require any current sensors. Time control is based on assumptions about load
characteristics. Control effectiveness depends on how well load characteristics are
known. Not useful in cases where those characteristics change often. Time control
does not require any current sensors.
Power factor control is not the best way to control capacitor banks because
power factor by itself is not a measure of reactive current. Current sensors are needed.
Combination control using various above methods is usually the best choice.
If enough current, and/or other sensors are available, a centrally managed
computerized capacitor control system taking into account the variety of available
input parameters can be most effective, though expensive to implement

39

5.1 CAPACITORS:
a) Before commissioning a capacitor bank, capacitance of each capacitor shall be
measured with a capacitance meter. These shall be compared with the value obtained
by calculation using the formula, C = KVAR x 109 Micro Farads
2 f (V) 2
Where V is the rated voltage of capacitor and KVAR is the rated KVAR of capacitor.
As per IS the tolerance in the capacitance value for a capacitor unit is + 10% to 5%.
b) In the event of failure of one capacitor unit (say in R-phase) it is observed that
balancing is done by removing one capacitor each from Y and B-phases.
c) It is therefore necessary that number of capacitor units connected in parallel in each
series group in all the three phases on one star bank shall be same.
5.2 BUS BAR SYSTEM:
5.2.1 Mesh (Ring) bus bar system:
Merits: 1. Busbars gave some operational flexibility
Demerits: 1. If fault occurs during bus maintenance, ring gets separated into two
sections.
2. Auto-reclosing and protection complex.
3. Requires VTs on all circuits because there is no definite voltage reference point.
These VTs may be required in all cases for synchronizing live line or voltage
indication.
4. Breaker failure: During fault on one circuit causes loss of additional circuit because of
breaker failure.

40

Remarks1.Most widely used for very large power stations having large no. of
incoming and outgoing lines and high power transfer.
5.2.2 Bus bar Isolator:
These can be used for the protection of the instruments in the substation by isolating
the buses at the required instant.

5.3 STATION BATTERY:

Observe me every day is a slogan mentioned on the batteries provided for
the vehicles. This holds good to battery at substations also. Battery is the heart of the
substation at control and protection side and this is the uninterrupted power source to
operate the switchgear and protection.
5.3.1 Periodical works on Batteries:
Pilot voltages and specific gravities are to be recorded by the shift personnel in the
morning shift by switching off the battery charger.
While switching off the battery charger, one should observe the battery for the
sparks if any due to loose connections. Once charger is switched off, entire DC load
off the station is to be met by the battery. Voltage of all the cells and their specific
gravities, are to be recorded once in a month by the maintenance personnel. If any
deviation is found either in cell voltages or specific gravities, the battery may be kept
in boost mode duly topping up the electrolyte levels with the distilled water and
keeping the cell caps in open position. Specific gravity of the healthy cell is 1200+/20
i.e. it ranges from 1180 to 1220 and the voltage is about 2.1v.

5.3.2 During Boost Charging:

a. Boost charger can be switched on duly keeping the coarse and fine selector switches
in position-1 to maintain the boost charger output voltage at minimum so that boost
charger current is minimum during starting. Later, coarse and fine selector switches
are to be adjusted as per the requirement,

41

b. Boost charging current should not exceed 1/10th of the battery Ampere Hour capacity
i.e. 8 Amperes for 80 AH battery. Cell temperature should not exceed 50 Deg.Cen.
Boost charger voltage should not exceed 297V (i.e.2.7v/cell).
c. Float charger shall also be kept in service otherwise load will be connected across
first 84 cells and boost charger will be connected across 110 cells leading under
charging of first 84 cells or over charging of 85 th cell to 110th cell causing damage to
the cells. Once float charger is switched on, load will automatically connects across
the float charger as float charger output voltage is generally more than the first 84
nos. cells voltage.
d. At the end of the boost charging, all the cells shall be thoroughly cleaned, caps shall
be kept back and petroleum jelly is to be applied at the cell terminals to avoid
exposing of electrodes direct to atmosphere which will cause formation of sulphation
on the terminals due to oxidation. Cell terminals shall be tightened periodically duly
keeping brass bolts & nuts as spares to meet the requirement. Battery shall be
discharged yearly once. It increases the battery life period. Earth leakage is to be
avoided as far as possible to discharging of 50% of the cells.

Fig: 5.3 STATION BATTERIES.

