BMECEE 307 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY

II Year Mechanical Engg

Two Marks Q & A
UNIT-II SINGLE PHASE TRANSFOREMERS & THREE PHASE
ALTERNATORS
SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
1. Define a transformer.
A transformer is a static device which changes the alternating voltage from one level to
another level without change in frequency.
2. What is the turns ratio and transformer ratio of transformer?
Turns ratio = N2 / N1
Transformer ratio = E2 / E1 = I1 / I2 = K
3. Mention the difference between core and shell type transformers?
In core type, the windings surround the core considerably and in shell type the core
surrounds the windings i.e winding is placed inside the core
4.What is the purpose of laminating the core in a transformer?
In order to minimize eddy current loss.
5.Give the emf equation of a transformer and define each term?
Emf induced in primary coil E1=4.44 f m N1 volts
Emf induced in secondary Coil E2=4.44 f m N2 volts
f-----------frequency of AC input
m---------maximum value of flux in the core
N1,N2 ----Number of primary & secondary turns.
6.Does transformer draw any current when secondary is open? Why?
Yes, it (primary) will draw the current from the main supply in order to magnetize the core and
to supply for iron and copper losses on no load. There will not be any current in the secondary
since secondary is open.
7. Define voltage regulation of a transformer?
When a transformer is loaded with a constant primary voltage, the secondary voltage
decreases for lagging PF load, and increases for leading PF load because of its internal resistance

and leakage reactance. The change in secondary terminal voltage from no load to full load
expressed as a percentage of no load or full load voltage is termed as regulation.
% regulation = E2 -V2 / E2 *100
V2 > E2 for leading p.f load
V2<E2for lagging p.f load
8.Why transformers are rated in kVA?
Copper loss of a transformer depends on current & iron loss on oltage.Hence total losses
depend onVolt-Ampere and not onPF.That is why the rating of Tansformer is in kVA and not in
kW.
9 . What are the applications of step-up & step-down transformer?
Step-up transformers are used in generating stations. Normally the generated voltage
will be ll kV. This voltage (ll kV) is stepped up to ll0 kV or 220 kV or 400 kV and
transmitted through transmission lines (simply called as sending end voltage).
Step-down transformers are used in receiving stations. The voltage are stepped down to
ll kV or 22kV are further stepped down to 3 phase 400V by means of a distribution transformer
and made available at consumer premises.
10.How transformers are classified according to their construction?
1.Core type 2.shell type. In core type, the winding (primary and secondary)
surround the core and in shell type, the core surround the winding.

11. What is the angle by which no-load current will lag the ideal applied voltage?
In an ideal transformer, there are no copper & core loss i.e. loss free core. The no load
current is only magnetizing current therefore the no load current lags behind by angle 90.However
the winding possess resistance and leakage reactance and therefore the no load current lags the
applied voltage slightly less than 90.
12..Name the factors on which hysteresis loss depends?
1.Frequency 2.Volume of the core 3.Maximum flux density
13..Define efficiency of the transformer?
Transformer efficiency=(output power / input power )x100
14.Full load copper loss in a transformer is1600W.What will be the loss at half
fullload?
If x is the ratio of actual load to full load then copper loss = x 2(F.L copper loss)
Pc=(0.5)2*1600=400W..