5.3.3 Specifications of VRLA (Valve Regulated Led Acid) batteries:System details:

Make

AMARA
42

System voltage

RAJA
: 220v

Capacity at 27oc

: 200AH

Cell type

: 2V

No. of cells
: 110
Charging Requirements:
Float voltage : 2.45-3V
Boost voltage : 2.53-3V
Maximum charging : 40A
Maximum allowable ripple: 2.1 rms
Current in each cell : 2A
5.4 INSULATORS:
Ball and socket type disc insulators are assembled to the 132 KV, 220 KV and
400 KV suspension and tension hardware, certain important design aspects and other
details are indicated below: in next page:

Sl.

Description

132 KV lines

220 KV lines

400 KV
lines

1. Type of insulators

Ball and socket

type disc
insulator

Ball and socket

type disc
insulator

Ball and
socket type
disc
insulator

2. Dimensions of insulators of

255mm
145mm

x 280mm
145mm

280mm
145mm

x 280mm
145mm

No.

suspensions string
3. Dimensions of insulators for
tension string

43

280mm x
145mm
280mm x
170mm

4. Number of insulator disc per

single suspension string

9 nos.

13 nos.

23 nos.

5. Number of insulator disc per

double suspension string

2 x 9 nos.

2 x 13 nos.

2 x 23 nos.

6. Number of insulator discs per

10 nos.

14 nos.

24 nos.

7. Number of insulator discs per each

double tension string

2 x 10 nos.

2 x 14 nos.

2 x 24 nos.

8. Electro Mechanical strength for

tension string insulator

7000 Kgs.

7000 Kgs.

11,500 Kgs.

9. Electro Mechanical strength for

suspension string insulator

11,500 Kgs.

11,500 Kgs.

16,500 Kgs.

10. Total creapage distance of each

disc insulator for suspension
strings
11. Total creapage distance of each
disc insulator for tension string

280 mm

280 mm

315 mm

280 mm

280 mm

330 mm

12. Minimum impulse dry withstand

voltage (wave of 1 x 50 Micro
second) for each disc insulator

110 KV

110 KV

120 KV

70 KV (dry)

70 KV (dry)

70 KV

40 KV (wet)

40 KV (wet)

(dry)

single tension string

(I.E.C standard)
13. One minute power frequency
withstand voltage for each disc
insulator

40 KV
(wet)

14. Power frequency puncture voltage

per each disc insulator

110 KV

110 KV

140 KV

(Suspension

(Suspension

(Suspension

strings)

strings)

strings)

140 KV

140 KV

140 KV

(Tension Strings)
15. Size and designation of bal pin
shank for suspension string discs

44

16 mm

(Tension Strings)

(Tension

16 mm

Strings)
20 mm

16. Size and designation of bal pin

shank for tension string discs

20 mm

20 mm

20 mm

17. Maximum
Radio
Influence
Voltage at 10 KV (RMS) for each
disc insulator

50 Micro Volts at

50 Micro Volts at

50 Micro

1 MHz

1 MHz

Volts at 1

18. Corona extinction voltage for

MHz

complete (RMS) string both

320 KV

(RMS)

suspension and tension strings

Table: 5.4 Insulators

Fig: 5.4 BALL AND SOCKET TYPE DISC INSULATOR.

CHAPTER 6
PROTECTION FOR VARIOUS EQUIPMENTS
6.1 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION:
a) Station Transformer: HG Fuse protection on HV side and fuse protection on LV side
and Vent pipe.
b) Power transformers up to 7.5MVA:
HV side: O/L & Directional E/L protection with highest element in O/L relays. LV
side: O/L & E/L protection Buchholz Relay OLTC Buchholz Relay OTI and WTI.
c) Power transformers from 8.0MVA and above: HV side O/L & Directional E/L
protection with high set element in O/L relays. LV side O/L & E/L protection:
differential protection Buchholz Relay OLTC Buchholz Relay OTI, WTI and PRV.

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d) Power transformers from 31.5MVA and above: Over flux protection & LV WTI in
addition to protection.
e) 220/132KV power transformers: Over flux protection on both HV & LV sides LBB
protection on HV side OLTC Buchholz phase wise in addition to protection.
6.2 FEEDER PROTECTION:
a) 33KV feeders: Non directional O/L & E/L protection with highest and IDMT
characteristics.
b) 132KV feeders: Main protection: Distance protection.
Backup protection: Directional O/L & E/L protection.
c) 220KV feeders: Main-1 protection: Distance protection
Main-2protection: Distance protection, LBB protection, pole discrepancy
Relay.

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CHAPTER 7
400/220KV SUBSTATION SHANKARPALLY
The present-day electrical power system is A.C. i.e. electric power is
generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of alternating current. The electric
power is produced at the power stations which are located at favourable places,
generally quite away from the consumers. It is delivered to the consumers through a
large network of transmission and distribution. At many places in the line of the
power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change some characteristic (e.g.
voltage, A.C. to D.C., frequency, P.f. etc.) of electric supply.
This is accomplished by suitable apparatus called sub-station. For example,
generation voltage (11KV or 66KV) at the power station is stepped up to high voltage
(say 400KV or 220KV) for transmission of electric power. The assembly of apparatus
(e.g. transformer etc.) used for this purpose is the sub-station. Similarly, near the
consumers localities, the voltage may have to be stepped down to utilization level.
This job is again accomplished by a suitable apparatus called substation.

7.1 SUBSTATION AT SHANKARPALLY:

The substation in Shankarpally, Ranga reddy (dist.), Telangana was completed by
the year 2013, under APTRANSCO; it is one of the largest substations in the state of
Telangana.
This substation has the carrying capacity of 300MW at different voltage levels
of 400KV and can step down to 220KV, using four input lines through the incoming
feeders.
7.2 SAILENT FEATURES OF 400/220KV SUBSTATION SHANKARPALLY
The 400/220KV Substation Shankarpally has the following equipment and
feeder bays

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1) 400KV Feeders 4 Nos.

2) 400/220KV 100MVA PTRs 3 Nos.
3) 220KV Feeders 6 Nos.
The 400KV supply is fed from either 400KV Mamidipally,Srishailam,Gajwel-I and
Gajwl-II
7.2.1 220KV Features:
20KV Bus Twin Zebra Bus 3 Nos 220/132KV
PTRs Namely
i) 100MVA PTR-I
ii) 100MVA PTR-II
iii)

Make-TELK
Make-GEC ALSTHOM

100MVA PTR-III

Make-TELK

7.2.2 132KV Features:

132KV Bus Twin Zebra Bus
6 Nos 132KV Feeders Namely
i) 132KV Waddepally
Jangaon

ii) 132KV

iii) 132KV Jammikunta

iv) 132KV RTS-B

v) 132KV Narsampet

vi) 132KV

Nekkonda
7.2.3 132/33KV PTRs:
2 Nos 132/33KV PTRs

i) 80MVA PTR-I Make-BBL ii) 50MVA PTRII Make-BBL

7.2.4 33KV Features:
Tubular Copper Bus with Bus Coupler
i. 33KV Gorrekunta

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ii. 33KV Machapur

iii. 33KV Atmakur
iv. 33KV Pothana
v. 33KV A.J.Mills
vi. 33KV Parkal
vii. 33KV Kamalapur
viii. 33KV Chintagattu
ix. 33KV KUC33KV
x.

33KVBalasamudram

xi. 10MVAR Capacitor Bank

Make-NGEF

xii. 7.2MVAR Capacitor Bank

Make-UNISTAR

7.2.5 DC SYSTEM
i.Battery Bank-A:
Make: STAR Batteries 220V DC, 200AH, Lead Batteries Connected
Battery Charger:
Make: HEE 220V Dc, 200AH
Float Current: 8 Amps, Boost Current: 16 Amps ii.Battery
Bank-B:
Make: AMARARAJA, 245V DC, 200AH, VLRA Batteries Connected
Battery Charger:
Make: HEE 220V DC, 200AH
Float Current: 8 Amps, Boost Current: 16 Amps
7.2.5.1 Chargers:
Main Input AC supply is fed from AC Distribution Board-I
33KV/415V, 250KVA Station Transformer on Bus-II side and it is connected to AC
Distribution Board-I.