THREE PHASE ALTERNATORS

1. Write down the equation for frequency of emf induced in an Alternator.
Frequency of emf induced in an Alternator f, expressed in cycles per second or Hz, is
given by the following equation
F = (PN)/120 Hz, Where P- Number of poles, N-Speed in rpm.
2. Name the types of Alternator based on their rotor construction.
(1)Smooth cylindrical type alternator (2) Salient pole alternator.
3. Why do cylindrical Alternators operate with steam turbines?
Steam turbines are found to operate at fairly good efficiency only at high speeds. The high
speed operation of rotors tends to increase mechanical losses and so the rotors should have a
smooth external surface. Hence, smooth cylindrical type rotors with less diameter and large axial
length are used for Synchronous generators driven by steam turbines with either 2 or 4 poles.
4. What are the advantages of salient pole type construction used for Synchronous machines?
1) They allow better ventilation
2) The pole faces are so shaped that the radial air gap length increases from the pole center to
the pole tips so that the flux distribution in the air-gap is sinusoidal in shape which will
help the machine to generate sinusoidal emf.
3) Due to the variable reluctance the machine develops additional reluctance power which is
independent of excitation.
5. What are the causes of changes in voltage in Alternators when loaded?
Variations in terminal voltage in Alternators on load condition are due to the following
three causes:
1. Voltage variation due to the resistance of the winding, R
2. Voltage variation due to the leakage reactance of the winding, Xt.
3. Voltage variation due to the armature reaction effect, Xa.
6. What is meant by armature reaction in Alternators?
The interaction between flux set up by the current carrying armature conductors and the
main flux is defined as the armature reaction.
7. What do you mean by synchronous reactance?
Since the emf induced by the rotating flux in any one phase leads the current in that phase
by 90 degree, the effect is similar to that of inductive reactance .i.e) the rotating magnetic flux
produced by the stator currents may be regarded as being responsible for the reactance of the stator
winding. Furthermore since the rotating stator flux revolves synchronously with the poles, this
reactance is referred to as synchronous reactance of the alternator

8. What is meant by load angle of an Alternator?

The phase angle introduced between the induced emf phasor, E and terminal voltage
phasor V during the load condition of an Alternator is called load angle.
9. What are the principal advantages of rotating field type construction?
Relatively small amount of power required for field system can easily supplied to
rotating system using slip rings and brushes, more space is available in the stator part of the machine
to provide more insulation, it is easy to provide cooling system, stationary system of conductors can
easily be braced to prevent deformation.
10. Which type of synchronous generators are used in hydroelectric plants and why?
As the speed of operation is low, for hydro turbines used in hydroelectric plants,
salient pole type synchronous generator is used because it allows better ventilation also better
than smooth cylindrical type rotor
12. Why are alternators rated in KVA and not in KW?
The power delivered by the alternator for the same value of current depends upon the power
factor of the load. But the alternator conductors are calculated for a definite current and the
insulation and magnetic system are designed for a definite voltage independent of power factor of the
load. For this reason apparent power measured in KVA is regarded as the rated power of the
alternator.
13. Why is the knowledge of voltage regulation of an alternator important?
(i) It indicates the range of field excitation required
(ii) It indicates the performance of the machine when operating in parallel with others
(iii) It indicates the magnitude of torque angle
14. Why the synchronous impedance method of estimating voltage regulation is is considered
as pessimistic method?
Compared to other method, the value of voltage regulation obtained by this method is always
higher than the actual value so it is called as pessimistic method.
15. Define voltage regulation of the alternator?
It is defined as the increase in terminal voltage when full load is thrown off, assuming field
current and speed remaining the same.
% reg = [(E- V) / V] x100
Where E= no terminal voltage
V = full load rated terminal voltage
16. What is hunting how can it be prevented?
When a synchronous motor is used for driving a fluctuating load, the rotor starts oscillating
about its new position of equilibrium corresponding to the new load. This is called hunting. To
prevent hunting dampers windings are employed.

PARTB QUESTIONS
1) Explain the types of transformer with neat diagram.
2) Derive the Emf equation of single-phase transformer
3) Develop the approximate equivalent circuit of a transformer referred to the primary side and
indicate how it differs from the exact equivalent circuit.
4) A 100 KVA, 2200/440V transformer has R1=0.3 , X1=1.1 , R2=0.01 and X2=0.035 .
Calculate the equivalent impedance of the transformer referred to the primary and total Copper
losses.
5) Discuss with neat sketches, the constructional details of a salient pole alternator.
6) Define the term voltage regulation. How it can be determined by the synchronous impedance
method?
7) Derive from first principles, the Emf equation of a three phase Alternator.
8) Numerical problems on emf induced, voltage regulation of alternators.