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Any Substation mainly consists of Transformers. These transformers are like

the heart of substation. These transformers are step down to the required voltage
levels. And the different types of equipments are used in the substation.
The assembly of apparatus used to measure and protect the require parameters
of the power transformer like (e.g. voltage, AC to DC, frequency, P.F. etc.) of electric
supply is called a substation.
EHV (Extra High Voltage) Sub-Station forms an important link between
Transmission network and Distribution network. It has a vital influence of reliability
of service. Apart from ensuring efficient transmission and Distribution of power, the
sub-station configuration should be such that it enables easy maintenance of
equipment and minimum interruptions in power supply.
Flexibility for future expansion in terms of number of circuits and
transformer MVA Capacity also needs to be considered while choosing the actual
configuration of the substation.
EHV Substation is constructed as near as possible to the load centre. The
voltage level of power transmission is decided on the quantum of power to be
transmitted to the load centre. Generally, the relation between EHV Voltage level and
the power to be transmitted is as follows:

7.2.4 Power to be transmitted Voltage level:

1) Up to 80MVA to 132KV.
2) From 100MVA to 300MVA 2KV.

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3) 300 MVA to 1000 MVA 400 KV.

7.3 IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE KEPT IN VIEW WHILE LAYING OUT
THE SUBSTATION:
Substations are important part of power system. The continuity of supply depends to
a considerable extent upon the successful operation of sub-stations. It is, therefore,
essential to exercise utmost care while designing and building a substation.

The following are the important points which must be kept in view while
laying out a substation:
(i)

It should be located at a proper site. As far as possible, it should be located at the

centre of gravity of load.

(ii)

It should provide safe and reliable arrangement. For safety, consideration must be
given to the maintenance of regulation clearances, facilities for carrying out repairs
and maintenance, abnormal occurrences such as possibility of explosion or fire etc.
For reliability, consideration must be given for good design and construction, the
provision of suitable protective gear etc.

(iii)

It should be easily operated and maintained.

(iv)

It should involve minimum capital cost

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CHAPTER 8
SUB STATION AUTOMATION FEATURES:

The 400/220KV, Shankarpally sub-station Automation system (SAS) is divided into

fallowing three parts.
1) Graphical Topology
2) Electrical Topology
3) System Topology

In Electrical topology each feeder is divided into no of modules such as

breaker module, protection module , Energy Meter module and others for furnishing
data like measurements , alarms, events and states of various yard equipments. In
system topology, the modules are divided similar to electrical topology for monitoring
bay control units (BCU), Ethernet switches and other IED Devices.
Two fiber optic cables are run all along the switch yard area and control room
duly connecting Operator Work station, Engineering Work Station, Bay kiosks of
various feeders. The double optic fiber cable ensures the reliability of the system
communication. All the devices are connected to the fiber optic rings through LIU
(Line interface Unit) and Ethernet switches. These cables are having a data
transmission capacity for a distance of 1 to 2 kms.
Ethernet switch in the system provides flexibility in inter connection of
devices having RJ45 and optical ports. It enables data transmission from Electrical to
optical and vice versa. Ethernet switches controls the data traffic and transmits
priority tagged data at faster rate (in the order of 10 ms) bypassing the normal data
flow. For example GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented Substation Event).

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The Communication protocol adopted is IEC 61850 which is client server

communication. Certain IED devices like over voltage relays (P923) are compatible
to 60870-103 protocol are connected to BCU for further data communications.
Similarly Multi function meters, Energy meters are connected to MODBUS. All the
electrical equipments like isolators, Breakers and Instrument transformers etc in the
yard are electrically wired to BCU (C264 relay of AREVA Make) which in turn
connected to work stations through fiber optic cable.

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54

Fig System Architecture

The software adopted for operator work station is PACIS 4.5.4 Version which
stands for Protection Automation control Integrated Solution. The electrical and
system module are tailored in engineering work station by using SCE (System
Configuration Editor) and other CMT (Computer Maintenance Tools) and SMT
(System Maintenance Tools) are available for software maintenance.

The data communication to Load Dispatch centre at Vidhyuth soudha is

carried out through Aux.Networking panel in the control room wherein data with
61850 protocol is converted to T101 (compatible to protocol adopted in Load LD/VS)
through Gateway BCU. Further data transmission is carried out through Modem and
PLCC Panels installed in Ghanapur Bay kiosk.

8.1 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS:

8.1.1. ADVANTAGES:

1. Local & remote graphical visualization of electrical diagrams of bay & system
views.
2. Alarm pages & soe are displayed and printable
3. Trend windows: several curves can be fully customized by the operator.
4. Control with the select-before operate security commands.
5. Saving of historical files.
6. System configuration screen.
7. Time synchronization
8. Monitoring of circuit breaker.

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9. Monitoring of transformer.
10. Monitoring of cts, pts, & cvts.
11. Monitoring of relays, energy meters & panel meters.
12. Configuration of relays
13. Disturbance record view.
14. Monitoring of switch yard surveillance system.
15. Monitoring of network

8.1.2. Substation Automation Business Factors and Benefits:

The transition from a legacy to future substation is taking place because of
various substation automation factors:

8.1.3. Reduce operations expense:

The future substation reduces operational expenses by converging multiple

controls and monitoring systems onto a single IP network while helping ensure higher
priority for grid operational and management traffic. This network convergence
enables utility companies to reduce power outages and service interruptions as well as
decrease response times by quickly identifying, isolating, diagnosing, and repairing
faults.
These improvements are achieved through automation and flexible access to
operational control systems and, in the future, through better data correlation across
multiple monitoring systems. In addition, many utilities are facing an aging
workforce, which will be retiring in the next 5 to 10 years. Utilities need to fill their
pipeline of talent with a younger workforce that is capable of operating todays
electric grid, but who can also help build the smart grid of the future. Utilities can

56

benefit from substation automation by more efficiently using their existing workforce
and reducing the amount of service calls through programs such as condition-based
maintenance. Further, substation automation allows utilities to extract further value
from their corporate networks by providing a remote workforce secure access to
applications and data that are located in the operations center.

8.1.4. Reduce capital expense:

As demand for energy continues to grow, utilities must find ways to generate
power to meet peak loads. As a regulated industry, utilities must provide power
regardless of the amount of power consumed. The cost of providing spinning reserves
for peak load hours of the year is extremely high for society. Utilities are challenged
to find new ways to shave peak load to help reduce costs and manage supply and
demand of energy more efficiently.

8.1.5. Enable distributed intelligence:

As network intelligence expands beyond the control center out into the
substations, new applications can be developed that enable distributed protection,
control, and automation functions. A distributed intelligent network also introduces
opportunities for new service creation, such as business and home energy
management.

8.1.6. Meet regulatory compliance:

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For many governments, utilities are considered critical infrastructure and have
economic and national security concerns. Because of this, various regulatory
mandates exist or are emerging that requires utilities to secure, monitor, and manage
their critical data networks in accordance with regulatory requirements, such as
NERC-CIP.

8.1.7. Improve grid security:

Grid security is not just about securing the electronic security perimeter (ESP)
in the substation; it is also about creating a secure end-to-end architecture that
maximizes visibility into the entire network environment, devices, and events.
Substation automation enables an important part of the end-to-end security
architecture and allows network operators to control network users, device, and
traffic. Physical security can be layered on top of this network security to create
security zones of access control, IP cameras for surveillance monitoring, and video
analytics to protect and alert network administrators of intruders.

8.2 LIMITATIONS:

1)

The limitation of Sub-Station automation in the present version is inter change

ability of IEDs i.e. with different manufacturing different type of Relays are not
interfaced.

2) In present version in this sub-station control and communication limited to with in

Sub-Station not possible to Remote SCADA.

8.3 SUMMERY:

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In this chapter we discussed about 400/220KV Substation Shankarpally is

one of the most important grid substations in TSTRANSCO. Now the entire
substation monitoring, controlling and SCADA operations are being carried out from
two Operating Work Stations (OWS) and one Engineering Work Station (EWS) in the
control room.

CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
Transmission and distribution stations exist at various scales throughout a
power system. In general, they represent an interface between different levels or
sections of the power system, with the capability to switch or reconfigure the
connections among various transmission and distribution lines.
The major stations include a control room from which operations are
coordinated. Smaller distribution substations follow the same principle of receiving
power at higher voltage on one side and sending out a number of distribution feeders
at lower voltage on the other, but they serve a more limited local area and are
generally unstaffed. The central component of the substation is the transformer, as it
provides the effective in enface between the high- and low-voltage parts of the
system. Other crucial components are circuit breakers and switches. Breakers serve as
protective devices that open automatically in the event of a fault, that is, when a
protective relay indicates excessive current due to some abnormal condition. Switches
are control devices that can be opened or closed deliberately to establish or break a
connection. An important difference between circuit breakers and switches is that
breakers are designed to interrupt abnormally high currents (as they occur only in
those very situations for which circuit protection is needed), whereas regular switches
are designed to be operable under normal currents. Breakers are placed on both the

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high- and low-voltage side of transformers. Finally, substations may also include
capacitor banks to provide voltage support.

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